NA'VI - ENGLISH DICTIONARY v. 13.02 - Learn Na'vi

N A’ VI - E NGLISH D ICTIONARY v. 13.51 Compiled by Mark Miller www.LearnNavi.org Last updated: July 12th , 2017

This is the authorized and definitive dictionary for Na’vi, the language created by Dr. Paul Frommer for James Cameron’s film, Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are derived from, Dr. Frommer. Some notes: The traditional Na’vi transcription in use by Dr. Frommer has been maintained throughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inflected words and loan words from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the official corpus. Some inflected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly useful. Note that adpositions are free if before their modifier, but are bound as a suffix if situated after it. Bold indicates Na’vi word. Italics indicate English definition. Plain text indicates grammatical categorization: parentheses such as «x» represents an infix, where t«pre-first»«1»ar«2»on are the positions: Included are periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dots to show infix positions (for beginners), as in [t·a.R·on]. Irregular infixes are marked with (ii). Transitivity is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive. Most, if not all transitive verbs can be used intransitively in the absence of a direct object. Known modal verbs and verbs known to use modal syntax are marked with vim or vtrm, depending upon transitivity according to the previous note. Knowledge of lenition and other sound changes will be assumed. Monosyllabic words are not noted for having a single primary stress in the IPA; if an enclitic is added, the root will be assumed to have primary stress. Note also that variants, where specified, are subject only to personal preference, and not syntactic or morphological rules. There are several useful appendices that hold further information. Abbreviations: num. = number ofp. = only for people part. = particle ph. = phrase pn. = pronoun prop. n. = proper noun v. = verb svin. = stative intransitive verb vtr. = transitive verb vin. = intransitive verb vtrm. = transitive modal verb vim. = intransitive modal verb sbd. = subordinated

– = morpheme boundary + = leniting morpheme boundary « » = infix morpheme adj. = adjective adp. = adposition adv. = adverb conj. = conjunction c.w. = compound word dem. = demonstrative intj. = interjection inter. = interrogative n. = noun nfp. = not for people

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An English - Na’vi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorized by Parts of Speech are provided, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in French, Estonian, German, Hungarian, Português and Swedish. There are also other, unfinished translations in other languages available.

Sources We have sourced every word as best as we could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after the IPA transcription and reveals the source of each word. For historical interest, this dictionary was originally based on an initial list of around 500 words provided by Dr. Frommer in early March, 2010. As the language has continued to develop, additional vocabulary has been added as it appears in communications from Dr. Frommer via his blog and emails. Dr. Frommer has solicited the LearnNavi.org community to help come up with new vocabulary via the Lexical Expansion Project. This project continues and many suggested words now appear in the canon lexicon presented in this dictionary. Other sources are words modified by unproductive affixes that are included here if Dr. Frommer has used them and words that have a modified semantic meaning due to a productive affix. Order of canonicity, from most to least: • • • • • •

PF = Dr. Paul Frommer M = The Movie JC = James Cameron G = the Avatar Games ASG = The Survival Guide PND = Pandorapedia.com

The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words which are illegal - these are in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs approved by Dr. Frommer are included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up many words, which Dr. Frommer then legalized. Dr. Frommer also legalized a few pronunciation errors made during filming: these, like oìsss, are now canon. Finally, Dr. Frommer has approved words created by other sources for the Avatar franchise, like the Toruk show by Cirque du Soleil and the Pandora attraction at Disney World. Other words suggested by the LEP and language community have been approved as well. These additional sources are indicated as follows: JC for James Cameron, CP for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL for Richard Littauer, SW for Sigourney Weaver, ZS for Zoë Saldana, CM for Carla Meyer, CdS for Cirque du Soleil, D is for Disney (from Pandora - The World of Avatar) and G for the Avatar Game. LN is for LearnNavi, specified when the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous. Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables always use a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax [U]. There is no > > rule for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [tsun] or [tsUn], but lu is always [lu], never [lU]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [Ej], [aj], [Ew], and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [EI], [aI], [EU], and [aU].  have  been  Concerning syllables, where not made clear by Dr. Frommer, the divisions split in accordance with the Maximal Onset Principle. Also note that stress and ejective markers can be difficult to differentiate. One example is the word atxkxe which is described as [at’."k’E]. Please note the subtle difference between the characters ’ for ejective, and "for stress. This dictionary is a work in progress and is likely to have errors. Rutxe, if you note any, let me know here or by email to [email protected], and I will correct them. As for version 2

number, I’ll change the first digit when there is a big change, .0x0 for a significant, but not large change and the .00x number for tiny edits. Refer to the Changelog for enlightenment. I would like to take this opportunity to recognize those who have been instrumental in the creation and maintenance of this dictionary. First of course, is Dr. Paul Frommer and his monumental effort in creating and expanding this amazing language. Eternal thanks to Richard Littauer for originally creating this document. Thanks also to Tuiq who created the automation tools for the maintenance of this dictionary and its variants. Finally, thanks to everyone in the Learn Na’vi Community who are helping Na’vi to bloom! - Mark Miller, et alia

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P

’a’aw: ["Pa.Paw] P F adj. a few, several (Used with countable nouns in the singular form) ’akra: ["Pak.Ra] P F n. soil (fertile) ’aku: ["P·a.k·u] P F vtr. remove, take away, take off ’al: [P·al] P F vtr. waste ’ali’ä: [Pa."liP.æ] P F n. collar / choker ’ampi: ["P·am.p·i] P F vtr. touch ’ana: ["Pa.na] P F n. hanging vine ’ango: ["Pa.No] P F adj. soft (of a sound) ’anla: ["P·an.l·a] P F vtr. yearn for ’are: ["Pa.RE] P F n. poncho, cape, shawl ’aw: [Paw] P F num. one ’awkx: [Pawk'] P F n. cliff ’awlie: [Paw."li.E] P F adv. once (in the past) ’awlo: ["Paw.lo] P F adv. once ’awm: [Pawm] P F n. camp ’awnìm: ["P·aw.nIm] P F vtr. avoid (c.w. from ’ì’awn remain and alìm distance) ’awpo: ["Paw.po] P F pn. one individual ’awsiteng: [Paw.si."tEN] P F adv. together (c.w. from ’aw one and teng same, equal) ’awstengyem: [Paw.stEN."j·Em] P F vtr. bind / bring two or more things together (ii) (c.w. from ’awsiteng together and yem put) ’awve: ["Paw.vE] P F adj. first (ordinal) (derived from ’aw one) ’ä’: [PæP] P F intj. oops! ’änsyem: [Pæn."sjEm] P F adj. complete ’ärìp: ["P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. move ’e’al: ["PE.Pal] P F adj. worst ’e’in: [PE."Pin] P F n. pod, gourd ’e’insey: [PE."Pin.SEj] P F n. drinking gourd (c.w. from ’e’in gourd and sey cup or bowl minimally modified from naturally occurring resources) ’efu: ["P·E.f·u] P F vtr. feel, sense, perceive ’eko: ["P·E.k·o] P F vtr. attack ’ekong: ["PE.koN] P F n. beat (rhythmic) ’ekxin: [PE."k'in] P F adj. tight ’ekxinum: [PE."k'i.num] P F n. degree of tightness, looseness (c.w. from ’ekxin tight and um loose) ’ekxinumpe: [PE."k'i.num.pE] P F inter. how tight, loose? (derived from ’ekxinum tightness, looseness) ’em: [P·Em] P F vtr. cook

’emyu: ["PEm.ju] P F n. cook, cooker (derived from ’em cook) ’en: [PEn] P F n. guess, informed guess, hunch, intuition ’engeng: ["PEN.EN] P F adj. level ’en si: ["PEn "s·i] P F vin. make an informed guess (derived from ’en guess) ’eoio: ["PE.o.i.o] P F adj. ceremonious ’etnaw: ["PEt.naw] P F n. shoulder ’evan: ["PE.van] P F n. boy (colloquial) (derived from ’evengan boy) ’eve: ["PE.vE] P F n. girl (colloquial) (derived from ’evenge girl) ’eveng: ["PE.vEN] P F n. child ’evengan: ["PE.vE.Nan] P F n. boy (derived from ’eveng child) ’evenge: ["PE.vE.NE] P F n. girl (derived from ’eveng child) ’evi: ["PE.vi] P F n. kid (affectionate form of ’eveng child) ’ewan: ["PE.wan] P F adj. young ’ewll: ["PE.wl] P F n. plant " ’ewrang: ["PEw.RaN] P F n. loom ’eylan: ["PEj.lan] P F n. friend ’eylanay: [PEj.la."naj] P F n. acquaintance (with the potential for becoming a friend) (derived from ’eylan friend) ’eyng: [P·EjN] P F v. answer, respond ’eyt: [PEjt^] P F n. the symbol 8 (not the value eight) ’i’a: ["P·iP.·a] P F vin. end, conclude ’ia: ["P·i.·a] P F vin. lose oneself (spiritual sense) ’ipu: ["Pi.pu] P F adj. humorous, funny, amusing ’it: [Pit^] P F n. bit, a small amount ’itan: ["Pi.tan] JC,P F n. son ’ite: ["Pi.tE] JC,P F n. daughter > ’itetsyìp: ["Pi.tE.tsjIp^] P F n. little daughter (term of endearment) (derived from ’ite daughter) ’ì’awn: [P·I."P·awn] P F vin. remain, stay ’ìheyu: [PI."hE.ju] P F n. spiral ’ìn: [P·In] P F svin. be busy, be occupied ’ìp: [P·Ip] P F vin. disappear, vanish, recede from view ’llngo: ["Pl.No] P F n. hip " ’o’: [PoP] P F adj. bringing fun, exciting ’ok: [Pok^] P F n. remembrance 5

’okrol: [Pok."Rol] P F n. history (ancient) (derived from ’ok remembrance and rol sing) ’okvur: [Pok."vuR] P F n. history (non-ancient) (c.w. from ’ok remembrance and vur story) ’om: [Pom] P F adj. violet, purple, magenta ’ompin: ["Pom.pin] P F n. violet, purple, magenta (derived from ’om purple) ’on: [Pon] P F n. shape, form ’ong: [P·oN] P F v. unfold, blossom ’ongokx: ["P·o.N·ok'] P F vin. be born (c.w. from ’ong unfold and nokx give birth to) ’ongop: ["Po.N·op^] P F vtr. design (c.w. from ’on shape, form and ngop create) ’ongopyu: ["Po.Nop.ju] P F n. designer (derived from ’ongop design) ’opin: ["Po.pin] P F n. color

’ora: ["Po.Ra] P F n. lake > ’oratsyìp: ["Po.Ra.tsjIp^] P F n. pond, pool (derived from ’ora lake) ’otxang: [Po."t'aN] P F n. musical instrument (generic term) ’rrko: ["P·r.k·o] P F vin. roll " ’rrpxom: ["Pr.p'om] P F n. thunder " ’u: [Pu] P F n. thing (object, fact, abstraction) ’ul: [P·ul] P F vin. increase > ’umtsa: ["Pum.tsa] P F n. medicine ’uo: ["Pu.o] P F pn. something ’upe: ["Pu.pE] P F inter. what (thing) (c.w. from ’u thing and pe inter. marker) ’upxare: [Pu."p'a.RE] P F n. message ’ur: [PuR] P F n. sight, look, appearance

A a: [a] P F,LN part. clause - level attributive marker akrrmaw: [a."kr.maw] P F conj. after (temporal) " variant of mawkrra (c.w. from krr time and maw after) akrrta: [a."kr.ta] P F conj. since (temporal) vari" (c.w. from krr time and ta from) ant of takrra akum: [a."kum] P F conj. that (as a result) (derived from kum result) this form follows the result, I.E. ’Poe yawne slolu oer akum, nìftxan lu sevin’ (She was so beautiful that I fell in love with her.); see also ’kuma’ alaksi: [a."lak.si] P F adj. ready alìm: [a."lIm] P F adv. far away, at a distance (derived from lìm far, be far) alo: ["a.lo] P F n. time, turn, instance, one of a number of repeated or recurring actions alu: ["a.lu] P F conj. that is, in other words (derived from a subordinator and lu be) (Used for appositions) alunta: [a."lun.ta] P F conj. because, from the reason am’a: [am."Pa] P F n. doubt am’ake: [am."Pa.kE] P F adj. sure, confident (c.w. from am’a doubt and ke not) am’aluke: [am."Pa.lu.kE] P F adv. without a doubt (derived from am’ake sure, confident) apxa: [a."p'a] P F adj. large nfp. asim: [a."sim] P F adv. nearby, at close range (derived from sim near, be near)

atan: [a."tan] JC n. light atanvi: [a."tan.vi] P F n. ray (derived from atan light) atanzaw: [a."tan.zaw] P F n. forked lightning (derived from atan light and swizaw arrow) atxar: [a."t'aR] P F adj. smell of living animals, as found around a watering hole atxkxe: [at'."k'E] P F n. land atxkxerel: [at'."k'E.REl] P F n. map (c.w. from atxkxe land and rel picture) au: ["a.u] JC n. drum (made of skin) au: [a."u] LA intj. exclamation of consternation aungia: [a."u.Ni.a] P F n. sign, omen awnga: [aw."Na] P F pn. we (derived from ayoeng we) ayfo: [aj."fo] or ["aj.fo] P F pn. they (derived from po he, she) aylaru: [aj."la.Ru] P F pn. to the others (contraction of ay+lahe–ru) aynga: [aj."Na] P F pn. you all, you (pl.) (derived from nga you) ayoe: [aj."o.E] P F pn. we, us (exclusive) (derived from oe I) ayoeng: [aj."wEN] P F pn. we, us (inclusive) (derived from oe I) (ayoenga– base for suffixes) ayu: [a."ju] P F n. things (derived from ’u thing) (never plural u)

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E eampin: ["E.am.pin] P F n. blue, green (derived from ean blue, green) ean: ["E.an] P F adj. blue, green ekxan: [E."k'an] P F n. barricade, obstruction ekxtxu: [Ek'."t'u] P F adj. rough eltu: ["El.tu] P F n. brain eltu lefngap: ["El.tu lE."fNap^] P rr n. computer (c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic) eltur tìtxen si: ["El.tuR tI."t'En s·i] P F vin. be interesting, intriguing (derived from eltu-r brain (dative) and tìtxen awakeness) eltu si: ["El.tu s·i] P F vin. pay attention, quit goofing off (derived from eltu brain) emkä: [Em."k·æ] P F vtr. cross (derived from emza’u pass, overcome and kä go) emrey: [Em."R·Ej] P F vin. survive emza’u: [Em."z·a.P·u] P F vtr. pass (a test), overcome (c.w. from za’u come) eo–: ["E.o] P F adp. before, in front of (place) ep’ang: [Ep."PaN] P F adj. complex

epxang: [E."p'aN] P F n. stone jar used to hold small toxic arachnid etrìp: ["Et.RIp^] P F adj. favorable, auspicious > ewktswo: ["Ewk.tswo] P F n. (sense of) taste (derived from ewku taste) ewku: ["·Ew.k·u] P F vtr. taste (not intentionally) eyawr: [E."jawR] P F adj. correct, right eyawrfya: [e."jawR.fya] P F n. right way (of doing something), correct path (derived from eyawr correct, right and fya’o path, way, manner) eyk: [·Ejk^] JC,P F vtr. lead eyktan: ["Ejk.tan] JC n. leader (derived from eyk lead) eyktanay: [Ejk.ta."naj] JC,P F n. deputy, general, one step down from leader (derived from eyktan leader) eykyu: ["Ejk.ju] P F n. leader (typically temporary, of a small group like a hunting party) (derived from eyk lead)

