movement and health

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have been co-funded from European Union's Interreg III A Program. ISBN-10: ...... student and designed for the future, correspond to his modern social and cul- ...... nation and control of selected components of motion technique (Thomas et al. ...... training to single combat in step of initial athletic specialization: Abstract to.
5th

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

MOVEMENT AND HEALTH

GŁUCHOŁAZY 17-18 NOVEMBER 2006

PROCE E D I NGS Scientific Editor Zbigniew Borysiuk

5th

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

MOVEMENT AND HEALTH

GŁUCHOŁAZY 17-18 NOVEMBER 2006

PROCE E D I N GS

Scientific Editor: Zbigniew Borysiuk

Opole University of Technology Opole 2006

Scientific Reviewers: prof. Józef Wojnar – Chairman of the Reviewers Staff prof. Jaroslav Opavský prof. František Vaverka prof. Józef Opara prof. Janusz Iskra prof. Joachim Raczek prof. Krystian Heffner prof. Michał Kuczyński

Conference organized by: Department of Physical Education and Physiotherapy Opole University of Technology The Conference and publication of the following volume have been co-funded from European Union’s Interreg III A Program

ISBN-10:      83-60691-05-3 ISBN-13: 978-83-60691-05-2 Proofreader: Cezary Kuśnierz DTP: Przemysław Biliczak • Studio IMPRESO [email protected] Printed by: Drukarnia Wydawnictwa Świętego Krzyża [email protected]

Contents

Preface .................................................................................................................................... 13 1. Physical education in contemporary civilization ............................................ 15 Ludmila Miklánková, Erik Sigmund, Karel Frömel Physical activity of pre-school children . ........................................................................ 17 Marek Popowczak Influence of mobile activity with the ball on the formation of abilities of empathy with secondary school girls . ............................................................................................ 24 Ryszard Bartoszewicz, Iwona Roszak, Marta Wieczorek Individualisation of classes and pedagogical effects of physical education lessons . 34 Skowronek Tomasz, Iskra Janusz, Paruzel Marzena, Walaszczyk Anna Ergometric tests at schools: possibilities and limitations . ........................................... 41 Stanisław Szczepański Effectiveness of methodological competences of physical education students . ......... 48 Cezary Kuśnierz Functional asymmetry and dynamic differentiation of 16-17 year-old teenagers ... 56 Ryszard Asienkiewicz, Józef Tatarczuk, Artur Wandycz Body components and morphological features of female students of the Zielonogórski University related to their physical fitness ................................. 63 Ludmiła Sadownicowa, Bogusław Mękarski Psychological aspect of healthy lifestyle in the professional activity of humans nowadays . ......................................................................................................................... 72 Monika Guszkowska Type a behavior pattern among adolescents differing in physical activity level . ..... 78 Hans-Volkhart Ulmer Motor (didactical) experiments carried out by students of physical education in small groups with simple equipment ......................................................................... 86 Vincentas Blauzdys, Audronius Vilkas Influence of knowledge of physical training on the physical fitness of girls and boys of the third class of gymnasium . .................................................................... 93 Contents  

Marek Jagusz, Katarzyna Sojka - Krawiec The importance of education in health behavior . ........................................................ 103 Stanisław Zagórny Health – not only a medical problem . ........................................................................... 110

2. New perspectives in teaching and control of motor activity . ................... 117 Stanisław Sterkowicz Testing motor efficiency in karate .................................................................................. 119 Dariusz Gierczuk, Jerzy Sadowski, Zbigniew Borysiuk The influence of coordination training on technical skills and the effectiveness of sports competition in wrestling .................................................................................. 128 Janusz Iskra, AnnaWalaszczyk Simple forms of hurdles as a universal motor test in school physical education ...... 136 Rafał Tataruch Motor skills structure among physical education students with various motor skill levels . ......................................................................................................................... 143 Mirosław Zalech The modelling of a teaching programme of technical elements in taekwondo . ........ 148 Beata Makaruk, Hubert Makaruk Training effectiveness vs tests of motor capabilities in sprinters specializing in 100 m run . .................................................................................................................... 157 Hubert Makaruk, Beata Makaruk An acute influence of various stretching methods on jumping capacities of young athletes ............................................................................................................... 163 Natalia Rzepka, Kajetan Słomka, Tomira Ligocka – Jakubińska, Marek Najder, Grzegorz Juras The influence of chosen motor abilities on the learning process of a new global task .......................................................................................................... 169 Rafał Tataruch, Jacek Soboń, Ryszard Marcinów Athletics motor and motion skills in physical education students ............................. 177 Vařeková, R, Vařeka, I., Valenta, M., Přidalová, M., Burianová, K. Observation of the dispositional anthropometrical factors in footballers at the age of juvenis ................................................................................................................................ 184 Magdalena Tataruch, Anna Łukanova-Jakubowska Age of sport mastery in marathon races for men and women between 1986 and 2005 ............................................................................................................................ 188

  Movement and Health

Marta Wieczorek, Ryszard Bartoszewicz Body lateralization and coordinative abilities in 15 – 16 –year-old boys coming from different social backgrounds .................................................................................. 195 Marta Wieczorek, Dariusz Mendryk Learning a complex motor activity in a selected group of mentally-disabled women . .............................................................................................................................. 203 Siarhei Boychenko, Jozef Wojnar, Tatsiana Boychenko Particularities of the motor learning in middle educational institutions of the militias .................................................................................................................... 210 Michał Szepelawy, Katarzyna Nawarecka, Józef Wojnar The level of coordinative motor abilities in the school population of the Racibórz region ................................................................................................................................. 218 Michaił Shestakov Simulation modeling of the technique in track&field jumps ...................................... 227

3. Sport for everybody, the concept of health related fitness . ...................... 233 Małgorzata Grabara, Janusz Szopa Hatha-Yoga influence on practitioners health state ................................................... 235 Bartosz Molik1, Andrzej Kosmol1, Tadeusz Nowicki2 Anaerobic performance of upper limbs as a classification criterion in wheelchair fencing . .............................................................................................................................. 242 Ewa Dybińska Freight level assessment and efficiency of learning to swim by junior school children .............................................................................................................................. 249 Dorota Burzycka - Wilk Oppurtunities of actively spending leisure time in water, while knowing their actual state . ............................................................................................................. 256 Wojciech Jan Cynarski, Kazimierz Obodyński The samurai way – recreation with classical white weapon . ...................................... 263 Algimantas Kepežėnas, Audronius Vilkas, Manefa Miškinienė The impact of 13-14 year girls on the level of their physical development and autonomic control of heart rhythm ........................................................................ 269 Jerzy Sadowski, Wiktor Bołoban, Andrzej Mastalerz, Tomasz Niźnikowski Technology of teaching of sport technique . ................................................................... 277 Marianna Barlak, Jakub Nowicki, Urszula Wyganowska Sport as a Chance for the Social Integration of the Disabled People ......................... 285

Contents  

Bartosz Molik, Agnieszka Dąbrowska, Izabela Rutkowska The special - technical physical ability of individuals with spinal cord injury participating on different levels of polish wheelchair basketball league . .................. 291 Izabela Rutkowska, Bartosz Molik The evaluation of basic anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness in blind persons in the light of concept of health-related fitness . ............................... 300 Dagmara Borkowska Differentation of somatic features and efficiency against selected elements of a healthy lifestyle .......................................................................................................... 308 Marzena Paruzel-Dyja, Janusz Iskra, Tomasz Skowronek, Anna Walaszczyk Stride length and frequency and the velocity of a sprint race in groups of various age and sport level ............................................................................................................ 313 Anna Kuk Quality of life and the sense of coherence, the sense of life of disabled women ........ 321 Waleryj Kostyuchenko, Dariusz Nawarecki Physical culture – for somatic and mental wellbeing . ................................................. 328 Michał Bajdziński, Marek Rokita, Aleksander Stuła Relationships between selected coordination skills versus oriented skills and sports performance in 14 and 15 year old dancers .................................................................. 335 Józef Wojnar, Siarhei Boichanka, Pavel Cięszczyk Sport psychology – stressful situations in women’s volleyball . ................................... 344

4. Biological aspects of sport, physiological diagnostics ................................. 353 Siarhei Boychenko, Józef Wojnar, Tatsiana Boychenko Sociological analysis of special training of female fencers in phases of the menstrual cycle ...................................................................................................... 355 Leszek Wróbel, Zbigniew Jethon, Andrzej Samołyk Prevalence of faulty posture among 8- and 9-year-old children in the town of Racibórz ........................................................................................................................ 360 Mateusz Mika, Anna Dańkowska Evaluation of anaerobic endurance of footballers . ...................................................... 366 Mateusz Mika, Anna Dańkowska Evaluation of psychomotor predispositions .................................................................. 373 Hrvoje Sertić, Ivan Segedi and Mladen Budinšćak Differences in anthropological characteristics between wrestlers and judokas 13 years of age ................................................................................................................... 379 Michał Morys, Teresa Socha, Zbigniew Borysiuk Analysis of the age of the world elite women fencers . .................................................. 388   Movement and Health

Artur Kruszewski, Sebastian Brańka Analysis of the structure of a wrestling bout at The Junior European Championships, Wrocław 2005 . .................................................................................... 394 Bogdan Polanowski, Artur Kruszewski, Zbigniew Borysiuk Preparation of co-ordination of female sabre fencers .................................................. 400 Natalia Lubina-Dąbrowska, Krzysztof Gilewski Psychological and social benefits of amateur and competitive participation in martial arts . ................................................................................................................. 405 Bogusława Graczykowska, Renata Szyguła Development of movement awareness exemplified by changes noted in the fitness centre Dynamika .............................................................................................................. 410 Małgorzata Grabara, Ewa Juszczyk, Janusz Szopa Hatha Yoga exercises in prevention and correction of body posture defects at children in school age .................................................................................................. 418 Siarhei Boichanka, Małgorzata Żuchowska, Jolanta Grażyna Zuzda Aiming and accuracy of the shooting in archery .......................................................... 428 Zbigniew Borysiuk, Jerzy Sadowski, Bogdan Polanowski Time structure of diferent reaction types and sEMG signal in advanced fencers .... 436

5. Biomechanics and Physiotherapy – New Trends ............................................. 443 Dawid Bączkowicz, Barbara Sterniuk The influence of breathlessness on the process of steering the balance of people suffering from chronic obturative pulmonary disease ................................................. 445 Ctirad Tomis, Josef Urban, Jaroslav Opavský, Milan Elfmark Assessment of the Trendelenburg test with DTP-2 diagnostic system . ...................... 451 Rafał Szafraniec, Andrzej Czamara, Zbigniew Jethon, Sławomir Winiarski, Andrzej Bugajski, Andrzej Zaleski Changes of exercise efficiency in physiotherapy after reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament .............................................................................................................. 457 Dagmar Bezděková, Petr Hluštík, Jaroslav Opavský Evaluation of the effects of physiotherapy in stroke patients with upper limb involvement, examined using functional MRI ............................................................. 464 Klaudia Kukiełczyńska-Krawczyk, Zbigniew Jethon Influence of relaxation music on heart rate variability . ............................................. 472 Jakub Krejčí, Jiří Salinger, Petr Kolisko, Petr Štěpaník Features of chosen fixation positions for the posture diagnostics by means of the system DTP-2 ......................................................................................................... 479

Contents  

Jiří Salinger, Petr Štěpaník, Jakub Krejčí, Pavel Stejskal Non-invasive investigation of the function of the autonomic nervous system with use of the VarCor PF7 System ................................................................................ 486 Jan Szczegielniak, Katarzyna Bogacz, Jacek Łuniewski Physical exercise and selection of workload in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) ........................................................................................... 494 Krystyna Antoniak-Lewandowska, Karolina Dubiel Comparative analysis of muscle force among synchronised swimmers ..................... 501 Wiesław Kurlej, Katarzyna Łagowska,Agnieszka Szulgan, Marzena Gredes, Bohdan Gworys The application of human loss permanent dentition index (TLI) and decay changes index (DEF) to make appraisal of chosen students’ dentition .................................... 505 Zbigniew Jethon Apoptosis as a hazard of intensive physical activity .................................................... 510 Józef Opara New technical developments for supporting poststroke rehabilitation . .................... 517 Janusz Zaryczański, Maria Radzijewska, Andrzej Bunio, Paweł Radzijewski Interval hypoxic training in juvenile uterine dysfunctional bleedings treatment .... 522 Hans-Volkhart Ulmer Movement, health and preventive medicine: Primum nil nocere! ............................. 531 Frantisek Vaverka, Milan Elfmark The gait analysis based on the measurement of ground reaction forces .................... 535

6. Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality ................................ 547 Tomasz Łączek Styles of participation in tourism of young people with different attitudes to life ... 549 Wieslaw Drobek Possibilities and prospects of development of tourism in agricultural county (on the example of gmina Popielów) .............................................................................. 553 Ivo Jirásek Experiential education is not only expeditions and games ......................................... 558 Andrzej Hadzik The significance of selected determinants of development of medical tourism in health resorts ................................................................................................................ 563 Andrzej Romanowski Formal legal problems of polish agrotourism ............................................................... 573

10  Movement and Health

Roman Nowacki Preferred ways of spending spare time by health resort visitors and their participation in various forms of tourism illustrated by health resort visitors to Polanica Zdrój and Krynica Zdrój ............................................................................ 579 Mariusz Migała Development of health resorts in Silesia in the 19th century . .................................... 584 Franciszek Jonderko, Ph.D. Endogenous factors of recreation and tourism development in rural areas. Circumstances in the Opole Silesia ................................................................................ 589 Mariusz Migała Traditions and development of health resorts in Poland ............................................ 596 Jan Szczegielniak, Jacek Łuniewski, Katarzyna Bogacz The use of kinesio taping as an altrnative physiothrerapeutic treatment for patients after cardio-surgeries and thoraco-surgeries ........................................... 604 Radek Hanuš History of the Lipnice Holiday School . .......................................................................... 609 Renata Szyguła, Bożena Królikowska Agritourism as an element of rural tourism development . ........................................ 613 Renata Szyguła Border crossing points as means of accessibility to tourist areas of the Opole Province ....................................................................................................... 623

Contents  11

Preface

The following volume is a collection of 86 papers delivered during plenary, thematic and poster sessions of the 5th International Conference “Movement and Health” held in Głuchołazy, Poland, on November 17-18, 2006. The chapters of the volume correspond to the conference order of plenary and thematic sessions. The subject areas suggested by the Conference Organizing Committee included: – Physical education in contemporary civilization, – New perspectives in teaching and control of motor activity, – Sport for everybody, the concept of health-related fitness, – Biological aspects of sport, physiological diagnostics, – Biomechanics and physiotherapy: new developments, – Tourism and recreation in the European Union. The main idea of the conference was to discuss the most recent developments in various research areas of Movement and Health such as sport, sport for the disabled, motor task learning, biological aspects of movement, physical education, physiotherapy, biomechanics and tourism. Many papers and discussions also touched upon the fields of sociology and psychology. The main aim of the 5th Movement and Health Conference, apart from presentations of recent research results, was to integrate scholars and scientists into the ongoing public debate on propagation of active lifestyles among adolescents and adults as well as on health prophylaxis combined with different forms of physical recreation. The proceedings of individual thematic sessions often went beyond the assumed frameworks, touched upon various controversial topics and served as useful forums for opinion exchange. The conference venue was situated close to the Czech-Polish border, and as expected, the conference attracted a great number of outstanding researchers from the Czech Republic and other European countries. Consequently, the motto “Removal of barriers between people and different branches of science” was adopted by all conference participants. The Editorial Board and the Board of Reviewers did their best to assure the high editorial and scholarly quality of papers selected for the present publication. The conference and publication of its proceedings would not have been possible without financial assistance from the European Union, and from the Interreg III program in particular as an international system of scientific cooperation. Preface  13

A very special word of thanks goes to the staff of the Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy of the Opole Technical University for their successful organization of the conference, preparation of the conference proceedings and outstanding hospitality. Taking into consideration the positive outcome of the conference and the number of original and interesting papers delivered during different sessions, the cyclical scientific meetings and implementation of international research programs will be definitely continued in the future. And the future looks, indeed, bright ahead for the cooperation between the frontier regions of Poland and the Czech Republic, endorsed by the aid from the European institutions. Zbigniew Borysiuk

14  Movement and Health

1 Physical education in contemporary civilization

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF pre-school children Ludmila Miklánková, Erik Sigmund, Karel Frömel Fakulty of Physical Culture Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic

Introduction Concerning the physical activities (PA) of children, it is impossible to rely only on their „natural thirst“ to move, but it is necessary to cultivate this need by guided stimulation. While biological and genetic factors are unchangeable, positive changes in environmental stimulation can evoke positive changes in behavior (PA participation). Bouchalová (1987), Miklánková (2000), Perič (2004) and others see in leading the child to physical activities not only more possibility to develop his/her psychomotor resources, but also to develop the social components of personality of child. In terms of experimental plan of Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University in Olomouc with title „Kinetic activity and inactivity of inhabitants of Czech republic in context of behavioral changes” (RP:6198959221), we monitored kinetic activity of 104 children of pre-school age (51 boys, 53 girls) visiting kindergarten in different region (Sigmund & Miklánková, 2006). The aim of particular research was chart kinetic regime of child of pre-school age, visiting kindergarten, namely in common workweek with kinetic regime at weekend. Kinetic regime mean „whole motor activities, which regularly and relatively for long time incorporation to the life in fixed life cycle” (Liba, 2000, pp. 35). METhODS In September and October 2005, kinetic activity of 104 Czech preschool children (53 girls and 51 boys) was monitored under comparable daily climate conditions (cloudless or sunny weather, 19–24 °C). PA monitoring lasted seven days, on Physical activity of pre-school children  17

workdays each participated preschool child followed the whole kindergarten program as prepared by the teachers and at the weekend they participated in common family activities. In the same time were proved environmental impulses to physical activities using standardized questionnaire ESPA (Miklánková, 2005; Renson & Vanreusel, 1990). The same questionnaire ESPA was also applied in children with cerebral palsy in preschool and young school age (Čurdová, 2003). Monitoring of physical activity in regular school week was done by using the accelerometer Caltrac and pedometer Yamax (Digi-Walker SW-200). PA was evaluated on the basis of the active energy expenditure (AEE) and the number of steps. The active energy expenditure from Caltrac represents the value of energy expenditure by PA that means the total energy expenditure minus the basal metabolism, which was individually settled according to age, gender, body height and weight (Puyau et al., 2004). It is recommended to express the active energy expenditure in relative value (kcal·kg-1·day-1) for comparison between somatically different groups of boys and girls of different age categories (Puyau et al., 2004). Most validation studies in children have used the accelerometer Caltrac solely as an activity monitor with energy expenditure given in activity counts. However, valid caloric expenditure values obtained from the accelerometer Caltrac could provide a more meaningful estimation of PA patterns in children than activity counts alone (Bray, Morrow, Pivarnik and Bricker, 1992). Same methods were applied in monitoring of groups of adolescents from ordinary classes (range of age in years–number: 12-13 n = 157; 14-15 n = 428; 16-17 n = 589; and sporting classes (11 n = 56; 12 n = 174; 13 n = 103; 14 n = 81) in years 2000 – 2005, which were selected for comparison with PA of preschool children. Results AND DISCUSSION Relative values of energy expenditure in preschool children are distinctively higher in comparison to all the age groups of adolescents on workdays (girls: AEE = 12.03 kcal·kg-1·day-1 ≅ 3.39 METs·day-1, F = 10.14 p < 0.0001; boys: AEE = 13.41 kcal·kg-1·day-1 ≅ 3.07 METs·day-1, F = 15.18 p < 0.0001) and at weekend days (girls: AEE = 12.30 kcal·kg-1·day-1 ≅ 3.45 METs·day-1, F = 11.94 p < 0.0001; boys: AEE = 14.16 kcal·kg-1·day-1 ≅ 3.24 METs·day-1, F = 15.59 p < 0.0001). In contrast to the other groups of adolescent girls and boys, our findings of higher PA at weekend days compare to week (working) days is only presented in preschool children (Fig. 1, 2). In leisure time PA preschool children (boys and girls) exceed adolescents 1,2-1,6 time. At the time spent at school are preschool girls 1,2 - 1,8 times more physically active than adolescent girls and boys 1,1-2,8 times more active than adolescent boys (Fig. 3, 4). Significantly positive correlations (rS≥0,30) of week PA 18  Movement and Health  |  Physical education in contemporary civilization

of preschool children are PA in working days and even at weekends days. In girls, in addition, the positive correlations by ESPA questionnaire (Renson & Vanreusel, 1990) are in PA at school and amount of acquired skills (Table 1), in boys living in family house. Without correlation (-0,10 < rS < 0,10) or with little negative correlations (-0,30 < rS ≤ - 0,10) to week PA of preschool children are: transport to and from kindergarten by foot, parental participation in PA and also preschool children membership in sport organizations and clubs (Table 1).

Fig. 1. Comparison of activity energy expenditure (kcal•kg-1•day-1) at workdays and at weekend days between preschool and adolescent girls in different age categories

Fig. 2. Comparison of activity energy expenditure (kcal•kg-1•day-1) at workdays and at weekend days between preschool and adolescent boys in different age categories Physical activity of pre-school children  19

Fig. 3. Comparison of school and leisure activity energy expenditure (kcal•kg-1•day-1) between preschool and adolescent girls in different age categories

Fig. 4. Comparison of school and leisure activity energy expenditure (kcal•kg-1•day-1) between preschool and adolescent boys in different age categories Tab. 1. Correlates of weekly physical activity of preschool girls and boys rS Correlates of weekly PA

Girls (n=53)

Boys (n=51)

AEE (kcal/day)

Steps (number/day)

AEE (kcal/day)

Steps (number/day)

PA at working days

0,96**

0,75**

0,92**

0,91**

PA at weekends

0,86**

0,95**

0,88**

0,73**

PA in kindergarten

0,62**

0,51**

0,44*

0,33*

PA in leisure

0,98**

0,77**

0,96**

0,72**

Amount of movement skills

0,31*

0,39*

-0,35*

-0,18

20  Movement and Health  |  Physical education in contemporary civilization

Tab. 1. (cont.) rS Correlates of weekly PA

Girls (n=53)

Boys (n=51)

AEE (kcal/day)

Steps (number/day)

AEE (kcal/day)

Steps (number/day)

Housing (family house × flat)

0,05

-0,14

0,35*

0,22

Father’s participation in organized sport

-0,01

0,17

-0,28

-0,25

Mother’s participation in organized sport

0,12

0,01

-0,16

-0,38*

Parent’s participation in organized sport

0,05

0,06

-0,23

-0,28

Participation in sport organizations

-0,24

0,20

-0,11

0,08

walking or cycling to and from school

-0,35*

-0,07

0,08

0,09

Time of watching TV or video

-0,01

0,08

-0,29

0,01

Sitting time

-0,27

0,06

0,25

0,15

-0,12

0,04

0,21

-0,07

Body mass index BMI (kg·m )

-2 #

Legend: PA – physical activity, AEE – active energy expenditure p50 ms – pNN50 [in %], the square root of the mean of the sum of the square of differences – RMSSD [ms]. In the frequency domain (spectral analysis of HRV) the following parameters were registered: – the power of Very Low Frequency – VLF [%], 0.0033 Hz – 0.05 Hz, 472  Movement and Health  |  Biomechanics and Physiotherapy – New Trends

– the power of Low Frequency – LF [%], 0.05 Hz – 0.15 Hz, – the power of High Frequency – HF [%], 0.15 Hz – 0.40 Hz, – the ratio low to high frequency – LF/HF [-], sympathovagal balance. The high frequency power is parasympathetically mediated. The low frequency power is modulated by the sympathetic nervous system and strongly affected by the oscillatory rhythm of the baroreceptor system. The VLFs have been defined differently in the literature, but VLF may represent the influence of the thermoregulatory or renin-angiotensin systems (Ph. Stein et al. 1994, Committee Report 1997). The data were tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test (p 0.20

I6

199.665

127.023

330.946

47.139

p > 0.20

I7

369.381

217.435

531.972

75.142

p > 0.20

SI1

1.226

0.687

1.503

0.191

p > 0.20

SI2

0.954

0.626

1.461

0.194

p > 0.20

SI4

0.867

0.607

1.417

0.185

p > 0.20

542  Movement and Health  |  Biomechanics and Physiotherapy – New Trends

Tab. 3. (cont.) Leg

Right

Gait Cycle

Variable

Average

Minimum

Maximum

S.D.

