Morphodynamic Change of Fraserganj and Bakkhali Coastal Stretch ...

International Journal of Remote Sensing Applications (IJRSA) Volume 5, 2015 doi: 10.14355/ijrsa.2015.05.001

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Morphodynamic Change of Fraserganj and Bakkhali Coastal Stretch of Indian Sundarban, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India Ismail Mondal1, Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay2, Parthasarathi Chakrabarti3, Debasish Santra4 Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721102, West Bengal Abstract The Bengal plain is characterized by the presence of an extensive coastal tract bordered by the Bay of Bengal in the south. Two contrasting coastal environments are prevailing in the area, namely; the macro tidal Hooghly estuary in the east; and the mesotidal Midnapore Coastal plain to the west. A morphogenetic study based on the terrain mapping unit (TMU) concept reveals the form- process-material interactions of these two contrasting coastal environments with a possible geo-history model of the coastal Quaternaries. It has been established that the entire process-response system of the coastal tract of the Bengal plain started operating after the rise of sea level around 6000yrs B.P. (i.e., optimum of flandrian transgression) and the Hooghly estuary, the mangrove vegetation plays a significant role as the dominant geomorphic agent in the evolution of the tidal shoals and their eventual accretion to the main landmass resulting in delta progradation. In the present-day scenario, the Hooghly estuary becomes the abandoned part of the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta in India, and is also turning destructive and forming erosional regime in the mesotidal Midnapore coastal area. Keywords RS & GIS; Morphodynamic Change; Coastal Resource and Habitats; Coastal Zone Management Introduction The indo-Gangetic plain is the biggest alluvial tract of the world and this alluvial fill is essentially of Quaternary age, the indo-Gangeticplain, more precisely, the Bengal plain in its southern part of Bakkhali and Fazergange area extremity, is characterised by the presence of an extensive coastal belt. This stretch of coastal Quaternaries exhibits varied geomorphological signature (like sand dunes, beach ridge, intertidal clayey/sandy flats, tidal shoals, etc.) evolved out of dynamic and varied interactions of marine agencies like waves, tides and littoral currents, combined with fluvial and aeolian components, Geomorphological and Quaternary geological studies reveal that contrasting coastal environments are prevailing in the study area: The macro tidal (tidal range: >4m) Hooghly estuary, characterised by an embroidery of tidal creeks, encompassing the islands and offshore linear tidal shoals, aligned perpendicular to the shoreline and separated by swales. Aim: Morphodynamic Change of Fazergange and Bakkhali area. Objective 1.

From the-process-material interactions/interrelationships in terms of identification of morphodynamic change

2.

To identify the spatial distribution and the existing land use/land cover pattern.

3.

To prepare Geology Map of the Study Area.

4.

To prepare shoreline change Map of the Study Area.

5.

Creation of buffer to identify the erosional zone.

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6.

International Journal of Remote Sensing Applications (IJRSA) Volume 5, 2015

Change Detection Map of the Study Area.

Study Area Fraserganj and Bakkhali are the sea resorts in India,beautiful landscape and bountiful enchanment amidst tall casurina at the coast of the bay of bengal. Located about 130 km from Kolkata, Bakkhali, Fraserganj & Henry’s Island is well connected by road. All the three places can be reached by crossing the Hatania – Doania creeks at Namkhana by ferry service and then traveling another 25 kms by road towards south. Bus and other vehicles are ferried by a vessel across the narrow but swift flowing river. Fraserganj is an island in Bengal (West Bengal), India. It is located at an elevation of 1 meter above sea level, Fraserganj is also known as Fraserganj, Narayantala. Its coordinates are 21°37'2"N and 88°16'3" E.

