ISSN 20790570, Advances in Gerontology, 2014, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 283–289. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2014. Original Russian Text © G.M. Zharinov, V.N. Anisimov, 2014, published in Uspekhi Gerontologii, 2014, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 284–290.
Music and Longevity G. M. Zharinova and V. N. Anisimovb a
Russian Scientific Center of Radiology and Surgery Technologies, ul. Leningradskaya 70, Pesochnyi, St. Petersburg, 197758 Russia email:
[email protected] b Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, ul. Leningradskaya 68, Pesochnyi, St. Petersburg, 197758 Russia email:
[email protected] Abstract—This paper outlines data on the mean age of death of 8755 musicians (7371 men and 1404 women), who were all of various specializations: composers, conductors, singers, pianists, violinists, organists, etc. Women lived longer than men in all studied categories (p < 0.02). In the male sample, the longlivers were conductors (71.1 years, n = 1435), cellists (70.0 years, n = 260), and violinists (70.0; n = 735), while the short est life spans were registered for rock musicians (45 years; n = 421) and singersongwriters (54 years; n = 428). The top longlivers among women were harpists (80.9 years, n = 32), harpsichordists (79.9 years, n = 17), and conductors (79.6 years, n = 24). Meanwhile, the lowest longevity results were associated with women rock musicians (37.7 years, n = 37), singersongwriters (49.6 years, n = 67), and guitarists (54.4 years, n = 9). Women score significantly higher than men in the relative number of longlivers, with 43.75% of harpists liv ing to the age of 90 and beyond, which also applies to 29.17% of conductors and 19.50% of violinists. Mean while, no one has achieved this age in the sample of female rock musicians and guitarists. In the male sample, the 90year age was achieved by 7.3% of violinists, 6.62% of conductors, and 6.54% of cellists. There were no nonagenarians among the male rock musicians. A correlation was established between a musician’s longevity and public recognition. For example, male composers awarded with the honorable title People’s Artist of Russia (USSR or RSFSR) turned out to live longer by 8.7 years and their female peers lived 18.1 years longer compared to their nonhonored colleagues. Among conductors, the difference was 2.4 years for men and 9.9 years for women; male opera singers lived 5.3 years more and female opera singers lived 6.6 years more than nonhonored vocalists. People’s Artists among male pop singers lived 8 years longer than nonhonored colleagues, and the same difference among female pop singers was more than 20 years (20.1 years). Keywords: musicians, mean age of death, longevity DOI: 10.1134/S2079057014040225
INTRODUCTION The significant increase in the share of elderly and old people in the population structure warrants a greater focus on studying not only the genetic factors of longevity, but also the role of socioeconomic condi tions and life style [2, 18, 27]. Recent years have seen growing interest in research on the signs of accelerated aging in people of different professions, for instance, the liquidators of the Chernobyl disaster [1], drivers of cargo transport [5], and sailors [12]. On the other hand, particular interest is drawn to the data showing long life spans of people with prominent socioeco nomic status, particularly Nobel Prize winners, mem bers of the national academies of sciences, famous writers, and actors [3–6, 14, 26]. Several papers show that professional musicians performing classical music retain cognitive abilities longer [21, 29], while jazz musicians live shorter lives than their colleagues with other musical specializa tions [28]. The profession of a musician is character ized by a number of stressor factors, including public
ity, stage fright, being constantly subject to critical assessment by conductors and audiences and pressure to meet expectations. Somatic problems are also in this list, including pains in different locations, sensory losses, and motor and coordination defects [22, 25]. The establishment of specific patterns of health prob lems among professional musicians and the increase in their incidence have brought about the emergence of a new medical specialty, music medicine [11, 17, 22, 23]. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data was studied on the life expectancy and lon gevity among musicians of different genres and spe cializations. The information on birth and death dates was sourced from The Great Russian Biographical Encyclopedia [7], which includes all biographical information from the Russian Biographical Dictionary by A.A. Polovtsov, The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclo pedic Dictionary, I.V. Sytin’s Military Encyclopedia, the Granat Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian
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Table 1. The mean age of death among male musicians of different specializations
Category
Conductors
Number of male musicians
Mean age of death, years
Number of nonagenari ans and older absolute number
%
The category of “opera singers” included several groups by voice types: bass, baritone, tenor, and coun tertenor for male voices; contralto, mezzosoprano, and soprano for female voices. The database compiled information about people with known birth and death dates; raw data on life spans were used without adjustments for confounding factors, without standardization by historical periods, countries, etc. The mean age of death and the share of nonagenarians were calculated for each category, sep arately in the male and female samples. The standard error of the mean was also calculated (M ± m). The statistical significance of the difference between the groups was assessed with Fisher and Student’s test and the chisquared test (χ2) [9].