K-S p

t1

0.670

0.558

0.790

0.060

p > 0.20

t2

0.372

0.264

0.459

0.041

p > 0.20

t3

0.298

0.248

0.386

0.034

p > 0.20

F3

137.526

83.083

184.650

30.533

p > 0.20

F4

146.662

103.579

184.284

21.244

p > 0.20

I3

23.343

13.940

34.458

4.651

p > 0.20

I4

21.141

13.170

29.553

3.870

p > 0.20

I5

167.335

16.555

271.094

49.870

p > 0.20

I6

210.610

120.843

333.035

51.477

p > 0.20

I7

377.945

226.908

555.410

78.752

p > 0.20

SI1

1.258

0.775

1.497

0.163

p > 0.20

SI2

1.107

0.825

1.399

0.126

p > 0.20

SI4

0.826

0.054

1.325

0.235

p < 0.20

t10

0.556

0.467

0.634

0.048

p > 0.20

t11

0.118

0.090

0.160

0.018

p > 0.20

t12

1.226

1.045

1.424

0.105

p > 0.20

SI5

1.005

0.947

1.067

0.030

p > 0.20

SI6

0.979

0.936

1.050

0.029

p > 0.20

DISCUSSION The application of the presented method of evaluating the Fx,y,z(t) function on the GRF record requires fulfilling of some important pre-conditions. Especially, it is necessary to secure the natural process of the step cycle, e.g. the natural movement across the dynamometric platforms. As it can be seen from fig. 3 the location of platforms permits recording of the entire gait cycle and with sufficient training no problems are encountered. With regard to the relatively small lateral deviations of both legs positioning themselves around the sagital plane of the gait, the legs come into contact with the platforms nearer to its inner edges. As it can be seen from the results of the study by Chockalingam, Giakas, & Iossifidou (2002), the precision element when measuring force values at platform edges falls and where there are functions with limited range of reaction force values (MThe gait analysis based on the measurement of ground reaction forces  543

L direction, Fx function) it is necessary to evaluate the measurement results from the above stated point of view. In the next phase of development of this method, it will be necessary to investigate other possibilities of positioning the force platforms in order to achieve contact closer to the platform center. The determination of the beginning of the step cycle and the level of value of the gravity force influencing the proband’s weight (G) as the starting point to the F(t) curve analysis, is a separate issue that has a direct bearing on the preciseness and reliability of the obtained data. The automatic determination of the level of the gravity force G with a precision of ±15 N, which was processed in our laboratory (Stromšík et al., 2002), must be complemented by visual logical inspection of Fx,y,z (t) curve shapes and, if required, to adjust the analysis initialization setting in case of an atypical step. The derived variables, such as the indices of symmetry, are proposed only for orientation purposes in gait symmetry. In the symmetry of the cyclic movement, gait is a complex problem related to lateral preferences of an individual (Sadeghi et al., 2000). The proposed indices for symmetry are considered as basic orientation for the problem and the measured values can be used for calculating other derived values, not only the symmetry indices (Robinson et al., 1987; Vagenas & Hoshizaki, 1992), but also other values related to different levels of kinetic analysis. The software, in this sense, is developed as an open system enabling its development according to the nature of the solved problem. The presented process was used in our laboratory for several measurements while solving various research questions and hundreds of analyses of individuals. All have proven the usefulness, the standard nature and above all the speed of experimental data collection. CONCLUSION The presented method of GRF kinetic analysis of gait is based on the analysis of Fx,y,z (t) function recorded by two force platforms. It enables the analysis of one step of both legs as well as the analysis of the whole step cycle. The proposed and evaluated variables cover important characteristics of gait which can be the starting point of calculating other variables according to the research orientation and significance. The speed of collecting the measurement results facilitates the examination of a large number of subjects and the method is thus a useful tool not only for research purposes but also in clinical practice.

544  Movement and Health  |  Biomechanics and Physiotherapy – New Trends

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9.

Chockalingam N., Giakas G., Iossifidou A. (2002). Do strain gauge force platforms need in situ correction? Gait and Posture, 16, 233-237. Robinson R.O., Herzog W., & Nigg B.M. (1987). Use of force platform variables to quantify the effect of chiropractic manipulation on gait symmetry. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 10, 172-176. Sadeghi H., Allard P., Prince F., & Labelle H. (2000). Symmetry and limb dominance in able-bodied gait: a review. Gait and Posture, 12, 34-45. Vagenas G. & Hoshizaki B. (1992). A multivariate analysis of lower extremity kinematic assymetry in running. Int J Sports Biomech, 8(1), 11-29. Vaughan C.L., Davis B.L., & O’Connor J.C. (1992). Dynamics of Human Gait. Champaign, IL” Human Kinetics. Whittle M.W. (1997). Gait Analysis: an introduction. Oxford: ButterworthHeinemann. Stromšík P., Vaverka F., & Elfmark M. (2002). The reliability and validity of jump testing by the sledge system. In K. Jelen, S. Kušová, M. Chalupová & J. Otáhal (Eds.), Proceedings of International Conference on Biomechanics of Man 2002 (pp. 155-158). Prague: Charles University. Zajac F.E., Neptune R.R., & Kautz S.A. (2002). Biomechanics and muscle coordination of human walking. Part I: Introduction to concepts, power transfer, dynamics and simulations. Gait and Posture, 16, 215-232. Zajac F.E., Neptune R.R., Kautz S.A. (2003). Biomechanics and muscle coordination of human walking. Part I: Lessons from dynamical simulations and clinical implications. Gait and Posture, 17, 1-17.

The gait analysis based on the measurement of ground reaction forces  545

6 Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

Styles of participation in tourism of young people with different attitudes to life Tomasz Łączek Wszechnica Świętokrzyska, Kielce

Practicing tourism by people of different age has become very common nowadays. Many factors influence the popularisation and consolidation of tourism in modern society. They cause the growth of interest in active forms of spending free time, increase public consciousness of qualified tourism and of cultural and natural legacy. The reasons for development of the tourist industry have been and surely will be object of various scientific investigations. Various empirical works show that the variety of tourist forms of social activity depend on factors such as sex, age, level of education, material status and recognized system of values. Multiple factors conditioning specific, often differentiating approaches to nature and culture are the reason why more and more often we think of the model of a “real tourist” whose own patterns of behaviour favour the development of the widely comprehended tourist culture. Literature on ethical aspects of human behaviour in direct contact with the natural environment abounds in descriptions of rules and norms of participation in tourism. The existing ‘ethics codes of tourism’ include: – the Tourist Ethics Code issued by the World Organisation of Tourism, – the Tourist Code created by the World Cabinet of Churches in Geneva, – the Ten Injunctions for Tourists published by the American Society of Travel Agents (ASTA), – the Tourist Charter published in 1964 by a tourist magazine “Światowid” with contributions from Polish tourism associations (PTTK, PTSM, LOP) and youth organizations, – the Ethics Code of a Tourist created by the Society for the Study of Stone Circles based in Węsiory, Poland. A social group which surely deserves the interest of educators, psychologists, sociologists as well as animators of tourism is the youth. During pubescence one not only matures physically but also emotionally, mentally and socially. It is the time, when values cherished at home, in school and by peers become naturally Styles of participation in tourism of young people...  549

verified, and in result, they become accepted, rejected, or replaced by different, more suitable ones in the hierarchy of values of any given individual. This significant “shift” for future life leads to formation of different styles of behaviour among adolescents. This “living of life” is not often positively correlated with the cultural patterns of life observed in the surrounding world by the young. The way others live is not always tolerated, and is seldom approved of. The differences in the perception and interpretation of reality shape such behaviour which seems to be the most desirable to the youth leading to excellence. The preference of certain values and aspirations creates a life attitude directly connected with a certain lifestyle, which we can call a practical orientation. 1. Practical orientation and reality In the analysis of effects of lifestyle preferred by young people on their participation in tourism a proper definition of ‘practical orientation’ is necessary. According to A. Cudowska practical orientation can be defined as a ‘steady, internally coherent set of opinions and beliefs on the subject of needs, endeavours and practical aims of an individual” (A. Cudowska, 1997). The ‘practical orientation’ is also defined as “a model of life”, “style of life”, “way of life”, what indicates a certain permanence as it becomes a lifetime quality. T. Hejnicka-Bezwińska (1991) has made the following classification of individual types of practical orientation: – minimalist (focusing on care-free health, material goods and pleasures of life), – prestigious (predominating over others because of possessing more and better goods), – resigned (escaping into the sphere of internal emotions), – perfective (functioning in accordance with socially defined rules), – competitive (active predomination over others by realization of one’s own aims), – hedonistic (attitude to life based on senses only) – society-centred (active changing of the world in accordance with values of social groups), – conformist (adaptation), – work-centred (satisfaction and possible professional success). The behaviour of people at a given time depends on two types of factors: endogenous (internal) and exogenous (external). During puberty the cognition of the world and its varieties, creates an opportunity to generate a message, which young people will be able to use pursuing their own ideas in life. 550  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

2. Tourist-recreational behaviour of youth Behaviour of individuals in a certain situation creates the possibility to get to know and interpret their motives of behaviour. Young people, who practice tourism, stay outdoors and admire beautiful sceneries rest and regenerate their health. The consciousness of leaving places they visit in an intact state is not, however, common. Young people’s reaction to a new reality depends on their hierarchy of values, self-discipline, responsibility and culture. The patterns of behaviour of the young participating in tourist and recreational events are very diverse. They depend on their level of education, family background, hierarchy of values or preferable attitudes. 3. Styles of participation in tourism of young people The natural environment together with objects and buildings constituting mankind’s cultural legacy forms a reservoir of potential values that every human being can learn and acquire. Young people’s needs, cultural traditions, level of education and different factors are the reasons why the young engage so willingly in a tourist activity in a conscious way. Yet, independently of cultural factors connected with their perception of the social-natural environment, every participant in the tourist movement reacts in their own way to the observed changes. They experience diversity in intensity of admiration or passiveness, subjective associations of perceived reality with images recorded in memory. In other words, their participation in tourism is individualized. This way an individual style of participation in tourism becomes a permanent characteristic. L. Turos (2001) defines nine principal styles of participation in tourism: – cognitive, – hedonistic, – recreational, – educational, – contemplative, – expressive, – consumer, – sociable-adventure. Certainly the above classification is not strict and, both from the theoretical and practical perspectives, a combination of elements of different styles can be observed in any tourist event in which the youth participate. What is entertainment or game for some turns into torture for others. Educators and organizers of tourism should be aware of the influence of the system of values on the behavStyles of participation in tourism of young people...  551

iour of individuals and should model the reality in such a way as to make it possible for all participants to enjoy the most optimal experiences during a tourist event. Depending on the preferred attitude young people experience the values and attractions of the places they visit in different ways. Some tourist patterns of behaviour differ considerably from the recognised norms. Situations, in which individuals usurp the right to pursue their own objectives of their own practical orientation, will be present as long as the tourist movement lasts. By knowing the principal styles of participation of youth in tourism it will surely be easier to neutralize negative factors depreciating educational aspects of tourism. Bibliography 1. 2. 3. 4.

Cudowska, A., Practical orientations of contemporary students, Białystok 1997 Doliński D., Defensive orientation, Warsaw 1993 Hejnicka - Bezwińska T., Practical orientations of youth, Bydgoszcz 1991 Turos L., Introduction to knowledge about educational tourism, Warsaw 2001

552  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

POSSIBILITIES AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN AGRICULTURAL COUNTY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF GMINA POPIELÓW) Wieslaw Drobek Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland

INTRODUCTION Being simultaneously a psychological, social, economical, spatial and cultural phenomenon tourism is an interesting research field for interdisciplinary perspectives of the issue. Therefore, a thematic variety of tourist monographs, as well as in face of an intensive development of this branch of economy - a bigger and bigger number of monographs which result from needs for various types of analyses of the phenomenon are justified. It also seems that due to contemporary regionalism tendencies a regional and local scale of the phenomena taken into account, also a tourist phenomena, is of greater importance. Existence of tourist attractions and their rank is assumed to be a basis of tourism development programming of an area. Besides, transport accessibility and the state of tourist infrastructure are also crucial. Only the two factors together decide about a tourist attractiveness of a given terrain and define possibilities of tourist function development. Additional meaning lies in a social consciousness and promotional initiatives. They can substantially create an interest even in regions which are objectively not very attractive, and which so far have had other dominant function usually agricultural one (J. Majewski, B. Lane, 2002; A. Królczyk, W. Drobek, 2005). ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES In a natural environment features group which are suitable for rational leisure we can distinguish essential features, which define a minimum of needed features Possibilities and prospects of development of tourism...  553

for leisure tourism, and favorable features, which improve a leisure value of an area. The first group includes: not polluted air, silence, piece, a low urbanization level, aesthetical values of landscape, lack of fundamental climate contraindications. Whereas among favorable features there are: special view values of a landscape, good bioclimatic conditions, curative values, proper conditions for active leisure (J. Warszyńska, 1974; J. Wyrzykowski 1991). To define leisure values in macro scale monographs a level of lie of the land and existence of waters and forests are taken into account. More detailed studies also take into account usefulness of other features and natural values for various types of leisure, bioclimatic values, perceptional values, etc. (J. Bogdanowski 1994; A. Krzymowska-Kostrowicka, 1999). In this study view landscape values, surface waters and area microclimate are evaluated. As a result of the conducted analysis five regions which are suitable for leisure were distinguished in the Gmina Popielów area: – the middle part of the Stobrawa river valley, between Karłowice-Wapiennik and Stare Kolnie; – the eastern part of the Budkowiczanka river valley; – the area on the Odra river near the village of Kolonia Popielowska; – wooden hills in the area of the village of Kaniów; – the eastern part of the Brynica river valley. The indicated areas include terrains with a similar type of values groups and they are connected in topographic units. TOURING ATTRACTIONS The second group of tourist values is constituted by touring attractions: natural and anthropogenic, which are interesting for tourists. Their cognitive, educational, aesthetic and pedagogical meanings are taken into account in the evaluation process of the above mentioned attractions (T. Lijewski, B. Mikułowski, J. Wyrzykowski, 2002). Popularity and attendance as an expression of a tourist interest as well as descriptions in specialist, tourist and guide literature are also taken into account. Touring attractions exiting in gmina Popielów are only of a local character. We have to mention natural objects such as a town park and two oak avenues in Karłowice and totally 19 nature monuments (trees) in villages: Popielów, Kolonia Popielowska, Karłowice, Kurznie, Lubienia, Stobrawa (J. Kubok, 1996). Whereas, the cultural values (mainly monuments of church, dwelling and technical architecture) exist in the villages: Karłowice, Kurznie, Lubienia, Popielów, Rybna, Stare Siołkowice (S. Brzezicki. Ch. Nielsen, 2006). 554  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

TOURIST INFRASTRUCTURE Despite the tourist attractions – environmental or landscape, a tourist infrastructure (accommodation base, restaurant base and accompanying facilities) and transport accessibility of the journey purpose and within the area of the tourist region are necessary elements for tourism development. Gmina Popielów possesses a weak accommodation base (few guest rooms and agro tourist farms). A gastronomic base state gets a better mark. The main tourist places of the described area - Karłowice, Popielów, Stare Siołkowice are characterized by a good transport accessibility (railway and road). Among the indicated areas with particular attractiveness of natural values, the Stobrawa river valley and forests in the area of Karłowice are easily accessible. Also such areas as the Odra river area, the Brynica river valley are easily accessible because along their borders regional roads run and dirt tracks lead to centers of these areas. The most difficult access is to the Budkowiczanka river valley. It can be penetrated only on foot. BASIC REASONS FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT The analysis of tourist attractions and infrastructure state confirmed that natural conditions which enable a short term leisure exist in the area of gmina Popielów . Recreation can mainly take place in the water and forest gmina areas. Some of these terrains have already been used for recreation by gmina and area inhabitants, the rest constitute potential tourism development areas. However, an intensive preparation of infrastructure is indispensable – improvement of river banks accessibility, water basins reclaiming, equipping with devices which make a stay near waters more attractive, accommodation and gastronomic base, improvement of local roads state and their marking, organization of car parks. Due to a relatively low rank of historic objects there are no big possibilities of touring tourism development. The castle in Karłowice evokes the biggest interest, but it requires a proper development and an idea for making it accessible for visitors. A traditional local specific manufacture which has been weakly promoted so far, constitutes an opportunity for the gmina. I mean wicker industry, broom manufacturing, basket manufacturing. Presentation and selling of the products at folk events (multicultural), can became a tourist attraction, specific for gmina Popielów.

Possibilities and prospects of development of tourism...  555

GMINA INHABITANTS VS. LOCAL TOURISM Leisure needs and preferences of gmina Popielów inhabitants were researched by a survey method, which included 110 respondents. By comparison of the results of natural and cultural space evaluation with preferences and attitudes we can try to evaluate relative chances of tourism development in the gmina. It appeared that the gmina area is not a place pointed out as a holiday destination of the gmina inhabitants, which is of course a result of weak possibilities of long term leisure in the area. Possibilities of everyday leisure were also negatively evaluated, 65% of respondents evaluated them as weak, and 35% as average. Possibilities of spending a free time during weekends received the best evaluation, according to 60% of respondents they are good and average. As many as ¾ of the respondents could indicate a particular places and objects used for these purposes. Almost half of these places (54%) were connected with water, the rest were associated with forest areas of the gmina and gastronomic objects and also cultural activity objects. The gmina inhabitants are not interested in providing active tourist services. As many as 89% of the respondents is not prone to rent a room to the holiday makers, and the 11% of those who are potentially prone to do it offers only one room for this purpose. Investment activity is also very weak with reference to potential development of accommodation base. Only two respondents were interested in investing in a guest house – a motel. Most of the respondents were not able to indicate what specific infrastructure investments are necessary to improve conditions of tourism development in the gmina. Among the proposals there were mainly suggestions of a complex development of recreational excavation lakes in the area of the village of Stare Siołkowice and Nowe Siołkowice. SUMMARY Gmina Popielów is not an attractive area for holiday and touring tourism development. Only a festival tourism and everyday leisure possess development perspectives due to environmental attractions. Suitable development of these areas e.g. agro tourist (U. Świetlikowska, 2000), would enable to activate tourist movement. It particularly refers to the regions which are already used by tourists from the gmina and local areas. The most mass festival leisure mainly concentrates around big cities. With the growing need of broadening their leisure base, chances of tourism development in such gminas as Popielów are growing. The leisure terrains of the gmina could 556  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

become a part of Opole leisure base. Creating new tourist-recreational regions around Opole agglomeration would lead to a necessary deglomeration of tourist movement in the area of Turawa Lake. It is already a process due to environmental reasons (A. Kansy, W. Drobek, 2005). REFERENCES 1.

Bogdanowski J. (red.) (1994). O percepcji środowiska. Warszawa: Instytut Ekologii PAN. 2. Brzezicki S., Nielsen Ch. (2006). Zabytki sztuki w Polsce. Śląsk. Warszawa: Krajowy Ośrodek Badań i Dokumentacji Zabytków. 3. Kansy A., Drobek W. (2005). Funkcja turystyczna Jeziora Turawskiego, “Śląsk Opolski” 1-2. 4. Królczyk A., Drobek W. (2005), Możliwości rozwoju funkcji turystycznej w gminie rolniczej (na przykładzie gminy Pakosławice), “Śląsk Opolski” 1-2. 5. Krzymowska-Kostrowicka A. (1999). Geoekologia turystyki i wypoczynku. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. 6. Kubok J. (1996). Walory przyrody i krajobrazu miast i gmin województwa opolskiego, Opole: Państwowy Instytu Naukowy – Instytut Śląski w Opolu. 7. Lijewski T., Mikułowski B., Wyrzykowski J. (2002). Geografiua turystyki Polski, Warszawa: Polskie Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne. 8. Majewski J., Lane B. (2002), Turystyka wiejska i rozwój lokalny, Warszawa – Poznań: Fundacja Funduszu Współpracy. 9. Warszyńska J. (1974). Ocena zasobow środowiska naturalnego dla potrzeb turystyki (na przykładzie woj. krakowskiego), “Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego” 350 “Prace Geograficzne” 36. 10. Wyrzykowski J. (red.) (1991). Ocena krajobrazu Polski w aspekcie fizjonomicznym na potrzeby turystyki. Wrocław: Uniwersytet Wrocławski.