F fa–: [fa] P F adp. with, by means of fahew: [fa."hEw] P F n. smell faoi: ["fa.o.i] P F adj. smooth fayluta: [faj."lu.ta] P F n. these words (contraction of fay+lì’u–t a, patientive case) fäkä: [fæ."k·æ] P F vin. go up, ascend (c.w. from fäpa top and kä go) fäpa: ["fæ.pa] P F n. top fäza’u: [fæ."z·a.P·u] P F vin. come up, ascend (c.w. from fäpa top and za’u come) fe’: [fEP] P F adj. bad nfp. fe’lup: ["fE.lup^] P F adj. tacky, in poor taste (c.w. from fe’ bad and lupra style) fe’ran: ["fEP.Ran] P F n. flawed nature, something ill-conceived or inherently defective (c.w. from fe’ bad and ran intrinsic character or nature) fe’ranvi: ["fEP.Ran.vi] P F n. blemish, deformity, stain, flawed feature (derived from fe’ran flawed nature, inherently defective) fe’ul: ["fE.P·ul] P F vin. worsen, get worse (c.w. from fe’ bad and ’ul increase) fekem: ["fE.kEm] P F n. accident (c.w. from fe’ bad and kem action)

fekum: ["fE.kum] P F n. disadvantage, drawback, downside (c.w. from fe’ bad and kum result) fekumnga’: ["fE.kum.NaP] P F adj. disadvantageous (derived from fekum disadvantage, drawback, downside) few–: [fEw] P F adp. across, aiming for the opposite side of fewi: ["f·E.w·i] P F vtr. chase fewtusok: ["fEw.tu.sok^] P F adj. opposite, on the opposite side (derived from few– across)(In casual speech, fewtsok (few.tsok) fì’u: [fI."Pu] P F pn. this (thing) (derived from ’u thing) fìfya: [fI."fja] P F adv. this way, like this (derived from fya’o path) fìkem: [fI."kEm] P F pn. this (action) (derived from kem action, deed) fìpo: ["fI.po] P F pn. this one person or thing (derived from po he, she) fìtrr: [fI."tr] P F adv. today (derived from trr day) "> fìtsap: [fI."tsap^] P F adv. each other (c.w. from fìpo this one and tsapo that one) > fìtseng(e): [fI."tsEN(E)] P F adv., n. here, this place (derived from tseng place) 7

fngo’: [fN·oP] P F vtr. require, demand fnu: [fn·u] P F vin. quiet, be quiet fo: [fo] P F pn. they (derived from ay+ deleted plural leniting morpheme and po he/she) fpak: [fp·ak^] P F v. hold off, suspend action fpe’: [fp·EP] P F vtr. send fpeio: [fpE."i.o] P F n. challenge (ceremonial) fpi+: [fpi] P F adp. for the sake of, for the benefit of fpìl: [fp·Il] P F vtr. think fpìlfya: ["fpIl.fja] P F n. thought pattern, way of thinking (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’o path) fpom: [fpom] P F n. well-being, peace, happiness fpomron: [fpom."Ron] P F n. health or well-being (mental) (derived from fpom well-being and ronsem mind) ofp. fpomronga’: [fpom."Ro.NaP] P F adj. healthful (mentally) (c.w. from fpom well-being, peace, happiness and ronsem mind) nfp. fpomtokx: [fpom."tok'] P F n. health (physical) (c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body) ofp. fpomtokxnga’: [fpom."tok'.NaP] P F adj. healthful (physically) (c.w. from fpom well-being, peace, happiness and tokx body) nfp. fpxäkìm: ["fp'·æ.k·Im] P F vin. enter fra’u: ["fRa.Pu] P F pn. everything (derived from ’u thing) frafya: ["fra.fja] P F adv. in every way (c.w. from fra’u everything and fya’o way) frakrr: ["fRa.kr] P F adv. always, all the time (derived from" krr time) fralo: ["fRa.lo] P F adv. every time, every instance, each time (derived from alo time) frapo: ["fRa.po] P F pn. everyone (derived from po he/she) frato: ["fRa.to] P F part. superlative marker than all fratrr: [fRa."tr] P F adv. daily, every day (derived " from trr day) > fratseng: ["fRa.tsEN] P F adv. everywhere (derived from tseng place) fratxon: [fRa."t'on] P F adv. every night (derived from txon night) frawzo: [fRaw."zo] P F intj. all is well, everything is fine or OK (derived from fra’u everything and zo be well) frìp: [fR·Ip^] P F vtr. bite frrfen: ["f·r.f·En] P F vtr. visit "

fìtxan: [fI."t'an] P F adv. so, to such an extent (derived from txan great, much) fìtxon: [fI."t'on] P F adv., n. tonight (derived from txon night) fkan: [fk·an] P F vin. resemble in a sensory modality, come to the senses as fkarut: ["fk·a.R·ut^] P F v. peel fkay: [fkaj] P F adj. hateful fkew: [fkEw] P F adj. mighty fkeytok: ["fkEj.t·ok^] P F vin. exist (derived from kifkeyti tok be in the world) fkip–: [fkip^] P F adp. up among fko: [fko] P F pn. one, they (singular usage) (unspecified agent) fkxake: ["fk'·a.k·E] P F v. itch fkxen: [fk'En] P F n. vegetable (food) fkxile: ["fk'i.lE] P F n. bib necklace flawkx: [flawk'] P F n. leather flawm: [flawm] P F n. cheek flä: [fl·æ] P F vin. succeed flew: [flEw] P F n. throat flì: [flI] P F adj. thin nfp. flìnutx: [flI."nut'] P F n. thickness (c.w. from flì thin and nutx thick) flrr: [flr] P F adj. gentle, mild, tender (people or " things) fmal: [fm·al] P F vtr. sustain fmawn: [fmawn] P F n. news, something to report fmawnta: [fmawnta] P F n. that news (contraction of fmawn–it a) fmetok: ["fm·E.t·ok^] P F vtr. test fmi: [fm·i] P F vtrm. try, attempt (with the subjunctive) fmokx: [fmok'] P F n. jealousy, envy fnan: [fn·an] P F vtr. be good at fnawe’: [fna."wEP] P F adj. cowardly fnawe’tu: [fna."wEP.tu] P F n. coward (derived from fnawe’ cowardly) fnel: [fnEl] P F n. kind, type fnepe: ["fnE.pE] P F inter. which kind variant of pefnel fnetxum: [fnE."t'um] P F n. allergen (derived from txum poison) fngap: [fNap^] P F n. metal fngä’: [fN·æP] P F vin. relieve oneself; (on Earth) use the restroom, go to the bathroom > fngä’tseng: ["fNæP.tsEN] P F n. restroom (on Earth) (c.w. from fngä’ relieve oneself and tseng place) 8

frrtu: ["fr.tu] P F n. guest, visitor fta: [fta]" P F n. knot ftang: [ft·aN] P F vim. stop fta si: [fta s·i] P F vin. knot, make or tie a knot (derived from fta knot) ftawnemkrr: [ftaw."nEm.kr] P F n. past (c.w. " (passive participle from ft«awn»em pass by form) and krr time) ftär: [ftæR] P F adj. left (not right) ftärpa: ["ftæR.pa] P F n. left side (c.w. from ftär left and pa’o side) fte: [ftE] P F conj. so that, in order to (with subjunctive verb in dependant clause) fteke: ["ftE.kE] P F conj. so that not, lest (c.w. from fte so that and ke not) (with subjunctive verb in dependant clause) ftem: [ft·Em] P F vtr. pass by (something) ftia: [ft·i.·"a] P F vtr. study ftu–: [ftu] P F adp. from (direction) ftue: ["ftu.E] P F adj. easy, simple ftumfa–: ["ftum.fa] P F adp. out of, from inside (derived from mìfa inside) ftxavang: ["ft'a.vaN] P F adj. passionate ftxey: [ft'·Ej] P F vtr. choose ftxey: [ft'Ej] P F conj. whether, or ftxì: [ft'I] P F n. tongue ftxìlor: [ft'I."loR] P F adj. delicious, good tasting (c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful) ftxìvä’: [ft'I."væP] P F adj. bad tasting (c.w. from ftxì tongue and vä’ noisome) ftxozä: [ft'o."zæ] P F n. celebration, happy occasion ftxozä si: [ft'o."zæ s·i] P F vin. celebrate (derived from ftxozä celebration) ftxulì’u: [ft'·u."lI.Pu] P F vin. orate, give speech (c.w. from täftxu weave and lì’u word) ftxulì’uyu: [ft'u."lI.Pu.ju] P F n. orator, (public) speaker (derived from ftxulì’u orate, give speech) fu: [fu] P F conj. or fuke: [fu."kE] P F conj. or not (c.w. from fu or and ke not) fula: ["fu.la] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fì’ul this (agentive) and a subordinator) furia: ["fu.Ri.a] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fì’uri this (topical) and a subordinator)

futa: ["fu.ta] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fì’u-t this (patientive) and a subordinator) fwa: [fwa] P F pn., sbd. that (subordinate clause marker) (c.w. from fì’u this (subjective) and a subordinator) fwang: [fwaN] P F adj. savory, umami, rich fwefwi: ["fw·E.fw·i] P F vin. whistle fwel: [fwEl] P F adj. broken fwem: [fwEm] P F adj. dull, blunt (as a point) fwep: [fwEp^] P F n. dust (on a surface) fwew: [fw·Ew] P F vtr. look for, seek, search fwi: [fw·i] P F vin. slip, slide fwopx: [fwop'] P F n. dust (in the air) (derived from fwep dust and pìwopx cloud) fya’o: ["fja.Po] P F n. path, way, manner fyan: [fjan] P F n. constructed device for keeping something off the ground and clean fyanyì: ["fjan.jI] P F n. shelf (c.w. from fyan constructed device for keeping something off the ground and clean and yì shelf, ledge, level, step, rung) fyanyo: ["fjan.jo] P F n. table, elevated utilitarian surface (c.w. from fyan constructed device for keeping something off the ground and clean and yo surface) Note: colloquially, yo can be used in place of fyanyo. fyape: ["fja.pE] P F inter. how variant of pefya fyawìntxu: [fja.w·In."t'·u] P F vin. guide (with dative of thing guided) (c.w. from fya’o path and wìntxu show) fyel: [fy·El] P F vtr. seal, make impervious fyep: [fj·Ep^] P F vtr. hold in the hand, grasp, grip fyeyn: [fjEjn] P F adj. ripe, mature, adult fyeyntu: ["fjEjn.tu] P F n. adult person (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature) fyin: [fjin] P F adj. simple fyinep’ang: [fjin.Ep."PaN] P F n. degree of complexity (c.w. from fyin simple and ep’ang complex) fyinep’angpe: [fjin.Ep."PaN.pE] P F inter. how complex? (derived from fyinep’ang degree of complexity) variant of pefyinep’ang fyole: ["fjo.lE] P F adj. sublime, beyond perfection fyolup: ["fJo.lup^] P F adj. exquisite, sublime in style (c.w. from fyole sublime and lupra style)

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H ha: [ha] P F adv. so, in that case ha’: [h·aP] P F vin. fit, suit, complement, inherently enhance ha’ngir: [haP."NiR] P F n. afternoon hahaw: ["h·a.h·aw] P F vin. sleep ham: [ham] P F adj. previous hamalo: [ha."ma.lo] P F adv. last time (c.w. from ham previous and alo time) hangham: ["h·aN.h·am] P F vin. laugh hangvur: ["haN.vuR] P F n. joke, funny story (c.w. from hangham laugh and vur story) hapxì: [ha."p'I] P F n. part hapxìtu: [ha."p'I.tu] P F n. member (derived from hapxì part) hasey: [ha."sEj] P F adj. done, finished hasey si: [ha."sEj "s·i] P F vin. accomplish, bring to a conclusion (derived from hasey done, finished) hawl: [h·awl] P F vtr. prepare hawmpam: ["hawm.pam] P F n. noise. sound that is excessive, unnecessary, inappropriate, unexpected or startling (derived from hawng overabundance and pam sound) hawng: [hawN] P F n. overabundance hawngkrr: ["hawN.kr] P F adv. late (c.w. from " hawng overabundance and krr time) > hawntsyokx: [hawn."tsjok'] P F n. glove (c.w. from hawnu protect and tsyokx hand) hawnu: ["h·aw.n·u] P F vtr. protect, shelter hawnven: [hawn."vEn] P F n. shoe (c.w. from hawnu protect and venu foot) hawre’: [haw."REP] P F n. hat (c.w. from hawnu protect and re’o head) > hawtsyìp: ["haw.tsjIp^] P F n. nap (derived from hahaw sleep) hay: [haj] P F adj. next hayalo: [ha."ja.lo] P F adv. next time (c.w. from hay next and alo time) hän: [hæn] P F n. net, web hefi: ["h·E.f·i] P F vtr. smell (not intentionally) > hefitswo: ["hE.fi.tswo] P F n. (sense of) smell (derived from hefi smell) hek: [h·Ek^] P F vin. be curious, odd, strange, unexpected hena: ["h·E.n·a] P F vtr. carry hermeyp: [hER."mEjp^] P F n. snow flurry (derived from herwì snow and meyp weak)

hertxayo: ["hER.t'a.jo] P F n. snow field (derived from herwì snow and txayo field) herwì: ["hER.wI] P F n. snow herwìva: ["hER.wI.va] P F n. snowflake (derived from herwì snow and ìlva flake) hewne: ["hEw.nE] P F adj. soft (of an object) heyn: [h·Ejn] P F vin. sit heyr: [hEJR] P F n. chest hifwo: ["h·i.fw·o] P F vin. flee, escape hiup: ["hi·up^] P F vin., vtr. spit, spit out hiyìk: ["hi.jIk^] P F adj. funny, strange hì’ang: ["hI.PaN] P F n. insect (c.w. from hì’i small and ioang animal) hì’i: ["hI.Pi] P F adj. small, little (in size) hìkrr: ["hI.kr] P F n. second, very short time (c.w. from hì’i" little, small and krr time) hìm: [hIm] P F adj. small (in quantity) hìmpxì: [hIm."p'I] P F n. minority, least, small part hìmtxampe: [hIm."t'am.pE] P F inter. how much variant of pìmtxan hìmtxan: [hIm."t'an] P F n. amount (c.w. from hìm small and txan much) hìmtxew: [hIm."t'Ew] P F n. minimum (c.w. from hìm small and txew limit) hìmtxewvay: [hIm."t'Ew.vaj] P F adv. minimally (derived from hìmtxew minimum) hìno: [hI."no] P F adj. fine, detailed, precise, intricate (of things) hìpey: ["hI.p·Ej] P F vin. hesitate, hold back for a short time (derived from hì’i small and pey wait) hìtxoa: [hI."t'o.a] P F intj. excuse me (derived from hì’i small and txoa forgiveness) hoan: ["ho.an] P F n. comfort hoet: ["ho.Et^] P F adj. vast, broad, expansive hol: [hol] P F adj. few holpxay: [hol."p'aj] P F n. number (c.w. from hol few and pxay many) holpxaype: [hol."p'aj.pE] P F inter. how many (c.w. from holpxay number and pe how) hona: ["ho.na] P F adj. endearing, adorable, cute hrrap: ["hr.ap^] P F n. danger " hu–: [hu] P F adp. with (accompaniment) hufwa: [hu."fwa] P F conj. although hufwe: [hu."fwE] P F n. wind

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> hufwetsyìp: [hu."fwE.tsjIp^] P F n. breeze, light hum: [h·um] P F vin. leave, depart huru: ["hu.Ru] P F n. cooking pot wind (derived from hufwe wind) > hultstxem: [h·ul."tst'·Em] P F vtr. hinder

I i’en: ["iP.En] JC n. stringed instrument ikut: ["i.kut^] P F n. large pestle (grinding tool); meal-mashing pole il: [i·l] P F vin. bend inan: [·i."n·an] P F vtr. read (e.g. the forest), gain knowledge from sensory input (stress moves to first syllable with infixation) inanfya: [i."nan.fja] P F n. sense (means of perception) (c.w. from inan read, gain knowledge from sensory input and fya’o ‘path, way) ingyen: ["iN.jEn] P F n. feeling of mystery or incomprehension ingyenga’: ["iN.jE.NaP] P F adj. mysterious, puzzling, enigmatic (derived from ingyen feeling of mystery)

> ingyentsim: ["iN.jEn.tsim] P F n. mystery, riddle, enigma, conundrum (c.w. from ingyen feeling of mystery and tsim source) > ingyentsyìp: ["iN.jEn.tsjIp^] P F n. trick, sleight of hand, clever/special methodology (derived from ingyen feeling of mystery) io–: ["i.o] P F adp. over, above ioang: [i."o.aN] P F n. animal, beast ioi: [i."o.i] P F n. adornment, or ceremonial apparel (item of) ioi si: [i."o.i s·i] P F vin. adorn (derived from ioi adornment) ionar: ["i.o.naR] P F n. banshee rider visor irayo: [i."Ra.jo] JC n., intj. thank you, thanks irayo si: [i."Ra.jo "s·i] P F vin. thank, give thanks (derived from irayo thanks)

K ka–: [ka] P F adp. across, covering thoroughly kakpam: [kak."pam] P F adj. deaf (derived from pam sound) kakrel: [kak."REl] P F adj. blind (derived from rel image, picture) kalin: [ka."lin] P F adj. sweet to the taste kaltxì: [kal."t'I] P F intj. hello kaltxì si: [kal."t'I "s·i] P F vin. say hello, greet (derived from kaltxì hello) kam–: [kam] P F adp. ago kame: ["k·a.m·E] P F vtr. see, see into, understand, know (spiritual sense) kan: [k·an] P F vtrm., vtr. aim, to intend; aim, to direct a weapon or other object at a target kan’ìn: ["k·an.P·In] P F vtr. focus on, specialize in, be particularly interested in (c.w. from kan aim and ’in be busy) kanfpìl: ["k·an.fp·Il] P F vin. concentrate, focus one’s attention (c.w. from kan aim and fpìl think) kangay: [ka."Naj] P F adj. valid (cognate with ngay true) kangay si: [ka."Naj s·i] P F vin. validate, confirm (derived from kangay valid)

kanom: ["k·a.n·om] P F vtr. acquire, get kanu: ["ka.nu] P F adj. smart, intelligent ofp. kar: [k·aR] P F vtr. teach karyu: ["kaR.ju] P F n. teacher (derived from kar teach) karyunay: [kaR.ju."naj] P F n. apprentice teacher (derived from karyu teacher) kato: ["ka.to] P F n. rhythm kavuk: [ka."vuk^] P F n. treachery kavuk si: [ka."vuk^ "s·i] P F vin. betray (derived from kavuk treachery) kaw’it: [kaw."Pit^] P F adv. not at all, not a bit (used with ke; see ke kaw’it not...at all in phrases) (c.w. from ke ’aw not one and ’it bit) kawkrr: ["kaw.kr] P F adv. never (c.w. from ke " krr time) ’aw not one and kawng: [kawN] P F adj. bad, evil kawnglan: ["kawN.lan] P F adj. malicious, bad hearted (c.w. from kawng bad, evil and txe’lan heart) kawngsar: ["kawN.s·aR] P F vtr. exploit > kawtseng: ["kaw.tsEN] P F adv. nowhere (c.w. from ke ’aw not one and tseng place)