1435
71.1 ± 0.35
95
6.62
Cello
260
70.0 ± 0.89
17
6.54
Violin
753
70.0 ± 0.53
55
7.30
Organ
363
69.1 ± 0.76*
18
4.96
Horns
484
68.8 ± 0.66*
27
5.57
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Piano
924
68.6 ± 0.52*
59
6.39
3980
66.8 ± 0.24
181
4.55
769
67.6 ± 0.48
25
3.25
Harp
54
66.3 ± 2.03
2
3.70
Harpsichord
75
65.7 ± 1.79
4
5.33
Guitar (exclud ing rock music)
118
64.0 ± 1.49
6
5.08
Pop singers
546
61.7 ± 0.76
24
4.40
Singersong writers
428
54.0 ± 0.85
8
1.87
Rock music
421
45.0 ± 0.69*
0
0
Information was analyzed on the life spans and longevity of 8775 musicians of different specializa tions (7371 men and 1404 women). The mean age of death was 67.1 ± 0.18 years among the male musicians and 68.9 ± 0.50 years for the female musicians, with p < 0.001. Male conductors, on average, were likely to live longer than composers, with lifespans of 71.1 ± 0.35 and 66.8 ± 0.24 years, respectively, p < 0.01 (Table 1). The same figures for women were 79.6 ± 3.35 and 67.9 ± 1.61 years, p < 0.05. There were more longlivers among female conductors: 29.17% of conductors and 11.64% of composers lived to the age of 90 and beyond in the female sample compared to 6.62% of conduc tors and 4.55% composers in the male sample (the dif ference between the male and female sample results is significant, p < 0.01). The mean age of death was significantly different among the male musicians performing classical music; it varied from 70 years for cellists to 65.7 years for harpsichordists to 64.0 years for guitarists. The mean age of death among female musicians performing classical music varied between 80.9 years for harpists and 69.9 years for cellists and 54.4 years for guitarists (Table 2). The relative share of nonagenari ans in this male category varied from 7.30% among violinists to 3.70% among harpists, while similar results in the female sample were registered at 19.15% of longlivers among violinists to 11.76% among cel lists. An unexpected increase in the share of female nonagenarians was registered among harpists, 43.75% (p < 0.01); meanwhile, no female guitarist or organist lived to the age of 90. The highest result for the mean age of death in the male sample was registered for the performers of clas sical music at 67.6 ± 0.48 years and pop singers at 61.7 ± 0.76 years; it was 54.0 ± 0.85 years for singersongwrit ers (p < 0.01), and the lowest result was associated with rock musicians at 45.0 ± 0.69 years (p < 0.01). The
Composers Classical singers
The difference with the results of conductors in this table and Table 2 * is significant with p < 0.01.
Biographical Institute, the Brockhaus and Efron Jew ish Encyclopedia, and the electronic version of The Musical Encyclopedia [10]. Among other sources were Wikipedia pages [8] “by country” and “in alphabetical order” relating to poets, writers, artists, musicians, politician, and others, as well as Wikipedia “Births” pages beginning from the first century AD until 1960 and “Deaths” pages begin ning from 1910 until April 7, 2014. All musicians were designated in several categories: “composers,” “conductors,” “performing musicians” (pianists, violinists, cellists, organists, hornists, harp ists, harpsichordists, guitarists, and singers). The “singers” category comprised separate data relating to singers performing classical music (opera singers), pop singers, singersongwriters, and rock musicians.