Possibilities and prospects of development of tourism...  557

experiential education is not only expeditions and games Ivo Jirásek Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic

INTRODUCTION Experiential education is a branch of pedagogical disciplines that has been growing quickly over the past few years. It is a specific method of education characterized (contrary to other educational systems) above all by this point: the emphasis is not put on information but on direct experiences. While obtaining information was important in former times, today there is so much information that it is not possible to contain it. And what’s more, this information loses relevance very quickly.. That is why it is much more important to be able to work with knowledge and information, to find it, to know sources of information, to choose the substantive from the insignificant. And experiences form life can help in this selection. Therefore, programs that facilitate the acquisition of these experiences could play a much more important role in education than the mere transfer of information. EXPERIENCE AND EXPERIENTIAL EDUCATION Experience is very a frequent topic of thought at this time. It is a theme at special conferences and the subject of special monographs from various scientific disciplines. Some thinkers look for its roots in philosophical analyses; they ponder the means and methods for raising experiential situations, possible reflection, and so on. Experience is a problem in postmodern time. The situation of unstable values and an existential vacuum, the absence of meaning, is completely evident in the character of activities and situations which are chosen by contemporary man for experiencing. There are three terms for experience in Czech language: “prožitek” as present activity (non- passivity). It is an intensive, thorough way of being. It is 558  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

possible to perceive this kind of experience as an expressive difference from normal life. It acts above all by its intensity of experiencing action. The second term, “zážitek,” means experience which lapses into the past and we could come back to it in memory, rational analysis, and so on. It is experience as an overlap, the accomplishment of goals and wholeness living. Only an experience processed in such fashion, which is then transferred into consciousness becomes an experience such as “zkušenost” (the goal of experiential education) which is non-transferrable from one person to another. It is some lasting shape of event and we can bring to bear it on other situations, too. (Of course most of our experiences coming from social sharing and communication, from taking-over experiences from other people, reading, learning and so on.) For more information about these three kinds of experience in the Czech language see Jirásek, 2004 and Jirásek, 2005. Experiential education is the process in which the learner creates knowledge, craft, art, or other skills through direct experience. There are some basic principles (among others) of experiential education (Neuman, 2004, 44): – Experiential learning occurs just in situations where responsibly chosen experiences are supported by reflection, critical analyze and synthesis. – Experiences are structured and they demand initiative, decision, and responsibility for the outcomes of our own activity. – The learner is actively connected to the process. This is shown by questions, looking for answers, experiments, creativity – The learner is involved in the problem in all dimensions: intellectually, emotionally, socially, psychically, and physically. This traction supports authenticity. Experiential education is a discipline that is not completely accepted by the professional community in the Czech Republic. It is looking for its sources, specifics, and a systematic classification into a branch of pedagogical disciplines. But mainly it has had a stormy development in practice. For a few years there has been Gymnasion: journal for experiential education, which wants to help in the theoretical and practical advancement of experiential education (see more at www.gymnasion.info). Typical for experiential education is the anchoring of experience into its wider context. So not only the origin of experiences, but above all the understanding of goals and aims of experiential situations, the working of experiences and their transfer into experience (in Czech meaning “zkušenost”) for other use in the future. I understand as experiential education theoretical the comprehension and analyses of such educational processes that work with origin (development), analyses and reflections on experiential events with the effect of getting experiences that can be transferred into future life. The goals of such educational processes could be marking out and achieving in various environments (school and out of school, nature and culture), in various social groups (differentiated by age, social status, profession or other demographical factors) and occupation by variExperiential education is not only expeditions and games  559

ous means (games of all types, model situations, creative and dramatic workshops, meetings and discussions, physical and psychic ambitious challenge situations, selfknowledge and team cooperation building activities). The experience is always just a means, not the goal for experiential education. The goal is the old Greek educational ideal, the universal development of a harmonious personality. TWO MAIN WAYS OF EXPERIENTIAL EDUCATION There are two basic possibilities to cultivate experiential education. One of them is connected with nature, non-civilized environment, expeditions, hard skills and above all physical activities. The second is symbolized by games and play and various kinds of experiencing, not only through the physical, but also mental, creative, discussing activities. Let us stop briefly at the first possibilities, which is a usual picture of experiential education. The leader of this type of experiential education is the Association for the Experiential Education. The origin of this association is very closely connected with other organization, Outward Bound. Outward Bound is a global movement (there are schools OB in about thirty countries on all continents) which started in 1941 thanks to German pedagogue Kurt Hahn and British ship owner Lawrence Holt. But it could be another story – you can see at www.outward-bound.org for more information. The Association for Experiential Education was established in 1977 in the USA. This type of experiential education has been developing for a few decades and heavier emphasis is placed on challenging situations, adventure, and a non-civilized environment. The traditional course is organized as an expedition by a small group of participants (10-14 members) for 21 days. Real situations in such a trip are the centre of these courses. The games are played at summer courses, but there are also initiative games and exercises at personal development courses or real and model programs (Kubala, 2006). The second possible way of experiential education is closely connected with the Czech organization Vacation school of Lipnice (www.psl.cz), which started its activity in 1977. The projects are inspired by the old Greek ideal kalokagathia, but the same way by current impulses of civilization. The courses are known for an intensity of experiences, harmony of body and soul, meaningful enrichment of life through meeting with nature, people, and oneself. And game is the typical program means. We could say: the game is the symbol of Czech method of experiential education. The specific way of using of games (and other programs) is named “dramaturgy.” A good and detailed description of dramaturgy is written in the publication (Martin, Franc and Zounková, 2004). 560  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

The game gives us the possibility of trying roles that are not available in normal life. And more without real social sanction. It is not possible anywhere except in the game. We often get life experience at a big price, but we could test it in game without real consequences. The Czech way of experiential education is really based on game and play. And it is very specific in this attitude. The game is a symbol of Czech way of experiential education. The creativity of instructors in making new games is evident from the example of the two volumes of Gold fund of games (Janda, 2002, Hrkal & Hanuš, 1998). RELATION BETWEEN REALITY AND VIRTUALITY Any activity has meaning just in its context and goal. If anybody creates a program in experiential education, he/she sees the goal as the main necessity: what participants could take and why just this. So the first question is “why?” Only after this the next question follows, “how?”; it means the selection of experiential activities. Sometimes it is possible to bring to a square such contrasting experiences.. For example, part of the program in the course Interes (focused on managerial skills through training of real sales of candy) was one work day in a retirement home or hospital. For young, active, and ambitious people full of life, achievement and enthusiasm the contrast between their life style and the feelings of people in these institutions could produce very strong moments. To lead them toward thinking and knowledge of past success and careers. A searching for deeper life values. Or other example: the possibility to donate blood was prepared in the course Publicus. It could be quite an interesting situation for first-time donators. But Publicus courses are focused on potential journalists or people interested in politics and public things. And the creation of a report with the topic of blood donation (with real presentation in radio) was part of this day. We can see that game situations and real situations are very mixed in such activities. It is not just the virtual nature of games, but it is not real common or banal life. It is really a very strong experience, but one that is based not on non-civilized nature, adventure or challenge. Sources of experience are everywhere: we could take experience from adrenalin sports, from creative, music or drama activities, from discussions with interesting visitors, from thinking. The path (journey) could be quite various and diverse, but the emphasis on the participation of learners and his/her experience will be common. As we can see, the relationship between real life and games, between reality and virtuality, is not so easy. We can not say that some part of the course has a deeper effect on the future life of participants than others. I think this tension between real and game situations has ontological consequences. Experiential education is not only expeditions and games  561

EXPERIENTIAL EDUCATION IN DIFFERENT TIMES We could see some changes in the topics of experiential education connected with time. In the 1980’s, when society had very strong uniting tendencies, the big interest was for individualistic competition programs. The results of all competitions were presented every day, and every game demanded improvement. . But what is very interesting is that everybody could be the winner in such activities, but at this moment everybody was the loser and was humbled by something else in a different area. Such public presentation of scores is a very strong motivation factor and this connection with others leads to real self-knowledge and self-placement in a collective. Today, in times of strain on individualism, there is much more interest in team programs, for collective experiencing and social topics. We are witnesses of searches for contraries to social tendencies. In recent years however we could see deeper interest in recurrence to nature. The course Life is a gothic dog could be a good example. A week of wandering on snow-shoes and after that a week of camping in a tee-pee. This simplicity, the reality of winter nature, the necessity to adapt to cold conditions is again tempting. . Maybe it is some contrast, too. A contrast to common technical life on a PC. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Hrkal, J. & Hanuš, R. (Eds.) (1998). Zlatý fond her II: výběr her a programů připravených pro kursy Prázdninové školy Lipnice. Praha: Portál. Janda, J. (Ed.) (2002). Zlatý fond her I: hry a programy připravené pro kurzy Prázdninové školy Lipnice. Praha: Portál. Jirásek, I. (2004). Vymezení pojmu zážitková pedagogika. Gymnasion: časopis pro zážitkovou pedagogiku, 1, 6-16. Jirásek, I. (2005). Filosofická kinantropologie: setkání filosofie, těla a pohybu. Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého. Kubala, P. (2006). Hra a tradiční kurzy Outward Bound. Gymnasion: časopis pro zážitkovou pedagogiku, 6, 83-86. Martin, A., Franc, D., & Zounková, D. (2004). Outdoor and experiential learning: an holistic and creative approach to programme design. Aldershot: Gower Publishing. Neuman, J. (2004): Association for Experiential Education. Gymnasion: časopis pro zážitkovou pedagogiku, 1, 43-46.

562  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SELECTED DETERMINANTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL TOURISM IN HEALTH RESORTS Andrzej Hadzik Department of Tourism and Recreation School of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland

INTRODUCTION Spa areas are characterized by specific natural, economic and social conditions which differ considerably from the conditions in the urbanized and industrial areas. The fundamental differences include high sensitivity of spa products to changes in the insurance system; significant correlations between the development of health-resorts and environmental conditions; and lower adjustment to exacerbating competition on the market. These features significantly affect the developmental capabilities of spa areas, especially the development of their tourist functions, including medical tourism (Fig. 1). Medical tourism is connected with conscious and voluntary spending some time outside the place of residence in leisure time in order to recuperate through an active psycho-physical rest (J. Wolski, 1970). According to W. Gaworecki the most important reasons undertaking medical tourism are: – strength regeneration as the main aim to which tourists subordinate their life-style in a health-resort; – one’s health condition manifesting itself in exhaustion and tiredness, which necessitate the need to spend free time in the way suggested by a doctor; – an active model of rest dosed individually (W. W. Gaworecki, 1997).   Health resorts are ones of the most important holiday resorts. The term “holiday resort” is controversial in the literature on the subject as there are different attitudes to the essence of the problem (W.W. Gaworecki, 1997). Generally, we may say that a holiday resort is …a settlement which due to its tourist aspects and availability is a target of tourist migration” (A. S. Kornak & A. Rapacz, 2001).    Turystyka. Op. cit., p. 36 

The significance of selected determinants...  563

Fig. 1. The fundamental social and economic functions of health resorts in Poland Source: Author’s own study

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), “health can be defined as a value due to which an individual or a group can, on the one hand, realize their aspirations and the need for satisfaction, and on the other hand, change themselves and manage the environment”. The notion of health is a category in which the individuals that do not meet its criteria with reference to their present health condition show health needs. According to the WHO these are disruptions in health condition or physical and mental state which demand some intervention in the form of treatment, rehabilitation, social help and preventive measures (C. Włodarczyk, 1996). It appears that the spa care (treatment), which covers mainly chronic illnesses, is a “helpful tool” in achieving good health condition (J. Sielicka, 2005). In healing tourism, like in the other types of medical tourism, the aim of health improvement is the most important. The main problem discussed in this paper is adjustment of health resorts to changes in the national insurance system and funding limitations of services offered by health resorts.   At present the holistic attitude to health is widely promoted. The holistic attitude is represented by the health model developed by T. Hancock and F. Perkins in 1986, based on the so-called mandala of health. Mandala, as opposed to the dualistic view that a human consists of a body and a soul, treats a human in a holistic way. Mandala describes a human being from the physical, psychological and social point of view in connection with the impact of natural conditions, psychosocial conditions and individual patterns of behavior. In this conception a human being is located in the centre, possessing the soul, body and mind. Different spheres around the human being such as culture, family and biosphere show different relations among one another. The main responsibility for human health is transferred from the professional health care to the individual ability to live. In this conception health care is not the only institution responsible for the life of a human being. The responsibility lies also in the non-institutional and non-medical spheres. The human being, as the main subject affecting his own life, makes positive or negative decisions toward his health. According to this concept, the limitation of the notion of human being only to medical categories is an unreasonable simplification. 

564  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

The main aim of the paper is to identify and assess the influence of the national insurance system on development of tourism in spa areas in Poland. The following research questions have been formulated: 1. There is a relation between the medical and healing function of a spa resort and the range of the national health insurance system. 2. Narrowing the range of insurance protection, which is the basis for any offer of spa treatment and stay, poses a threat to the proper functioning of Polish health resorts. 3. Narrowing the range of insurance protection necessitates replacement of the healing function with the tourist function, especially in the case of services of medical tourism in health resorts. MATERIAL AND METHODS The fundamental research instruments with regard to the development of tourist function of health resorts resulting from the changes in the national health insurance system were quantitative analysis and qualitative descriptive research. The territorial range of the research includes spa areas in Poland (43 national state health resorts). The time frame of this paper ranges from the 1990s to the first decade of the 21st century. The period between 1999 and 2004, during which the national health insurance system was being developed, was the most essential. Taking into consideration the present dynamics of changes, relevant data from 2005 and 2006 were also used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analysis of variables describing the number of arrivals of patients in health resorts allows us to observe the replacement of the social–insurance healing function (treatment) with commercial functions: medical (spa) and tourist for medical reasons (A. Jagusiewicz, 2002). In many health resorts the number of full-time patients has increased. The most significant increase of commercial patients has been noted in the Zachodniopomorskie Province. For example, in 1999 15,400 patients were treated full-time in local health resorts, and in 2001 their number reached 44,800 patients (291% increase). The changes as far as the arrivals of foreigners are concerned are also important. The largest increase of in the number of foreign patients in Polish health resorts, including tourists who came because of health reasons, was also noted in the Zachodniopomorskie Province. AccordThe significance of selected determinants...  565

ing to the data provided by the Institute of Tourism 4,100 foreigners came to local health-resorts for full-time treatment in 1999, and 22,200 in 2001. In 1999–2004 the number of full-time patients of hospitals and sanatoria increased from 400,100 in 1999 to 533,000 in 2004, mainly due to commercial arrivals (Tab. 1). According to the data from the Institute of Tourism in 1999 356,400 patients were sent for full-time spa treatment from health-insurance funds, and the number of patients treated for a full-price was 87,000. (A. Jagusiewicz, 2002). For example, according to the data of the Institute of Tourism, in 2001 there were 125,100 full-time patients for a full-price, but the number of patients sent from health-insurance funds increased only to 372,400. It proves the increasing role of commercial patients in health resorts, including mainly tourists realizing their medical aims who have paid the full-price for the stay. At the same time, according to the data from the Institute of Tourism the evident increase of foreigners’ arrivals can be observed. For example, in 1999-2001, the increase of foreigners’ arrivals for full-time spa treatment from 9,200 to 35,000 was noted. In 1999–2004 the number of “persons per day” for a full-time treatment in hospitals and sanatoria increased altogether, due to the higher number of arrivals of commercial patients, but not referrals form the national health insurance institutions (Tab.1). In 1999-2004, apart from rehabilitation sanatoria, negative changes were noted in the number of arrivals in the remaining spa treatment facilities (Tab. 1). A comparative analysis between the budget system and the national insurance system is negative as far as the national insurance system is concerned (tab. 1). The criticism of the national insurance system becomes more visible when the years 1998 and 1999 are compared, i.e. the switch from the budget system to the insurance system. (Tab. 2). The analysis shows that all the variables describing the patients’ arrivals decreased. Spa sanatoria are important facilities of spa treatment in the perspective of development of spa medical tourism. Between 1999 and 2001 spa sanatoria witnessed a 25.2% increase in patients’ (65,700 people) (A. Jagusiewicz, 2002). The highest increase, according to the data from the Institute of Tourism was observed in the Zachodniopomorskie Province, where only in 1999-2001 the number of patients increased from 59,400 to 85,400 (43.8 % increase; over 26,000 arrivals). Such an increase, especially in the health resorts of the Zachodniopomorskie and Pomorskie provinces, was possible due to the development of commercial functions of the resorts: spa and healing, and tourism for medical reasons. This development compensated partly for the former losses resulting from earlier arrivals of patients from the national insurance system. Commercial patients who paid 566  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

The significance of selected determinants...  567

the budget system

1997

1998

2001

2002

2003





35036

1814

694072

41868

65807

8773268

411102

68713

500

11912

139

512635

33977

52880

9425035

463424





8146

42

704734

38890

59422

9273809

467632





10912

44

723181

40532

47254

8724428

497199

the insurance system spa hospital, spa sanatorium 7 8 9 10 11

1999 2000 spa treatment

2 3 4 5 6 full-time patients / 417348 435778 450250 457296 400089 customers person per day of 10016751 10211153 10334821 10189985 8941298 treatment natural medicine spa resort, spa clinic outpatients 167891 132656 133211 149363 54916 rehabilitation sanatorium full-time patients / 33283 32288 37977 55342 37560 customers person per day of 972894 953341 1004635 1227123 837472 treatment preventive sanatorium full-time patients / 8129 7852 6388 7517 5722 customers person per day of 248559 230887 187229 197480 151306 treatment half-sanatorium full-time patients / • • • • • customers person per day of • • • • • treatment

variables

1996

Z – changes in 1995-2004, - decrease, + increase, • - no information available Source: Author’s own study on the basis of Baza Danych Regionalnych. GUS, Warszawa 2005.

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

4 5 6

3

2

1

r.n..

1995

Table 1. The changes in arrivals of patients for spa treatment in Poland in 1995-2004





8148

54

631987

38135

53718

9071100

533249

12

2004





-

-

-

+

-

-

+

13

Z

full-price, including foreign patients, paid for the stay more than patients referred to health resorts from the national insurance system. The health insurance funds in Poland (since 2003 Departments of the National Health Fund – NFZ) forced low prices for the stay in health resorts while negotiating with sanatoria, which affected the bad condition of some spa facilities. It was mainly in these facilities that the social (insurance) healing function was not replaced with the commercial function, especially with tourist activities. A number of sanatoria which started to admit patients from abroad, including tourists who wishing to undergo treatment, not only remained successfully on the spa market, but also started to develop intensively. This process was particularly observed in 1999-2004 in sanatoria from the Zachodniopomorskie Province, mainly from Kołobrzeg and Świnoujście. The available data from the Institute of Tourism shows that in 1999-2001 the number of arrivals of foreigners in Polish spa sanatoria increased. In 1999, 6,800 patients took advantage of full-time treatment in sanatoria, and in 2001, the number of patients was 26,800 (increase of 20,500 foreign patients). The dynamics of adjustment to the limited healing function from the national insurance system can be demonstrated through the analysis of foreigners’ arrivals and numbers of arrivals of patients who paid the full-price. In 1999-2001, according to the available data from the Institute of Tourism in Warsaw a 46.3 % increase in patients who paid the full-price can be observed (almost 30 000 people) (A. Jagusiewicz, 2002). The number of 94,300 arrivals of patients who paid the full-price to sanatoria in 2001 constituted 29% of the total number of patients in sanatoria (71% of patients referred to health resorts mainly by the health-insurance funds).

   Interviews with spa managers in Kołobrzeg in May 2005 revealed that in some spa sanatoria the price for the one-day stay was even twice and a half as high as the price for patients from the national insurance system. This situation was noted, for example, in some sanatoria in Kołobrzeg receiving patients from Germany. See also Zagraniczni goście ratują uzdrowiska. „Gazeta Wrocławska”, 06.01.2005.    These fact are reported on the basis of interviews with representatives of public spa companies during spa congresses in 2001-2005.    Among the provinces which recorded a higher number of arrivals of foreign patients, the Zachodniopomorskie was clearly in the lead. In 1999 2,900 foreigners came to the sanatoria for treatment, and in 2001 their number reached 19,900, which shows the increase by 16,900 people, i.e. 578.6%!    Among the areas with the greatest changes in the number of arrivals there was the Zachodniopomorskie province. In 1999 there were 9,900, and in 2001 33,100 commercial patients according to the data from the Institute of Tourism, which shows the increase by 234.4 %, i.e. 23,200 people. The share of patients in sanatoria in 2003 was estimated on the basis of GUS statistics 27.7 % of all patients who were treated full-time in sanatoria in Poland.

568  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

The policy of the health-insurance funds (since 2003 Departments of the NFZ) had a negative influence on most variables describing the changes in arrivals to spa facilities. This policy was characterized by systematic limitations in funding spa treatment form the national insurance system, i.e. limitations of the spa healing function. Some health resorts, due to these limitations, started to develop mainly the commercial spa functions: healing and tourism, e.g. winter and Christmas arrivals of patients from Germany in health resorts of the Sudecki and Pomorski regions in the last few years. For example, in December 2004, in public spa companies “Uzdrowisko Kołobrzeg” and “Bałtyk” there were no vacancies for patients from the National Health Fund (NFZ). It appeared that these public companies preferred richer foreign commercial patients to the NFZ contracts. Another step to stop the NFZ monopoly on stays in sanatoria in tourist health resorts of the Pomorski and Sudecki regions was reimbursement for their expenses offered to German patients by their health-insurance funds. The price for one person per day paid by German patients, some of whom had the possibility to get the refund of their costs from German health-insurance funds, was financially attractive for Polish spa facilities offering their services. The price was sometimes twice and a half as high as the price offered by the NFZ. Moreover, this price was also attractive for German health-insurance funds which would have had to pay a higher price for a similar stay in German health-resorts. Table 2 presents changes in the number of arrivals in 1998–2004 in tourist accommodation facilities in districts and towns where the mentioned 43 public and state health resorts in Poland are located (Tab. 2). The year 1999 was record-breaking as far as the number of arrivals in the period of 1998-2004 is concerned. In 1999 the number of tourists who took advantage of stays in tourist accommodation places was the highest and amounted to 1,590,658 people. Table 2 shows a decrease in the number of tourists from Poland (from 1 400 039 to 1 224 067) in spa districts and towns in 1998 – 2004. However, at the same time, the number of foreign tourists increased by 74.2% (by over 108 000 people), and amounted to 254 698 people in 2004. The analyzed accommodation places also include spa facilities. In 1998-2004 in spa facilities recognized by the GUS (General Statistical Office) as tourist accommodation places the increase in the number of patients’ arrivals was observed from 347 736 to 352 541 Tab. 2). According to GUS statistics the largest number of accommodation places provided to patients in the selected spa facilities was in   This was determined by the price of the stay. The NFZ offered 60 PLN for a one-day stay in a double room, whereas, the German insurance fund approx. 140 PLN. See Niemcy w zdrojach. Op. cit.    On the basis of observations made by the author at the 24th Congress of Polish Health Resorts Tradition and modernity – two sides of spa treatment, Kołobrzeg, 12-15th May 2005. 

The significance of selected determinants...  569

570  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality 347 736 22 873

46.85

75.16

12 195 995

5 918 594

tourists taking advantage of spa facilities

foreign tourists taking advantage of spa facilities

taking advantage of accommodation places altogether (%)

taking advantage of accommodation places in spa facilities (%)

the number of provided accommodation places altogether

the number of provided accommodation in spa facilities

4

5

6

7

8

9

5 264 675

11 533 264

74.90

45.26

25 786

349 778

147 639

1 590 658

4

1999

5 154 435

10 569 339

71.73

40.22

34 053

357 767

165 737

1 545 857

5

2000

4 971 476

10 161 603

74.52

39.68

32 891

327 597

173 537

1 496 595

6

2001 7

2002

4 876 699

9 855 563

76.62

41.12

38 660

315 659

183 271

1 451 054

Legend: - decrease, + increase. Source: Author’s own study on the basis of Baza Danych Regionalnych. GUS, Warszawa 2005.

146 228

foreign tourists altogether

3

1 546 267

3

tourists altogether

2

1

1998

2

variables of tourists’ arrivals

r.n.

4 515 448

9 393 259

65.88%

41.65

49 240

349 849

218 727

1 510 298

8

2003

4 446 963

9 213 842

70.04

40.78

64 298

352 541

254 698

1 478 765

9

2004

Tab. 2. The changes in the number of arrivals in tourist accommodation facilities in spa districts and towns in 1998–2004.