FIG 1 LOCATION MAP

FIG 2 GEOMORPHOLOGY MAP

Evolutionary History Hugli river is a world famous name for the Kolkata port and also this is a western boundary of GangsBrahmaputra deltaic plain .Hugli estuary has its own characteristics – sand soil are flowing towards the sea at the time of low tide, which is help to clear the water always for the transportation of ship. In the south of Namkhana Island Fraserganj and Laxmipur-Bakkhali sea coast area are situated. In 1942 to 1986 the high water line was shifted towards land portion almost 490/500 meter; per year shifting was 11 meter. Again 1987 to 1999 high water line shifting was 125 meter; per year 10.40 meter. From the year 1999 to 2005 the shifting was 13 meter; per year 2.6 meter. From those data we can say that day by day HWL shifting towards the land are decreases. After 2005 to 1011 there were no changes in the area of bakkhali tourist lodge. However at the present time there are no high heighted sand dunes. In the present day’s sand dunes height are between 1.5 mt-2.00 mt we found that on the field visiting session. Also noticed that as such there were no changes in dune base since 2005 however remobilized sand spread out at the black pitch road and surroundings, tourist lodge wall to culvert it is under 20 meter and dune base is 5 meter. In the east portion of Bakkhali Henry Island is located in this area erosion is common factor. On the mud bank of 2


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this area we found some uprooted mangroves (1 ft) like keora, kali bani etc, those mud bank are main soil of Sundarban. Fraserganj is located on the west side of Bakkhali. If we study the map of GSI then it recognize how much this area is changing day by day. In 1984-85 there was a Dakbanglo of irrigation office which is fully destroyed at the present time; where the neo-dune there was is now some shop room and some windmill those have old featured. If we noticed the Picture of this area on 1984/85, 1999, 2005 and 2011 that clearly shown in some time sand deposited and sometimes sand are flowed by water.

FIG 3 FLOW DIAGRAM

FIG 4 GEOLOGY MAP OF THE STUDY AREA

Data and Software Used ETM+ data of 2013 are used in present study. NATMO LULC map, Google Earth map and SOI Toposheet are used, also used some ground truth data like photographs, GPS readings, Total Station instrument using shore line measurement. The ETM+ image is geometrically rectified to extract the data pertaining to study area. Remote sensing techniques were carried out using ERDAS IMAGINE software and TNT MIPS and GIS analysis is carried out using Arc GIS. Geological Category in the Study Area I.Marine facies: Q2mane – Interdistributary supratidal flat with soil profile Underlain by silty clay interbanded with sand and Silt horizons Interdistributary supratidal flat with soil profile Underlain by silty clay interbanded with sand and Silt horizons. Q2 moe-Interdistributory supratidal flat with thin layer of grayish black clay blanketing horizons of different tidal regime. Ancient estuarine deposit middle Holocene period. II. Fluvial facies: Q2P - Very fine sands silts with geomorphic features like channel bars, point bar and meander scrolls present day deposit. Q2P - Very fine sands silts with geomorphic features like channel bars, point bar and meander scrolls present day

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deposit.

FIG 5 LAND USE LAND COVER MAP

FIG 6 LAND USE LAND COVER CADASTRAL MAP

Land use Lands Cover Classes The land use/land cover map is an appraisal of spatial information of the physical and social cover types (i.e. both natural and cultural/anthropogenic) on the existing scenario (Andrade, et al 1998). Land use could be defined as anthropogenic/human activities (Cultivable land, homestead plantation/garden etc.). On the present day landscape is the vegetational (both natural and, cultural forests, plantation) and where as land cover is artificial construction (Settlement, road, embankments etc.) Cadastral Level Survey of Fazergange and Bakkhali Area Coastal Regulation Zone The CRZ rules of 1991 are direct outcome of environment protection Act (EPA), 1986 where by the activities within 500mts of High tide line is going to be regulated classification including CRZ , CRZ II, and CRZ III. CRZ I – include areas which are ecologically sensitive (e.g. Sundarban Biosphere Reserve) and prohibit construction within 500mts. CRZ II – include areas which already developed upto close to shore line (e.g. Haldia port, Digha settlement areas). CRZ III – the coastal areas not hitherto included within CRZ-I or CRZ-II (e.g. Gangasagar, Bakhali Island). No development zone up to 200mts from HTL. Besides leading to CRZ rules, EPA 1986 also laid down disposal standards for 61 types of industries and 434 hazardous substances. Change Detection of the study Area The study area change of high water line shifting of coastal tract of Fazerganj area of South 24 Parganas, cadastral mapping and satellite image LANDSAT ETM+ 2013 and survey of India Toposheet (SOI) of 1972 for reference map