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kawtu: ["kaw.tu] P F pn. no-one (c.w. from ke ’aw not one and tute person) kay–: [kaj] P F adp. from now (in the future) kaym: [kajm] P F n. evening (before twilight), late afternoon kä: [k·æ] P F vin. go kä’ärìp: [kæ."P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. push (c.w. from kä go and ’ärìp move) kämakto: [kæ."m·ak.t·o] P F v. ride out (c.w. from kä go and makto ride) käpxì: [kæ."p'I] P F n. rear (part or section) (c.w. from kä go and hapxì part) > käsatseng: [kæ."sa.tsEN] P F adv. out there (c.w. from kä go and tseng place) käsrìn: [kæ."sR·In] P F vtr. lend (derived from srìn temporarily transfer from one to another) käteng: ["k·æ.tEN] P F vin. spend time with, hang out with ke: [kE] P F adv. not ke’aw: [kE."Paw] P F adj. divided, torn apart, strife-ridden (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one) ke’u: ["kE.Pu] P F pn. nothing (c.w. from ke not and ’u thing) kea: ["kE.a] P F adj. no (before a noun) kefpomronga’: [kE.fpom."Ro.NaP] P F adj. unhealthful (mentally) (c.w. from ke not and fpomronga’ healthful (mentally)) nfp. kefpomtokxnga’: [kE.fpom."tok'.NaP] P F adj. unhealthful (physically) (c.w. from ke not and fpomtokxnga’ healthful (physically)) nfp. keftxo: [kE."ft'o] P F adj., intj. unhappy, upset, ’How sad!’ kefyak: [kE."fjak^] P F,P rr part. isn’t it?, right? (c.w. from ke fya not the way and srak question marker) kehe: ["kE.hE] P F part., intj. no kekem: ["kE.kEm] P F pn., adv. no action or activity (c.w. from ke not and kem activity) kelemweypey: [kE.lEm."wEj.pEj] P F adj. impatient (derived from ke not and lemweypey patient) kelfpomron: [kEl.fpom."Ron] P F adj. unhealthy (mentally) (c.w. from ke not and lefpomron healthy (mentally)) ofp. kelfpomtokx: [kEl.fpom."tok'] P F adj. unhealthy (physically) (c.w. from ke not and fpomtokx health) ofp. kelhoan: [kEl."ho.an] P F adj. uncomfortable (derived from hoan comfort)

kelkin: [kEl."kin] P F adj. unnecessary kelku: ["kEl.ku] P F n. home, house kelku si: ["kEl.ku "s·i] P F vin. live, dwell (derived from kelku home) kelsar: [kEl."saR] P F adj. useless, in vain (c.w. from ke not and lesar useful) > keltsun: [kEl."tsun] P F adj. impossible (c.w. from ke not and tsun be able) kem: [kEm] P F n. thing (action), deed kemlì’u: ["kEm.lI.Pu] P F n. verb (c.w. from kem action and lì’u word) kemlì’uvi: ["kEm.lI.Pu.vi] P F n. infix (derived from kemlì’u verb) kempe: ["kEm.pE] P F inter. what (action) variant of pehem (c.w. from kem action, deed) kem si: ["kEm "s·i] P F vin. do (derived from kem action, deed) ken’aw: [kEn."Paw] P F adv. not only (c.w. from ke not and nì’aw only) keng: [kEN] P F adv. even, so much as kenong: ["k·E.n·oN] or ["kE.n·oN] P F vin. model, represent, exemplify (ii) (c.w. from ke not and nong follow) kenzen: [kEn."zEn] P F adv. not necessarily (c.w. from ke not and nìzen necessarily) kerusey: ["kE.Ru.sEj] P F adj. dead (c.w. from ke not and r«us»ey alive (participle infix)) kesran: [kE."sRan] P F adj. so-so, mediocre (c.w. from ke not and sran yes) (The derivation of this word is not entirely clear. It may have originally been kesrankekehe, literally, ‘not yes, not no,’ in reference to whether a certain action was performed well or not, and over time it became shortened to just kesran, its use expanding to include anything only mediocre in quality.) keteng: ["kE.tEN] P F adj. different (c.w. from ke not and teng same, equal) > ketsran: [kE."tsRan] P F adj., conj. no matter, no matter what, whatever (c.w. from ke not and tsranten Matter, be of importance) > ketsuktiam: [kE.tsuk."ti.am] P F adj. uncountable, infinite (derived from ketsuk– not able to do and tiam count) > > ketsuktswa’: [kE.tsuk."tswaP] P F adj. unforgettable (derived from ketsuk– not able to do and tswa’ forget) ketuwong: ["kE.tu.woN] P F n. alien kew: [kEw] P F num. zero

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kewan: ["kE.wan] P F n. age (derived from koak old and ’ewan young) kewong: ["kE.woN] P F adj. alien key: [kEj] P F n. face keyawr: [kE."jawR] P F adj. incorrect, wrong, not right (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct) keye’ung: [kE."jE.PuN] P F n. insanity keyrel: ["kEy.REl] P F n. facial expression (c.w. from key face and rel image) kezemplltxe: [kE.zEm.pl."t'E] P F adv. of " course, needless to say (contraction of ke+zene+pivlltxe) ki: [ki] P F conj. but rather, but instead kifkey: [ki."fkEj] P F n. world (physical, solid) kilvan: [kil."van] P F n. river kin: [k·in] P F vtr. need kinam: [ki."nam] P F n. leg kinamtil: [ki."nam.til] P F n. knee (c.w. from kinam leg and til joint) kinä: ["ki.næ] P F num. seven kintrr: ["kin.tr] P F n. week (derived from kinä " day) seven and trr kintrram: ["kin.tram] P F n. last week (derived " from kintrr week) kintrray: ["kin.traj] P F n. next week (derived " from kintrr week) kip–: [kip^] P F adp. among kive: ["ki.vE] P F adj. seventh (ordinal) (derived from kinä seven) kì’ong: [kI."PoN] P F adj. slow kìm: [k·Im] P F vtr. spin, to spin (something) Pol rumit kolìm He spun the ball kìmar: [kI."maR] P F adj. in season (of foods, vegetable or animal) kìng: [kIN] P F n. thread kìte’e: [kI.tE."PE] P F n. service kìte’e si: [kI.tE."PE "s·i] P F vin. serve (derived from kìte’e service) kllfro’: [kl."fR·oP] P F svin. be responsible " kllkä: [kl."k·æ] P F vin. go down, descend (c.w. " from kllpa bottom and kä go) kllkulat: [kl."k·u.l·at^] P F vtr. dig up " kllkxem: [kl."k'·Em] P F vin. stand " kllpa: ["kl.pa] P F n. bottom " kllpä: [kl."p·æ] P F vin. land, reach the ground " (c.w. from kllte ground and pähem arrive) kllpxìltu: [kl."p'Il.tu] P F n. territory " kllrikx: [kl."rik'] P F n. earthquake (c.w. from " kllte ground and rikx move)

kllte: ["kl.tE] P F n. ground > " klltseng: ["kl.tsEN] P F n. position (derived from " tseng place) klltxay: [kl."t'·aj] P F vin. lie on the ground (c.w. " ground and txay lie flat) from kllte klltxeykay: [kl.t'Ej."k·aj] P F vtr. lay (something) " (c.w. from kllte ground and txon the ground ay lie flat) transitive form of klltxay kllvawm: ["kl.vawm] P F adj. brown (c.w. from " and vawm dark) kllte ground kllwo: [kl."w·o] P F vin. alight, land (process of) " (c.w. from kllte ground and wo reach for) kllyem: [kl."j·Em] P F vtr. bury (c.w. from kllte " ground and yem put) kllza’u: [kl."z·a.P·u] P F vin. come down, descend " kllte ground and za’u come) (c.w. from ko: [ko] P F part. solicit agreement ko’on: ["ko.Pon] P F n. ring, oval, closed shape roughly circular (derived from koum rounded, curved and ’on shape) koak: ["ko.ak^] P F adj. old, aged (for living things) koaktan: ["ko.ak.tan] P F n. old man (derived from koak old, aged) koakte: ["ko.ak.tE] P F n. old woman (derived from koak old, aged) koaktu: ["ko.ak.tu] P F n. old person (derived from koak old, aged) kolan: [ko."lan] P F intj. I mean, rather (selfcorrecting) (derived from kan aim, intend) kop: [kop^] P F adv. too, also, additionally kop: [kop^] P F conj. and also koren: [ko."REn] P F n. rule, guideline kosman: [ko."sman] P F adj. wonderful, terrific, fantastic koum: ["ko.um] P F adj. rounded, curved krr: [kr] P F n. time " krra: ["kr.a] P F conj. when, at the time that (derived" from krr time) krrka–: ["kr.ka] P F adp. during (derived from krr time)" krrnekx: [kr."n·Ek'] P F vin. take/consume time " (ii) (c.w. from krr time and nekx consume) krrpe: ["kr.pE] P F inter. when variant of pehrr " (c.w. from krr time) ku’up: ["ku.Pup^] P F adj. heavy (physical weight) kulat: ["k·u.l·at^] P F vtr. reveal, bring forth, uncover (literally and metaphorically) kum: [kum] P F n. result

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kuma: ["kum.a] P F conj. that (as a result) (de- kurfyan: ["kuR.fjan] P F n. hamper or suspended rived from kum result) this form precedes rack (c.w. from kur hang and fyan constructhe result, I.E. ’Lu poe sevin nìftxan kuma ted device for keeping something off the ground yawne slolu oer’ (She was so beautiful that I and clean) fell in love with her.); see also ’akum’ kurfyavi: ["kuR.fja.vi] P F n. hook (for hanging or kur: [k·uR] P F vin. hang suspending an item) (derived from kurfyan kurakx: [k·u."R·ak'] P F vtr. drive out hamper or suspended rack) Kx kxa: [k'a] P F n. mouth kxakx: [k'·ak'] P F vin. break, snap in two kxam: [k'am] P F n. middle, midpoint kxamlä–: ["k'am.læ] P F adp. through (via the middle of) (derived from kxam middle) kxamtrr: ["k'am.tr] P F n. mid-day, noon (c.w. " and trr day) from kxam middle kxamtrrmaw: ["k'am.tr.maw] P F n. the time " early afternoon (c.w. immediately after noon, from kxamtrr noon and maw after) > kxamtseng: ["k'am.tsEN] P F n. center, place in the middle (c.w. from kxam middle and tseng place) kxamtxomaw: ["k'am.t'o.maw] P F n. after midnight (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight and maw after) kxamtxon: ["k'am.t'on] P F n. midnight (c.w. from kxam middle and txon night) kxamyì: ["k'am.jI] P F n. intermediate level (c.w. from kxam middle and yì level) kxangangang: ["k'aN.aN.aN] P F intj. boom (onomatopoeic) kxanì: ["k'a.nI] P F adj. forbidden kxap: [k'ap^] P F n. threat kxapnga’: ["k'ap.NaP] P F adj. threatening (derived from kxap threat) nfp. kxap si: [k'ap s·i] P F vin. threaten (derived from kxap threat) kxawm: [k'awm] P F adv. perhaps, maybe kxayl: [k'ajl] P F adj. high kxaylyì: ["k'ajl.jI] P F n. high level (c.w. from kxayl high and yì level)

kxänäng: ["k'æ.næN] P F adj. smell of decaying animal/flesh, rotting, putrid kxeltek: ["k'·El.t·Ek] P F vtr. pick up, lift kxem: [k'·Em] P F vin. be vertical kxemyo: ["k'Em.jo] P F n. wall, vertical surface (c.w. from kxem be vertical and yo surface) kxener: ["k'E.nER] P F n. smoke > kxetse: ["k'E.tsE] P F n. tail kxeyey: ["k'E.jEj] P F n. error, mistake kxitx: [k'it'] P F n. death kxìm: [k'·Im] P F vtr. command, order, assign a task kxìmyu: ["k'Im.ju] P F n. commander, one with authority over another (derived from kxìm command, order, assign tasks) kxll: [k'l] P F n. charge, running attack kxll si: "["k'l "s·i] P F vin. charge (derived from " kxll charge) kxor: [k'oR] P F n. a wall or bank of powerful waterfalls noted for its deafening roar and deadly force (countable, but only rarely) kxu: [k'u] P F n. harm kxuke: ["k'u.kE] P F adj. safe (c.w. from kxu harm and ke not) kxukx: [k'·uk'] P F vtr. swallow kxum: [k'um] P F adj. viscous, gelatinous, thick kxumpay: ["k'um.paJ] P F n. viscous liquid, gel (derived from kxum viscous, gelatinous, thick) kxu si: [k'u s·i] P F vin. harm (derived from kxu harm) kxutu: ["k'u.tu] P F n. enemy (derived from kxu harm)

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L lahe: ["la.hE] P F adj. other, else lal: [lal] P F adj. old (opposite of mip) nfp. lam: [l·am] P F vin. seem, appear lang: [l·aN] P F vtr. investigate, explore lapo: ["la.po] P F pn. other one person or thing (c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she) laro: ["la.Ro] P F adj. clean laro si: ["la.ro s·i] P F vin. clean, make free of dirt (derived from laro clean) latem: ["l·a.t·Em] P F vin. change (l«eyk»atem vtr. change) > latsi: [l·a."ts·i] LA v. keep up with someone law: [law] P F adj. clear, certain lawk: [l·awk^] P F vtr. discourse on, talk about, say something concerning lawnol: ["law.nol] P F n. great joy lawr: [lawR] P F n. melody law si: ["law "s·i] P F vin. make clear (derived from law clear) layompin: [la."jom.pin] P F n. black (derived from layon black) layon: [la."jon] P F adj. black lätxayn: [l·æ."t'·ajn] P F vtr. defeat in battle, conquer le’al: [lE."Pal] P F adj. wasteful (derived from ’al waste) nfp. le’aw: [lE."Paw] P F adj. only le’en: [lE."PEn] P F adj. speculative, intuitive (derived from ’en guess) nfp. lefkrr: [lE."fkr] P F adj. current (derived from " fìkrr this time) lefngap: [lE."fNap^] P F adj. metallic (derived from fngap metal) lefpom: [lE."fpom] P F adj. happy, peaceful, joyous, pleasant (derived from fpom happiness, peace) nfp. lefpomron: [lE.fpom."Ron] P F adj. healthy (mentally) (derived from fpomron health or wellbeing (mentally)) ofp. lefpomtokx: [lE.fpom."tok'] P F adj. healthy (physically) (derived from fpomtokx health (physical) ) ofp. lehawmpam: [lE."hawm.pam] P F adj. noisy (derived from hawmpam noise) lehawng: [lE."hawN] P F adj. excessive (derived from hawng overabundance)

lehawngkrr: [lE."hawN.kr] P F adj. late (derived from hawngkrr late) " lehìpey: [lE."hI.pEj] P F adj. hesitant, in a state of hesitation (derived from hìpey hesitate) lehoan: [lE."ho.an] P F adj. comfortable (derived from hoan comfort) lehrrap: [lE."hr.ap^] P F adj. dangerous (derived from hrrap" danger) leioae: [lE.i.o."a.E] P F n. respect leioae si: [lE.i.o."a.E s·i] P F vin. to respect (derived from leioae respect) lek: [l·Ek^] P F vtr. heed, obey lekin: [lE."kin] P F adj. necessary (derived from kin need) lekoren: [lE.ko."REn] P F adj. lawlike (derived from koren rule) lekye’ung: [lEk."jE.PuN] P F adj. insane, crazy (derived from keye’ung insanity) lelì’fya: [lE."lIP.fja] P F adj. concerning language, regarding language (derived from lì’fya language) lemrey: [lEm."REj] P F adj. surviving (e.g. of entities from a group some of whom have died) (derived from emrey survive) lemweypey: [lEm."wEj.pEj] P F adj. patient (derived from maweypey be patient) len: [l·En] P F vin. happen, occur leNa’vi: [lE."naP.vi] P F adj. having to do with the Na’vi, the People (derived from Na’vi the People) leno: [lE."no] P F adj. thorough, detail-orientated (of a person) lenomum: [lE."no.mum] P F adj. curious (derived from newomum be curious) lenrra: [lE."nr.a] P F adj. proud (derived from nrra pride)" lepay: [lE."paj] P F adj. watery (derived from pay water) lepwopx: [lEp."wop'] P F adj. cloudy (derived from pìwopx cloud) ler: [lER] P F adj. steady, smooth (for motion) lereyfya: [lE."REj.fja] P F adj. cultural (derived from reyfya way of living) lerìk: [lE."RIk^] P F adj. leafy (derived from rìk leaf ) leronsrel: [lE."Ron.sREl] P F adj. imaginary (derived from ronsrelngop imagine)