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

-

10

changes 1998-2004

2004 (4 446 963 accommodation places, i.e. 48.2% accommodation places altogether) The author’s own research as well as other studies proved that in the analyzed period the national insurance system greatly affected the functioning of health resorts in Poland (I. Ponikowska, A. Styś, B. Iwankiewicz–Rak, 2001; A. Kuczek, 2004) in terms of limited funds for spa treatment from the public health insurance system and poor cooperation with health insurance funds (since 2003 with the NFZ) 10. Although the budget of health-insurance funds was exceeded every year in the period of 1999-2006 (since 2003 NFZ), funds designed for spa treatment from the national health insurance system were decreased systematically as compared with the budget funds in 1997-1998 (Tab. 3). Tab. 3. The share of financing healing stays in health resorts in 1997-2006 funds for spa treatment in Poland r.n.

1

amount

2

The budget system

The national health insurance system

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

2006

2

in mln PLN

347.4 383.4 312.4

316

355.5 378.1 330.5 339.5 356.5 350.4

3

% altogether

1.80

1.39

1.24

1.80

1.45

1.32

1.13

1.11

1.08

1.03

Source: Author’s own study on the basis of Ministry of Health statistics (1997-1998), health-insurance funds (1999-2002) and “Financial Plans of NFZ” in 2003-2006.

CONCLUSIONS The limited range of funds for spa treatment from the national insurance system caused on the one hand a limitation in the range of social treatment function, and on the other hand, forced the spas to take advantage of some other forms of activities, including medical tourism. By limitations of funds for spa treatment the Polish health insurance funds contributed, on the one hand, to a decline or deterioration of the economic situation in many spa facilities, and on the other hand engaged in the struggle for customers by improving the quality of services in many health resorts (Z. Krasiński, 2003). Many spa facilities, including sanatoria, started to seek commercial patients. Moreover, after Poland’s accession to 10   Other barriers in the development of basic functions of health-resorts included unstable social and economic conditions, price increase on the market, lack of qualified staff and general impoverishment of Polish society.

The significance of selected determinants...  571

the EU, stays of foreign patients started to be contracted with foreign institutions financing spa treatment, especially with German health-insurance funds. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Jagusiewicz A. (2002). Infrastruktura turystyki uzdrowiskowej w Polsce. Warszawa: Instytut Turystyki. Kornak A. S., Rapacz A. (2001). Zarządzanie turystyką i jej podmiotami w miejscowości i regionie. Wrocław: AE. Krasiński Z. (2003). Jakość usług w turystyce uzdrowiskowej w Polsce i w Unii Europejskiej. Kierunki rozwoju badań naukowych w turystyce. Warszawa: PWN. Kuczek A. (2004). Uzdrowiska polskie w okresie transformacji na przykładzie uzdrowisk Ziemi Kłodzkiej. Praca doktorska. Wrocław: AE. Łopaciński K. (2005). Przyjazdy do Polski w celach zdrowotnych. Turystyka a uzdrowiska. Warszawa: PST. Ponikowska I., Styś A., Iwankiewicz-Rok B. (2001). Typowanie głównych parametrów jakości w lecznictwie uzdrowiskowym. Toruń: Wyd. A. Marszałek. Sielicka J., (red). (2005). Uzdrowiska zapraszają, Informator–Atlas Uzdrowisk Polskich. Warszawa: Izba Gospodarcza „Uzdrowiska Polskie”. Włodarczyk C. (1996). Polityka zdrowotna w społeczeństwie demokratycznym. Łódź-Kraków-Warszawa: Wyd. Vesalius. Zagraniczni goście ratują uzdrowiska. (2005).Wrocław: „Gazeta Wrocławska”.

572  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

FORMAL LEGAL PROBLEMS OF POLISH AGROTOURISM Andrzej Romanowski Opole University of Technology, Poland

Introduction The transformations of the political system in Poland have exerted a great influence on the social and economic situation in rural areas. The result of these transformations was often pauperization of the rural community, especially farmers. It is not an exaggeration to say that among various proposals and ways to improve the material situation of rural inhabitants, the development of tourism and, in particular, agrotourism, is the most popular. In rural circumstances, agrotourism is the most effective way to gain extra profits. The agrotourist business does not require any changes of the place of residence or job. It also provides a possibility to use household resources and sell agricultural products more effectively (M. Drzewiecki 2002; M. Gilewicz 2000; J. Majewski 2003; G. Sikorska, W. Kajszczak 2000). One may say that agrotourism not only improves the material conditions of many farmers, but also helps move from unprofitable agricultural activity towards tourist services. This transformation has become particularly dynamic in Poland. Agrotourism also enjoys a great support of the Polish government. The proper definition and legal regulations of agrotourism in Poland are crucial for development of this type of tourist activity in Poland. THE NOTION OF AGROTOURISM Currently, there are many definitions of rural tourism and leisure activities. They are often misinterpreted or understood differently and, thus, they distort the reality of agrotourism and mislead the tourists. That is why, the precise definition of agrotourism is crucial. Formal legal problems of polish agrotourism  573

As Urszula Świetlikowska (1998) suggests, agricultural activities are organized in the owner’s household to provide tourists with a real image of farm life, interests, duties, and difficulties. The most interested tourists may actively participate in household work but also rest, keep fit, and enjoy all rural attractions. Hygienic, health and legal standards on a required level are also important. Multiple definitions of agrotourism include some common characteristics (M. Drzewiecki, 1995-B. Korzuchowska, 1998). 1. It must have rural features including agricultural activities (M. Dębniewska, M. Drzewiecki 2002-K. Duczkowska-Małysz no date; M. Tkaczuk, 1997). 2. It must take place under rural circumstances or their equivalents, e.g. farming, fishing, gardening (M. Drzewiecki 2002, K. Duczkowska Małysz no date; K. Dubel, 1998; M. Gilewicz, 2002; J. Majewski, 2002; A. Stocki, 1997; U. Świetlikowska, 1998). 3. Tourist facilities must have features of a farm (M. Drzewiecki, 2002; B. Kożuchowska, 1998). PROBLEMS OF AGROTOURISM IN POLAND Criteria of Polish farming households: (a) bringing agrotourism to rural areas in terms of administration and management. The farms also appear in urban areas. One of them is Nysa, in which at least three such farming households are situated. These farms are featured on agrotourism websites of the Opole Province and in leaflets sponsored by the Province Marshal’s Office, the Silesian Farmers Union and the Silesian Development Foundation and the Local Initiative Support concerning tourist attractions of the Opole Province (Turystyka aktywna i agroturystyka. Województwo Opolskie .; Opolskie. Turystyka i wypoczynek no date). (b) agrotourism which must take place under rural circumstances or its equivalents, e.g. gardening, fishing or foresting requires further discussion. The Bill on Business Regulation from 19th February 1999, does not refer to agrotourist households. Such activities do not require special permits or qualifications and thus can be managed by any citizen (private person) or a legal entity (company, organization, enterprise). Also, it does not require registration on condition that: – the person providing agrotourist services must be a farmer; – services are provided within a farming household; – services are provided only by a private person; – profit for the service provider is not the main source of income (M. Drzewiecki 2002) 574  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

A legal person, on the other hand, is an entity registered in the business register of the National Court Register. Such enterprises are to manage their agricultural activity in accordance with the register regulations. They can also be run with the use of farming households in an area not smaller than 1 hectare of farmland situated in the Republic of Poland (M. Drzewiecki, 2002; R. Zimmermann, 2005). The major fault of this bill is that it enables both the private and legal persons to manage agricultural activities. One can assume that a farmer who owns a farming household is a legal person, however, quite often that these activities are run by companies. The definition of a farmer is also inconsistent. A farmer is a private person who manages his/her own agricultural activity as an independent or dependent owner (leaseholder or user of a rural household with the area not smaller than 1 hectare of farmland situated in the Republic of Poland (Sektorowy Program Operacyjny no date; R. Zimmermann, 2005). Thus, according to the law, every citizen who owns a suitable area of farmland is a farmer. It means that this kind of tourist services can be provided by a person who is not a farmer but merely owns a farming household. In Poland these two legal definitions are understood in the same way. After 1989, when new regulations on farmland purchase were introduced, many people unrelated to agriculture made use of this opportunity. Some of them wanted to pay lower property tax or become insured in the Farmers’ Social Insurance Fund (KRUS), where premiums are much lower than in the Social Insurance Institution (ZUS). Currently, many of those farming household “owners” have noticed new possibilities to manage agricultural activities. The definition of a household itself can be difficult. The notion of farming household, according to the Income Tax Bill, refers to a farmland with the area exceeding 1 hectare (J. Raciborski). According to the Polish law, a farmer is defined by his/her property and not by his or her duties or qualifications. In this case, the farmer and the farming household are equaled (it is like a situation where anyone who owns a car is a taxi driver). A great number of agrotourist households are run not by farmers but people of different professions who are owners of at least 1 hectare of farmland. Before 1997, the difference between agrotourism and regular tourism (in nonagricultural areas) was legally formulated. All kinds of tourist services provided by the owners of farming households exceeding 1 hectare were regarded as agrotourism. It allowed such owners to receive loans for running agricultural activities. In the following years, the possibility to take preferential bank loans was discontinued. As a result, the definition of agrotourism was no more useful (A. Bieńkowski, 2001). Thanks to the EU pre-accession aids, the Poles could again apply for preferential loans with low interest rates to develop agricultural services. The funds needed for tourist investments in the rural area could be gained Formal legal problems of polish agrotourism  575

from the well-known LEADER programme. In Poland, the PHARE and SAPARD pre-accession funds were used, and now they are provided by the Sectorial Operational Programme for restructuring and modernizing farming and developing rural areas. Since September 15th 2004, one of the aims of the Sectorial Operational Programme has been 2.4 Operation that differentiated agriculture activities that are similar to farming in order to guarantee the diversity of activities and other sources of income. Agricultural projects are also supported by this operation (R. Zimmermann, 2005). Terms of preferential loans: – active farming household (at least 1 hectare of farmland) – at least five rooms for rental The same loan to develop an agrotourist activity may be obtained by a household member, a relative to the owner of the farming household. A household member can be a person who turned 18 years, lives with the farmer in a shared farming household or in its vicinity, works on the farming household, but is not the farmer’s employee. Such a person is not subject to any other national insurance system than KRUS and must not be retired (R. Zimmermann, 2005). The notion of agrotourism has become even more difficult to understand when the European Information Department of the Office of Committee for European Integration defined the issue of income from agriculture activity. Following this definition agrotourism can be regarded as providing tourist services by farmers who gain at least half of their profits from agricultural activities. Gaining less than half of the profits from agricultural activities is defined as providing services in the field of rural tourism (the Office of Committee for European Integration, 2006). If this criterion had really been taken into consideration in deciding which farming household could be officially called this way, there would have been few households left in our province. The last problem of agrotourism is the definition of a farm. It can be viewed as a house with a yard and household buildings (K. Moszyński, 1967; Słownik, 1981). What makes this matter problematic is the fact that detached houses of urban character (residential style) and adapted rural mansions or palaces are often used for agrotourist purposes. Although palaces and country manors of historical interest could be interesting assets in agrotourism, houses in a Disneyland style do not fit the definition of a farm. Examples of such places include Pogórze-Kolnia near Łącznik, in the Biała parish in the south of the Opole Province. The legal definition of agricultural activity can have a positive impact on agrotourist services. The proper definition will enable potential customers to develop a better understanding of this concept. It will be easier for them to distinguish between agricultural services and other services offered in the rural environment.

576  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

Implications 1. Solving formal legal problems in the area of agricultural activity 2. Linking agriculture activities to agrotourism 3. Defining farming household to allow farmers to manage agricultural activities 4. Connecting agrotourism with agrotourist activity 5. Allowing farmers to conduct agrotourist activities only in rural areas 6. Managing agrotourist activities according to the proper definition of farm REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Bieńkowski A.(2001). Turystyka jako forma wielofunkcyjnego rozwoju obszarów wiejskich. Gospodarka w Praktyce i Teorii Nr 1(8). Dębniewska M., Tkaczuk M.(1997). Agroturystyka. Koszty-ceny-efekty. Poltext, Warszawa. M.(1995). Agroturystyka. Założenia-uwarunkowania-działania. Instytut Wydawniczy, „Świadectwo”, Bydgoszcz. Drzewiecki M. (2002). Podstawy agroturystyki. Bydgoszcz. Dubel K.(1998). Uwarunkowania przyrodnicze w planowaniu przestrzennym, Wydawnictwo Ekonomia i Środowisko, Białystok. Duczkowska-Małysz K. (bdw.) Agroturystyka jako źródło alternatywnego zarobkowania w rolnictwie, (w:) Gospodarstwo agroturystyczne. Poradnik (brak wydawcy i miejsca wydania). Gilewicz M.(2000). Agroturystyka. Najważniejsze przepisy. Agencja APRA Bydgoszcz. Kożuchowska B.(1998). Podstawowe pojęcia, cechy, składniki agroturystyki oraz formy samoorganizacji usługodawcó. (w: ) red. U. Świetlikowskiej, Agroturystka. Wydawnictwo SGGW, Warszawa. Majewski J.(2000). Agroturystyka to też biznes. Fundacja Wspomagania Wsi. Warszawa. Majewski J.(2003). Turystyka i ożywienie gospodarcze wsi.(w:) J.Majewski; B.Lane, Turystyka wiejska i rozwój lokalny. Fundacja Edukacji dla Demokracji, Warszawa. Moszyński K.(1967). Kultura ludowa Słowian, t. I. Książka i Wiedza, Warszawa. Turystyka aktywna i agroturystyka. Województwo Opolskie. (bd.). Sindruk, Opole. Opolskie. Turystyka i wypoczynek.(bd.). Oficyna Piastowska, Opole. Formal legal problems of polish agrotourism  577

14. Raciborski J.(1998). Wymagania prawne w turystyce wiejskiej (w:) red. U. Świetlikowska, Agroturystyka, Wydawnictwo SGGW, Warszawa. 15. Romanowski A.(2005). Stan bazy noclegowej gospodarstw agroturystycznych Śląska Opolskiego. (w:) 16. Wybrane zagadnienia turystyki na Śląsku Opolskim. Śląsk Opolski. Państwowy Instytut Naukowy, Instytut Śląski w Opolu, nr 1-2(54-55), Rok XV. 17. Sektorowy Program Operacyjny (bd.). Restrukturyzacja i modernizacja sektora żywnościowego oraz rozwój obszarów wiejskich”, Działanie 2,4 „Różnicowanie działalności rolniczej i zbliżonej do rolnictwa w celu zapewnienia różnorodności działań lub alternatywnych źródeł dochodów”. Poradnik dla Beneficjentów. 18. Sikorska G., Kajszczak W.(2000). Kwatera agroturystyczna. Praktyczny poradnik. Polska Fundacja Promocji i Rozwoju Małych i Średnich Przedsiębiorstw, Warszawa. 19. Słownik języka polskiego (1981). Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa. 20. Stocki A.(1997). Bariery rozwoju agroturystyki , (w:) Determinanty sukcesu w turystyce wiejskiej, CdiEwR, Kraków. 21. Świetlikowska U.(1998) za: Agroturystyka. Materiały szkoleniowe. Warszawa. 22. Urząd Komitetu Integracji Europejskiej, Departament Informacji Europejskiej (2006). Polska wieś w Unii Europejskiej, Warszawa. 23. Wolak P.(1992). Agroturystyka- to interes. Agrobazar, nr 10. 24. Zimmmermann R.(2005). Agroturysrtyka. Przepisy i zasady. Łosiów.

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Preferred ways of spending spare time by health resort visitors and their participation in various forms of tourism illustrated by health resort visitors to Polanica Zdrój and Krynica Zdrój Roman Nowacki Opole University of Technology, Opole Poland

INTRODUCTION The progressing process of population ageing in the highly developed member states of the European Union makes it necessary to study the life-style of elderly people, especially those who approach their retirement age or have already retired. Most of these people devote their time, after fulfilling their family or social responsibilities, to various activities with the objective to develop their intellectual interests and to keep fit. It is very often difficult for a retiring person to adjust to the new situation. It brings about various consequences. Many retired persons feel lost and sometimes useless. The frustration related to such emotional states very often leads to the feeling of loneliness and the perception of being left out of the society Some people approaching the retirement age or those who have already retired live very actively and participate in political and economic affairs, and still have an influence on the social life in their own regions. Most often they participate in various forms of the so-called health tourism, as for the majority of elderly people health care is a priority in their every day activities. People who are approaching their retirement age or those who have already retired and who are treated in the southern Poland health resorts - Polanica Zdrój and Krynica Zdrój – constitute a very interesting and diversified study group. Research on the preferred ways of spending their free time and their participation in various forms of tourism seems to be justified for several reasons: – no study into this area has been conducted so far;

Preferred ways of spending spare time by health resort visitors...  579

– subjects participating in the study can be characterised as those who try to take care of their health and to keep fit; – the results will allow taking a closer look at the group of subjects participating in the study and assess their knowledge on the process of ageing and health care issues. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge of health resort visitors above 55 years of age of the process of ageing and efforts taken in order to prevent it. The analysis of decisions on sanatorium treatment undertaken by people above 55 years of age, and the ways of spending their free time in health resorts makes it possible to identify reasons behind such decisions and demonstrated preferences. MATERIAL AND METHOD The data for this study was collected at the turn of 2005 and 2006 by means of an anonymous poll. The study covered a total of 180 persons aged 55 or more, including 85 health resort visitors from Polanica Zdrój (30 men and 55 women) and 95 health resort visitors from Krynica Zdrój (35 men and 60 women). The poll included questions regarding the following issues: – the number of stays in a sanatorium, – assessment of the state of health of persons under study, – ways of spending their free time in the health resorts and activities taken in order to keep fit. RESULTS AND DISSCUSION Discussion on problems related to decisions on sanatorium treatment should be initiated by roughly identifying how often the respondents stay in such institutions. Within the study group, only 8.2% of men and 11.4% of women indicated that it was the first time they decided to receive sanatorium treatment, while 85.7% of men indicated that they stayed in a sanatorium for the second time, or that they stayed there more than twice but not more than nine times. The same answers were also given by 76.8% of women. Other respondents indicated that they stayed in sanatoriums at least ten times. The same answers were also given by 6.1% of men and 11.8% of women. The above-mentioned data show that within the study group, the percentage of men who came to the sanatorium for the first time is lower than the percentage of 580  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

Figure 1. Stays in sanatoriums of the poll respondents

women. On the other hand, the percentage of men who were treated in sanatoriums several times is higher than the percentage of women. The situation is quite different in the case of persons who were treated in the sanatorium at least ten times. Here the percentage of women is much higher. The results are more understandable when it is highlighted that women start their sanatorium treatment at a much earlier age than men. Men take advantage of the sanatorium treatment when they are much older. Hence the high percentage of men in the second group (2-9 stays). However, there are fewer of them in the third group, especially that an average life expectancy for men is much lower than for women. The fact that a considerable percentage of women decide on the health resort treatment very early, shows that they care about their health much more than men. It is also supported by the answers provided to the question on past diseases and current state of health of the respondents. As many as 86% women provided detailed answers which were very often complemented by enumerated diseases and ailments. The majority of men either failed to answer this question or answered it very briefly. It can be a proof of the fact that they are either simply not fully aware of their state of health, or that they are not interested in the healthrelated problems. The way the health resort visitors spend their spare time is also very interesting. The majority of respondents (84.2%) declare that they come to resorts not only to treat their diseases but also to relax, rest and visit some interesting places. When they were to select only one way of spending their spare time from among different options provided in the poll, they made choices presented in the table below. Preferred ways of spending spare time by health resort visitors...  581

Table 1. Age of health resort visitors and ways of spending their spare time

Ways of spending spare time

Age and number of health resort visitors 55-65 years 116 persons

66 years and more 64 persons

Walking around the health resort

17

27

Sightseeing, visiting galleries, museums, nature monuments, scenic places

49

16

Participation in cultural events organised in health resorts or in the neighbourhood

31

13

Excursions to other places renowned for sights

12

5

Regular exercises

7

3

On the basis of the data presented in the table above, it may be concluded that the majority of health resort visitors aged between 55 and 65 prefer sightseeing, visiting galleries, museums and scenic places and participating in cultural events organised in their health resorts. The group of respondents who are 66 or older prefers walks around the health resort. The ways of spending spare time by the group of respondents aged 55-65 are also very popular. Better physical condition of persons from the younger group of respondents is a decisive factor in this case. Better physical skills and presumably better state of health (which is confirmed by the poll in the part devoted to the health condition assessment) account for the fact that these people very eagerly take advantage of various forms of spending their spare time organised as a part of the so-called cultural tourism. Both age groups are very interested in participating in cultural events organised in health resorts. Gymnastic exercises are the least popular form of activity among the respondents. Only a few persons from each age group exercise systematically. It is presumably caused by the fact that gymnastic exercises are part of the recommended sanatorium therapy. CONCLUSIONS The study shows that a considerable majority of health resort visitors receive sanatorium treatment more than once – some of them even more than ten times – which allows to state that this type of treatment is greatly appreciated. Significant part of women who decide on sanatorium treatment is well-informed about the treatment process and aware of dangers, which they may be exposed to, if they fail to take care about their health.

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Health resort visitors come to the resorts not only in order to receive treatment but also to rest, relax and enjoy various types of tourism forms, especially the socalled cultural tourism which gains more and more popularity. Health resorts should develop their tourist and cultural offer as modern health resort visitors’ requirements regarding the level of organized cultural events and tourist offering continue to grow. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Alejziak W., Turystyka w obliczu wyzwań XXI wieku, Kraków 2000. Drabik J., Aktywność ruchowa w treningu zdrowotnym osób dorosłych, Gdańsk 1996. Groch J., Niektóre problemy zróżnicowania rozwoju funkcjonalnego uzdrowisk w Karpatach Polskich i Masywie Centralnym, „Turyzm” 1995, Nr 5. Humner W., Wiek, wykształcenie, zawód a formy rekreacji fizycznej u osób dorosłych, „Roczniki Naukowe” Warszawa AWF, T. IV, Warszawa 1965. Kowalczyk A., Geografia turyzmu, Warszawa 2002. Rzeńca P., Iwonicz Zdój – przykład koegzystencji funkcji uzdrowiskowej i wypoczynkowej z innymi funkcjami miasta, „Turyzm” 1997, Nr 7). Szukalska T., Aktywność ruchowa a rozwój cywilizacji, „Lider” 2001, Nr 4. Szwarc H., Sprawność fizyczna i zdrowie osób starszych, Warszawa 1996. Wyrzykowski J., Studia nad czasem wolnym i jego wykorzystanie na rekreację ruchową i turystykę, Wrocław 2000.