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Number of deaths 200 (a) 150 100 50 0 0
40
20
80
60
120 140 Age at death, years
100
Number of deaths 35 (b)
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0
10
20
30
50
40
60
70
80 90 Age at death, years
Fig. 1. The distribution of the mean age of death among both male and female musicians: (a), excluding rock musicians, n = 6578; (b) rock musicians, n = 423.
same results in the female sample were the following: 71.8 ± 0.65 years for classical music singers, 61.1 ± 1.07 years for pop singers (p < 0.01); 40.6 ± 2.43 for singer songwriters (p < 0.01), and 37.7 ± 1.97 years for rock musicians (p < 0.01). The significance of the results was assessed in comparison with the data of classical music performers. The male sample had the maximum share of nonagenarians in the pop singers’ group at 4.40% compared to 3.25% in the opera singers’ group and the much lower result of 1.87% among singer songwriters. The female sample showed the maximum share of nonagenarians among the singers performing classical music at 8.76%, singersongwriters at 5.97%, and pop singers at 6.79%. The group of rock musi cians, both male and female, showed no such cases of longevity. Noticeable are the differences in the distribution patterns of the mean age of death among rock musi cians and those working in other genres. While it was close to the normal distribution for all musicians (excluding rock musicians) with a peak of ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY
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73 years (Fig. 1a), the rock musicians’ sample showed an unlikely high rate of deaths at the age of 27 (Fig. 1b). The cause of this phenomenon is unclear and warrants further research. No significant differences in the mean age of death were registered among male singers of the classical repertoire, and the results varied from 66.7 years for bass singers to 68.2 years for baritone singers. In the female sample, soprano singers lived longer than mezzosoprano singers, 73.1 years and 69.8 years, repectively (p < 0.01). The share of longlivers equaled 10.14% in the contralto group, 9.38% in the soprano group, and 7.64% in the mezzosoprano group. The relative numbers of longliving male singers varied from 3.69% among baritones to 0% for countertenors (Table 3). Therefore, the life span of musicians appeared to be linked with the specifics of the music they performed. The early mean age of death among both male and female rock musicians and singersongwriters could be accounted for by their lifestyles. But it is unlikely
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Table 2. The mean age of death among female musicians of different specializations
Number of female musicians
Category
Mean age of death, years
Number of nonagenari ans and older abso lute number
%
Harp
32
80.9 ± 3.04
14
43.75
Harpsichord
17
79.9 ± 2.59
3
17.65
Conductors
24
79.6 ± 3.35
7
29.17
Violin
47
77.4 ± 2.11
9
19.15
Piano
231
74.0 ± 1.12
38
16.45
Classical singers
582
71.8 ± 0.65*
51
8.76
Organ
7
71.3 ± 7.14
0
0
Cello
17
69.9 ± 3.40
2
11.76
146
67.9 ± 1.61*
17
11.64
5
62.6 ± 13.35
1
20.00
383
61.1 ± 1.07*
26
6.79
9
54.4 ± 7.79*
0
0
Singersong writers
67
49.6 ± 2.43*
4
5.97
Rock music
37
37.7 ± 1.97*
0
0
Composers Horns Pop singers Guitar (exclud ing rock music)
Table 3. The mean age of death and the share of longlivers among classical singers
Category
Number of nona Mean age genarians and older Number of death, of singers years absolute % number Male
Bass
217
66.7 ± 0.95
4
1.84
Baritone
271
68.2 ± 0.78
10
3.69
Tenor
321
67.6 ± 0.75
12
3.74
11
66.5 ± 4.49
0
Countertenor
0
Female Contralto
69
69.0 ± 2.05
7
10.14
Mezzo soprano
144
69.8 ± 1.31
11
7.64
Soprano
405
73.1 ± 0.75
38
9.38