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lertu: ["lER.tu] P F n. colleague lesar: [lE."saR] P F adj. useful (derived from sar use) leskxir: [lE."sk'iR] P F adj. wounded (derived from skxir wound) lesngä’i: [lE."sNæ.Pi] P F adj. original, existing at or from the start, first in a series (derived from sngä’i begin) lesnonrra: [lE.sno."nr.a] P F adj. full of self-pride " (derived from snonrra self-pride) leso’ha: [lE."soP.ha] P F adj. enthusiastic, keen (derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about) ofp. letam: [lE."tam] P F adj. sufficient (derived from tam suffice) letokx: [lE."tok'] P F adj. bodily, physical (derived from tokx body) letrr: [lE."tr] RL adj. daily (derived from trr day) " letrrtrr: [lE."tr.tr] P F adj. ordinary (derived " " from trr day) > letsim: [lE."tsim] P F adj. original, unique, not derived from another source (derived from tsim source) > letsranten: [lE."tsRan.tEn] P F adj. important (derived from tsranten matter) > letsunslu: [lE."tsun.slu] P F adj. possible (derived from tsunslu may, be possible) letwan: [lEt."wan] P F adj. dodgy, sneaky (of a person) (derived from tute person and wan hide) letxi: [lE."t'i] P F adj. hurried, frenzied (derived from txi hurry) letxiluke: [lE."t'i.lu.kE] P F adj. unhurried (c.w. from txi hurry and luke without) lew: [lEw] P F n. cover, lid lewäte: [lE.wæ."tE] P F adj. disagreeable, argumentative (of an agent) (derived from wäte argue) lew si: ["lEw "s·i] P F vin. cover (derived from lew cover) ley: [l·Ej] P F vin. be of value, have some positive value, be worth something leyapay: [lE."ja.paj] P F adj. foggy, misty (derived from yapay fog) leye’krr: [lE."jEP.kr] P F adj. early (derived from ye’krr early) " leyewla: [lE."jEw.la] P F adj. disappointing (derived from yewla disappointment) leym: [l·Ejm] P F vim. call, cry out, exclaim

leyn: [l·Ejn] P F vtr. repeat, do again lezeswa: [lE."zE.swa] P F adj. grassy (derived from zeswa grass) li: [li] P F adv. already lie: ["li.E] P F n. experience lini: ["li.ni] P F n. young of an animal, bird, fish, insect lisre+: ["li.sRE] P F adp. by, before, up to but not after (c.w. from li already and sre+ before) litx: [lit'] P F adj. sharp (as a blade) lì’fya: ["lIP.fja] P F n. language (c.w. from lì’u word and fya’o way) lì’fyaolo’: ["lIP.fja.o."loP] P F n. language group, language users (c.w. from lì’fya language and olo’ clan) lì’fyavi: ["lIP.fja.vi] P F n. expression, bit of language (derived from lì’fya language) lì’u: ["lI.Pu] P F n. word lì’upam: ["lI.Pu.pam] P F n. accent, pronunciation (c.w. from lì’u word and pam sound) lì’upe: ["lI.Pu.pE] P F inter. what (word, utterance) variant of pelì’u lì’upuk: ["lI.Pu.puk^] P F n. dictionary (c.w. from lì’u word and puk book (English loan word)) lì’uvan: ["lI.Pu.van] P F n. pun, word-play (c.w. from lì’u word and uvan game) lìm: [l·Im] P F svin. be far lìng: [l·IN] P F vin. float in the air, hover lo’a: ["lo.Pa] P F n. totem, amulet loi: ["lo.i] P F n. egg lok: [l·ok^] P F vtr. approach lok–: [l·ok^] P F adp. close to lom: [lom] P F adj. missing, missed (as an absent person who is longed for) lomtu: ["lom.tu] P F n. missed person (derived from lom missing, missed) lonu: [l·o."n·u] P F vtr. release, let go lopx: [l·op'] P F vin. panic lor: [loR] P F adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses loran: ["lo.Ran] P F n. elegance, grace (c.w. from lor beautiful and ran intrinsic character or nature) lrrtok: ["lr.tok^] P F n. smile " lrrtok si: ["lr.tok^ "s·i] P F vin. smile (derived " smile) from lrrtok lu: [l·u] P F vin., svin. be, am, is, are (predicative copula, existential verb) (signifies possession with dative of possessor) luke–: ["lu.kE] P F adp. without

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lukpen: [luk."pEn] P F adj. without clothing, na- lumpe: ["lum.pE] P F inter. why variant of ked (c.w. from luke without and pen clothing pelun (plural)) lun: [lun] P F n. reason lupra: ["lup.Ra] P F n. style M ma: [ma] P F part. O (vocative marker) makto: ["m·ak.t·o] P F vtr. ride mal: [mal] P F adj. trustworthy, trust-inspiring masat: ["ma.sat] P F n. breastplate (armor) mauti: ["ma.u.ti] P F n. fruit maw–: [maw] P F adp. after (time) mawey: [ma."wEj] CM adj. calm maweypey: [ma."wEj.p·Ej] P F svin. be patient (ii) (c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait) maweypeyyu: [ma."wEj.pEj.ju] P F n. One who is patient (derived from maweypey be patient) mawfwa: ["maw.fwa] P F conj. after (c.w. from maw after and fwa that) mawkrr: ["maw.kr] P F adv. after, afterwards (c.w. from maw" after and krr time) mawkrra: [maw."kr.a] P F conj. after (temporal) " variant of akrrmaw (c.w. from krr time and maw after) mawl: [mawl] P F n. half may’: [m·ajP] P F vtrm. taste, try, sample, evaluate, check out, test-drive mäkxu: [m·æ."k'u] P F vtr. interrupt, throw out of harmonious balance (derived from kxu harm) me’em: [mE."PEm] P F adj. harmonious mefo: ["mE.fo] P F pn. they, those two (derived from me+ dual marker and po he/she) mek: [mEk^] P F adj. empty, or metaphorically: having no value mekre: ["mEk.RE] P F n. supplies > mektseng: ["mEk.tsEN] P F n. gap, breach (c.w. from mek empty and tseng place) melo: ["mE.lo] P F adv. twice (derived from me+ dual marker and alo time) menari: [mE."na.Ri] P F n. eyes (two) (derived from me+ dual and nari eye) meoauniaea: [mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] P F n. harmony, living at one with nature merki: ["mER.ki] P F n. ground rack (for smoking meats) mesrram: [mE.sr."am] P F n., adv. the day befo" days ago (derived from trr re yesterday, two

day) mesrray: [mE.sr."aj] P F n., adv. the day after tomorrow, two "days from now (derived from trr day) meuia: [mE."u.i.a] P F n. honor meuianga’: [mE."u.i.a.NaP] P F adj. honorable, honorably (derived from meuia honor and nga’ contain) meyam: [m·E."y·am] P F vtr. hug, embrace, hold in one’s arms meyp: [mEjp^] P F adj. weak mi: [mi] P F adv. yet, still, as before miklor: [mIk."loR] P F adj. pleasant sounding, beautiful sounding (derived from mikyun ear and lor beautiful) > miktsang: ["mik.tsaN] P F n. earring (c.w. from mikyun ear and tsang piercing) mikvä’: [mIk."væP] P F adj. bad-sounding (derived from mikyun ear and vä’ unpleasant to the senses) mikyun: ["mik.jun] JC n. ear mip: [mip^] P F adj. new mì+: [mI] P F adp. in, on mìfa: ["mI.fa] or [mI."fa] P F n., adv. inside mìftxele: [mI."ft'E.lE] P F adv. in this regard, related to this matter mìkam–: [mI."kam] P F adp. between mìn: [m·In] P F vin. turn, rotate on an axis Mìn ne ftärpa Turn to the left mìnyu: ["mIn.ju] P F n. turner (derived from mìn turn) mìso: [mI."so] P F adv. away (position) (derived from mì in) mll’an: [m·l."P·an] P F vtr. accept " mllte: [m·l."t·E] P F vin. agree " mo: [mo] P F n. space, hollow, enclosed open area mo’ara: [mo."Pa.Ra] P F n. gathering place mo a fngä’: ["mo a "fNæP] P F n. restroom (on Earth) (c.w. from mo space, enclosed open area and (a) fngä’ relieve oneself ) moe: ["mo.E] P F pn. we two, us two (exclusive) (derived from me+ dual and oe I)

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mok: [m·ok^] P F vtr. suggest mokri: ["mok.Ri] P F n. voice momek: ["mo.mEk^] P F adj. hollow, not solid mong: [m·oN] P F vtr. depend on, rely on, trust for protection mowan: [mo."wan] P F adj. pleasing, enjoyable (physically, sexually) mowar: [mo."waR] P F n. advice, bit or piece of advice mowar si: [mo."waR s·i] P F vin. advise (derived from mowar advice) mowarsiyu: [mo."waR.si.ju] P F n. advisor (derived from mowar advice) mrr: [mr] P F num. five mrrtrr: [" "mr.tr] P F n. five day work week (deri" mrr " five and trr day) ved from mrrve: ["mr.vE] P F adj. fifth (ordinal) (derived " five) from mrr muiä: [mu."i.æ] P F adj. proper, fair, right, justified mun’i: [m·un."P·i] P F v. cut mune: ["mu.nE] P F num. two munge: ["m·u.N·E] P F vtr. take, bring

mungwrr–: [muN."wr] P F adp. except " munsna: ["mun.sna] P F n. pair (derived from mune two and sna’o set, group) muntrr: ["mun.tr] P F n. weekend (derived from " trr day) mune two and muntrram: ["mun.tr.am] P F n. last weekend (de" weekend) rived from muntrr muntrray: ["mun.tr.aj] P F n. next weekend (de" weekend) rived from muntrr muntxa: [mun."t'a] P F adj. mated, married muntxa si: [mun."t'a "s·i] P F vin. mate (with someone), marry (derived from muntxa mated) muntxatan: [mun."t'a.tan] P F n. husband, male spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse) muntxate: [mun."t'a.tE] P F n. wife, female spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse) muntxatu: [mun."t'a.tu] P F n. spouse (derived from muntxa mated) muve: ["mu.vE] P F adj. second (ordinal) (derived from mune two) muwìntxu: [mu.w·In."t'·u] P F vtr. introduce, present (derived from wìntxu show)

N na–: [na] P F adp. like, as na’rìng: ["naP.RIN] P F n. forest naer: [na."ER] P F n. drink, something able to be drunk nafì’u: [na.fI."Pu] P F adj. such (c.w. from na as and fì’u this) nam’ake: [nam."Pa.kE] P F adv. confidently (derived from am’ake confident) nang: [naN] P F part. surprise, exclamation, encouragement (mirative) nari: ["na.Ri] P F n. eye nari si: ["na.Ri s·i] P F vin. watch out, be careful (derived from nari eye) narlor: [naR."loR] P F adj. beautiful visually (derived from nari eye and lor beautiful, pleasant to the senses) narvä’: [naR."væP] P F adj. ugly, unsightly (derived from nari eye and vä’ unpleasant to the senses) natkenong: [nat."kE.noN] P F conj. for example, as an example (c.w. from na like, as and tìkenong example)

nawfwe: [naw."fwE] P F adj. fluent (for speech) Contraction of na hufwe nawm: [nawm] P F adj. great, noble nawmtu: ["nawm.tu] P F n. great person (derived from nawm great) nawri: ["naw.Ri] P F adj. talented nayn: [najn] P F n. the symbol 9 (not the value nine) näk: [n·æk^] P F vtr. drink nän: [n·æn] P F vin. decrease ne–: [nE] P F adp. to, towards (direction) ne’ìm: [nE."PIm] P F adv. back (direction) nefä: [nE."fæ] P F adv. up (direction) nekll: [nE."kl] P F adv. down (direction) " nekx: [n·Ek'] P F vtr. burn, consume nemfa–: ["nEm.fa] P F adp. into, inside (c.w. from ne towards and mìfa inside) nemrey: [nEm."REj] P F adv.,intj. in a fashion as if one’s life were at stake (derived from emrey survive) neni: ["nE.ni] P F n. sand neto: [nE."to] P F adv. away (direction) (derived from ne to)

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netrìp: ["nEt.RIp^] P F adv. luckily, happily new: [n·Ew] P F vtrm. want newomum: [n·Ew."o.mum] P F svin. be curious, want to know (c.w. from new want and omum know) neympin: ["nEjm.pin] P F n. light color (derived from neyn light, shade of white) neyn: [nEjn] P F adj. light colors, shades of white niä: [n·i.·"æ] P F vtr. grab nik: [nik^] P F adj. convenient, usable without much expenditure of effort nikre: ["nik.RE] P F n. hair nikroi: [nik."Ro.i] P F n. hair adornment (c.w. from nikre hair and ioi adornment) > niktsyey: ["nik.tsjEj] P F n. food wrap (food items wrapped in edible leaves or vines) (c.w. from nik convenient and tsyey snack, light meal) nim: [nim] P F adj. timid, shy ninan: ["ni.nan] P F adv. by reading (derived from inan read) ningyen: ["niN,jEn] P F adv. mysteriously, in a puzzling fashion (derived from ingyen feeling of mystery) nip: [n·ip^] P F vin. become stuck, get caught in something nitram: [nit."Ram] P F adj. happy (of people) nivi: ["ni.vi] P F n. sleeping hammock (general term) nì–: [nI] P F adverbial deriving affix nì’al: [nI."Pal] P F adv. wastefully (derived from ’al waste) nì’aw: [nI."Paw] P F adv. only (derived from ’aw one) nì’awtu: [nI."Paw.tu] P F adv. alone (as one person) (c.w. from ’aw one and tute person) nì’awve: [nI."Paw.vE] P F adv. first (derived from ’awve first) nì’en: [nI."PEn] P F adv. making an informed guess, acting on intuition (derived from ’en guess) nì’eng: [nI."PEN] P F adv. equally, on the same level (derived from ’engeng level) nì’eoio: [nI."PE.o.i.o] P F adv. ceremoniously (derived from ’eoio ceremonious) nì’eveng: [nI."PE.vEN] P F adv. like a child, immaturely (derived from ’eveng child) nì’eyng: [nI."PEjN] P F adv. back, in response, in answer (derived from ’eyng answer)

nì’i’a: [nI."PiP.a] P F adv. finally, at long last (derived from ’i’a end) nì’it: [nI."Pit^] P F adv. a bit, a small amount (abstract) (derived from ’it bit, a small amount) nì’o’: [nI."PoP] P F adv. in a manner which is enjoyable, enjoyably (derived from ’o’ exciting) nì’ul: [nI."Pul] P F adv. more nì’ul’ul: [nI."Pul.Pul] P F adv. increasingly, more and more (derived from ’ul increase) nìawnomum: [nI.aw."no.mum] P F adv. as you know, as is known (casual speech [naw."no.mum]) (derived from «awn» passive participle infix and omum know) nìayoeng: [nI.aj."wEN] P F adv. like us, as we do (casual speech [naj."wEN]) (derived from ayoeng us (inclusive)) nìfe’: [nI."fEP] P F adv. badly (derived from fe’ bad) nìfkeytongay: [nI.fkEj.to."Naj] P F adv. actually, as a matter of fact (c.w. from tìfkeytok situation and ngay true) nìfkrr: [nI."fkr] P F adv. lately, currently (deri" ved from fìkrr this time) nìflrr: [nI."flr] P F adv. gently, tenderly (derived from flrr "gentle) nìfmokx: [nI."fmok'] P F adv. jealously, enviously (derived from fmokx jealousy) nìfnu: [nI."fnu] P F adv. silently (derived from fnu quiet) nìfrakrr: [nI."fRa.kr] P F adv. as always (derived " from frakrr always) nìftär: [nI."ftæR] P F adv. to the left (derived from ftär left) nìftue: [nI."ftu.E] P F adv. easily (derived from ftue easy) nìftxan: [nI."ft'an] P F adv. so, to such an extent (derived from fìtxan so, to such an extent) nìftxavang: [nI."ft'a.vaN] P F adv. passionately, with all heart (derived from ftxavang passionate) nìfwefwi: [nI."fwE.fwi] P F adv. by whistling, in a whistling manner (derived from fwefwi whistle) nìfya’o: [nI."fja.Po] P F adv. in a manner (derived from fya’o way) nìfyeyntu: [nI."fjEjn.tu] P F adv. like an adult, maturely (derived from fyeyntu adult) nìhawmpam: [nI."hawm.pam] P F adv. noisily (derived from hawmpam noise)