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DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH RESORTS IN SILESIA IN THE 19th CENTURY Mariusz Migała Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Poland Clinical Rehabilitation Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Specialist Hospital in Głuchołazy, Poland

Spending time in health resorts, drinking spring water, bathing in mineral springs and ponds have been regarded as effective health treatments since the earliest times and they were well-known all over the ancient world. Spring water and climatic treatment resorts in Poland and all over Europe have long traditions going back to the Middle Ages. Spring water resorts in Silesia are also proud of their own equally long traditions. These resorts are located in a region of Poland, where the majority of mineral springs were re-discovered in the 18th and 19th centuries. Some spas have been known for their “salt wells” dating back to the 13th century. Some historical documents claim that the Lądek spring water resort existed as early as in 1241. In 1281, the Order of the Knights of St John from Strzegom in Cieplice Śląskie received the conferment act of the mineral water springs (R. Wytyczak, 1972). Water spring resorts, therapeutic peat resorts, and climatic therapy resorts have never been regularly distributed in the territory of Poland. Over 60 percent of currently operating health resorts are situated in the south of Poland. There are also some abandoned localities which in the early 20th century used to be prosperous health and spa resorts. In the Śląsk Opolski region four spas operated at the turn of the 19th century, however, none of them survived until the present day (M. Migała, 2003). Silesia has been classified as a region of Poland with the highest concentration of health resorts and tourist areas. The contrasting character and landscape varieties have always been characteristic features of this region. The variety of landscapes and natural resources had an impact on development of multiple health resorts with rich traditions (W. Korzeniowska, 1997). The chronicle of the Kłodzko land written by Georgius Aelurius in 1625 discusses this matter in detail. In “Gla584  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

ciographia” he wrote that there were twelve springs in the Kłodzko area at that time. They were taken advantage of by both healthy and ill people, area residents as well as visitors from afar and representatives of different social groups (K. F. Mosch, 1821). The base for development of health resorts was the Sudeten Mountains renowned for their natural beauty and large stores of mineral waters and peat deposits. This determined the direction of development of health resorts in the area. For the last two hundred years there have been several health resorts in Silesia that could have been easily compared to other well-known European centers. What is more, the historical Silesian resorts, thanks to their quality dominated the entire region. Upper Silesia, the eastern part of the region featured the following resorts: Jastrzębie Zdrój (Ger. Bad Jastrzemb), Goczałkowice Zdrój (Ger. Bad Goczalkowitz), Czarnków (Ger. Bad Czarkow); in Śląsk Opolski, the central part of the region, there were Trzebina near Prudnik (Bad Wachtel – Kunzendorf), Grabin near the Niemodlin district (Bad Grüben), Zdrój Henryka near Nysa (Heinrichbrunn) and Głuchołazy (Bad Ziegenhals); Lower Silesia in the west featured Kudowa (Bad Kudowa), Szczawno (Bad Salzbrunn), Duszniki (Bad Reinerz), Polanica (Bad Altheide), Jedlina (Charlonenbrunn), Cieplice (Bad Warmbrunn), Długopole (Bad Langenau), Lądek (Bad Landeck), Świeradów (Bad Flinsberg) i Czerniawa (Bad Schwarzbach). Almost all the above mentioned places were registered as regular spas using local spring waters for treatment. Only Bad Ziegenhals (Głuchołazy) did not utilize local mineral water springs because it was a climatic therapy resort making use of the local climate and freshwater health service methods (Kneipp’s method). It is also important to mention the Pokój Resort in the Opole District (Carlsruhe) and Kokoszyce in the Rybnik District (Kokoschütz) called the “sulphate Lądek of Upper Silesians”. To a great extent they were rather manors with large orchards, resembling climatic therapy resorts. Some documents mention also places with “acid waters” at their disposal. Not all of them became health resorts and, even if one might have gained a health resort status, it did not exist for long. These included Stary Wielisław, Gorzanów, Jeleniów, Nowa Bystrzyca, Drzązgi, Szalejów, Wolany, Bukowina, Zdrojowisko, Opolno – Zdrój, Jerzmanice – Zdrój, Jawor, Sokołowsko, Jaworze, Stary Zdrój (W. Korzeniowska, 1992, R. Wytyczak, 1972). The economic changes that took place in Silesia in the 19th century such as industrial development and large investment opportunities were a great encouragement to many entrepreneurs. They could afford to buy not only industrial plants but also other types of property. Construction investments during this period were very popular as they brought profits and additionally absorbed considerable capital expenditures. One of such enterprises was health service business based on local mineral resources. Development of health resorts in Silesia in the 19th century  585

The main sources of income for the Silesia’s health resorts in the 18th and 19th century were commercial and tourist visits to the region. Some branches of economy and services like public transport, commerce, glass industry, souvenir manufacturing served the health resort guests and tourists. Many times the hunting season was adjusted to the treatment season in the health resorts to provide visitors with the opportunity of hunting game (W. Korzeniowska, 1997). The legal regulations on health resorts in Lądek were issued by King Frederick William of Prussia in 1797 and the owners of health resorts were obligated to comply with these rules. In the beginning this new sector of economy required considerable construction and equipment expenditures, but soon it was to benefit from multiple profits (Z. Kwaśny, 1965). The owners of the majority of Silesia’s resorts in the 18th century were the Silesian feudal lords. They took profits from their own mineral water springs. Different landowners’ acts, especially of industrial potentates, described their contributions to the development of health resorts in Silesia. The most important of them included the Ballestrems, the Schaffgotschs, the Hochbergs, the Promnitzs, the Anhalts, the Zawadzkis and many others (W. Korzeniowska, 1997). The guests, who visited the health resorts for pleasure, noticed the landowners’ contribution to its development in the region. The Silesian resorts were modernized, well equipped, complied with sanitary conditions, and finally had cultural entertainments. This way they rapidly gained prestige and respect and could compete with larger and more known European resorts. Different political, economic, scientific and social issues had also a great influence on the development of Silesian health resorts and the influx of Polish visitors. The high level of health services, implementation of new methods such as galactotherapy (milk treatment), the Priessnitz and Kneipp’s hydrotherapy method and others contributed to the increasing popularity of Silesia’s resorts. The health resorts enjoyed a good reputation by both patients and doctors who gained the necessary knowledge and experience. Most eminent doctors included Karol Kaczkowski, Fryderyk Skobel, Józef Orkisz, Fryderyk Hechel or Henryk Łuczkiewicz. Founded in 1854 the first European tuberculosis sanatorium in Sokołowsko attracted the attention of Polish pioneers of physical and climatic therapy – Alfred Sokołowski, Tytus Łuczkiewicz (Z. Woźniewski, 1960). Their experience from the Głuchołazy health resort was later used by Ludger Rickmann, the propagator of solar radiation exploitation for tuberculosis in the larynx treatment. He soon became a famous specialist in the treatment of the larynx and popularized the mentioned resort in the in first half of the 20th century (L. Rickmann, 1930). The development of a communications network between Silesia and post-partition Polish districts in first half of 19th century was also very significant for health resorts in the area. The roads in Silesia were in a very bad condition until the end 586  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

of the 17th century. After Silesia was captured by Prussia the authorities took up modernization of communication infrastructure. Soon the roads to the health resorts were improved and bottled Silesian mineral water could be purchased in drugstores all over the country. This served as great advertisement for Silesia’s resorts. Moreover, if someone tasted this mineral water with positive effects, he or she would like to taste it again in the future (M. Studencki, 1854). The health resort activities began to attract more and more visitors, mostly representatives of the middle class and intellectuals. The Silesia health resorts were furnished and equipped in a modern way. They had excellent medical care, good accommodation conditions, multiple attractions and entertainments, great landscapes, and finally well-organized communications networks. The resorts were greatly advertised and relatively cheap and could easily compete with their European counterparts. Year by year more Polish visitors arrived in the health resorts in Silesia and soon the Poles constituted from one-sixth to one-fourth of all visitors according the health resorts’ registers. The greatest inflow of Polish visitors took place in the first half of the 19th century, but decreased in the second half of century (“Zdrojowisko”, 1898). The main cause of this situation was the hostility of Prussian authorities towards the Poles, especially the banishment decrees from 1886. At this time, “Krynica” a magazine devoted to the problems of Polish health resorts persuaded the Poles not to visit German and Prussian health resorts, because their native ones were equally modern and effective (“Krynica” 1886). A “black list” of Poles who visited the German resorts was even published by the magazine. The health resorts became an inseparable part of the 19th century social life. During the season, the resorts looked like summer salons of big cities where literature, music and politics were discussed. Well-known writers and artists stayed at Silesia health resorts and later described their impressions in their short stories and novels, e.g. Bogusz Zygmuny Stęczyński, Józef Bogdan Dziekoński, Józef Korzeniowski. Famous musicians such as Fryderyk Chopin and Henryk Wieniawski gave concerts, and underground activists Bibianna Moraczewska, Ryszard Berwiński conferred in the resorts (R. Kincel, 1995). The intention of resting, making use of “mineral water benefits” and treatment methods were the most important causes of arrivals in Silesia’s resorts. The resorts and their surroundings offered visitors not only natural treatment means but also excellent landscape values. The visitors had the opportunity to organize outdoor trips, reach unknown places and get to know the natural beauty of Silesia (B. Z. Stęczyński, 1981). Long tradition, experience and large natural resources made the Silesian health resorts continue to exist for many years. For a long time the owners and resort’s staff have dealt with many problems. Two of them were the political partitioning Development of health resorts in Silesia in the 19th century  587

of Poland and lack of funds on investments. The extraction of spring water rich in minerals soon gave way to coal extraction. In spite of those adversities, most health resorts, except for resorts in Śląsk Opolski, have survived and are still functioning. Those resorts have provided services on the highest level and have vastly contributed to the development of balneology in Poland and Europe. Bibliography 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Kincel R.(1995): U szląskich wód (Z dziejów śląskich uzdrowisk i ich tradycji polskich), Racibórz. Korzeniowska W.(1992): Kurorty górnośląskie dawniej i dziś, Opole. Korzeniowska W.(1997): Ziemiaństwo na Górnym Śląsku w XIX i XX wieku, Opole, pp. 44-58. „Krynica” (1886), nr 6, p. 39. Kwaśny Z. (1965): Rozwój przemysłu w majątkach Schaffgotschów w latach 1750-1850, Wrocław, p. 14. Migała M. (2003): Uzdrowisko Bad Ziegenhals (Głuchołazy) na tle pobliskich kurortów w XIX oraz I połowie XX wieku i jego znaczenie dla rozwoju lecznictwa na Śląsku, Studia i Monografie z. 143, Politechnika Opolska, Opole. Mosch K. F. (1821): Wody mineralne szląskie i hrabstwa glackiego (kłodzkiego) [...], tłum. A. Kuszański, Wrocław. Wytyczak R. (1972): Z historii dawnych zdrojowisk w Sudetach, „Wierchy”. Stęczyński B.Z. (1981): Sudety, wyd. J. Kolbuszewski, Jelenia Góra-Wrocław (dod. „Rocznika Jeleniogórskiego”), p. 87. Studencki M. (1854): Przewodnik dietetyczny dla używających wód mineralnych [...], Warszawa. Według zestawień w „Zdrojowiskach” (1898), nr 15, p.5. Woźniewski Z. (1960): Görbersdorf – Sokołowsko. Pierwsze w Europie sanatorium leczenia gruźlicy płuc, „Archiwum Historii Medycyny”. Rickmann L. (1930): Pathologie und Therapie der Kehlkopftuberkulose, Stuttgart, pp. 57- 119.

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ENDOGENOUS FACTORS OF RECREATION AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS. CIRCUMSTANCES IN THE OPOLE SILESIA. Franciszek Jonderko, Ph.D. Opole University of Technology, Poland Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS We should agree with the opinion that the journeys made before ages included some elements and motives by which modern tourism is described (Łazarek 2005). Undertaken journeys arised not only from professional, health, religious or educational needs. Pure human curiosity also induced people to travel. Among the socially privileged groups journeys to different places constituted a way of spending free time. Thus, we cannot deny the fact that past time journeys were recreational, as both tourism and recreation have a common range in social reality (Toczek-Werner 2005). However, it would be hard to ascribe them with mass character. Popularization of travelling relates to the social phenomenon named tourism. It became possible due to various structural changes following industrialization. Yet, development of touristic travels was principally influenced by development of cities and creating in them modern society. Tourism is simply perceived as an urbanization function (Suprewicz 2005). While searching for the relation between urbanization and tourism it is pointed out that tourism is on the one hand a form of escape from urban noise, from unfavourable conditions of natural environment or from strong population density in urban space. On the second hand, it is a symptom of natural human need for communing with nature and recreation in its environment. These factors induce people to search for relief from the inconveniences of everyday rhythm of life and to look for relaxation beyond the usual place of residence, in natural, unpolluted environment.

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That is why, speaking of tourism, particularly about its recreational aspect – which I put at the centre of attention – we focus on the urban population searching for escape from unfavourable conditions. URBANIZATION OF RURAL AREAS. IMPLICATIONS The relation between urbanization and creation of tourism as social phenomenon is not exhausted by demographic, technical, structural and spatial development of cities. Appearing of tourisitic and recreational needs on mass scale remains mainly in relation to economic i.e. professional urbanization. This dimension of urbanization refers to means of support, expressed usually by percentage of population employed in non-farming sector. These are urban professions which disseminated, different than in traditional societies, new lifestyle and new needs which this lifestyle implies. Speaking about professional urbanization we cannot forget that it relates not only to the inhabitants of cities. It also refers to country dwellers who perform non-farming professions. Economic urbanization of country dwellers results in such a situation that in rural areas we can find many typical for urban lifestyle elements and strivings arising from it. It refers mainly to those inhabitants of villages who make their living on activities not related to farming production. Thus, the demand for touristic and recreational forms of spending free time exists not only in urban areas. It exists in the country as well. In Poland, until the 1989 system break, in spite of progressing professional urbanization of rural population, urban lifestyle existed among its few inhabitants (e.g. teachers). Because of necessity, one numerous group was outstanding there – a double-profession group called farmer-workers. Representatives of this population performing urban profession, usually beyond their place of residence, at the same time possessed little farms (e.g. Turski 1965). Performing farming activities filled their “free time” connected with urbanized professions. Social and economic changes following transformations in the political system made running dwarf farms unprofitable. That is why many of them were liquidated. Transformations in economic and social spheres caused that former numerous double-profession country dwellers do not create country’s typical image anymore. Yet, social character of rural areas is changing not only due to economy restructuring and domination of non-farming professions in rural areas. An important factor of transformations is also settling of city dwellers in villages, including representatives of urban elites. It brings new lifestyle and new values into the rural ground. These circumstances make the contemporary village interesting not only for city tourists, searching for rest and commune with nature. 590  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

Progressing professional urbanization of country dwellers and lifestyle different than the traditional one causes that the interests and needs, hitherto typical for cities only, enter into rural areas. This relates not only to travel tourism, oriented to visiting goods of culture situated mainly in the urban areas in Poland and abroad, but also to the demand for recreation and active rest in commune with nature. FACTORS OF RECREATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE COUNTRY (ENDOGENOUS PERSPECTIVE) The recreational demands of inhabitants which enter the country, may be realized through touristic travels to more or less distant places. They can also be satisfied in the place of residence, because rural areas possess in their essence good conditions for relaxing and practicing various forms of outdoor activities. Limitations in their existence should be searched for in psychological and social barriers. The need for recreation itself, joined with outdoor activities, which constitutes the element of prevention, is difficult to question. It becomes the need which is more and more commonly realized. However, many factors suggest that in practice a considerable part, if not majority of country-dwellers interested in outdoor recreation is literally doomed to fulfil this need in the area close to their usual place of living. The main reason for that is the cost of touristic escapades. It must be openly said that practicing tourism in the full meaning of the word is a costly activity and as such it is accessible only for the privileged social groups. Yet, the demand for recreation is more universal. Nevertheless, the opportunities of its fulfilment are not the same for various social groups. Considering the issue from the free time possession side, it seems justified to focus on the growing number of people in post-productive age. The amount of pension allows only the few to travel, either within the country or abroad. What is more, unfavourable demographic structure induces some threats for the undisturbed functioning system of pensions, according to former principles (Jakubowska 2006). As a result, an increasing number of people is going to obtain low pensions. Thus, it is justified to conclude that high pensions, even in hitherto privileged professional groups, will be marginalized in the nearest future. As a result, more attractive touristic offer will become unachievable for the growing number of pensioners. It is commonly known that pensioners are an important group among tourists. Still, numerous financial barriers, which in practice exclude touristic travelling, relate also to younger age groups (e.g. families with children). So that the restrictions of financial nature somehow naturally separate social groups, regardEndogenous factors of recreation and tourism development...  591

ing both city and country dwellers, for which a local market of services, recreational even more than touristic, can be developed. This can constitute a factor of local development of a rural market of touristic and recreational services. It seems that particularly many trump cards and opportunities remain in the sphere of tourism, or to be more precise -- bicycle recreation. The attractiveness of bicycle escapades is not limited to outdoor activities. Bicycle is a means of transportation by which we can reach to many interesting places in the area of our living. Many such places relate to past events or are shrouded in legend. They are often present in stories, however omitted because of communication routes. Such places are present in almost every region. In social dimension, getting acquainted with such places deepens identification with the closest area. It may be an important factor contributing to the regional identity of citizens. Professional urbanization of country dwellers and more and more distinguished elements of urban lifestyle appearing in the country do not mean that these environments lost their attribute of local communities. Contrarily, in spite of progressing changes, many inhabitants of the country still have traditional social relations. They are able to activate local communities around common objectives. We can see here a chance of undertaking mass activities enhancing recreational utility of the inhabited area and making it more attractive. Simultaneously, a specific offer is created which could function also for people from outside, interested in agrotouristic forms of recreation. Such a scenario is practically real. On the other hand, we cannot forget that new ideas and new lifestyle piercing through rural environments encounter there heritage of the system of values, which have a high regard for literally understood productive utilisation of time. The tradition of negative assessment of futile activities, as time wasting, limits the bold articulation of felt, innovative needs among the sitting inhabitants. Thus, especially in relation to integrated local rural communities, in which social control strongly influences individual and group behaviours, the impulses coming from outside are very helpful and important. Their presence may create favourable conditions and favourable pretext for undertaking activities which could release people from the limitations of traditional valuing. Paradoxically, the activities initiated by strangers, coming from outside the community, are more likely to find followers and acceptance than similar proposals submitted by the “standing out” community members. Critic and satirical comments flowing from own social environment can effectively discourage other members of local rural communities from undertaking similar actions. For this reason, the ideas, initiatives and projects brought into the rural ground by former city dwellers, currently living in the country seem very precious. In particular, institutions dealing with tourism and physical culture, educational institutions and people with initiative, searching for opportunities of activity in these fields can do very much in this field. 592  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

The experience proves that in local communities, considerable potential of social energy is present. It is able to activate inhabitants spontaneously. Their proper directing may incorporate them into institutionalized activities of local government. The perspective presented enables to form an assumption that the activities aiming to introduce various form of recreation into rural areas met with favourable conditions in two dimensions. On the one hand, they are directed towards the environment having definite needs. On the second hand, they relate to the social group which can actively join into creating proper infrastructure and equipment meant for recreation in the place of residence. In the simplest example it can relate to pointing out and, what is very important, maintaining in safe condition bicycle routes, forest ducts or other equipment meant for tourism and recreation. As a result, various forms of outdoor activity within “own country fences” could create elements of recreational infrastructure. In this way they can contribute to developing agrotourism. On the one hand, by preparing, somehow “by the way” a proper offer for outside receivers. On the other, it would mentally prepare country dwellers for an open attitude towards tourists. FACTORS OF TOURISTIC DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS IN THE OPOLE SILESIA On the map of Poland the region of Opole Silesia is not associated with tourism (Drobek 2005). However, it offers numerous touristic attractions. Both in the form of monuments of culture, especially those located in cities, and because of natural values. The latter, together with the potential present in local communities place the possibilities of developing rural tourism in an interesting light (e.g. Królikowska 2005) in this region. It this context, its ethnic diversification is a positive factor. Thus let us present attributes, of both internal and external character, favourable for development of tourism in the region of Opole. In the group of endogenous factors we should list the following: – high, historically grounded level of professional urbanization of country dwellers. (e.g. Olszewska 1969). – general development of the countries in the region. In spite of strong migration abroad, they are still among the largest and best developed areas in Poland. This means that they possess significant populational and material resources. – numerous native inhabitants (possessing a German citizenship) working abroad. Families which make their living by work abroad can be consumers of touristic and recreational offer directed to them. Opening of the foreign labour Endogenous factors of recreation and tourism development...  593

market for Polish citizens expands the opportunities of activity in this range. Integrational values of free time spent together, with families is also worth emphasizing. This is particularly important when speaking about families separated due to work abroad. Yet, financial means in the possession of citizens may contribute to the creation of elements of proper infrastructure. This is a real scenario. Yet, it demands specific institutionalized activities as well as proper, considered offer of “organization” of family time. - rich forest resources present in many regions. Considering the development of country tourism, this is an important and underestimated trump of the region. It enables recreational tourism, also beyond summer season. The exogenous factors favourable for developing tourism and recreation in rural areas of the region are the following: – numerous visits of the region’s former inhabitants and their successors, settled mainly in Germany. Particularly the latter group, getting acquainted with the homeland of their predecessors (Heimat) may contribute to creation of agrotouristic infrastructure. Let us emphasize that the interest does not have to be spontaneous. Yet, it can be, as every other consumer’s need, stimulated. To begin with, all the national phobias and stereotypes must be rejected. – growing urban population of people in post-productive age. Having free time, awareness of the need for recreation and limited financial resources for practicing touristic journeys somehow naturally direct their attention to the nearest area. – the perspective of re-emigration of people who left this region, leaving their houses. They will mainly enlarge the community of pensioners interested in outdoor activities close to their place of residence. SUMMARY Professional urbanization and urban lifestyle cause that the arising needs are felt not only by inhabitants of cities, but also by inhabitants of countries. This relates also to touristic and recreational demands. However, contrary to the cities, inhabitants of countries may fulfill some of these needs on site, without the necessity of traveling. Social energy, arising from the relation existing among members of local rural communities, allows to co-create elements of local infrastructure, to meet the touristic and recreational needs of population. This opens the opportunities of utilizing the existing equipment by the tourists from outside. In other words, realization of endogenous needs of country dwellers may contribute to and stimulate development of tourism in rural areas.

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The region of Opole Silesia, due to its historical heritage, extensive connections with foreign countries and cultural qualities, establish numerous attributes favourable for developing rural tourism in this area. Works cited 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Drobek, W. “O atrakcyjności turystycznej Śląska Opolskiego. Kilka uwag wprowadzających.” Śląsk Opolski. Wybrane zagadnienia turystyki na Śląsku Opolskim Opole: 2005. Jakubowska, J. ”Odłożyłeś i przepadło” Nowa Trybuna Opolska 14 April 2006. Królikowska, B. „Turystyka” Śląsk Opolski. Dziedzictwo i współczesność. Ed. D. Simonides. Opole: Oficyna Piastowska, 2005. Łazarek M. & R. Śladami historii turystyki. Od starożytności do współczesności. Lublin: Drukarnia Akademicka, 2005. Olszewska, A, Wieś uprzemysłowiona. Studium społeczności lokalnej w powiecie opolskim. Wrocław: Ossolineum, 1969. Suprewicz, Cz. Socjologia turystyki. Lublin: Wydawnictwa Akademickie Wyższej Szkoły Społeczno Przyrodniczej w Lublinie, 2005. Toczek-Werner S. “Znaczenie terminów rekreacja i turystyka.” Podstawy Rekreacji i turystyki. Ed. S. Toczek-Werner, Wrocław: AWF, 2005. Turski R. Między miastem a wsią. Struktura społeczno-zawodowa chłopów robotników w Polsce. Warsaw: 1965.