that the differences in the mean age of death and share of longlivers between composers and conductors, as well as between other categories (harpists, harpsi chordists, and others), could be linked to these factors. The assumption may be justified that the established patterns are dependent on the specifics of the music that is performed by the musicians of these categories. Our data relating to the earlier mean age of death for contralto singers compared to soprano singers is consistent with the observations of E.L. Abel et al. [13]. These researchers also did not find significant differences in the lifespans among male opera singers. The authors believe that the reason of the later mean age of death among female singers compared to male singers may be linked to the level of estrogens, which have a positive effect on the longevity genes. It was laid out that the level of testosterone is lower in male musi cians and higher in female musicians compared to the corresponding control groups [22]. The paper also states that the level of melatonin is elevated in musi cians compared to nonmusicians. Data is also avail able that jazz musicians live shorter lives than classical music performers [28]. The death rate among 1489 rock and pop musicians who achieved popularity between 1956 and 2006 was significantly higher com pared to the average for the US and UK populations, standardized for age, gender, race, and ethnicity. The mean age of death of the late rock stars equaled 45.2 years in North America and 39.6 years in the EU countries [15], which is consistent with our estimates (Tables 1, 2). Several papers outline that mental aging and the deterioration of cognitive abilities in the performers of instrumental music slow down proportionally to the activity of their musical involvement [16, 21, 30]. Classical music brings down stress levels in special ists of musical therapy [19]. Experiments with rats showed that noisy music increased the metastising of a transplantable tumor, while classical music slowed it down [24]. An interesting observation is the apparent link between a musician’s social recognition and longevity. In Russia, the title of People’s Artist (of the RF, RSFSR, or USSR) might be used as a benchmark. Male composers awarded with this title turned out to live longer by 8.7 years and their female peers, by 18.1 years compared to their nonhonored colleagues. Among conductors, the difference was 2.4 years for men and 9.9 years for women; male opera singers lived 5.3 years more and female opera singers lived 6.6 years more than nonhonored vocalists. People’s Artists among male pop singers lived 8 years more than non honored colleagues; the same difference among female pop singers was above 20 years (20.1 years). A similar pattern was observed regarding the share of longevity cases, i.e., people who lived to the age of ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY
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Table 4. The mean age of death among musicians awarded with the People’s Artists title and nonhonored musicians
Profession Composers
Gender Male Female
Conductors
Male Female
Opera singers
Male Female
Pop singers
Male Female
Honorable title
Number of musicians
People’s Artists Others People’s Artists Others People’s Artists Others People’s Artists Others People’s Artists Others People’s Artists Others People’s Artists Others People’s Artists Others
144 2402 5 89 116 1054 4 16 99 670 69 513 11 535 10 373
Mean age of death 744 ± 0.86 65.7 ± 0.33 82.2 ± 6.18 64.1 ± 2.27 73.6 ± 1.02 71.2 ± 0.41 87.3 ± 2.59 77.4 ± 4.88 72.3 ± 1.04 67.0 ± 0.53 77.6 ± 1.26 71.0 ± 0.71 69.5 ± 3.91 61.5 ± 0.77 80.7 ± 2.75 60.6 ± 1.08
Number of nonagenarians and older Absolute % number 13 9.03 96 4.00 2 40.0 9 10.11 7 6.03 77 7.31 2 50.0 5 31.25 7 7.07 18 2.69 6 8.70 45 8.77 1 9.09 23 4.30 1 10.00 25 6.70
Table 5. Examples of longevity among musicians No.