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are chosen for this present study. After geo-referencing of this Satellite image with cadastral map.

FIG 7 C R Z MAP OF THE STUDY AREA

FIG 9 DIGITAL SHORELINE CHANGE MAPPING

FIG 8 CHANGE DETECTION CADASTRAL MAP OF THE STUDY AREA

FIG 10 SHORELINE CHECK LIST OF THE STUDY AREA

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FIG 11 BEACH RATING OF THE STUDY AREA

FIG 12 BEACH RATING FACTOR OF THE STUDY AREA

The high water line 1958-2013 are shifting 169mt individual through cadastral map of satellite image. The beach is under the action of waves, tide, and long shore drift and also in some cases it is shaped by rip currents. The block shore zone is reworked by wind and storm surges or high waves. The result shows accelerated rate of erosion in the beach and unprotected eastern side is severely threatened by coastal dune retreat. Shoreline Change Mapping The study is carried out with the help of RS data, topographic sheet (47/I/2) and the data collected from the field. All this data were individually processed and analyzed in a GIS environment. Here are prepared the shoreline change thematic maps. Toposheet data showing the 1972 situation of Namkhana island while the Remote Sensing data (Google image) showing the 2010 situations of shore line. When this two database are overlay on one another along with WGS84 projections in GIS that time finding the bank channel shifting of Namkhana Island from actual positions. TABLE 1 SHORELINE EROSION CHECK LIST

SHORELINE EROSION CHECKLIST (NATURAL SIGNATURE) Location Henry's Island Fraserganj Fraserganj & Bakkhali Fredric Island

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PROFILE NAME

POSITIVE VALUE

NEGETIVE VALUE

P1- P2

26

9

P2- P3

23

12

P1- P2

22

13

P2- P3

20

15

FRE P3- BAK P1

14

21

BAK P1- FED P1

19

16

FED P1- P2

23

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FIG 13 FIELD PHOTO FOREST DISTORTION FOR THE TIDAL CURRENT OF HENRY ISLAND

Ecological Risk Assessment  Establish an ecosystem classification: Map able databases or reports and categorized by biophysical properties (climate, rainfall, topography and elevation, vegetation, geology and geomorphology, hydrology, soils etc.). Examples of mariner and terrestrial ecosystem types are: coral reef, freshwater storms, wetland, and lowland, dry scrub, montage wet forest and subalpine dry grassland.  Inventory and map the ecosystem occurrences (sites). Gather data concerning the location, extend and status of resources, degree of disturbance and level of protection. Previous research and monitoring and personal interviews may suffice forth inventory but new field studies are often necessary.  Develop criteria for value for each ecosystem type: Determine individual criteria for the components of value for each of the different ecosystem types. Value components include: Economic productivity, recreation, biodiversity, cultural and aesthetic significance.  Estimate the value of each ecosystem occurrence: Assign numerical scores to each value component at each site on the basis of a simple scalar using quantitative measurements of the criteria where available and professional judgments.  Develop a list of stressors: Determine which consequences of and perturbations from, human activities may plausibly canes unwanted negative impacts on natural ecosystems. Examples of stressors are: exotic species, toxic chemicals, excessive nutrients, erosion and sedimentation, water diversion, fire and human crowding.  Gather data on stressors and estimate the risk from each: Collect information on past, present and near future human activities that impact the specific ecosystem sites chosen for this study. Scalars are used to roughly quantify these judgments and the product (FXS = 4) becomes a risk score for that stressor at that site.  Map all of the information: Manually create map overlays or use computerized geographic information systems to display all data relevant to risk at each site. Examples of data to be displayed include: location and site boundaries, values, stressors, risk scores, and geographic attributes such as present land use, native forest distribution, rare or endangered species habitat, historic / celfmoal sites, exotic species distribution, public recreation areas and concentrated fisheries.  Risk sites comparatively according to risk: compare a site’s overall priority for attention score, which is the product of a sites value score and total risk score. Scores should differ by attest 20 % of their