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TRADITIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH RESORTS IN POLAND Mariusz Migała Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Poland Clinical Rehabilitation Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Specialist Hospital in Głuchołazy, Poland

Traditions of medical care in health resorts are traced back to antiquity when warm waters were used in thermal springs designed for bathing, gymnastics, rest, companionship, and treatment with mineral water. In the 16th century the development of medical sciences stimulated interest in healing waters and contributed to the popularity of health resorts. German doctor Bombastus Theophrastus Paracelsus, author of “De Balneis” played a significant role in development of medical care in health resorts (A. Madeyski, 1997). The traditions of medical care in health resorts in Poland stretch back to the Middle Ages. Mineral waters, climatic conditions as well as other heterogeneous physiotherapeutic factors have been used in for healing purposes for ages. The experience and observations of effects of water therapy in different illnesses were collected throughout the ages. However, healing possibilities were limited by technology and the social potential of health resorts. It has been discovered that already the ancient Slavs took advantage of spa therapy. The evidence is provided by archeological excavations, e.g. in Szczawno-Zdrój, Bolków in Silesia, where in 1912 during redecoration works around the spring called Mieszko I (after the first ruler of Poland) traces of utilization of water springs in primeval times were uncovered. The spring had well-timbered walls supported with wooden beams, and according to archaeologists this construction dated back to the preSlavic period of Biskupin culture. Another example of popularity of freshwater baths in rivers, lakes and pools among ancient peoples in Poland is evidenced by a mediaeval woodcut made by C. Celtisa (J. Jankowiak, 1971). The origins of balneology in Poland are linked to ancient steam baths. The popularity of baths in ancient Polish society was well-known as well as the healing proprieties of water baths. 596  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

The first historical mention of health resorts in Poland comes from the 11th century and is related to King Władysław Herman’s wife who took baths in sterile sulphate springs in Inowłodzi upon Pilica. One of the most productive effects of the queen’s liking of thermal baths could have been the birth of her son, the future King of Poland Bolesław Wrymouthed. On the basis of existing historical documents it can be assumed that the famous health resort in Lądek Zdrój has existed since 1241. The Order of the Knights of St. John from Strzegom in Cieplice Śląskie received the conferment act of the mineral water springs in the area in 1281 (J. Jankowiak, 1953). The treatments made by Warsaw doctor Wojciech Oczko in Cieplice gave rise to Polish balneological tradition (Lat. balneum – bath; Gr. logos - science) in 1578. In his works Oczko described in detail the healing proprieties of mineral waters, sunlight, clean air, regular lifestyle, proper nutrition and good night sleep. He was the first doctor who discussed indications and contraindications of health resort treatment, operative techniques, drinking treatment and bathing time. He was soon followed by other prominent Polish balneologists like Erazm Sixtus and Jan Innocenty Petrycy, students of academies of Cracow, Padua and Bologna. In 1617 Erazm Sixtus wrote a spacious work “O wodach we Szkle, ksiąg troje”, in which he provided guidelines for mineral water treatment and mud baths. According to Kowalenko, he was considered to be the first Polish balneochemist. In 1635 Jan Innocenty Petrycy wrote a book entitled “Wody Drużbaku i Łąckowej” in which he recommended that a single bath should be no longer than two hours a day and that it should be taken in steps within the period of three weeks, 45-50 hours altogether (U. Kowieska, 1997). The first description of the spring in Iwonicz Zdrój comes from “Acta Eruditorum Lipsiae” written by Doctor Dionysius in 1648 (J. Jankowiak, 1971). In 1778 a publication entitled “Public description of treatment and mineral health resorts in Silesia, Kudowa, Rynercu, Altwaser, Szarlotenbrun, Salcbruni, Flinsbergu” appeared in Wrocław. It provided detailed characteristics of the health resorts in Kudowa, Duszniki, Jedlina, Szczawno and Świeradów (H. Kowalenko, 1975). The first attested use of healthcare equipment can be traced back to Cieplice in 1403, though the earliest mentioning of the Cieplice spa comes from 1137. The first bath prescriptions for patients in Lądek come from 1501, followed by Szczawno-Zdrój in 1601, and Kudowa in 1636 (F. Siarczyński, 1828). Although the traditions of spa treatment in Poland reach back to the early Middle Ages, it was in fact the 18th century that witnessed a real boom in health resorts in Polish lands (Iwonicz - 1787). The 19th century brought principal changes in using mineral water supplies in health resorts (Duszniki - 1800, Szczawno 1815, Polanica - 1829, Ciechocinek - 1836). In 1876 the health resort in Nałęczow was re-established. Its main resuscitator was Doctor Fortunat Nowicki who with his colleagues preserved the former well-known health resort from furTraditions and development of health resorts in Poland  597

ther decline. Nałęczów soon became the favorite place of numerous artists and writers. However, during the partitions of Poland the development of health resorts was stopped, and at that time many western European spas were opened (J. Jankowiak, 1971). In the 19th century spa treatment became fashionable all over Europe. More and more spas and health resorts were established making use of various means of natural treatment. The rise in popularity of health resorts was primarily visible in western Europe where more developed societies took advantage of spas far more frequently than in other parts of Europe. In France, Germany, Switzerland and even Bohemia health resorts were founded in all kinds of places. There were few ones in Poland, despite the occurrence mineral water springs in the whole area of country. The number of visitors to Polish spas reached over 60 thousand annually until the outbreak of World War One. The development of health resorts in Poland in the 19th century was more difficult than in other countries, because Poland was partitioned and the Poles were ruled over by Prussia, Russia and Austria. The Poles spent their free time in health resorts in the Sudeten, Carpathians and Polish lowlands. The development of these health resorts depended on the political, economic and social situation in the three partitioned areas. In spite of these difficulties, in the 19th century health resorts were built in almost every historical and ethnic region of the country, e.g. in Małopolska (Rabka, Szczawnica, Rymanów), Pomerania (Kamień Pomorski), Upper Silesia (Czarków, Goczałkowice, Jastrzębie), Lower Silesia (Polanica, Szczawno, Lądek, Kudowa, Duszniki), and in Śląsk Opolski (Grabin, Henryka’s Zdrój, Trzebina, Głuchołazy) (R. Kincel, 1995, W. Korzeniowska, 1992, A. Madeyski, 1997, M. Migała, 2003). In the 19th century many health resorts introduced healing gymnastics and massage. These two were often the only curative methods available. Each health resort had parks and gardens in which the visitors could enjoy walking, hiking and listening to music. The creation of the Balneological Commission of the Cracow Educational Society had a great influence on the development of balneology in this period. It was founded in 1858 on the initiative of Professor Józef Dietl – the Rector of the Jagiellonian University and Head of the University Medical Clinic (M. Zieleniewski, 1864). The Commission dealt with the most urgent scientific, technical and economic problems related to medical care in health resorts. A great emphasis was put on systematization of mineral waters, their qualifications and chemical composition as well as their curative properties. The commission members defined treatment indications in health resorts as well as basic criteria of health resorts activity. Thanks to it, the first descriptions of natural treatment resorts, hotels and institutions were published (J. Dietl, 1869). 598  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

The esteem and commitment of Prof. J. Dietl attracted many experts, scholars and businessmen, and soon the Balneological Commission began to exert a great influence on the activity of the majority of health resorts. In 1854, Prof. J. Dietl carried out a study of Silesian, Czech and Austrian spas. This created a great demand for creation of public, scientific institutions that would improve the knowledge of organization of spa treatment and utilization of mineral beds. The effect of this trip was a work entitled “The hygienic and balneological instructions for organization of health resorts” published in 1860-1861. In May 1864 the instructions were amended in “The organization and equipment of health resorts”. The most important improvements included the description of principles of balneological treatment, definition of responsibilities of doctors and health resorts staff, hygienic duties, equipment as well as rules of cultural and educational activities offered by health resorts. In 1875 Prof. J. Dietl founded the Department of Balneology in the Polish Academy of Knowledge in Cracow. On January 20, 1877 the Balneological Commission ceased its activity due to repressions of the Austrian authorities. However its accomplishments were not wasted as after one week the Medical Society in Cracov appointed the Balneology, Climatology and Hydrology Commission. The new organization continued implementation of Prof. Dietl’s earlier rules (J. Dietl, 1869, J. Kochański 1999). On February 19, 1885 regulations on protection of mineral resources were published, and on November 4, 1891 on health resorts. Initially these laws were only in force in the partitioned area under Austrian rule and in the Principality of Cracow but later were extended to all Polish health resorts. The act specified all criteria to be fulfilled by Polish health resorts. It also assured the protection of mineral water springs and correct procedures in health resorts (J. Kochański, 1999). In 1870 the Balneological Department of the Medical Society was created in Warsaw with experts representing different fields of science. They defined indications and contraindications to treatment in health resorts as well as dealt with spatial planning of health resorts. In 1898 the Department of Hygiene in Health and Climatic Therapy Resorts was founded in Warsaw as a part of the Department of Hygiene. Its activities focused on supplying modern balneological equipment to health resorts and ensuring proper sanitary and hygienic conditions in these places. The department also made regular inspections of the health resorts. Both Warsaw organizations ran similar activities and their introduction of criteria and standards contributed to improvement of conditions in climatic therapy and health resorts in Congress Poland (the area of Poland under Russian rule). On January 15, 1905 the Polish Balneological Society was founded in Cracow whose president became Prof. Ludomił Korczyński. His aim was integration and Traditions and development of health resorts in Poland  599

systematization of regulations concerning the development of health resorts in the three partitioned areas of Poland. The Polish Balneological Society took over the activities of both Balneological Committees in Cracow as well as elaborated its own programs. It started publishing a scientific yearbook “Polish Balneological Society Diary. The yearbook was continuously published until 1935, and then as “Acta Balneologica” until 1939. The Society also published the biweekly “Health Resorts Guide”, which contained scientific and popular articles about the activities of health resorts. In 1909 it was published as “Watering and Spa-treatment Health Resorts Review” (J. Kochański, 1999). In 1914 the Department of Balneology was created at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, but the outbreak of World War One ended its activities. Finally, in the beginning of the 20th century the Medical Department of the University of Poznań introduced lectures on balneology that were delivered by an expert in this area Prof. F. Chłapowski. In Lwów Prof. A. Sabatowski - the nestor of Polish balneology and author of numerous studies - also gave lectures on medical treatment in health resorts. It 1920 the National Association of Spas and Health Resorts in Lvov was transformed into the Polish Association of Health Resorts and Sea Swimming Areas, and in 1926 it took the name of the Polish Health Resorts Association based in Warsow (J. Jankowiak, 1971). Two years later the Polish Parliament passed an act on health resorts, which was then further amended in 1928. This act introduced new rules concerning medical care in health resorts. It divided the existing Polish health resorts into health resorts with mineral waters, climatic therapy stations and sea healing resorts. From the legal point of view the health resorts were divided into state, private with the character of public utilities and private share-holding companies, and they were all registered by the Ministry of Social Welfare (L. Korczyński, 1930). Between 1918 and 1939, in spite of recurring economic crises in Poland, health resorts developed rapidly. There were 29 functioning health resorts, with only five spas open the entire year, and the rest operative for five months a year. The majority of health resorts were located in south-eastern Poland (17 health resorts and 9 climatic therapy resorts) owned by the state (in summers of 1929 - 1930 three health resorts, in summers of 1931 - 1934 four, and from 1935 five health resorts), private companies, foundations and individuals. The Ministry of Social Welfare was the main supervisory body for all the resorts in Poland, and supervision was exercised by the Department of Medical Services and the Department of Medical Care Control of the Ministry. The National Council for Health Resorts was also appointed as an advisory organ subordinate to the Ministry of Health Care (J. Kochański, 1999).

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These changes improved the quality of services in health resorts, which is evidenced in statistical data. The number of visitors to health resorts grew from 21.7 thousand in 1920 to 60.5 thousand in 1928, and to 70.5 thousand in 1937. Almost 46 thousand visitors stayed in private health resorts in 1920, 139.3 thousand in 1928 and 197 thousand in 1937. The number of organized therapeutic treatment baths and hydrotherapeutic operations amounted to 572.5 thousand in 1920, 850 thousand in 1928 and 966 thousand in 1937 (Cz. Rokicki, 1929). After World War One many prominent scientists and doctors worked in Polish health resorts. They included Prof. Ludomił Korczyński, the first professor of balneology, author of many studies on the medical care in health resorts; Prof. Zbigniew Orłowski; Prof. Antoni Sabatowski; engineers Prof. Otto Nadolski, Leon Nowatorski, Jan Rokosz and Prof. Rudolf Zuber. Their work vastly contributed to the development of health resort activities (U. Kowieska, 1997). In 1936 Prof. L. Korczyński began the construction of the Balneological Institute in Cracow using social funds from donations from health resorts, the Polish Health Resorts Association and the Polish Balneological Society. His project was accomplished in 1938 but its activities were abruptly stopped with the outbreak of World War Two. The war and Nazi occupation brought about destruction of Polish health resorts. During the war the sanatoria served as hospitals and recuperation clinics for German soldiers, and stays in health resorts were reserved only for the Germans. Many spas were deprived of their experts and equipment (J. Kochański, 1999). After the war in 1946 the Research and Development Institute of Health Resorts was opened in Szczawno-Zdrój, followed by the Balneoclimatological Institute in Poznań in 1952, whose head became Prof. Józef Jankowiak. After his retirement in 1975, his position was taken by Gerard Straburzyński who fulfilled his duties until the institute was dissolved in 1992 (J. Jankowiak, 1975). In the 1950s the Warsaw Branch of Balneoclimatological Society was founded and together with the Central Administration of Health Resorts started to publish the monthly “The Health Resorts Problems.” The 1st Balneological Congress took place in 1954. It adopted a resolution about creation of the Polish Balneological Society, whose president became the nestor of Polish balneology Prof. A. Sabatowski. In 1956 the President of the Society became Prof. Józef Jankowiak. Ten years later the society was renamed the Polish Balneology, Bioclimatology and Medical Health Resorts Care Society. The essential part of its activity is coordination as well as organization of medical care in Polish health resorts. The Society organizes sessions which take place in different health resorts all over the country. Currently, the Faculty and Clinic of Balneology Medical Academy based in Ciechocinek is the leading scientific center in the

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field in Poland. It grants doctorates in balneology and physical medicine, and conducts research and development activities (J. Jankowiak, 1975). The Polish health resorts have attracted research interests of national medical research centers. The spas have broadened their offer propagating various health protection programs and contributing to better utilization of health resorts. Visits to health resorts have ceased to be a privilege for some, and have become centers for general treatment and rehabilitation. Until the 1990s medical care in health resorts was an integral part of the national healthcare system in Poland. Following the political transformations in Poland after 1989, a great number of health resorts in Poland were privatized. Currently there are over forty health resorts in Poland offering the total number of 45 thousand beds for patients and visitors (A. Madeyski, 1997). Bibliography Dietl J. (1859): Pogląd na ruch i postęp w zdrojowiskach krajowych w roku 1859, Kraków, p. 32; toż: odbitka z T.XXV „Rocznika Towarzystwa Naukowego”, Kraków 1869, Poczet 3, T. IV, s. 179- 218. 2. Jankowiak J.(1953): Łaziebnictwo i zdrojownictwo na ziemiach słowiańskich, „Balneologia Polska”, 4, 205. 3. Jankowiak J.(1971): Zarys historyczny balneologii polskiej, w: Balneologia kliniczna, Warszawa, pp. 5-21. 4. Jankowiak J.(1975): Działalność i osiągnięcia naukowe Instytutu Balneoklimatycznego, Problemy Uzdrowiskowe, z.4 (92), Vol. I, pp. 71-83. 5. Kincel R. (1995): U szląskich wód (Z dziejów śląskich uzdrowisk i ich tradycji polskich), Racibórz, pp. 15-168. 6. Kochański J. (1999): Działalność balneologicznych towarzystw naukowych w Polsce w latach 1858-1998, „Balneologia Polska”, vol. XLI, 1-2, pp. 138-146. 7. Korczyński L. (1930): Światła i cienie naszego zdrojownictwa, „Przegląd Zdrojowo-Kąpielowy i Przewodnik Turystyczny”, 3, pp. 7-10, oraz Pamiętnik Polskiego Towarzystwa Balneologicznego, Vol. IV, pp. 90-101. 8. Kowieska U. (1997): Rola i miejsce uzdrowisk polskich w propagowaniu różnych form kultury fizycznej w XX wieku, w: Wybór źródeł i tekstów z historii kultury fizycznej i rehabilitacji, Wrocław, pp. 318-321. 9. Kowalenko H. (1975): Dzieje balneologii polskiej w XVI i XVII wieku, „Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki Polskiej, series B, 26. 10. Korzeniowska W. (1992): Kurorty górnośląskie dawniej i dziś, Opole. 11. Madeyski A. (1997): Zarys historii polskich uzdrowisk, w: Informator uzdrowisk polskich, wydanie IV: Uzdrowiska polskie, Warszawa, pp. 15-18. 1.

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12. Migała M.(2003): Uzdrowisko Bad Ziegenhals (Głuchołazy) na tle pobliskich kurortów w XIX oraz I połowie XX wieku i jego znaczenie dla rozwoju lecznictwa na Śląsku, Studia i Monografie 143, Politechnika Opolska, Opole, pp. 67-134. 13. Rokicki Cz. (1929): Przewodnik po uzdrowiskach, Warszawa. 14. Siarczyński F. (1828): Wiadomości o dawnem powszechnie używaniu łazien w krajach słowiańskich, Lwów. 15. Zieleniewski M. (1864): Rys balneologii powszechnej, Kraków.

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THE USE OF KINESIO TAPING AS AN ALTRNATIVE PHYSIOTHRERAPEUTIC TREATMENT FOR PATIENTS AFTER CARDIO-SURGERIES AND THORACO-SURGERIES Jan Szczegielniak, Jacek Łuniewski, Katarzyna Bogacz Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy of Opole University of Technology

Rehabilitation after cardio-surgeries and thoraco-surgeries involves primarily medical use of physical training. Physical exercises for this group of patients is widely accepted as the basic element of rehabilitation (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting and Lung Tissue Removal might lead to thoracalgia, a decrease in the range of thorax and shoulder girdle movement and affect the activity of respiratory muscles such as diaphragm and abdominal muscles. Kinesiotherapy in cardiology and thoracosurgery includes treatment before and after surgery. Exercises used before the surgery, apart from bringing physiological benefits, are of psychological significance as well. The patient is reassured about the positive effect of the surgery and the fact that it will not affect their appearance due to the deformation of the chest or lead to respiratory failure. Rehabilitation aims at improving pre-surgery dyspnoea, preventing postoperative complications, treatment of e.g. skeletal system, muscle or respiratory dysfunctions resulting from the surgery itself. Treated patients usually belong to the high-risk group as they are usually older people suffering from vascular and co-existing diseases. For these reasons physiotherapy is not recommended . Also, due to sternotomy, prone position is not allowed. This puts significant limitations on physiotherapeutic treatment, especially in cases of low back pain. Thanks to a wide range of possibile applications, Kinesio Taping offers solutions where physical therapy cannot be used. It can be used for pain treatment in cases of pregnancy, cancer, cardiostimulator, metal implants. Kinesio Taping application in physiotherapy stimulates recovery, increases physical efficiency and can be adjusted to suit patient’s needs (9,10,11).

604  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

The article presents possibilities for using Kinesio Taping for patients after cardio-surgeries and thoraco-surgeries. The aim of Kinesio Taping applications was to: – reduce pain – stabilize muscle tone – support respiratory muscles – prevent pectoralis muscle contracture – accelerate post-operative scar healing processes – increase the post-operative scar elasticity and prevent the development of adhesions The observed therapy results were as follows: – A decrease in subjective pain reception on the day following the application – The possibility of patients’ active participation in kinesiotherapy, which was limited before applications due to pain, discomfort, fear of exercises. – Applications on post-operative scars, apart from increasing capillary circulation, accelerating post-operative scar healing processes, preventing adhesions, also provided additional scar stabilization. It facilitated the use of respiratory physiotherapy. Example applications are presented on pictures 1-6.

Pic. 1. Scar application with the use of ‘I’ technique, fascial, pain relief technique ‘Y’ on SC joints, in patient after CABG.

The use of kinesio taping as an altrnative physiothrerapeutic treatment...  605

Pic. 2. Application with the use of muscle and ligament technique in back pain in patient after CABG and artificial mitral valvuloplasty.

Pic. 3. Application of combined muscle, fascial and ligament techniques for omalgia in a patient with a cardiostimulator.

Pic. 4. Muscle technique application for auxiliary respiratory muscles (e.g. lower part Trapesius muscle). 606  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

Pic. 5. Scar application in patient after lobectomy 2005 (Ca), re-operated in 2006 when costotomy, with part of pericardial sack and diaphragm were removed.

Pic. 6. Scar application in patient after CABG, combined with muscle technique application on Pectoralis major muscle, to decrease tension.

Bibliography 1.

2. 3.

Izabela Przywarska, Piotr Dylewicz, Janusz Bromboszcz, Sławomira Borowicz-Bieńkowska, Małgorzata Wilk. Nadzór nad treningiem rehabilitacyjnym u pacjentów po zabiegach kardiochirurgicznych – zadania dla fizjoterapeutów. Kardiochir Torakochir Pol 2006; 3, 2: 223-226. ACC/AHA Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: Executive Summary and Recommendations. Circulation 1999; 100: 1464-1480. Ascione R, Rees K, Santo K, Chamberlain MH, Marchett G, Taylor F, Angelini CD. Coronary artery bypass grafting in patients over 70 years old: the

The use of kinesio taping as an altrnative physiothrerapeutic treatment...  607

influence of age and surgical technique on early and mid-term clinical outcomes. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2002; 22: 124-128. 4. Kompleksowa rehabilitacja kardiologiczna. Stanowisko Komisji ds. Opracowania Standardów Rehabilitacji Kardiologicznej Polskiego Towarzystwa Kardiologicznego. Materiały zalecane przez Sekcję Rehabilitacji Kardiologicznej i Fizjologii Wysiłku PTK. Folia Cardiologica 2004; 11 (sup lA). 5. Leon AS, Franklin BA, Costa F, Balady GJ, Berra KA, Stewart KJ, Thompson PD, Williams MA, Lauer MS. Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. An American Heart Association Scientific Statement From the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity), in Collaboration with the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pilmonary Rehabilitation. Circulation 2005; 111: 369-376. 6. Engblom E., Hamalainen H.: Quality of life during rehabilitation after coronary bypass surgery. Quality of Life Research., 1992; 1: 167-75 7. Weiner P., Waizman J., Magadle R. i wsp.: The effect of specific inspiratory muscle training on the sensation of dyspnea and exercise tolerance in patients with congestive heart failure. Clin. Cardiol., 1999; 22: 727-32 8. Szczegielniak J.: Wpływ usprawniania leczniczego na czynność wentylacyjną płuc u chorych po zawale mięśnia sercowego. Materiały konferencyjne Sympozjum Polsko – Czeskiego. Politechnika Opolska, 2001. 9. Kase K., Wallis J., Kase J.: “Application Therapeutic of the Kinesio Taping Method”. Kinesio Taping Association, 2003. 10. Senderek T., Śliwiński Z.: Kinesio Taping Part I i Part II . Kinesio taping Association, Japan/Europe. Materiały szkoleniowe kursu. Zgorzelec, 2006.