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nìhawng: [nI."hawN] P F adv. too, excessively (derived from hawng overabundance) nìhay: [nI."haj] P rr adv. next (derived from hay next) nìhek: [nI."hEk^] P F adv. strangely, oddly (derived from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, not manner, adverbial) nìhìpey: [nI."hI.pEj] P F adv. hesitantly (derived from hìpey hesitate) nìhoan: [nI."ho.an] P F adv. comfortably (derived from hoan comfort) nìhoet: [nI."ho.Et^] P F adv. widely, pervasively (derived from hoet vast, broad, expansive) nìhol: [nI."hol] P F adv. few, not many (derived from hol few) nìhona: [nI."ho.na] P F adv. endearingly, sweetly (derived from hona endearing) nìk’ärìp: [nIk."æ.RIp^] P F adv. steadily (derived from ke ärìp not move) lit.: ’without letting it move’ nìk’ong: [nIk."PoN] P F adv. slowly (derived from kì’ong slow) nìkanu: [nI."ka.nu] P F adv. intelligently, in a smart way (derived from kanu smart) nìkeftxo: [nI.kE."ft'o] P F adv. unfortunately, sadly (derived from keftxo unhappy) nìkelkin: [nI.kEl."kin] P F adv. unnecessarily (derived from kelkin unnecessary) nìkemweypey: [nI.kEm."wEj.pEj] P F adv. impatiently (derived from ke not and lemweypey patient) nìklonu: [nIk.lo."nu] P F adv. firmly, steadfastly, faithfully (derived from ke lonu not let go) lit.: ’without releasing it’ nìkmar: [nIk."maR] P F adv. in the right season, opportunely (derived from kìmar in season) nìksman: [nIk."sman] P F adv. wonderfully (derived from kosman wonderful) nìksran: [nIk."sRan] P F adv. in a mediocre manner (derived from kesran mediocre) nìktungzup: [nIk.tuN."zup^] P F adv. carefully, firmly (derived from ke tungzup not drop) lit.: ’without letting it fall’ nìkx: [nIk'] P F n. gravel nìkxap: [nI."k'ap^] P F adv. threateningly (derived from kxap threat) nìkxem: [nI."k'Em] P F adv. vertically (derived from kxem be vertical)

nìlam: [nI."lam] P F adv. apparently (derived from lam seem) nìlaw: [nI."law] P F adv. clearly (derived from law clear) nìler: [nI."lER] P F adv. steadily (derived from ler steady, smooth) nìli: [nI."li] P F adv. in advance (derived from li already) nìlkeftang: [nIl.kE."ftaN] P F adv. continuously, incessantly, without stopping (c.w. from luke without and ftang stop) > nìltsan: [nIl."tsan] P F adv. well (derived from sìltsan good) nìlun: [nI."lun] P F adv. of course, logically, following common sense nìmal: [nI."mal] P F adv. trustingly, without hesitation (derived from mal trustworthy) nìmeyp: [nI."mEjp^] P F adv. weakly, loosely (derived from meyp weak) nìmun: [nI."mun] P F adv. again nìmwey: [nIm."wEj] P F adv. calmly, peacefully (derived from mawey calm) nìmweypey: [nIm."wEj.pEj] P F adv. patiently (derived from maweypey be patient) nìn: [n·In] P F vtr. look at nìNa’vi: [nI."naP.vi] P F adv. like the Na’vi, Na’vi-ly (derived from Na’vi the People) nìnäk: [nI."næk^] P F adv. by drinking, in a liquid way (derived from näk drink) nìnän: [nI."næn] P F adv. less (derived from nän decrease) nìnänän: [nI."næn.æn] P F adv. decreasingly, less and less (derived from nän decrease) nìngay: [nI."Naj] P F adv. truly (derived from ngay true) nìngong: [nI."NoN] P F adv. lethargically, lazily (derived from ngong lazy) nìno: [nI."no] P F adv. in detail, expansively, thoroughly nìnrra: [nI."nr.a] P F adv. proudly, with pride (derived from" nrra pride) nìnu: [nI."nu] P F adv. failingly, falteringly, in vain, fruitlessly, not achieving the desired or expected end (derived from nui fail, falter) nìolo’: [nI.o."loP] P F adv. (together) as members of a clan (derived from olo’ clan) nìprrte’: [nI."pr.tEP] P F adv. pleasurably, gladly, with pleasure" (derived from prrte’ pleasurable)

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nìpxay: [nI."p'aj] P F adv. many, manily (derived from pxay many) nìpxi: [nI."p'i] P F adv. especially, pointedly, unambiguously (derived from pxi sharp) nìpxim: [nI."p'im] P F adv. erectly, rightly (derived from pxim erect, upright) nìran: [nI."Ran] P F adv. basically, fundamentally, in essence (derived from ran intrinsic character or nature) nìrangal: [nI."Ra.Nal] P F adv. wish (contrary to fact, with perfective or imperfective subjunctive) (derived from rangal wish) nìronsrel: [nI."Ron.sREl] P F adv. in imagination, by imagination (derived from ronsrelngop imagine) nìsìlpey: [nI.sIl."pej] P F adv. hopefully (derived from sìlpey hope) nìskien: [nI."ski.En] P F adv. to the right (derived from skien right) nìslele: [nI."slE.lE] P F adv. by swimming (derived from slele swim) nìsngä’i: [nI."sNæ.Pi] P F adv. originally, at first (derived from sngä’i begin) nìsngum: [nI."sNum] P F adv. worryingly, fretfully (derived from sngum worry) nìso’ha: [nI."soP.ha] P F adv. enthusiastically (derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about) nìsoaia: [nI.so."a.i.a] P F adv. (together) as members of a family (derived from soaia family) nìsteng: [nI."stEN] P F adv. similarly (derived from steng similar) nìsti: [nI."sti] P F adv. angrily (derived from sti be angry) nìsung: [nI."suN] P F adv. besides, additionally, furthermore (derived from sung add) nìswey: [nI."swEj] P F adv. optimally, best (derived from swey best) nìsyayvi: [nI."sjaj.vi] P F adv. by chance or coincidence (derived from syayvi luck) nìsyen: [nI."sjEn] P F adv. lastly (derived from syen last) nìsyep: [nI."sjEp^] P F adv. tightly, in an iron grip (derived from syep trap) lit.: ’like a trap’ nìtam: [nI."tam] P F adv. enough (derived from tam suffice) nìteng: [nI."tEN] P F adv. too, also, as well, likewise (derived from teng same, equal) nìtengfya: [nI."tEN.fja] P F adv. as, same way as (similar action) (derived from tengfya as, sa-

me way as (conj.)) nìtkan: [nIt."kan] P F adv. purposefully, deliberately (derived from tìkan aim, goal, purpose) nìtkanluke: [nIt."kan.lu.ke] P F adv. accidentally, unintentionally (c.w. from nìtkan purposefully, deliberately and luke- without) nìtrrtrr: [nI."tr.tr] P F adv. on a daily basis, regu" " from trr day) larly (derived > nìtsim: [nI."tsim] P F adv. originally, in an original way, with originality (derived from tsim source) > nìtsìsyì: [nI."tsI.syI] P F adv. by whispering, in a whisper (derived from tsìsyì whisper, v.) > nìtson: [nI."tson] P F adv. dutifully, as an obligation (derived from tson duty, obligation) > nìtsyìl: [nI."tsjIl] P F adv. by climbing (derived from tsyìl climb) nìtut: [nI."tut^] P F adv. continually (derived from tut continuation marker) nìtxan: [nI."t'an] P F adv. much (abstract), very (derived from txan much) nìtxay: [nI."t'aj] P F adv. horizontally (derived from txay be horizontal) nìtxi: [nI."t'i] P F adv. hurriedly, in a frenzied way (derived from txi hurry) nìtxiluke: [nI."t'i.lu.kE] P F adv. unhurriedly, leisurely (c.w. from txi hurry and luke without) nìvingkap: [nI."viN.kap^] P F adv. by the way, incidentally (derived from vingkap occur to one, pop into one’s mind) nìwan: [nI."wan] P F adv. secretly, in hiding, by hiding (derived from wan hide) nìwawe: [nI.wa."wE] P F adv. meaningfully, significantly (derived from wawe meaning, significance) nìwä: [nI."wæ] P F adv. on the contrary, conversely nìwäte: [nI.wæ."tE] P F adv. disagreeably, begrudgingly (derived from wäte argue) nìwin: [nI."win] P F adv. fast, quickly (derived from win fast) nìwok: [nI."wok^] P F adv. loudly (derived from wok loud) nìwotx: [nI."wot'] P F adv. all (of), in toto, completely (derived from wotx totality, whole) nìyawr: [nI."jawR] P F adv. correctly, rightly (derived from eyawr correct, right) nìyewla: [nI."jEw.la] P F adv. in a disappointing fashion, in a way failing to meet expectations

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(derived from yewla disappointment) nìyey: [nI."jEj] P F adv. directly, straight to the point (derived from yey straight) nìyeyfya: [nI."jEj.fja] P F adv. straight ahead, in a straight line (derived from yeyfya straight line) nìyll: [nI."jl] P F adv. communally, in a communal manner "(derived from yll communal) nìyo’: [nI."joP^] P F adv. perfectly, flawlessly (derived from yo’ be perfect) nìyol: [nI."jol] P F adv. briefly, shortly (of time) (derived from yol short (of time)) nìyrr: [nI."jr] P F adv. naturally, without tam" or changing the nature (derived pering with from yrr natural) nìzawnong: [nI."zaw.noN] P F adv. safely (derived from «awn» passive participle infix and zong save) nìzen: [nI."zEn] P F adv. necessarily (derived from zene must) nokx: [n·ok'] P F vtr. give birth to nong: [n·oN] P F vtr. follow, proceed after nopx: [n·op'] P F vtr. put away, store nrr: [n·r] P F vin. glow, be luminous "

nrra: ["nr.a] P F n. pride, feeling of pride " nuä+: ["nu.æ] P F adp. beyond nui: ["n·u.·i] P F vin. fail, falter, go astray, not obtain expected or desired result nulkrr: [nul."kr] P F adv. longer (time) (derived " from krr time) nulnew: [nul."n·Ew] P F vtrm. prefer (ii) (derived from new want) nume: ["n·u.m·E] P F vin. learn numeyu: ["nu.mE.ju] P F n. student (derived from nume learn) > numtseng: ["num.tsEN] P F n. school (c.w. from nume learn and tseng place) > numtsengvi: ["num.tsEN.vi] P F n. classroom, division of a school (derived from numtseng school) numultxa: [nu.mul."t'a] P F n. class (for instruction) (c.w. from nume learn and ultxa meeting) numultxatu: [nu.mul."t'a.tu] P F n. classmate, member of a class (derived from numultxa class (for instruction)) nutx: [nut'] P F adj. thick

Ng nga: [Na] P F pn. you nga’: [NaP] P F vtr. contain ngam: [Nam] P F n. echo ngampam: ["Nam.pam] P F n. rhyme (c.w. from ngam echo and pam sound) ngampam si: ["Nam.pam s·i] P F vin. rhyme (derived from ngampam rhyme) > ngatsyìp: ["Na.tsjIp^] P F pn. little you, you little (derived from nga you) ngawng: [NawN] P F n. worm ngay: [Naj] P F adj. true ngaytxoa: [Naj."t'o.a] P F intj. sorry, my apologies (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w. from ngeyä your and txoa forgiveness) ngä’än: [N·æ."P·æn] P F vin. suffer mentally or emotionally, be miserable ngäng: [NæN] P F n. stomach ngäzìk: ["Næ.zIk^] P F adj. difficult, hard ngenga: [NE."Na] P F pn. you (honorific form) (derived from nga you) ngep: [NEp^] P F n. navel

nget: [NEt^] P F adj. smell of decaying wood and leaves, dank (non-animal decay) ngeyn: [NEjn] P F adj. tired ngian: [Ni."an] P F,SW adv. however ngim: [Nim] P F adj. long (physical length) ngimpup: [Nim."pup^] P F n. length (derived from ngim long and pup short) ngip: [Nip^] P F n. space, open or borderless area ngoa: ["No.a] P F n. mud ngong: [NoN] P F adj. lethargic, lacking sufficient energy, lazy ngop: [N·op^] P F vtr. create ngopyu: ["Nop.ju] P F n. creator (derived from ngop create) ngrr: [Nr] P F n. root " ngrrpongu: [Nr.po.Nu] P F n. grassroots move" ment (c.w. from ngrr root and pongu party) ngul: [Nul] P F adj. grey, drab ngulpin: ["Nul.pin] P F n. grey (derived from ngul grey, drab) nguway: ["Nu.waj] P F n. howl, viperwolf cry (derived from way song)

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O oe: ["o.E] P F pn. I, me oeng: ["wEN] P F pn. we two, us two (dual inclusive), you and I (derived from oe I) > oetsyìp: ["wE.tsjIp^] P F pn. little me, little I (derived from oe I) oeyk: [o."Ejk^] P F n. cause oeyktìng: [o."Ejk.t·IN] P F vtr. explain (why) (ii) (c.w. from oeyk cause and tìng give) ohakx: [o."hak'] P F adj. hungry ohe: ["o.hE] P F pn. I (deferential or ceremonial form) oìsss: [o."sss] LA intj. angry snarl, ’watch it!’ oìsss si: [o."sss s·i] P F vin. hiss (derived from oìsss angry snarl)

okup: ["o.kup^] P F n. milk olo’: [o."loP] P F n. clan olo’eyktan: [o.lo."PEjk.tan] JC n. clan leader (c.w. from olo’ clan and eyktan leader) omum: [·o."m·um] P F vtr. know (stress moves to first syllable with infixation) onlor: [on."loR] P F adj. good-smelling (c.w. from ontu nose and lor pleasant to the senses) > ontsang: ["on.tsaN] P F n. nose ring (c.w. from ontu nose and tsang piercing) ontu: ["on.tu] JC n. nose onvä’: [on."væP] P F adj. bad-smelling (c.w. from ontu nose and vä’ unpleasant to the senses)

P pa’o: ["pa.Po] P F n. side pak: [pak^] P F part. disparagement pam: [pam] P F n. sound pamrel: [pam."REl] P F n. writing (c.w. from pam sound and rel image) pamrelfya: [pam."REl.fja] P F n. spelling (derived from pamrel writing and fya’o way) pamrel si: [pam."REl "s·i] P F vin. write (derived from pamrel writing) pamrelsiyu: [pam."rEl.si.ju] P F n. writer (derived from pamrel writing) pamrelvi: [pam."REl.vi] P F n. letter (phonetic symbol) (derived from pamrel writing) > pamtseo: ["pam.tsE.o] P F n. music (c.w. from pam sound and tseo art) > pamtseongopyu: [pam.tsE.o."Nop.ju] P F n. music creator, composer (c.w. from pamtseo music and ngopyu creator) eg. James Horner > pamtseo si: ["pam.tsE.o "s·i] P F vin. play music (with fa for instrument played) (derived from pamtseo music) > pamtseotu: ["pam.tsE.o.tu] P F n. musician (derived from pamtseo music) pan: [pan] P F n. third, one third paskalin: [pa.ska."lin] P F n. sweet berry (term of endearment) (derived from pasuk berry and (a)kalin sweet) pasuk: ["pa.suk^] P F n. berry pate: ["p·a.t·E] ZS v. get to a place, arrive pawk: [pawk^] P F n. horn, wind instrument

pawm: [p·awm] P F v. ask pay: [paj] P F n. water, liquid payfya: ["paj.fja] P F n. stream (c.w. from pay water and fya’o way) payìva: ["paj.I.va] P F n. drop of water (derived from pay water and ìlva drop) paynga’: ["paj.NaP] P F adj. moist, humid, damp (derived from pay water and nga’ contain) payoang: [paj."o.aN] P F n. fish (c.w. from pay water and ioang animal) paysena: ["paj.sE.na] P F n. water container (c.w. from pay water and sähena container) paysmung: ["paJ.smuN] P F n. water carrier (c.w. from pay water and smung transportation device) pähem: ["p·æ.h·Em] P F vin. arrive pängkxo: [p·æN."k'·o] P F vin. chat, converse, have a conversation pängkxoyu: [pæN."k'o.ju] P F n. chatter, converser (derived from pängkxo chat) pängkxoyu lekoren: [pæN."k'o.ju lE.ko."REn] P F n. lawyer (c.w. from pängkxoyu chatter and lekoren lawlike) pänu: ["pæ.nu] P F n. promise pänutìng: ["pæ.nu.t·IN] P F vtr. promise (a thing to someone) (ii) (c.w. from pänu promise and tìng give) –pe+: [pE] P F affix inter. marker pe’un: ["p·E.P·un] P F vtr. decide

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pefnel: [pE."fnEl] P F inter. which kind variant of fnepe pefya: [pE."fja] P F inter. how variant of fyape pefyinep’ang: [pE.fjin.Ep."PaN] P F inter. how complex? (derived from fyinep’ang degree of complexity) variant of fyinep’angpe pehem: [pE."hEm] P F inter. what (action) variant of kempe (c.w. from kem action, deed) pehrr: [pE."hr] P F inter. when variant of krrpe (c.w. from" krr time) pekxinum: [pE."k'in.um] P F inter. how tight, loose? (derived from ’ekxinum tightness, looseness) pelì’u: [pE."lI.Pu] P F inter. what (word, utterance) variant of lì’upe pelun: [pE."lun] P F inter. why variant of lumpe peng: [p·EN] P F vtr. tell penghrr: [p·EN."hr] P F vin. warn (c.w. from " peng tell and hrrap danger) peseng: [pE."sEN] P F inter. where variant of tsengpe peslosnep: [pE.slo."snEp^] P F inter. what width, how wide? (derived from snep narrow) variant of slosneppe pesomwew: [pE.som."wEw] P F inter. what temperature? (derived from somwew temperature) pesu: [pE."su] P F inter. who variant of tupe peu: [pE."u] P F inter. what (thing) variant of ’upe pewn: [pEwn] P F n. neck pey: [p·Ej] P F vin. wait, wait for piak: [pi."ak^] P F adj. open, clear (for cloudless skies) piak si: [pi."ak^ s·i] P F vin. open (derived from piak open) pil: [pil] P F n. facial stripe pizayu: ["pi.za.ju] P F n. ancestor pìmtxan: [pIm."t'an] P F inter. how much variant of hìmtxampe pìwopx: [pI."wop'] P F n. cloud