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absolute value to be regarded as different in priority. Coastal Habitat Conservation Related  Availability of benchmark or reference data(base line data)  Preservation, conservation, and monitoring of vital and critical habitats, mangroves, etc.  Appropriate site selection for industries, landfall points, aquaculture, recreational activities, etc.  Assessment of conditions in regulations in regulation zones, areas under constructions setmegacities.

back lines,

 Reclamations of wetland for agricultural and industrial purposes. Coastal Processes Related  Planning and implementation of coastal protection work (erosion, flood protection, saltwater intrusion, etc.)  Interactions between developments activities and the modification of coastal processes  Impact of dam construction on shoreline equilibrium  Changes in bottom topography Coastal Hazards  Cyclones, storm surges  Coastal erosion  Sea-level rise and possible effects  Nonpoint and point pollution  Phytoplankton blooms Availability of Resource and Its Utilization (Sand Mining, Fisheries) Conclusion  The comparative study of the Landsat Satellite imagery, Cadastral Map and Survey of India topographical maps and present morphogenetic study of the area of interest reveal that the delta, whereas the eastern Ganga-Brahmaputra delta is the active portion .  This abandoned delta is also turning destructive and Morphodynamic Change free from the short term process –response system analysis in the beach-dune complex of Fazergange and Bakkhali indicates that erosion is very much.  Broadly the changes are increase in air and water temperature, rise in sea level, enhanced erosion of land, amplification in frequency and intensity of extreme weather events like cyclone and storm etc.  During cyclone and storm surge, saline water of the river rushes into the islands by breaking the embankments and incurs irreparable loss /damage of assets, lives and farmlands.  Sea levels are rising faster than the global average and high intensity events such as severe cyclones and tidal surges are becoming more frequent.  As land-based livelihood activities get impacted due to these factors, more and more people are exploiting the living resources of the ecosystem in a manner that will be difficult to sustain over the long term.  The situation has the potential to erode ecosystem integrity due to over exploitation of natural resources. Moreover, the loss of land is now a reality, causing human dislocation.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Paper is modified and enlarged version of the round table discussion on the ” Morphodynamic Change of Fraserganj and Bakkhali Coastal Stretch, of Indian Sundarban, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India” . The author is grateful to Dr. J. Bandyopadhyay and Dr. Ashis Kumar Paul Assistant Professor and Reader Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University, and Midnapore for valuable suggestions in preparation of the manuscript. Sincere thanks of Dr. P. Chakrabarti, Former Chief Scientist, Dept. of Science and Technology, Govt. of West Bengal, India for according to cooperation with us. REFERENCE

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[23] http://projecttiger.nic.in/sundarbans.htm 1. Mr. Ismail Mondal, Research Scholar, Department of Remote Sensing & GIS Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721102, West Bengal, India. Mobile No: +919836952240; E-mail No: [email protected] 2. Dr. Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay, Assistant Professor, Department of Remote Sensing & GIS Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721102, West Bengal, India. Mobile No /+919433455107 E-mail No: [email protected] 3. Dr. Parthasarathi Chakrabarti, Former Chief Scientist, Govt. of West Bengal, India 4. Mr. Debasish Santra, Student Department of Remote Sensing & GIS Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721102, West Bengal, India.

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