Name, occupation, nationality
1 2
George Beverly Shea, an American singer, Grammy prize winner Alice HerzSommer, pianist from Czechoslovakia and Israel, pedagogue HuguesAdhemar Cuenod, a Swiss singer (tenor) Leo Ornstein, an American composer, pianist and pedagogue Johannes Heesters, Dutch–Austrian actor and singer (tenor) who earned an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world’s oldest performing artist in 1997 Sidonie Goossens, harpist, UK Wade Echard Mainer, an American singer and banjoist Margaret Ruthven Lang, an American composer Vyacheslav Barbashov, a Ukrainian composer Elliott Carter, an American composer Paul Le Flem, a French composer Grete von Zieritz, a German pianist and composer David Lerner, a Russian pianist, People’s Artist of Russia Nikolai Kolessa, a Ukrainian composer, opera and choir conduc tor, pedagogue, People’s Artist of the USSR Dolores Hope, an American singer Galina Semenchenko, a Soviet and Russian singer, light opera actress, pedagogue, Honored Artist of the RSFSR Orlando Cole, an American cellist, pedagogue Manuel Patricio Rodríguez García, a Spanish singer, brother of Pauline Viardot Irving Berlin, an American composer Marta (Maria) Valitskaya, a Russian singer (dramatic soprano) Max Salpeter, a British violinist Marcel Mule, a French saxophonist Irene Aitoff, pianist, France Nicolai Slonimskii, a Russian composer, musical expert and critic, conductor, pianist
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
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Birth and death years
Lifetime, years
1898–2013 1903–2014
114 110
Male Female
1902–2010 1893–2002 1903–2011
108 108 108
Male Male Male
1899–2004 1907–2011 1867–1972 1901–2004 1908–2012 1881–1984 1899–2001 1909–2012 1903–2006
105 104 104 103 103 103 102 102 102
Female Male Female Male Male Male Female Male Male
1909–2011 1909–2011
102 101
Female Female
1908–2010 1805–1906
101 101
Male Male
1888–1989 1853–1955 1908–2010 1901–2002 1904–2006 1894–1995
101 101 101 101 101 101
Male Female Male Male Female Male
Gender
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90 and beyond, among musicians of different special izations (Table 4). A comparison of the lifespans among performers of different specializations showed that the leaders by the mean age of death in the male sample were conductors (71.1 years), while the shortest life spans were regis tered among rock musicians (45 years) and singer songwriters (54 years). The female sample saw the top three results in terms of the mean age of death regis tered for harpists (80.9 years), conductors (79.6 years), and harpsichordists (79.9 years). The shortest life spans among female musicians were registered for rock musi cians (37.7 years), singersongwriters (49.6 years), and guitarists (54.4 years). Women in all groups were significantly ahead of men by the relative number of longlivers reaching and surpassing the age of ≥90. The leaders were harpists (43.75%), conductors (29.17%), and violinists (19.15%). The male sample had the biggest shares of nonagenarians among conductors (6.62%) and violin ists (7.30%). The age of 100 years was surpassed by 6.25% of female harpists. The share of centenarians was much smaller among men, the leaders being pia nists (0.65%) and violinists (0.40%). No rock musi cian, neither male nor female, and no countertenor in the studied samples lived to the age of 90. The lowest relative numbers of longlivers were registered among bass singers (1.84%) and singersongwriters (1.87%). People who lived to the age of 90 and beyond are supposed to be the best examples of successful aging because major agelinked illnesses are almost not reg istered or develop at significantly later stages [20]. The examples of exceptional longevity in musicians are laid out in Table 5. Musicians performing classical music live longer than rock musicians. The assump tion is logical that people who prefer listening to clas sical music have more chances to live a long life com pared to fans of rock music. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to programmer A.S. Chirkov who created a system to accumulate and process informa tion, without which this work would have been impos sible. We are also grateful to M.A. Zabezhinski, Doc tor of Medical Sciences, and G.L. Safarova, Doctor of Biological Science, for valuable advice and remarks they shared during the preparation of the paper for print. REFERENCES 1. Alishev, N.V., Svistov, A.S., Ryzhman, N.N., et al., The indicators of biological age and accelerated aging in liq uidators of the consequences of radiation accidents, Usp. Gerontol., 2006, vol. 18, pp. 110–124.
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Translated by N. Bokareva