> pìwopxtsyìp: [pI."wop'.tsjIp] P F n. nebula (derived from pìwopx cloud) lit.: ’little cloud’ pllhrr: [p·l."hr] P F vin. warn (c.w. from plltxe " hrrap " speak and danger) pllngay: [p·l."Naj] P F vin. admit (derived from " and ngay true) plltxe speak plltxe: [p·l."t'·E] P F v. speak plltxeyu: " [pl."t'E.ju] P F n. speaker (derived " speak) from plltxe po: [po] P F pn. he, she poan: [po."an] P F pn. he (no plural form: use (ay)fo) (derived from po he, she) poe: [po."E] P F pn. she (no plural form: use (ay)fo) (derived from po he, she) polpxay: [pol."p'aj] P F inter. how many (c.w. from holpxay number and pe how) pom: [p·om] P F vtr. kiss pongu: ["po.Nu] P F n. a group or party of people (derived from po he/she) ofp. prrku: ["pr.ku] P F n. womb (c.w. from prrnen " kelku home) baby and prrkxentrrkrr: [pr.k'En.tr.kr] Skxawng n. day ti" " " me smoking pleasure, vibrating tongue (Na’vi idiom) (c.w. from prrte’ pleasurable, kxener smoke, trr day and krr time) prrnen: ["pr.nEn] P F n. infant, baby prrnesyul: " ["pr.nE.sjul] P F n. bud (c.w. from prrnen baby" and syulang flower) prrsmung: ["pr.smuN] P F n. baby carrier (c.w. from prrnen" baby and smung transportation device) prrte’: ["pr.tEP] P F adj. pleasurable (of an activi" ty) prrwll: ["pr.wl] P rr n. moss (c.w. from prrnen " baby and" ’ewll plant) pukap: ["pu.kap^] P F num. six pum: [pum] P F pn. one (place-holder pronoun referring to a previously mentioned noun or pronoun) pup: [pup^] P F adj. short (physical length) puve: ["pu.vE] P F adj. sixth (ordinal) (derived from pukap six)

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Px pxan: [p'an] P F adj. worthy pxasìk: ["p'a.sIk^] P F intj. screw that!, no way! (vulgar) pxasul: ["p'a.sul] P F adj. fresh, appealing as food pxaw–: [p'aw] P F adp. around pxawngip: ["p'aw.Nip^] P F n. environment (c.w. from pxaw around and ngip space) pxawpa: ["p'aw.pa] P F n. perimeter, circumference, border (c.w. from pxaw around and pa’o side) pxawpxun: ["p'aw.p'un] P F n. armband (c.w. from pxaw around and pxun arm) pxay: [p'aj] P F adj. many (used with singular or plural noun forms) pxayopin: ["p'aj.o.pin] P F adj. colorful, multicolored, variegated (c.w. from pxay many and ’opin color) pxek: [p'·Ek^] P F vtr. kick, shove pxel–: [p'El] P F adp. like, as pxelo: ["p'E.lo] P F adv. thrice, three times (derived from pxe+ trial marker and alo time) pxen: [p'En] P F n. functional clothing (item of) pxesrram: [p'E.sr."am] P F n., adv. three days ago (derived from" trr day) pxesrray: [p'E.sr."aj] P F n., adv. three days from now (derived" from trr day) pxey: [p'Ej] P F num. three

pxeyve: ["p'Ej.vE] P F adj. third (ordinal) (derived from pxey three) pxi: [p'i] P F adj. sharp (as a point) pxim: [p'im] P F adj. erect, upright pximaw–: [p'i."maw] P F adp. right after (c.w. from maw after (time) and pxi sharp) pxiset: [p'i."sEt^] P F adv. right now (c.w. from set now and pxi sharp) pxisre+: [p'i."sRE] P F adp. right before (c.w. from sre before (time) and pxi sharp) pxiswawam: [p'i.swaw."am] P F adv. just a moment ago (c.w. from swaw moment and –am past) pxiswaway: [p'i.swaw."aj] P F adv. in just a second from now (c.w. from swaw moment and ay future marker) pxiye’rìn: [p'i."jEP.RIn] P F adv. immediately (not as soon as pxiswaway) (c.w. from ye’rìn soon and pxi sharp) pxìm: [p'Im] P F adv. often pxìmun’i: [p'I.m·un.P"·i] P F vtr. divide, cut into parts (c.w. from hapxì part and mun’i cut) pxor: [p'·oR] P F vin. explode pxorpam: ["p'oR.pam] P F n. ejective consonant (c.w. from pxor explode and pam sound) pxun: [p'un] P F n. arm pxuntil: ["p'un.til] P F n. elbow (c.w. from pxun arm and til joint)

R ral: [Ral] P F n. meaning ralnga’: ["Ral.NaP] P F adj. meaningful, instructive, something from which a lesson can be learned (c.w. from ral meaning and nga’ contain) ralpeng: [Ral."p·EN] P F vtr. interpret (ii) (c.w. from ral meaning and peng tell) ram: [Ram] P F n. mountain > ramtsyìp: ["Ram.tsjIp^] P F n. hill (derived from ram mountain) ramunong: [Ra."mu.noN] P F n. well ran: [Ran] P F n. intrinsic character or nature, essence, constititution; basic nature of something resulting from the totality of its properties; often best translated as personality rangal: ["R·a.N·al] P F vin. wish raspu’: [Ra."spuP] P F n. leggings (used in war)

rawke: ["Raw.kE] P F intj. alarm cry, call to defense rawm: [Rawm] P F n. lightning (general term) rawmpxom: ["Rawm.p'om] P F n. thunder and lightning (derived from rawm lightning and ’rrpxom thunder) rawn: [R·awn] P F vtr. replace, substitute rawng: [rawN] P F n. entrance, doorway rä’ä: [Ræ."Pæ] P F part. do not (for negative imperatives, commands only) räptum: [ræp."tum] P F adj. coarse, vulgar, socially unacceptable re’o: ["RE.Po] P F n. head rel: [REl] P F n. image, picture rel arusikx: ["rEl a.ru."sikx] P F n. movie, film, video (c.w. from rel picture and rikx move)

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> reltseo: ["REl.tsE.o] P F n. visual art (c.w. from rel image and tseo art) > reltseotu: ["REl.tsE.o.tu] P F n. artist (visual) (derived from reltseo visual art) reng: [REN] P F adj. shallow (physically) nfp. rengop: ["rE.N·op^] P F vtr. design (finer detail) (c.w. from renu pattern and ngop create) renten: ["REn.tEn] P F n. goggles, (made from insect wings, carved from wood, etc) renu: ["RE.nu] P F n. pattern renulke: ["RE.nul.kE] P F adj. irregular, random (derived from renu pattern and luke without) rewon: ["RE.won] P F n. morning rey: [R·Ej] P F vin. live rey’eng: [REj."PEN] P F n. the Balance of Life (derived from rey live) reyfya: ["REj.fja] P F n. way of living, culture (c.w. from rey live and fya’o path, way) reykol: [REj."kol] P F vtr. play music, make to sing (poetic) (derived from rol sing and «eyk» causitive infix) reym: [REjm] P F n. dry land reypay: ["REj.paj] P F n. blood (c.w. from rey live and pay water) rikx: [R·ik'] P F vin. move, shift position rim: [Rim] P F adj. yellow rimpin: ["Rim.pin] P F n. yellow (derived from rim yellow) rina’: [Ri."naP] P F n. seed (derived from atokirina’ seeds of the great tree) rì’ìr: ["RIP.IR] P F n. reflection rì’ìr si: ["RIP.IR s·i] P F vin. reflect, imitate (derived from rì’ìr reflection) rìk: [RIk^] P F n. leaf

rìkean: ["RI.kE.an] P F adj. leaf green (c.w. from rìk leaf and ean green) rìn: [RIn] P F n. wood ro+: [Ro] P F adp. at (locative) ro’a: ["R·o.P·a] P F vin. be impressive, inspire awe or respect rofa–: ["Ro.fa] P F adp. beside, alongside rol: [R·ol] P F v. sing rolun: [Ro."lun] P F intj. Eureka! I’ve found it! rong: [RoN] P F n. tunnel ronguway: [R·o."Nu.waj] P F vin. howl (derived from rol sing and nguway howl) ronguwayyu: [Ro."Nu.waj.ju] P F n. howler (derived from ronguway howl) ronsem: ["Ron.sEm] P F n. mind ronsrel: ["Ron.sREl] P F n. something imagined (derived from ronsrelngop imagine) ronsrelngop: ["Ron.sREl.N·op^] P F vtr. imagine, envision (c.w. of ronsem mind, rel picture, ngop create, casual pronunciation ["Ron.sREw.Nop^] ) ropx: [Rop'] P F n. hole (going clear through an object) rou: ["R·o.·u] P F vin. be, or get drunk (example use: rou fa pxir) rum: [Rum] P F n. ball run: [R·un] P F vtr. find, discover rurur: [Ru."RuR] P F n. water that is aeriated while flowing among the rocks of a very gradually sloping stream (countable) rusey: [Ru."sEj] P F adj., n. alive, living, living thing (c.w. from rey live and «us» active participle infix) rutxe: [Ru."t'E] P F intj. please

S sa: [s·a] P F vin. rise to a challenge sa’ewrang: [sa."PEw.RaN] P F n. mother loom, giant loom (derived from sa’nok mother and ’ewrang loom) sa’nok: ["saP.nok^] P F n. mother (from sa’atenuk C ) sa’nu: ["saP.nu] P F n. mum, mommy (affectionate form of sa’nok mother) > sa’nutsyìp: ["saP.nu.tsjIp^] P F n. little mommy (used for young girls) (derived from sa’nu mommy)

sa’sem: ["saP.sEm] P F n. parent or set of parents (derived from sa’nok mother and sempul father) saa: ["sa:] LA intj. threatening cry salew: [s·a."l·Ew] P F v. proceed, go salewfya: [sa."lEw.fja] P F n. direction, course (derived from salew proceed and fya’o path) san: [san] P F adv. saying, quote sang: [saN] P F adj. warm sar: [s·aR] P F vtr. use sat: [sat^] P F pn. that (lenited form of tsat)

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satu’li: [sa."tuP.li] P F n. heritage (Note: Also name of canteen at Disney’s Pandora) sau: [sa."u] LA intj. exclamation upon exertion, urgh saylahe: [saj."la.hE] P F adv. ’et cetera’ (derived from sì alahe and others) (contraction) sayrìp: ["saj.RIp^] P F adj. handsome, good looking ofp. (male) sä’anla: [sæ."Pan.la] P F n. yearning (derived from ’anla yearn for) sä’eoio: [sæ."PE.o.i.o] P F n. ceremony, ritual, rite (derived from ’eoio ceremonious) sä’eoio si: [sæ."PE.o.i.o s·i] P F vin. take part in a ceremony, perform a ritual (derived from sä’eoio ceremony) sä’ipu: [sæ."Pi.pu] P F n. something humorous (derived from ’ipu humorous) sä’o: ["sæ.Po] P F n. tool, utensil säfe’ul: [sæ."fE.Pul] P F n. worsening (specific instance) (derived from fe’ul worsen) säflä: [sæ."flæ] P F n. success (an instance of succeeding) (derived from flä succeed) säfmi: [sæ."fmi] P F n. attempt (derived from fmi try, attempt) säfngo’: [sæ."fNoP] P F n. requirement, demand (derived from fngo’ require) säfpìl: [sæ."fpIl] P F n. idea (derived from fpìl think) säftxulì’u: [sæ.ft'u."lI.Pu] P F n. speech, oration (derived from ftxulì’u orate, give speech) säfyep: [sæ."fjEp^] P F n. handle (derived from fyep hold in the hand) sähena: [sæ."hE.na] P F n. container, vessel, carrier (derived from hena carry) säkanom: [sæ."ka.nom] P F n. something acquired, an acquisition, a possession (derived from kanom acquire) sälang: [sæ."laN] P F n. an exploration or investigation (derived from lang investigate, explore) sälatem: [sæ."la.tEm] P F n. change (instance of), edit, modification (derived from latem change) sälätxayn: [sæ.læ."t'ajn] P F n. defeat, an instance of defeat (derived from lätxayn defeat) sämok: [sæ."mok^] P F n. a suggestion (derived from mok suggest) sämunge: [sæ."mu.NE] P F n. transportation tool or device (derived from munge take, bring)

Note: In compounds, the ä and e drop, yielding –smung sämyam: [sæm."yam] P F n. hug, embrace (derived from meyam hug) sängä’än: [sæ.Næ."Pæn] P F n. bout of suffering; episode of depression (derived from ngä’än suffer mentally or emotionally) sängop: [sæ."Nop^] P F n. creation (derived from ngop create) sänrr: [sæ."nr] P F n. glow, an instance of glowing; " lamp (derived from nrr glow) light source, sänui: [sæ."nu.i] P F n. failure (particular instance of failure) (derived from nui fail, falter) sänume: [sæ."nu.mE] P F n. teaching, instruction (derived from nume learn) sänumvi: [sæ."num.vi] P F n. lesson (derived from sänume teaching) säomum: [sæ."o.mum] P F n. (piece of) information (derived from omum know) säpenghrr: [sæ.pEN."hr] P F n. warning (derived " from penghrr warn) säpllhrr: [sæ.pl."hr] P F n. warning (derived " " from pllhrr warn) säplltxe: [sæ.pl."t'E] P F n. statement (derived from plltxe "speak) säplltxevi: [sæ.pl."t'E.vi] P F n. comment (deri" ved from säplltxe statement) säpom: [sæ."pom] P F n. kiss (derived from pom kiss) särawn: [sæ."Rawn] P F n. replacement, substitute, something that replaces something else (derived from rawn replace) särengop: [sæ."rE.Nop^] P F n. design (a particular instance of designing) (derived from rengop design) säro’a: [sæ."Ro.Pa] P F n. feat, accomplishment, great deed säro’a si: [sæ."Ro.Pa s·i] P F vin. do great deeds (derived from säro’a great deed) säseyto: [sæ.sEj."to] P F n. butchering tool (derived from seyto ‘butcher (in the sense of separating or processing the carcass of a dead animal)) säsìlpey: [sæ.sIl."pEj] P F n. hope (particular instance) (derived from sìlpey hope) säspxin: [sæ."sp'in] P F n. disease, sickness, illness (derived from spxin sick) > säspxintsyìp: [sæ."sp'in.tsjIp^] P F n. minor ailment (derived from säspxin illness)

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säsrätx: [sæ."sRæt'] P F n. annoyance (derived from srätx annoy) säsrìn: [sæ."sRIn] P F n. lent or borrowed thing (derived from srìn temporarily transfer from one to another) sästarsìm: [sæ."staR.sIm] P F n. collection (put together intentionally by a person) (derived from starsìm gather, collect) säsulìn: [sæ."su.lIn] P F n. hobby, pleasureyielding activity (derived from sulìn be busy (positive sense)) säsyep: [sæ."sjEp^] P F n. trap (derived from syep trap) sätare: [sæ."ta.RE] P F n. connection, relationship (derived from tare connect, relate to) sätaron: [sæ."ta.Ron] P F n. hunt (derived from taron hunt) > sätsan’ul: [sæ."tsan.Pul] P F n. improvement (specific instance) (derived from tsan’ul improve) > sätsìsyì: [sæ."tsI.syI] P F n. whisper (derived from tsìsyì whisper) > sätswayon: [sæ."tswaj.on] P F n. flight (an instance of flying) (derived from tswayon fly) > sätsyìl: [sæ."tsjIl] P F n. climbing event, a climb (derived from tsyìl climb) säwäsul: [sæ."wæ.sul] P F n. a competition (derived from wäsul compete) > säwäsultsyìp: [sæ."wæ.sul.tsjIp^] P F n. a contest (derived from säwäsul a competition) säwäte: [sæ.wæ."tE] P F n. point of contention, source of argument, thing disputed (derived from wäte argue) säwìngay: [sæ.wI."Naj] P F n. proof (particular instance) (derived from wìngay proof ) säwìntxu: [sæ.wIn."t'u] P F n. a showing, an exhibition (derived from wìntxu show) säyäkx: [sæ."Jæk'] P F n. snub (derived from yäkx not notice, ignore, snub) säzärìp: [sæ."zæ.RIp^] RL,P F n. face lead, rein (derived from za’ärìp pull) se’ayl: [sE."Pajl] P F n. an individual tall, thin waterfall that pours down a sheer high cliff, or off of a floating mountain (countable) sekrr: ["sE.kr] P F n. present (c.w. from set now " and krr time) sempu: ["sEm.pu] P F n. daddy (affectionate form of sempul father) sempul: ["sEm.pul] P F n. father

set: [sEt^] P F adv. now sevin: [sE."vin] P F adj. pretty ofp. (female) sey: [sEj] P F n. cup or bowl minimally modified from naturally occuring resources seykxel: [sEj."k'El] P F adj. strong (emotionally, spiritually, not physical), confident seyn: [sEjn] P F n. chair, stool, bench; any tool or device to facilitate sitting (derived from sä’o tool and heyn sit) seyri: ["sEj.Ri] JC n. lip > seysonìltsan: [sEj.so.nIl."tsan] P F intj. well done! (derived from hasey soli nìltsan accomplished well) seyto: [s·Ej."to] P F vtr. butcher (in the sense of separating or processing the carcass of a dead animal) si: [s·i] P F auxiliary verb, postpositional nonbound verb do, make deriving affix sim: [s·im] P F svin. be near sì: [sI] P F conj. and (connects two things, can be attached as –sì: for clauses use ulte and) sìk: [sIk^] P F adv. unquote sìlpey: [sIl."p·Ej] P F vin. hope (with tsnì for thing hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii) (c.w. from sìltsan good and pey wait) sìlronsem: [sIl."Ron.sEm] P F adj. clever, smart (thing) (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsem mind) > sìltsan: [sIl."tsan] P F adj. good (of its kind), well done sìn–: [sIn] P F adp. on, onto ska’a: [sk·a."P·a] P F vtr. destroy skepek: ["skE.pEk^] P F adj. formal skiempa: ["ski.Em.pa] P F n. right side (c.w. from skien right and pa’o side) skien: ["ski.En] P F adj. right (not left) sko+: [sko] P F adp. something as, in the capacity of, or in the role of, something else skxakep: ["sk'a.kEp^] P F adj., adv. probable, probably skxawng: [sk'awN] P F n. moron, idiot skxir: [sk'iR] P F n. wound skxir si: ["sk'iR "s·i] P F vin. wound (derived from skxir wound) > skxirtsyìp: ["sk'iR.tsjIp^] P F n. cut, bruise, minor wound (derived from skxir wound) skxom: [sk'om] P F n. chance, opportunity > sla’tsu: ["sl·aP.ts·u] P F vtr. describe