608  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

HISTORY OF THE LIPNICE HOLIDAY SCHOOL Radek Hanuš Department of Recreation, Faculty of Physical Culture, University Palacky, Olomouc

The Lipnice Holiday School of Lipnice (LHS) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization whose activities aim at universal development of human character. By means of a few days’ courses organized in the country, this organization tries to reach its educational and instructional aims. These courses are designed not for the members of the organization, but for the public, mainly aged 14-16, 16-19, 1925, 25+ and 50+ years. Some courses are related to specific areas of knowledge and skills, e.g. pedagogy, philosophy, social skills, ecology, creativity, etc. The courses offer various programs, exercises, creative workshops, happenings, discussions, relaxation programs, meditation, sociodrama, studios, etc. Different games also constitute integral parts of the programs. The intensity and balance of the programs are connected with creation of very often highly specific situations (overcoming difficulties, trying to do one’s best, widening safety zones), social environment and its quality, natural environment - but first of all – development of strong personal experience, building participants’ self-confidence, co-operation, creativity and responsibility. The offered programs become not only appeal to the participants’ own active life, but are also an important source of life energy. In 1998 the LHS celebrated its 21st birthday. The LHS origins go back to rich historical traditions of education in the Czech Republic. We could draw a long “red line” from the 1960s, when the first Camping School (organized in 1964-67 by the Czechoslovak Union of Youth, and in 19681970 by the Czech Camping Union) was held to teach instructors how to organize people’s holidays in the countryside. As these schools followed quite different conceptions of tourism, new terms such as “camping school” and “camping” meaning “activity” were introduced. In their activities these schools used old tested camping elements such as “The Forest Wisdom League”, Boy-Scouts, tramping movement and so on. After August 1968, when Czechoslovakia was occupied by the “friendly armies” of the Warsaw Pact, the social climate in the country changed dramatically. In 1970 History of the Lipnice Holiday School  609

all children and youth organizations were united into a single monolith called the Socialist Union of Youth. Several instructors from camping schools kept organizing experimental programs, the first of which called “Experiment for Twenty” was held in a newly built camping centre in Lipnice upon Sázava in 1970 (the centre itself was built in 1968-70). The following year, a new, legendary Gymnasion project was launched, the first in Czechoslovakia to realize the idea of connecting cultural and demanding sports activities. This brand new model of holiday activity was widely accepted and became the cornerstone of the whole approach to education in the country (holiday and recreation pedagogy). Arts and crafts, psychological games and sports in the open air were the main factors forming its complexity. Different experiments were carried out and many other projects were organized, e.g. “Competition of Body and Soul,” “Summer Sport School”, “Tour 73”, “The Jeseníky Mountains Project”, “Chance 75”, “Entomological and Winter Hard Times”, together with other “Gymnasions” and “Chances”. The staff of instructors (directed by the Methodological Wildlife Council) consisted of about 300 members trained in various kinds of tourism: hiking, skiing, and water and mountain tourism. Multiple activities were organized throughout the year. Sadly, all these activities, initiative and spontaneity were considered unwanted by the then political regime and soon the staff was dismissed. The turning point came in 1977, when an all-national seminar called “The Development of Modern Forms of Wildlife” was held in Žďár upon Sázava. It recommended establishing of “Holiday School” which would further develop modern forms of wildlife. The suggestion was accepted and at the end of 1977 twenty members of the Teaching Staff of Holiday School. The head of the staff was a great man of great ideas and actions, a “prime mover”, who, despite of difficult times, (or perhaps because of them), helped create this little school of wildlife - a “university of life”. His name was Allan Gintel (1948), a psychologist, who remained the head of the School until 1987. The first holiday school was organized and managed by the Methodological Council. The staff used the program and methodical experience from projects organized in past years, and they were looking for new possibilities and sources of inspiration for tourist and permanent projects in wildlife. The main idea and inspiration were found in the ancient ideal of harmonic and versatile development of human being - KALOKAGATHIA, that is physical and mental perfection and beauty, the heritage of great Renaissance thinkers (Vittorio Ramboldini de Feltre). The project-makers also followed up with pedagogical tendencies in the country, mainly Seton’s and Baden-Powell’s. The Holiday School provided them with their own methods and experience. It was the school of experiments and searching, the aim of which was human personality and its development. Step by step, the Holiday School was building an alternative movement which tried to defy mental emp610  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

tiness, abstraction and mechanical stereotype, using various invasive educational methods together with interesting programs. Similar programs were indeed hard to find anywhere else in the world. The legendary School centre at the Lipnice Castle, whose genius loci became a true inspiration, appeal and workshop for its instructors, became the place where these experimental projects were held. The name of the nearby small town and castle of Lipnice upon Sázava became a part of the school name). The charming surroundings featuring a flooded quarry witnessed hundreds of game shows, many of which became famous outside the Lipnice “University of Life”, as it used to be called. The first courses held in 1978 consisted of four projects: Holidays - a course for secondary school students; Project - a course for university students, and two methodological seminars, the total length of which was 24 days. In 1987, on the School’s tenth anniversary, the program consisted of ten courses (124 days). The year 1991 was the most successful as 17 projects (207 days) were organized. On the 20th anniversary in 1997 13 courses were prepared which (132 days). Some of those experimental courses of the Lipnice Holiday School, which created the history of non-traditional education in the country were Holidays, Project, Interest, Bottega, Seniorproject, Juniorproject, Category 15, Radim, Symposion, Interproject, Scholion, Bajkal, White Project, White Borders, In Natura, Ad Fontes, Politea, Publicus, Siemens, GO!, Stairs to Heaven, Ark, Bridges, Team Project, The Dolomites, Norway, Deja vu, Sapere aude, Seminarium, Teachers, School through Game, The First Last, Last Drop, Green Courses, Instructor Course of the Lipnice Holiday School. In the late 1980s, the LHS contacted an international educational movement called the Outward Bound (OB). The first contacts were made between the organizations and instructors from Czechoslovakia and the United Kingdom took part in various activities in the centres in both countries. Further contacts with the OB led to the LHS becoming a member of this world youth organization. It took place in June 1991, in Aberdovery in Wales, the OB cradle, during an international conference on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the first OB school. The fact that the current supporter of OB, Duke of Edinburgh, is one of the first pupils of the school, is definitely worth mentioning. In 1993 the LHS founded a filial company OB - Czech Way Ltd. Using the experience and methods of OB and LHS, the Czech Way organizes courses of team cooperation intended, first of all, for teams both from Czech and foreign companies, institutions and non-profit organizations. In 1994 members and fellow workers of the LHS from Slovakia founded a sister organization called the Foundation Studio of which the LHS is an active and keen partner. The LHS propagates its methods and programs with the help of not only project participants, but also with the help of its publications, e.g. “Holidays in Move” (A. History of the Lipnice Holiday School  611

Gintel et al., 1980), “Holidays with Cream” (P. Hora et al., 1984), “Golden Fund of Games” (M. Zapletal et al., 1990), “Instructor’s Spelling Book” (O. Holec et al., 1994), “Golden Fund of Games II” (J. Hrkal, R. Hanuš 1998), and with the help of more than ten issues of the Methodological Pages. The LHS co-operated with a number of scientific organizations at the Faculty of Physical Education of Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Physical Culture of Palacký University in Olomouc, Philosophical Faculty of Masaryk University in Brno. The LHS fellow workers can be found among the most important personalities of the Czech Republic. The LHS staff has educated several generations of instructors, whose total number amounts to several hundreds. The LHS courses were visited by a number of important personalities of Czech cultural, scientific and political life and journalists, many of whom took an active part in LHS courses before 1989. They include writer Jaromír Foglar, poet Miroslav Holub, poet Jiří Suchý, actor, musician and literary advisor, Věra Chytilová, film director Jiří Menzel, film director and 1969 Oscar winner Vojtěch Písařík, photographer Jiří Stivín, musician Kurt Gebauer, famous philosopher Petr Eben, musician and composer Jan Zrzavý, famous painter Bohuslav Blažek, philosopher, Michael Kocáb, musician Ivan M.Havel, scientist Ivan Gabal and many others. Many different institutions have also expressed their interest in LHS courses, e.g. SIEMENS Company, the Government of Upper Austria, Open Society Fund, or Fridrich Neumann Foundation. Many programs and methodological procedures used in LHS courses were adopted by various youth organizations in the Czech and Slovak Republics. Many programs have been made “common property”. The LHS has invented and used its original educational methods. These are methods of drama theory, method of consistent work with motivation and method of work with experience. These methods are combined with a number of educational means, for example - working with colours, music, theatre, etc. After 1989, as a member of the international movement Outward Bound, the LHS has discovered and adopted some new modern educational methods: working in groups (group versus problem) and method of analysis - review. Educational projects are regarded as original works of art. The LHS introduces new missions, and the teams of instructors very often approach their projects from a philosophical point of view. At the same time, this “university of life” is looking for answers to a plethora of questions of the contemporary and future world.

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AGRITOURISM AS AN ELEMENT OF RURAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT Renata Szyguła, Bożena Królikowska Opole University of Technology, Poland Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy Division of Physical Education and Sport

“Living in the province” has often been regarded as an insulting expression. In modern times, however, the concept of geographical province constitutes a genuine quality to more and more people (9). Due to changes which have taken place in the 21st century we have become particularly conscious of the need to seek new possibilities of economic development of rural areas different than traditional farming activity. New circumstances have forced us to use, in a more active way, factors connected with socioeconomic activity; whereas unstable political conditions along with the global spread of terrorism have led to a change in tourists’ preferences, especially those from highly developed countries. Most definitely, active tourism in natural conditions has replaced conventional tourism to a great extent, and undoubtedly rural tourism has been developing rapidly. It became an alternative to traditional tourism, which focuses on spending free time in big resorts and recreational centers, as well as a way to improve economic conditions of many families living in the country (2). The increased interest in this market sector caused a change in the profile of many farms – from a typical farming character to tourist character - and in consequence, it led to a faster development of rural areas and greater involvement of people in activities connected with environmental protection. Every fourth statistical inhabitant of the European Union chooses agritourism as a preferred form of spending one’s leisure time (14). In Poland, so far, a small percent of citizens have spent their holidays at country farms; however, the interest in this type of leisure is on the rise (12). Favorable conditions for development of agritourism are linked, first of all, to the large number of small private country farms whose owners look for extra sources of income, apart from their traditional Agritourism as an element of rural tourism development  613

farming business. There are about 9000 agritourist farms in Poland, offering from 20,000 to 25,000 beds, which constitute merely 0.4% of all farms in Poland (8). The boundary between agritourism and rural tourism is not clear. Agritourism is treated as a subcategory of rural tourism (10), and rural tourism constitutes a space with its own culture and resources. Very often agritourism is defined as a form of rest which takes place in the rural area of farming character, and it is based on provision of accommodation and recreational activity on a farm and in its natural surroundings as well as on manufacturing goods and providing services (3). In many rural areas tourism has been accepted as a natural part of the socio-economic farming structure. First of all, it is based on initiatives of local companies, it gives employment to people connected with farming and it is a chance for local communities to gain an alternative source of income. Development of tourism in villages where there is a demand for tourist services depends mainly on local inhabitants and their interest in such activity. Various services for the visitors such as horse riding, sleigh rides, tractor and cart rides, participating in farm works and production of organic food, e.g. bread baking, are also constituent parts of agrotourism. Agritourist farms are usually located in a quiet area surrounded by forests and they also offer other attractions such as fishing (4), collecting herbs, fruit and mushrooms. The scope and quality of these services depend on a farm and it accommodates to tourists’ needs. Agritourism is not only a fashion but more and more a significant part of regional or even national economy. Its development is a chance for the services sector and creation of new jobs in modern Europe, which wants to protect the natural inheritance. In most European countries intact ecological areas, customs, traditions and regional cultures constitute the most important value for people who decide to spend holidays in a rural area. Nature supported by the work of human hands provides possibilities of unlimited choice. Fields and forests, parks and gardens, rivers, ponds and canals, worship places, railways, bridges and water dams, if promoted in a proper way may decide not only about the attractiveness but also potential economic possibilities of the region (17). Country farms which run agritourist activities try to accommodate to tourists’ needs and expectations. However, these are operations of individual farms which lack specialization (one farm tries to offer the largest number of possible tourist attractions, and it does not always focus on their quality). There is lack of cooperation between the existing farms. Such cooperation can result in creation of a broad range of specialist tourist services and circum-tourist services of high or very high quality. In England and Wales farms with different specializations concentrate around areas of great importance to the local rural community. This is called the “neighboring effect” (13). In the Opole Province in Poland this process, although to a small 614  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

extent, can be also observed in the Nysa, Prudnik, Głuchołazy, or Strzelce Opolskie regions. However, there is still lack of cooperation in promotion of such farms. Advertisement, if it exists, is carried by individual inhabitants; only the “Gospodarstwa Gościnne” (The Society of Host Farms), a member of the Polish Federation of Rural Tourism is attempting to create complex agritourist offers (5). The only clear advantage, which could constitute a basis for agritourist development in the Opole region is the natural environment. In 2004, 27.1% of the territory of the Opole Province constituted an area of special natural resources (legally protected). The largest areas of such character are in the Opole and Nysa districts (15). The table below presents the arrangement of agritourist farms in particular districts which possess proper natural-landscape conditions. Table 1. Agritourism in regions with scenic parks, areas of protected landscape and nature reserves in the Opole Province.

Scenic parks, areas of protected landscape, nature reserves, nature-landscape groups

Administrative location (encompassing areas of parks, nature reserves and state parks)

Number of agritourist farms

Góra Św. Anny scenic park (5150 ha)

Leśnica Zdzieszowice Gogolin Izbicko Strzelce Opolskie Ujazd

0 1 1 1 1 0

Góry Opawskie scenic park (4903 ha)

Głuchołazy Prudnik Żubrza

15 4 0

Stobrawski scenic park – (52,636.5 ha)

Dobrzeń Wielki Dąbrowa Kluczbork Lasowice Wielkie Lewin Brzeski Lubsza Łubniany Murów Pokój Popielów Świerczów Wołczyn

0 0 2 0 0 1 1 3 6 4 1 0

Załeczański scenic park (364.3 ha)

Rudniki

6

Agritourism as an element of rural tourism development  615

Table 1. (cont.) Scenic parks, areas of protected landscape, nature reserves, nature-landscape groups

Administrative location (encompassing areas of parks, nature reserves and state parks)

Number of agritourist farms

Areas of protected landscape

Lasy Stobrawsko – Turawskie” (11,8367 ha)

Chrząstowice Domaszowice Izbicko Jemielnica Kluczbork Kolonowskie Lasowice Wielkie Lubsza Łubniany Namysłów Ozimek Pokój Strzelce Opolskie Świerczów Tarnów Opolski Turawa Wołczyn Zawadzkie Zębowice

0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 3 2 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

Bory Niemodlińskie (48,189 ha)

Biała Dąbrowa Grodków Komprachcice Korfantów Krapkowice Lewin Brzeski Łambinowice Niemodlin Prószków Strzeleczki Tułowie

2 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

Otmuchowsko – Nyski (11785.3 ha)

Nysa Otmuchów Paczków

0 0 4

Łęg Zdzieszowicki (600 ha)

Reńska Wieś Zdzieszowice

1 1

Las Głubczycki (1597.5 ha)

Głubczyce

0

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Table 1. (cont.) Administrative location (encompassing areas of parks, nature reserves and state parks)

Scenic parks, areas of protected landscape, nature reserves, nature-landscape groups

Number of agritourist farms

Wronin – Maciowakrze (4307.6 ha)

Baborów Cisek Pawłowiczki Polska Cerekiew

0 0 0 0

Mokre – Lewice (6527.7 ha)

Branice Głubczyce

0 0

Grodziec (312 ha)

Niemodlin

1

Nature reserves Przyłęk

Nysa

0

Miechowice, Lubsza, Leśna Woda, Rogalice

Lubsza

1

Góra Gipsowa, Rozumie

Kietrz

0

Płucnica, Ligota Dolna, Tęczynów

Strzelce Opolskie

1

Staw Nowokuźnicki, Przypiecz, Jaśkowie

Prószków

0

Kamień Śląski

Gogolin

1

Smolnik, Kamieniec

Lasowice Wlk

0

Blok

Korfantów

-

Jeleni Dwór

Biała

2

Komorno, Krzywiczny

Wołczyn

0

Bażany

Kluczbork

2

Przylesie

Olszanka

-9

Góra Św. Anny, Grafik, Biesie

Leśnica

0

Boże Oko

Ujazd

0

Lesisko

Zdzieszowice

1

Cicha Dolina, Nad Białką, Las Bukowy

Głuchołazy

15

Dębina, Kokorycz

Grodków

1

Prądy

Dąbrowa

0

Złote Bagna

Tułowice

1

Nature-landscape groups Kocia Góra (370 ha)

Kolonowskie Dobrodzień

0 1

Mostki (501 ha)

Zawadzkie Jemielnica

0 1

Agritourism as an element of rural tourism development  617

Table 1. (cont.) Scenic parks, areas of protected landscape, nature reserves, nature-landscape groups

Administrative location (encompassing areas of parks, nature reserves and state parks)

Number of agritourist farms

Nad Bziniczką (155 ha)

Zawadzkie

0

Pod Dębami (456 ha)

Kolonowskie Zawadzkie Jemielnica

0 0 1

Szczypki (81 ha), Piaskowa Góra (100 ha)

Jemielnica

1

Wyspa na rzece Widawie (4 ha)

Namysłów

3

Lipno (189 ha)

Niemodlin

1

Kantorowie (98 ha), Dolina Nysy (349 ha), Stawy Niemodlińskie (358 ha), Lewin Brzeski (70 ha), Grądy Odrzańskie (144 ha).

Lewin Brzeski

0

Source: Authors’ own study based on the following documents from the local authorities of the Opole Province and regions: Dz. Urz. Woj. Opol., July 17, 1989, no. 19, 231; Dz. Urz. Woj. Opol., October 19, 1999, no. 38, 255; Dz. Urz. Woj. Opol., March 19, 1999, no. 38, 39, 40; Dz. Urz. Woj. Opol., January 21, 2000, no. 6, 24, 25, 26, 27; Dz. Urz. Woj. Opol., July 27, 2001, no. 65, 496, 497, 498; Dz. Urz. Woj. Opol., July 26, 2004, no. 50, 1421; Dz. Urz. Woj. Opol., December 8, 2003, no.109, 2303; Dz. Urz. Woj. Opol., October 15, 2004, no.68, 1823.

The Salesian Farmers Chamber in Opole together with the Opole Farming Counseling Center in Łosiów were the initiators of agritourist development in the Opole Province in 1992. In the first stage of agritourism promotion in the Opole region only few farmers decided to try to do something in this field of activity. The idea of agritourism most quickly reached farming families living in tourist districts. The newly established agritourist farms caused a demand for additional products and in many cases they triggered the development of local infrastructure. Financial gains from agritourism encouraged farmers from other districts to undertake such business activity. Nowadays there are over 70 agritourist farms in the Province, whereas last year there were about 60. In the Nysa district the number of tourist farms is 38. They are situated in the Głubczyce, KędzierzynKoźle and Strzelce Opolskie districts. Four tourist associations operate in the province: the Agritourist Association of Bory Niemodlińskie, Agritourist Association of Opole Silesia, Agritourist Association of Ziemia Nyska and Agritourism Association of Prosna Springs. Agritourism in the Opole region takes advantage of landscape and ecological assets and it is a very beneficial economic phenomenon. Agritourism creates new jobs, usually for the members of the farmers’ closest family, and thus it is a way to organize small family businesses, e.g. camp sites or local gastronomy (1). 618  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

Although farmers have to take into account the existing numerous formal and legal restrictions, (16) they create themselves possibilities of trade in fresh products or production of organic food for the catering business. Individual production and storage of wine are also very popular among tourists especially in Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary (6). The first business enterprises of this type also emerge in Poland, however, they require significant financial resources. The Opole region which is characterized by a specific low-goods character of farm production (7) and by a large number of small-area farms (11) should use opportunities of development more effectively in times when the clean environment becomes a valuable commodity. Agritourism implies possibilities of socioeconomic development and improvement of living conditions of inhabitants by means of proper exploitation of the natural and ecological potential.

Figure 1. Agritourist farms in the administrative districts of the Opole Province. Source: Authors’ own study Agritourism as an element of rural tourism development  619

Beyond any doubt, nature values, which usually condition development of agritourism, create a great opportunity of development for local communities. Other activities such as forestry, processing of forest resources, arts and crafts, trade and services, should compliment rural tourism. Unfortunately, not everywhere the local authorities utilize the existing possibilities, especially in cooperation with other local businesses. The development of rural areas should be given much more consideration in the future. Currently, the development of rural areas is a problem of many districts. Uncertain and unstable future of rural areas is often due to the critical economic situation of the farming sector in which the supply of farm goods greatly exceeds the demand for them. Simultaneously, the interest in quality products, especially organic foodstuffs, is growing. The Opole Province possesses many qualities which have already made some farms focus on rural tourism and agritourism. Offers of better services, lower prices and more interesting advertisement should be considered. Finding a proper tourist product, specific for local communities, constitutes a necessary factor in order to emphasize the attractiveness, beauty and novelty of a competitive tourist offer. Such offers may include regional cuisine, family dishes, outdoor trips, sightseeing of neighboring monuments and curiosities. Forests should also be used not only as part of the natural environment, but also, and maybe first of all, as an important factor in creating and maintaining attractive tourist products. All of these require a coherent policy of local self-government and business community on all levels and also a proper usage of human potential as well as financial resources offered by the European Union. Bibliography 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Ateljevic I., Doorne S. (2000). Staying Within the Fence. Lifestyle Entrepreneurship in Tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 8, 378—392. DEFRA. (2002). The strategy for sustainable farming and food: facing the future. London, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Drzewiecki M. (2000). Fundamentals of Agritourism. Bydgoszcz: OPO. Economical activity within this scope is regulated by hunting law rules. (2005). Law Gazette, 127, 1066. In the scope of Sector Operational Program. Restructuring and modernization of agriculture sector and rural areas development 2004-2006, Operation 2.4 (“Diversifying agricultural and close to agriculture activity in order to ensure various actions or alternative sources of earnings”) supporting among agritourism. The beneficiaries of this program have to secure a favorable opinion of the Polish Rural Tourism Federation “Host Farms”.

620  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

6.

7.

8. 9. 10. 11.

12.

13. 14.