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slan: [sl·an] P F vtr. support (emotional, social or personal support) ofp. slantire: [slan.ti."RE] P F n. inspiration (c.w. from slan support and tirea spirit) slantire si: [slan.ti."RE s·i] P F vin. inspire (derived from slantire inspiration) slayk: [sl·aJk^] P F vtr. brush, comb slä: [slæ] P F conj. but släkop: ["slæ.kop^] P F adv. but also (c.w. from slä but and kop also) slär: [slæR] P F n. cave slele: ["sl·E.l·E] P F vin. swim sleyku: [slEj."k·u] P F vtr. produce (derived from slu become and «eyk» causative infix) sloa: ["slo.a] P F adj. wide sloan: [sl·o."·an] P F vtr. pour slosnep: [slo."snEp^] P F n. width (derived from snep narrow) slosneppe: [slo."snE.pE] P F inter. what width, how wide? (derived from snep narrow) variant of peslosnep slu: [sl·u] P F vin. become (noun predicate with ne in ambiguous constructions) slukx: [sluk'] P F n. horn of an animal smar: [smaR] P F n. prey, hunted thing smon: [sm·on] P F vin. be familiar, be known (with dative) sna’o: ["sna.Po] P F n. set, group, pile, clump, stand nfp. snafpìlfya: [sna."fpIl.fja] P F n. philosophy (c.w. from sna’o group and fpìlfya way of thinking) lit.: ’a group of mindsets’ snanumultxa: [sna.nu.mul."t'a] P F n. course (as a collection of classes) (derived from numultxa class (for instruction)) snapamrelvi: [sna.pam."REl.vi] P F n. alphabet (derived from pamrelvi letter (phonetic symbol)) snatanhì: [sna.tan."hI] P F n. constellation (c.w. from sna’o clump and tanhì star) lit.: ’a clump of stars’ > snatanhìtsyìp: [sna.tan."hI.tsjIp] P F n. star cluster (c.w. from sna’o group and tanhì(tsyìp) star) snatxärem: [sna."t'æ.REm] P F n. skeleton (c.w. from sna’o group and txärem bone) lit.: ’set of bones’ snayì: [sna."jI] P F n. staircase, series of step-like levels (derived from yì level, step)

snaytu: ["snaj.tu] P F n. loser (derived from snaytx lose) snaytx: [sn·ajt'] P F vtr. lose snäm: [sn·æm] P F vin. rot, decay, degrade over time snep: [snEp^] P F adj. narrow snew: [sn·Ew] P F vtr. constrict, tighten snewsye: ["snEw.sjE] P F adj. weird, spooky (c.w. from snew tighten, constrict and syeha breath) sneyä: [snE."jæ] P F pn. his own, her own, its own (derived from sno his self, her self, its self ) sngap: [sN·ap^] P F vtr. sting sngä’i: ["sN·æ.P·i] P F vim. begin, start sngä’ikrr: ["sNæ.Pi.kr] P F n. beginning, starting " time (c.w. from sngä’i begin and krr time) > sngä’itseng: ["sNæ.PI.tsEN] P F n. beginning, starting position, initial location (c.w. from sngä’i start and tseng place) sngä’iyu: ["sNæ.Pi.ju] P F n. beginner (derived from sngä’i begin) sngel: [sNEl] P F n. garbage, trash, rubbish > sngeltseng: ["sNEl.tsEN] P F n. rubbish place, garbage dump (c.w. from sngel garbage and tseng place) sngum: [sNum] P F n. worry sngum si: [sNum s·i] P F vin. worry (derived from sngum worry) > sngumtsim: ["sNum.tsim] P F n. worrisome matter, source of worry (c.w. from sngum worry and tsim source) sngunga’: ["sNu.NaP] P F adj. worrisome, troubling (derived from sngum worry) sno: [sno] P F pn. his self, her self, its self (reflexive, genitive form sneyä) snokfyan: ["snok.fjan] P F n. personal belongings rack (c.w. from sno his self, her self, its self and kurfyan hamper or suspended rack) snolup: ["sno.lup^] P F n. personal style or aesthetic, presence (c.w. from sno self and lupra style) snomo: ["sno.mo] P F n. private space that one can retreat to (c.w. from sno his or her self and mo space) snonivi: ["sno.ni.vi] P F n. single-person hammock (c.w. from sno his/her self and nivi sleeping hammock) snonrra: [sno."nr.a] P F n. self-pride (negative " connotation) (c.w. from sno his/her self and

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nrra pride) snumìna: ["snu.mI.na] CP adj. dim ofp. (refers to a ’dim’ person) so’ha: ["s·oP.h·a] P F vtr. be enthusiastic about, show enthusiasm for, be excited about (Note: Being enthusiastic is always transitive in Na’vi -PF) soaia: [so."a.i.a] P F n. family (irregular genitive form soaiä) sok: [sok^] P F adj. recent som: [som] P F adj. hot somwew: [som."wEw] P F n. temperature (derived from som hot and wew cold) somwewpe: [som."wEw.pE] P F inter. what temperature? (more common) (derived from somwew temperature) sop: [s·op^] P F vin. travel sopyu: ["sop.ju] P F n. traveller (derived from sop travel) sosul: [so."sul] P F adj. pleasant smell of nearby running water, rain, moist vegetation spaw: [sp·aw] P F vtr. believe spä: [sp·æ] P F v. jump späpeng: [spæ."p·EN] P F vin. restore oneself (metaphorically) (derived from speng restore) spe’e: [sp·E."P·E] P F vtr. capture spe’etu: [spE."PE.tu] P F n. captive (derived from spe’e capture) speng: [sp·EN] P F vtr. restore spono: ["spo.no] P F n. island spule: ["sp·u.l·E] P F vtr. propel spulmokri: [spul."mok.Ri] P F n. telephone (derived from spule propel and mokri voice) spulyaney: [spul.ja."nEj] P F n. canoe paddle (c.w. from spule propel and yaney canoe) spuwin: ["spu.win] P F adj. old, former nfp. spxam: [sp'am] P F n. mushroom, fungus spxin: [sp'in] P F adj. sick srak(e): ["sRak(E)] P F part. inter. marker for yes or no questions sran: [sRan] P F part., intj. yes (colloquial) srane: ["sRa.nE] P F part., intj. yes sraw: [sRaw] P F adj. painful srä: [sRæ] P F n. cloth; a piece of cloth woven on a loom srätx: [sR·æt'] P F vtr. annoy, bother sre+: [sRE] P F adp. before (time) sre’: [sREP] P F n. tooth

srefey: [sRE."f·Ej] P F vtr., vin. expect (c.w. from sre+ before and pey wait) srefpìl: [sRE."fp·Il] P F vtr. assume (derived from sre+ before and fpìl think) srefwa: ["sRE.fwa] P F conj. before (derived from sre+ before and fwa that) srekamtrr: [sRE."kam.tr] P F n. the time before noon (c.w. from sre "before and kxamtrr midday) srekamtxon: [sRE."kam.t'on] P F n. before midnight (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxon midnight) srekrr: [sRE."kr] P F adv. before, already, ahead of " time (c.w. from sre before and krr time) srer: [sR·ER] P F vin. appear, materialize, come into view srese’a: [sRE.s·E."P·a] P F vtr. prophetize, prophesize, prophesy, predict (c.w. from sre+ before and tse’a see) sresrr’ong: [sRE.sr."PoN] P F n. before dawn (c.w. from sre before" and trr’ong dawn) sreton’ong: [sRE.ton."PoN] P F n. dusk, evening before sunset (c.w. from sre before and txon’ong night-fall) srew: [sR·Ew] P F vin. dance srey: [sREj] P F n. version srìn: [sR·In] P F vtr. transfer from one to another (rarely used without prefix) srok: [sRok^] P F n. bead (decorative) sru’: [sR·uP] P F vtr. crush, trample srung: [sRuN] P F n. help, assistance srunga’: ["sRu.NaP] P F adj. helpful (derived from srung help) nfp. srung si: ["sRuN "s·i] P F vin. help (derived from srung help) srungsiyu: ["sRuN.si.ju] P F n. assistant, helper (derived from srung help) > srungtsyìp: ["sRuN.tsjIp^] P F n. helpful hint, tip (derived from srung help) starsìm: ["st·aR.s·Im] P F vtr. gather, collect stawm: [st·awm] P F vtr. hear > stawmtswo: ["stawm.tswo] P F n. (sense of) hearing (derived from stawm hear) stä’nì: ["st·æP.n·I] P F vtr. catch steftxaw: [st·E."ft'·aw] P F vtr. examine, check steng: [stEN] P F adj. similar steyki: [stEj."k·i] P F vtr. anger, make someone angry (derived from sti be angry and «eyk» causative infix)

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swoasey: ["swo.a.sEj] P F n. kava bowl (constructed from seed pods, used for drinking intoxicating beverages), hand-sized (c.w. from swoa intoxicating beverage or “sprits" and sey cup or bowl minimally modified from naturally occurring resources) swoasey ayll: ["swo.a.sEj a."jl] P F n. large soci" al kava bowl (c.w. from swoasey kava bowl (constructed from seed pods, used for drinking intoxicating beverages) and yll communal) swok: [swok^] P F adj. sacred swotu: ["swo.tu] P F n. sacred place syam: [sj·am] P F vtr. to smell (intentionally) syanan: ["sja.nan] P F n. a single drop or series of smaller waterfalls occurring sequentially along a stream or series of pools (countable) syaw: [sj·aw] P F vin. call syay: [sjaj] P F n. fate syayvi: ["sjaj.vi] P F n. luck, chance (derived from syay fate) syä’ä: ["sjæ.Pæ] P F adj. bitter syeha: ["sjE.ha] P F n. breath syeha si: ["sjE.ha s·i] P F vin. breathe (derived from syeha breath) syen: [sjEn] P F adj. last, final syep: [sj·Ep^] P F vtr. trap syeprel: [sjEp."REl] P F n. camera (c.w. from syep trap and rel image) syewe: ["sJE.wE] P F n. fat (substance in meat) syewenga’: ["sJE.wE.NaP] P F adj. fatty (c.w. from syewe fat (substance in meat) and nga’ contain) syo: [sjo] P F adj. light (physical weight), lightweight syokup: [sJo."kup^] P F n. weight (physical) (derived from syo light and ku’up heavy) syon: [sjon] P F n. feature, trait, attribute, characteristic, point, aspect, facet, property syor: [sj·oR] P F vin. relax, chill out syulang: ["sju.laN] P F n. flower syura: [sju."Ra] P F n. energy (physical or spiritual) syuratan: [sju."Ra.tan] JC,P F n. bioluminescence (c.w. from syura energy and atan light) syusmung: ["sju.smuN] P F n. food tray (c.w. from syuve food and smung transportation device) syuve: ["sju.vE] P F n. food (collective noun, cannot be pluralised) syuvekel: ["sju.vE.kEl] P F n. famine (derived from syuve food) 31

sti: [st·i] P F vin. anger (intransitive), be angry stiwi: ["sti.wi] P F n. mischief stiwinga’: ["sti.wi.NaP] P F adj. mischievous (c.w. from stiwi mischief and nga’ contain) stiwi si: ["sti.wi s·i] P F vin. be naughty, do mischief (derived from stiwi mischief ) stiwisiyu: ["sti.wi.si.Ju] P F n. mischief-maker (derived from stiwi mischief ) sto: [st·o] P F vtrm. refuse (to do something) stum: [stum] P F adv. almost stxeli: ["st'E.li] P F n. gift stxenu: ["st'E.nu] P F n. offer (c.w. from stxeli gift and lonu release) stxenutìng: ["st'E,nu,t·IN] P F vtr. offer (derived from stxenu offer, n.) stxong: [st'oN] P F adj. strange, unfamiliar, unknown sulìn: ["s·u.l·In] P F svin. be busy (positive sense), be engrossed in something one finds especially pleasant and energizing (derived from ’ìn be busy) sum: [sum] P F n. shell (from the ocean) sumsey: ["sum.sEj] P F n. drinking vessel made of shell (c.w. from sum shell and sey cup or bowl minimally modified from naturally occurring resources) sung: [s·uN] P F vtr. add sunu: ["s·u.n·u] P F vin. be pleasing or likeable, bring enjoyment sur: [suR] P F n. taste, flavor susyang: [su."sjaN] P F adj. fragile, delicate sutx: [s·ut'] P F vtr. track, follow swaw: [swaw] P F n. moment > swawtsyìp: ["swaw.tsjIp^] P F n. little moment, second (derived from swaw moment) swaynivi: ["swaj,ni,vi] P F n. family hammock (c.w. from soaia family and nivi sleeping hammock) Note: soaia contracts to sway swek: [swEk^] P F n. bar, rod, pole swey: [swEj] P F adj. best sweylu: ["swEj.l·u] P F v. should (derived from swey best and lu is) swirä: [swi."Ræ] P F n. creature swizaw: [swi."zaw] P F n. arrow swizawsena: [swi."zaw.sE.na] P F n. quiver (attached to ikran’s saddle) (c.w. from swizaw arrow and sähena carrier) swoa: ["swo.a] P F n. intoxicating beverage, or “spirits”

T t: [tI."suN] LN n. addition, post script (P.S.) (derived from sung add) ta–: [ta] P F adp. from (locative), from (temporal sense with other time words) ta’em: [ta."PEm] P F adv. from above ta’leng: ["taP.lEN] P F n. skin ta’lengean: ["taP.lE.NE.an] P F adj. skin blue (c.w. from ta’leng skin and ean blue) tafkip–: [ta."fkip^] P F adp. from up among (c.w. from ta from and fkip– up among) tafral: [ta."fRal] P F adv. therefore, because of that takip–: [ta."kip^] P F adp. from among (c.w. from ta from and kip– among) takrra: [ta."kr.a] P F conj. since (temporal) vari" (c.w. from krr time and ta from) ant of akrrta taksyokx: [t·ak."syok'] P F vin. clap hands (derived from takuk strike and tsyokx hand) takuk: ["t·a.k·uk^] P F vtr. strike, beat, slap talun–: [ta."lun] P F adp. because of, due to talun(a): [ta."lun(a)] P F conj. because, from the reason (c.w. from ta from and lun reason) tam: [t·am] P F vin., intj. that will suffice, that will do, OK tam tam: ["tam "tam] M intj. calm, be content, there there tangek: ["ta.NEk^] P F n. trunk (of a tree) tanhì: [tan."hI] P F n. star, bioluminescent freckle tanleng: ["tan.lEN] P F n. bark (of a tree) (derived from tangek trunk (of a tree) and ta’leng skin) tare: ["t·a.R·E] P F vtr. connect, relate to, have a relationship with tarnioang: ["taR.ni.o.ang] P F n. predator animal (c.w. from taron hunt and ioang animal) taron: ["t·a.R·on] JC,P F vtr. hunt taronyu: ["ta.Ron.ju] JC,P F n. hunter (c.w. from taron hunt and –yu agent suffix) > taronyutsyìp: ["ta.Ron.ju.tsjIp^] P F n. little hunter (derived from taronyu hunter) tatep: ["t·a.t·Ep^] P F vtr. lose track, lose awareness of something tatlam: [tat."lam] P F adv. apparently (derived from lam seem) taw: [taw] P F n. sky taweyk(a): [ta."wEjk(a)] P F conj. because, based on the cause tawng: [t·awN] P F vin. duck, dive

tawsyuratan: [taw.sju."Ra.tan] P F,LN n. aurora (c.w. from taw sky and syuratan (bio)luminescence) täftxu: [t·æ."ft'·u] P F vtr. weave täftxuyu: [tæ."ft'u.ju] P F n. weaver (derived from täftxu weave and –yu agent suffix) tätxaw: [t·æ."t'·aw] P F vin. return te: [tE] JC part. used in full names tekre: ["tEk.RE] P F n. skull tel: [t·El] P F vtr. receive telem: [tE."lEm] P F n. cord tem: [t·Em] P F vin. shoot temrey: [tEm."REj] P F n. survival (derived from emrey survive) teng: [tEN] P F adj. same, equal tengfya: ["tEN.fja] P F conj. as, same way as (situational similarity) (c.w. from teng same, equal and fya’o path) tengkrr: [tEN."kr] P F conj. while, same time as " same, equal and krr time) (c.w. from teng teri–: [tE."Ri] P F adp. about, concerning terkup: ["t·ER.k·up^] P F vin. die teswotìng: [tE."swo.t·IN] P F vtr. grant (ii) (c.w. from tìng give) tete: ["tE.tE] P F adj. dull (as a blade) tewng: [tEwN] P F n. loincloth tewti: ["tEw.ti] P F intj. wow, expression of surprise and pleasure teya: [tE."ja] P F adj. full teya si: [tE."ja "s·i] P F vin. fill (with dative of thing filled) (derived from teya full) teynga: ["tEjN.a] P F n. that answer (contraction of tì’eyng a) teyngla: ["tEjN.la] P F n. that answer (agentive) (contraction of tì’eyng–ìl a) teyngta: ["tEjN.ta] P F n. that answer (patientive) (contraction of tì’eyng–it a) teyr: [tEjR] P F adj. white teyrpin: ["tEjR.pin] P F n. white (derived from teyr white) tiam: ["t·i.·am] P F vtr. count til: [til] P F n. joint, hinge tinan: ["ti.nan] P F n. reading (derived from inan read) tirea: [ti."RE.a] P F n. spirit tireafya’o: [ti."RE.a.fja.Po] P F n. spirit path (c.w. from tirea spirit and fya’o path)