Act of January 22, 2004 on manufacturing and bottling wine products, turnover of these products and wine market organization (Dz.U. No. 34, item 292), does not require to apply for permission of the Ministry of Agriculture to produce wine, but the binding law on excise duty is a barrier difficult to overcome by farmers because it requires wine producers to organize duty stores like the big wine manufactures. Duty store are expensive and require work and time consuming administrative procedures. Farming grounds constituted 57.4% of total ground area, 27.1% - forests and forest areas, and 15.5% other grounds (in the country: 50.9%; 29.3%; 19.8%, respectively). Agriculture in the Opole Province 2005. (2006). Opole: Statistical Office. Main Statistical Office. (2005). Warsaw. Mikołuszko W. (2006). Podlasie. National Geographic Poland Traveler, 5, 52-56. Nilsson P.A. (2002). Staying on farms-an ideological background. Annals of Tourism Research, 29, 7-24. 62.9% of the total area of the Province of 941.2 thousand ha constituted the private sector (591.9 thousand ha), 37.1% the public sector grounds. Out of the total number of inhabitants of 1.051million, 554 thousand live in urban areas, 497 thousand in the country. Agriculture in the Opole Province 2005. (2006). Opole: Statistical Office. Wasilewski A. (2005). State of natural environment, ecological agriculture and agritourism in villages encompassed by IER survey, 2001 conditions of pro-development activity of the provincial self-governments: (on the example of Mazowieckie Province). Warsaw. Walford, N. (2001). Patterns of development in tourist accommodation enterprises on farms in England and Wales. Applied Geography, 21, 331-345. Within the scope of the LEADER program the European Union offers nonrepayable financial assistance for development of rural areas. The program was created in 1991 as an experiment but its positive results and big interest convinced the European institutions to continue it on a regular basis. Presently the fund may be used also by countries which joined the EU in 2004. In Poland the LEADER program was incorporated into the Sector Operational Program of Restructuring and Modernization of Food Sector and Rural Areas Development as Pilot LEADER+ Program. The program is supervised by the Ministry of Agriculture and Country Development, and Help Program Foundation for Agriculture. Rural tourism could also gain funds from the PHARE TOURIN program by means of participation in projects such as the Tourism General Plan in Rural Areas, Marketing Plan of Rural Tourism for Poland and Brand Products of Rural Tourism. Agritourism as an element of rural tourism development  621

15. Provincial Statistical Office. (2005). Opole. 16. Veterinary requirements law for animal products from January 29, 2004 (Dz. U. 2004 No. 33 item 298). Act on registration and protection of names and agricultural product designation of food resources and traditional products of December 17, 2004 (Dz.U. No. 10 item 68). Order of Agriculture and Country Development Minister from May 18, 2004, concerning direct selling (Dz.U. No. 130 item 1393), Order of Agriculture and Country Development Minister from October 12, 2004, concerning defining veterinary requirements for dairy products with traditional character (Dz.U. No. 236 item 2368). Order of Agriculture and Country Development Minister of February 16, 2005 concerning fee rates for performance of some activities connected with names and designation registration of agricultural products and food resources (Dz. U. No. 36, item 323). Order of Agriculture and Country Development Minister from March 22, 2005 concerning pattern of application for listing on the traditional product list (Dz.U. No. 58, item 503). 17. Zemiele A., Damberga A. (2003). Comparative Review of Rural Tourism Quality Schemes in European Countries.

622  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

BORDER CROSSING POINTS AS MEANS OF ACCESSIBILITY TO TOURIST AREAS OF THE OPOLE PROVINCE Renata Szyguła Opole University of Technology, Poland Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy Division of Physical Education and Sport

Trans-border cooperation constitutes one of the most important criteria of political and economic international relations, as on the local level problems of individual communities can be solved more effectively. Factors of trans-border cooperation are divided into geographical (land formation, settlement structure in the frontier areas, trans-border infrastructure, natural environment); economic (general level of development of frontier areas, people and capital flow directions, corporate and capital connections); institutional (visa relations, passport and customs relations, scope of duties and financial abilities of local and regional authorities); cultural and linguistic (language barriers, national stereotypes and prejudices) and political (general political atmosphere between states, cooperation of public services). After the Second World War international contacts of local self-governments became very significant in Europe. With the passage of the European Charter of Local Self-Government on October 15, 1985 in Strasburg a real European communion of local communities was created (4). This fact definitely preceded and, in a sense formed the basis for establishment of official trans-European structures. These structures were strongly supported by national unions of towns and districts as well as by the Council of European Municipalities and Regions (CEMR). Polish legislation also had to be adjusted to these changes. Legal regulations are included in agreements on state borders and border crossing points, tourist routes across state borders, rules of border crossing and other specific inter-governmental agreements, e.g. in the scope of local trans-border movement of people, frontier trade, cooperation in the area of environmental protection or water management on frontier waters. Despite such broad legal regulations there are many Border crossing points as means of accessibility to tourist areas...  623

issues which still lag behind the political transformations in Europe, though bilateral and multilateral cooperation of Polish regions with regions from other parts of Europe has been developing very dynamically. The final regulations enabling Polish regions to develop international cooperation were included in the Act on Provincial Self-government from June 5, 1998. The Act from September 15, 2000 also treats about international relations of local and regional communities. Two Euroregions have been formed in the Opole Province: ”Pradziad” and “Silesia” as institutionalized forms of trans-border cooperation between representatives of regional and local authorities, aimed at enhancement and development of neighbor contacts (11). The functioning of border crossing points is especially important for bringing closer and opening border regions. There are 108 border crossing points on the Polish-Czech border, 20 in the area of the Opole Province, 14 of which are of local trans-border flow character. Regardless of their number new border crossing points are planned to be opened soon (9). Figure 1 presents the existing and planned border crossing points in the Opole Province. Border crossing points play a crucial role in development of local contacts between communities on both sides of the border. The increase in the trans-bor-

Fig. 1. Existing and planned border crossing points in the Opole Province in 2005 (11). 624  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

der movement, however, also depends on the attractiveness of cultural and sports events and infrastructure for potential tourists. Table 1 presents types and location of border crossing points in particular districts of the Opole Province. Table 1. Types and location of border crossing points in the Opole Province (2).

Border crossing points in the Opole Province

District

Border crossings in thousands of people 2003

2004

2005

Road number

No.

Type of border crossing points C - car; P - people; Cg - cargo; STF - small trans-border flow; TOUR - tourist

416

1

Kietrz-Trebom

C, STF, Open 6-22

Kietrz

2.1

0.4

1.1

2

ŚciborzyceWlk-Rohov

C, STF, Open 6-22

Kietrz

2.1

1.8

0.2

3

Ściborzyce WlkHnevosice

C, STF, Open 6-22

Kietrz

0.4

0.2

2.8

4

Pilszcz-Opava

C, STF, Open 6-22

Kietrz

8.4

8.0

6.9

420

5

Wiechowice-Vavrovice

C, STF, Open 6-22

Branice

18.9

14.5

12.7

420

6

Branice-Uvalno

C, STF, Open 6-22

Branice

43.7

26.5

24.5

419

7

Pietrowice-Krnov

712.5

38

8

Chomiąża-Chomyz

C, STF, Open 6-22

Głubczyce

1.3

0.7

0.5

9

Lenarcice-Linhartovy

C, P, Cg, 24 h

Głubczyce 1174.2 1001.5

C, STF, Open 6-22

Głubczyce

3.6

2.8

2.4

Tarnkowa-Bohusov 10 (closed)

STF

Głubczyce

0

0

0

PomorzowiczkiOsoblaha

C,P, STF, Open 6-22

Głubczyce

40.6

33.7

31.2

C, P, Cg, STF, open 8-20

Lubrza

361.0

420.4

313.3

C, TOUR Open: 8-20 (1.04.-30.09.)8-18 (1.10.-31.03)

Głuchołazy

37.1

44.9

58.5

14 Konradów-Zlate Hory

C, P, Cg 24 h

Głuchołazy

610.2

642.8

439.3

15 Głuchołazy railway

railway, Cg,

Głuchołazy

0

3.3

8.4

16 Głuchołazy-Mikulovice

C, P, Cg, Round-the-clock

Głuchołazy

884.5

1 042.6

864.2

Sławniowice-Vielkie Kunetnice

C, STF, Open 6-22

Głuchołazy

14.8

12.3

13.8

18 Kałków-Vidnava

C, STF, Open 6-22

Otmuchów

18.9

17.8

23.1

19 Dziewiętlice-Bernatice

C, STF, open 8-20

Otmuchów

11.8

15.4

12.8

20 Paczków—Bily Potok

C, P, Cg,24 h

Paczków

580.3

506.6

284.1

11

12 Trzebinia-Bartultovice 13

17

Biskupia Kopa –Zlate Hory (Jarnołtówek)

41

411

412

382

Source: Authors’ own study Border crossing points as means of accessibility to tourist areas...  625

In 2005 there was a general quantitative fall in the number of crossings on the majority of border crossing points. Only on the border crossing points of pure tourist character and on routes leading to larger water reservoirs in the Opole Province a quantitative increase was observed, in particular at the train border crossing point linking Nysa and Głuchołazy with Jesenik, although this point remains open only a few times during the year. Border crossing points situated on tourist walking routes, bicycle routes, skiing routes, horse riding routes, etc (5), e.g. Kopa Biskupia, are particularly attractive for trans-border regions. The establishment of new tourist routes linking the trans-border regions may contribute to long-term cooperation, encompassing publication of Polish-Czech magazines, brochures, information leaflets or maps.

Figure 2. The network of main roads in the Opole Province Source: Authors’ own study 626  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

Also local cultural, folkloristic, educational and business events have an impact on the integration of local communities, which in turn affects the frequency of transborder crossings. Such events have been organized more and more frequently, e.g. Entrepreneurship and Craft Fairs Prudnik INTER-Region, Exhibitions of PolishCzech Frontier Folkloristic Artists, Integrating Meetings of Youth from the Frontier Districts, Frontier Towns Days Głuchołazy-Zlate Hory, Polish-Czech Journalistic Workshops, Sobótka Festival 2001, Nysa in Sumperk –Vienna Route, Friedlandzkie Towns Meeting, trainings for tourist businessmen of the Polish-Czech frontier area, Festival of Frontier Bands, Frontier Open-air Workshops, European Gold Mining Heritage in the area of Głuchołazy and Zlate Hory, Pradziad Kingdom Tourism, Art Workshops and international sports tournaments (1). Poorly developed road and railway networks definitely cause a decline in the interest in particular border crossing points. In the Opole Province transportation is possible thanks to four state main roads (38, 40, 41, 46), a few provincial roads (382, 411, 419) and two railway lines (333 Głuchołazy - Opava, 334 Głuchołazy Jesenik). The existing communications network is not sufficient to intensify the trans-border movement; it also constitutes a key barrier to reach various interesting tourist spots. Figure 2 shows the arrangement and location of roads and cross-town links. The above mentioned factors have contributed to the decrease in the number of crossings on the Polish-Czech border. The decline was particularly visible in 2005 (8).

Chart 1. Border crossing frequency at 24-hour border crossing points in the Opole Province in 2003-2005 (3, 7, 8). Border crossing points as means of accessibility to tourist areas...  627

Chart 2. Percentage of border crossings at 24-hour crossing points in the Opole Province in 2003. Source: Authors’ own study

Chart 3. Percentage of border crossings at 24-hour crossing points in the Opole Province in 2004. Source: Authors’ own study

Between 2003 and 2005 a significant drop in border crossings was observed on all border crossing points with the exception of Głuchołazy, where the flow increased from 24% to 32%. The frequency of crossings on the border points in Konradów, Paczków and Pietrowice was significantly lower. Besides, at the border 628  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

Chart 4. Percentage of border crossings at 24-hour crossing points in the Opole Province in 2005. Source: Authors’ own study

crossings points open 24 hours the flow also decreased in between 2003 and 2005. The frequency of crossings on border crossing points in Kałków, Pławniowice, Biskupia Kopa and Ściborzyce increased. The higher number of crossings on these points is connected with a greater interest in mountain tourism and water recreation in Nysa and Otmuchów. Proper tourist infrastructure is also necessary for activation of trans-border areas in the scope of long-stay tourism, sightseeing and active tourism. The Opole Province does not have a properly developed tourist infrastructure and it possesses the smallest number of accommodation facilities in Poland. The level of using accommodation facilities was also the lowest in the country (3). In 2003, in the Opole Province, 29,192 visitors out of the total of 166,503 were foreigners, which constitutes 17.5% of the total number of visitors, whereas at the same time in Olomouc there were 448,151 hotel guests, including 106,935 foreigners (23.86%) (12). Almost the two-times smaller Olomouc County possesses 390 hotels with 20,000 beds, whereas the entire Opole Province has only 102 hotels with 8000 beds. It shows discrepancies between tourist facilities in Poland and the Czech Republic. The limited number of accommodation facilities has a direct influence on the number of domestic and international tourists, and thus on the frequency of using the border crossing points. A higher level of development of accommodation facilities can be observed in the Nysa district. Nysa is a regional tourist center - a strong cultural center with valuable tourist and architectural advantages (Cultural-Scenic Park: Nysa – Paczków, Nysa Castle). Moreover, the Opawa Mountains climatic features, which are Border crossing points as means of accessibility to tourist areas...  629

Chart 5. Border crossings at 24-hour border crossing points in the Opole Province in 2003-2005.

favorable for health resort treatment, helped to develop sanatorium infrastructure at Głuchołazy and Jarnołtówek. The availability of accommodation facilities is presented in Figure 2. A decrease in trans-border movement can be easily observed in comparison to previous years. Despite the development of tourist infrastructure, the involvement of local authorities in promotion of the region is also necessary. There is general lack of financial resources for development of tourism, but first of all there are no clear criteria of setting priorities in this sector. Only few districts use their natural conditions, e.g. local forests or bodies of water. The area of the Nysa, Prudnik and Głubczyce districts is characterized by valuable natural-landscape and cultural advantages. Regardless of these facts the said districts can hardly compete with their counterparts across the border featuring a large, legally protected Jesenniki Landscape Park (Chranena Krajinnna Oblast Jeseniky). This area has been successively developed from the point of view of maximum usage for the purposes of tourism and leisure. It would be advantageous, together with the Czech authorities, to use the spatial connections of the ecological corridor of Biala Glucholaska River with the Landscape Park of Opawskie Mountains and areas of protected landscape 630  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

Figure 2. The number of hotels, beds and tourists taking advantage of accommodation facilities in the Nysa, Prudnik and Głubczyce districts in 2003-2004 (3).

Chart 6. Trans-border tourist movement in the Nysa, Prudnik and Głubczyce districts in 2003-2005. Source: Authors’ own study

Border crossing points as means of accessibility to tourist areas...  631

in the Region of Otmuchow-Nysa Lakes. Other areas of protected landscape that could be also effectively used for tourist purposes are located in the eastern part, on the Glubczycki Plateau. These are the Głubczycki Forest and Mokre-Lewice District. Loess soils and pseudo-bleached sand and, to a smaller extent, raw materials, are crucial natural resources of the Polish-Czech frontier. Tourism on the Polish-Czech frontier should be perceived as a complex and interdisciplinary phenomenon involving tourist movement (tourist attractiveness, environmental protection), companies operating in this area (hotels, gastronomy, transport, availability of culture goods, leisure, sport, etc.) as well as to various interpersonal relations (local people, guests). Tourism is not the only way of development of trans-border cooperation, but it may constitute a factor allowing combining business with the possibility of rational use of local resources, both natural and provided by tourist services. As a result of trans-border cooperation international bicycle routes were created: “Opavice, Sudicky Okruch”, Otmuchów-Paczków-Javornik-Lądek Zdrój, as well as tourist routes of the Pradziad Kingdom encompassing the area of Bruntal, Jesennik and Otmuchow-Nysa Lakes. The creation of these routes allows using the potential of smaller companies providing tourist services. However, encouragement of appropriate local authorities is necessary in supporting this type of business activity, due to the fact that the cooperation on the Polish-Czech frontier depends to a great extent and is stimulated by natural conditions – attractive tourist areas requiring joint protection and promotion. The development of tourism in trans-border areas is one of the most important issues of economic cooperation. Cooperation within this scope not only enriches the tourist offer but it also enables joint promotion and lowers significant costs of advertisement. Attention should be paid to the role of organized and planned cultural and economic events (e.g. festivals, local products markets) directed to all inhabitants of the region. The social and economic development of frontier regions in the Opole Province must be perceived in a very broad context, not only as a way to build communications infrastructure or open new border crossing points, but also as an opportunity for a significant economic growth based on local involvement, cultural tolerance, local identities and on understanding of reciprocal needs and priorities. Bibliography 1. 2.

Common Fund for Small Projects, Pradziad Euroregion. (2004), Prudnik. Data from 2005 on the basis of information from press spokesperson of the Silesian Division of Border Patrol.

632  Movement and Health  |  Tourism and recreation in the European Union reality

3.

Data refer only to hotels fulfilling requirements in accordance with the Tourist Services Law, Tourism in 2003, 2004. (2004, 2005). Warsaw: Main Statistical Office. 4. European Charter of Local Self-Governments, October 15, 1985, Strasburg, Dziennik Ustaw 1994, No. 124, position 607. 5. Government statement from March 10, 2003 on the agreement between the Government of the Republic of Poland and the Government of the Czech Republic concerning border crossing points, border crossing points on transfrontier tourist routes, and rules of crossing borders outside frontier crossing points prepared in Warsaw on November 22, 1996. M.P. 2003, no. 37 position 521. 6. Main Statistical Office Tourism in 2004, Warsaw 2005. 7. Main Statistical Office. Tourism in 2003, (2004).Warsaw. 8. Main Statistical Office. Tourism in 2004, (2005).Warsaw. 9. Authors’ own compilation on the basis of spacial development planning of the Opole Province – the Marshall Office of the Opole Province - Resolution No. XLIX/357/2002, September 24, 2002. 10. The Pradziad Euroregion was created on July 2, 1997; Silesia Euroregion was created on September 20, 1998. 11. Spatial planning, Marshall Office, Resolution no. XLIX/357/2002 of September 24, 2002. 12. Statisticá ročenka Olomouckého kraje 2004. (2004).Český statistický úřad.

Border crossing points as means of accessibility to tourist areas...  633

Index of Authors

Antoniak-Lewandowska Krystyna 501 Asienkiewicz Ryszard 63 Bajdziński Michał 335 Barlak Marianna 285 Bartoszewicz Ryszard 34, 195 Bączkowicz Dawid 445 Bezděková Dagmar 464 Blauzdys Vincentas 93 Bogacz Katarzyna 494, 604 Boichanka Siarhei 344, 428 Bołoban Wiktor 277 Borkowska Dagmara 308 Borysiuk Zbigniew 128, 388, 400, 436 Boychenko Siarhei 210, 355 Boychenko Tatsiana 210, 355 Brańka Sebastian 394 Budinšćak Mladen 379 Bugajski Andrzej 457 Bunio Andrzej 522 Burianová K. 184 Burzycka - Wilk Dorota 256

Dybińska Ewa 249 Elfmark Milan 451, 535 Frömel Karel 17 Gierczuk Dariusz 128 Gilewski Krzysztof 405 Grabara Małgorzata 235, 418 Graczykowska Bogusława 410 Gredes Marzena 505 Guszkowska Monika 78 Gworys Bohdan 505 Hadzik Andrzej 563 Hanuš Radek 609 Hluštík Petr 464 Iskra Janusz 41, 136, 313

Cięszczyk Pavel 344 Cynarski Wojciech Jan 263 Czamara Andrzej 457

Jagusz Marek 103 Jethon Zbigniew 360, 457, 472, 510 Jirásek Ivo 558 Jonderko Franciszek 589 Juras Grzegorz 169 Juszczyk Ewa 418

Dańkowska Anna 366, 373 Dąbrowska Agnieszka 291 Drobek Wieslaw 553 Dubiel Karolina 501

Kepežėnas Algimantas 269 Kolisko Petr 479 Kosmol Andrzej 242 Kostyuchenko Waleryj 328 Index of Authors  635

Krejčí Jakub 479, 486 Królikowska Bożena 613 Kruszewski Artur 394, 400 Kuk Anna 321 Kukiełczyńska-Krawczyk Klaudia 472 Kurlej Wiesław 505 Kuśnierz Cezary 56 Ligocka-Jakubińska Tomira 169 Lubina-Dąbrowska Natalia 405 Łagowska Katarzyna 505 Łączek Tomasz 549 Łukanova-Jakubowska Anna 188 Łuniewski Jacek 494, 604 Makaruk Beata 157, 163 Makaruk Hubert 157, 163 Marcinów Ryszard 177 Mastalerz Andrzej 277 Mendryk Dariusz 203 Mękarski Bogusław 72 Migała Mariusz 584, 596 Mika Mateusz 366, 373 Miklánková Ludmila 17 Miškinienė Manefa 269 Molik Bartosz 242, 291, 300 Morys Michał 388 Najder Marek 169 Nawarecka Katarzyna 218 Nawarecki Dariusz 328 Niźnikowski Tomasz 277 Nowacki Roman 579 Nowicki Jakub 285 Nowicki Tadeusz 242 Obodyński Kazimierz 263 Opara Józef 517 Opavský Jaroslav 451, 464 636  Movement and Health

Paruzel Marzena 41 Paruzel-Dyja Marzena 313 Polanowski Bogdan 400, 436 Popowczak Marek 24 Přidalová M., 184 Radzijewska Maria 522 Radzijewski Paweł 522 Rokita Marek 335 Romanowski Andrzej 573 Roszak Iwona 34 Rutkowska Izabela 291, 300 Rzepka Natalia 169 Sadownicowa Ludmiła 72 Sadowski Jerzy 128, 277, 436 Salinger Jiří 479, 486 Samołyk Andrzej 360 Segedi Ivan 379 Sertić Hrvoje 379 Shestakov Michaił 227 Sigmund Erik 17 Skowronek Tomasz 41, 313 Słomka Kajetan 169 Soboń Jacek 177 Socha Teresa 388 Sojka-Krawiec Katarzyna 103 Stejskal Pavel 486 Sterkowicz Stanisław 119 Sterniuk Barbara 445 Stuła Aleksander 335 Szafraniec Rafał 457 Szczegielniak Jan 494, 604 Szczepański Stanisław 48 Szepelawy Michał 218 Szopa Janusz 235, 418 Szulgan Agnieszka 505 Szyguła Renata 410, 613, 623 Štěpaník Petr 479, 486

Tatarczuk Józef 63 Tataruch Magdalena 188 Tataruch Rafał 143, 177 Tomis Ctirad 451 Ulmer Hans-Volkhart 86, 531 Urban Josef 451

Walaszczyk Anna 41, 136, 313 Wandycz Artur 63 Wieczorek Marta 34, 195, 203 Winiarski Sławomir 457 Wojnar Józef 210, 218, 344, 355 Wróbel Leszek 360 Wyganowska Urszula 285

Valenta M. 184 Vařeka I. 184 Vařeková R 184 Vaverka Frantisek 535 Vilkas Audronius 93, 269

Zagórny Stanisław 110 Zalech Mirosław 148 Zaleski Andrzej 457 Zaryczański Janusz 522 Zuzda Jolanta Grażyna 428 Żuchowska Małgorzata 428

Index of Authors  637