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tireaioang: [ti."RE.a.i.o.aN] P F n. spirit animal (c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal) tireapängkxo: [ti."RE.a.p·æN.k'·o] P F v. commune (c.w. from tirea spirit and pängkxo chat) tiretu: [ti."RE.tu] P F n. shaman (derived from tirea spirit and tute person) tì’al: [tI.".Pal] P F n. wastefulness (derived from ’al waste) tì’awm: [tI."Pawm] P F n. camping (derived from ’awm camp) tì’awm si: [tI."Pawm "s·i] P F vin. camp (derived from ’awm camp) tì’awpo: [tI."Paw.po] P F n. individuality (negative connotation), selfishness (derived from ’awpo one individual) tì’efu: [tI."PE.fu] P F n. feeling (derived from ’efu feel) tì’em: [tI."PEm] P F n. the art of cooking (derived from ’em cook) tì’eylan: [tI."PEj.lan] P F n. friendship (derived from ’eylan friend) tì’eyng: [tI."PEjN] P F n. answer, response (derived from ’eyng answer) tì’i’a: [tI."PiP.a] P F n. ending, conclusion (derived from ’i’a end) tì’i’avay: [tI."PiP.a.vaj] P F adv. until the end (c.w. from ’i’a end and vay until) tì’ipu: [tI."Pi.pu] P F n. humor (derived from ’ipu humorous) tì’o’: [tI."PoP] P F n. fun, excitement (derived from ’o’ exciting) tì’ong: [tI."PoN] P F n. blooming, unfolding (derived from ’ong bloom) tì’ul: [tI."Pul] P F n. increase tìeyktan: [tI."Ejk.tan] JC,P F n. leadership (derived from eyktan leader) tìfe’ul: [tI."fE.Pul] P F n. worsening (in the general or abstract sense) (derived from fe’ul worsen) tìfkeytok: [tI."fkEj.tok^] P F n. state, condition, situation (derived from fkeytok exist) tìflä: [tI."flæ] P F n. success (in general) (derived from flä succeed) tìflrr: [tI."flr] P F n. gentleness, tenderness (deri" flrr gentle) ved from tìfmetok: [tI."fmE.tok^] P F n. test (derived from fmetok test) tìfmi: [tI."fmi] P F n. attempt (derived from fmi attempt)

tìfnu: [tI."fnu] P F n. quiet, silence (derived from fnu quiet) tìfnunga’: [tI."fnu.NaP] P F adj. quiet (derived from fnu quiet) nfp. tìftang: [tI."ftaN] P F n. stopping, the glottal stop (derived from ftang stop) tìftang si: [tI."ftaN s·i] P F vin. stop (someone or something) (derived from tìftang stopping) tìftia: [tI.fti".a] P F n. study (derived from ftia study) tìftia kifkeyä: [tI.fti".a ki."fkE.jæ] P F n. science, the study of the physical world (c.w. from tìftia study and kifkey world) tìftiatu: [tI.fti".a.tu] P F n. researcher (derived from tìftia study) tìftiatu kifkeyä: [tI.fti"a.tu k."fkEJ.Jæ] P F n. scientist (c.w. from tìftiatu researcher and kifkey world) tìftxavang: [tI."ft'a.vaN] P F n. passion (derived from ftxavang passionate) tìftxey: [tI."ft'Ej] P F n. choice (derived from ftxey choose) tìftxulì’u: [tI.ft'u."lI.Pu] P F n. speech-making, public speaking (derived from ftxulì’u orate, give speech) tìfyawìntxu: [tI.fja.wIn."t'u] P F n. guidance (derived from fyawìntxu guide) tìfyeyn: [tI."fjEjn] P F n. ripeness, maturity, full fruition (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature) tìhawl: [tI."hawl] P F n. preparations, plan (derived from hawl prepare) tìhawnu: [tI."haw.nu] P F n. protection (derived from hawnu protect, shelter) tìhawnu si: [tI."haw.nu "s·i] P F vin. protect (derived from tìhawnu protection) tìhìpey: [ti."hI.pEj] P F n. hesitation (derived from hìpey hesitate) tìhona: [tI."ho.na] P F n. cuteness, adorableness (derived from hona endearing) tìk’ìn: [tIk."PIn] P F n. free time, the absence of business (derived from ’ìn be busy) tìkakpam: [tI.kak."pam] P F n. deafness (derived from kakpam deaf ) tìkakrel: [tI.kak."REl] P F n. blindness (derived from kakrel blind) tìkan: [tI."kan] P F n. aim, goal, purpose, target (derived from kan aim) tìkangkem: [tI."kaN.kEm] P F n. work (derived from kem action, deed)

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tìkangkem si: [tI."kaN.kEm "s·i] P F vin. work (derived from tìkangkem work) tìkangkemvi: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] P F n. project, piece of work (derived from tìkangkem work) tìkanu: [tI."ka.nu] P F n. intelligence (derived from kanu smart) tìkawng: [tI."kawN] P F n. evil (derived from kawng bad) tìkeftxo: [tI.kE."ft'o] P F n. sadness (derived from keftxo unhappy) tìkeftxonga’: [tI.kE."ft'o.NaP] P F adj. sad (derived from keftxo unhappy) nfp. tìkelu: [tI."kE.lu] P F n. lack (derived from ke not and lu be) tìkenong: [tI."kE.noN] P F n. example (derived from kenong model) tìketeng: [tI."kE.tEN] P F n. difference (c.w. from ke not and teng same) tìkin: [tI."kin] P F n. need (derived from kin need) > tìktseri: [tIk."tsE.Ri] P F n. unawareness, lack of notice (derived from tseri note, notice) tìkusar: [tI.ku."saR] P F n. teaching (the act) (derived from kar teach) tìkxey: [tI."k'Ej] P F n. incorrectness, mistakeness (derived from kxeyey mistake) tìkxey si: [tI."k'Ej "s·i] P F vin. mess up, foul, do wrong (derived from tìkxey incorrectness) tìkxìm: [tI."k'Im] P F n. commanding, ordering, assigning tasks (derived from kxìm command, order, assign tasks) tìkxìm si: [tI."k'Im s·i] P F vin. be above someone in a heirarchy, be someone’s superior (derived from tìkxìm commanding, ordering, assigning tasks) tìkxuke: [tI."k'u.kE] P F n. safety (derived from kxuke safe) tìlam: [tI."lam] P F n. appearance (derived from lam seem) tìlang: [tI."laN] P F n. exploration (derived from lang investigate, explore) tìlatem: [tI."la.tEm] P F n. change (abstract concept) (derived from latem change) tìlen: [tI."lEn] P rr n. event, happening (derived from len happen) tìlor: [tI."loR] P F n. beauty (derived from lor beautiful) tìm: [tIm] P F adj. low

tìmal: [tI."mal] P F n. trustworthiness (derived from mal trustworthy) tìme’em: [tI."mE.PEm] P F n. harmony (general sense) (derived from me’em harmonious) tìmeyp: [tI."mEjp] P F n. weakness (derived from meyp weak) tìmll’an: [tI.ml."Pan] P F n. acceptance (derived from mll’an" accept) tìmok: [tI."mok^] P F n. abstract idea of a suggestion (derived from mok suggest) tìmungwrr: [tI.muN."wr] P F n. exception (derived from mungwrr "except) tìmungwrr si: [tI.muN."wr s·i] P F vin. make an " tìmungwrr excepexception (derived from tion) tìmuntxa: [tI.mun."t'a] P F n. mating, marriage (derived from muntxa mated) tìmweypey: [tIm."wEj.pEj] P F n. patience (derived from maweypey be patient) tìmwiä: [tIm."wi.æ] P F n. fairness, justice (derived from muiä proper, fair, right, justified) tìmyì: ["tIm.jI] P F n. low level (c.w. from tìm low and yì level) tìn: [tIn] P F n. activity that keeps one busy (derived from ’ìn be busy) tìnawri: [tI."naw.Ri] P F n. talent (derived from nawri talented) tìnew: [tI."nEw] P F n. desire (derived from new want) tìng: [t·IN] P F vtr. give tìngay: [tI."Naj] P F n. truth (derived from ngay true) tìngäzìk: [tI."Næ.zIk^] P F n. difficulty, problem (derived from ngäzìk difficult) tìng ftxì: [t·IN ft'I] P F vin. taste (derived from tìng give and ftxi tongue) tìng lawr: [t·IN lawR] P F vin. sing wordlessly, give out a tune or melody (derived from lawr melody) tìng mikyun: ["t·IN "mik.jun] P F vin. listen (derived from tìng give and mikyun ear) tìng nari: ["t·IN "na.Ri] P F vin. look (derived from tìng give and nari eye) tìngong: [tI."NoN] P F n. lethargy, laziness (derived from ngong lazy) tìng ontu: [t·IN "on.tu] JC,P F vin. smell (derived from tìng give and ontu nose) tìngop: [tI."Nop^] P F n. abstract idea of a creation (derived from ngop create)

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> tìng tseng: ["t·IN "tsEN] P F vin. back down, give ground (derived from tìng give and tseng ground) tìng zekwä: ["t·IN "zEk.wæ] P F vin. touch (intentionally) (derived from tìng give and zekwä finger) tìno: [tI."no] P F n. thoroughness, attention to detail tìnomum: [tI."no.mum] P F n. curiosity (derived from newomum be curious) tìnui: [tI."nu.i] P F n. failure (abstract concept) (derived from nui fail, falter) tìnvi: ["tIn.vi] P F n. task, errand, step (in an instruction) tìnvi si: ["tIn.vi s·i] P F vin. perform a task, run an errand (derived from tìnvi task, errand) tìoeyktìng: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN] P F n. explanation (derived from «eyk» cause (root)) (Pronounced [tI."wEjk.tIN] in casual speech) tìohakx: [tI.o."hak'] P F n. hunger (derived from ohakx hungry) tìomum: [tI."o.mum] P F n. knowledge (derived from omum know) tìpawm: [tI."pawm] P F n. question (derived from pawm ask) tìpähem: [tI."pæ.hEm] P F n. arrival (derived from pähem arrive) tìpängkxo: [tI.pæN."k'o] P F n. conversation, discussion (derived from pängkxo chat) > tìpängkxotsyìp: [tI.pæN."k'o.tsjIp^] P F n. little conversation (derived from tìpängkxo conversation) tìpe’un: [tI."pE.Pun] P F n. decision (derived from pe’un decide) tìprrte’: [tI."pr.tEP] P F n. pleasure (derived from prrte’"pleasurable) tìralpeng: [tI.Ral."pEN] P F n. translation, interpretation (derived from ral meaning and peng tell) tìran: [t·I."R·an] P F vin. walk tìrawn: [tI."Rawn] P F n. replacement, the act of replacing (derived from rawn replace) tìrengop: [tI."rE.Nop^] P F n. design (the act or art of designing (derived from rengop design) tìrey: [tI."REj] P F n. life (derived from rey live) tìrol: [tI."Rol] P F n. song (vocal) (derived from rol sing) tìronsrel: [tI."Ron.sREl] P F n. imagination (derived from ronsrelngop imagine)

tìska’a: [tI.ska."Pa] P F n. destruction (derived from ska’a destroy) > tìsla’tsu: [tI."slaP.tsu] P F n. description (derived from sla’tsu describe) tìslan: [tI."slan] P F n. support (emotional, social or personal support) (derived from slan support) ofp. tìsnaytx: [tI."snajt'] P F n. loss (derived from snaytx lose) tìso’ha: [tI."soP.ha] P F n. enthusiasm, having a good attitude (derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about) tìsom: [tI."som] P F n. heat (derived from som hot) tìsop: [tI."sop^] P F n. journey (derived from sop travel) tìspe’e: [tI.spE."PE] P F n. capture (derived from spe’e capture) tìspxin: [tI."sp'in] P F n. the state of being ill, sickness (derived from spxin sick) tìsraw: [tI."sRaw] P F n. pain (derived from sraw painful) tìsraw seyki: [tI."sRaw sEj."k·i] P F vtr. hurt (someone or something) (c.w. from tìsraw pain and s«eyk»i make (causative)) tìsraw si: [tI."sRaw "s·i] P F vin. hurt, be painful (derived from tìsraw pain) tìsrese’a: [tI."sRE.sE.Pa] P F n. prophecy (derived from srese’a prophetize) tìsteftxaw: [tI.stE."ft'aw] P F n. examination (derived from steftxaw examine) tìsti: [tI."sti] P F n. anger (derived from sti be angry) tìsung: [tI."suN] LN n. addition, post script (derived from sung add) tìsyor: [tI."sjor] P F n. relaxation (derived from syor relax) tìtaron: [tI."ta.Ron] P F n. hunting (derived from taron hunt) tìterkup: [tI."tER.kup^] P F n. death (in abstract sense) (derived from terkup die)“Death is inevitable." > tìtsan’ul: [tI."tsan.Pul] P F n. improvement (in the general or abstract sense) (derived from tsan’ul improve) > tìtseri: [tI."tsE.Ri] P F n. awareness, notice (derived from tseri note, notice) > tìtslam: [tI."tslam] P F n. understanding, intelligence (derived from tslam understand)

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> tìtstew: [tI."tstEw] P F n. courage, bravery > tìtstewnga’: [tI."tstEw.NaP] P F adj. courageous, brave (derived from tìtstew courage, bravery) nfp. (e.g. a brave deed) > tìtstunwi: [tI."tstun.wi] P F n. kindness (derived from tstunwi kind) > tìtsunslu: [tI."tsun.slu] P F n. possibility (derived from tsunslu may, be possible) > tìtsyär: [tI."tsjæR] P F n. rejection (derived from tsyär reject) tìtusaron: [tI.tu."sa.Ron] P F n. hunting (derived from taron hunt) tìtxanew: [tI."t'a.nEw] P F n. greed (derived from txanew greedy) tìtxen: [tI."t'En] P F n. awakeness, the state of waking (derived from txen awake) tìtxen si: [tI."t'En s·i] P F vin. to wake, to waken, wake up (derived from tìtxen awakeness) tìtxula: [tI."t'u.la] P F n. construction, constructed thing (derived from txula build) tìtxur: [tI."t'uR] P F n. strength, power (derived from txur strong) tìtxurnga’: [tI."t'uR. NaP] P F adj. powerful (derived from tìtxur strength, power) nfp. tìvawm: [tI."vawm] P F n. darkness (derived from vawm dark) tìväng: [tI."væN] P F n. thirst (derived from väng thirsty) tìve’kì: [tI.vEP."kI] P F n. hatred (derived from ve’kì hate) tìwan: [tI."wan] P F n. obfuscation, cover up (derived from wan hide) tìwäsul: [tI."wæ.sul] P F n. competition (derived from wäsul compete) tìwäte: [tI.wæ."tE] P F n. dispute, argument (derived from wäte argue) tìwew: [tI."wEw] P F n. coldness, cold (derived from wew cold) tìwìngay: [tI.wI."Naj] P F n. proof, proving (abstract) (derived from wìngay prove) tìwusem: [tI.wu."sEm] P F n. fighting (derived from wem fight) tìyawn: [tI."jawn] P F n. love (derived from yawne beloved) tìyawr: [tI."jawR] P F n. correctness (derived from eyawr correct) tìyäkx: [tI."Jæk'] P F n. lack of notice, snubbing (derived from yäkx not notice, ignore, snub)

tìyo’: [tI."yoP^] P F n. perfection (derived from yo’ be perfect) tìyora’: [tI.jo"RaP] P F n. victory, a win (derived from yora’ win) tìyusom: [tI.ju."som] P F n. eating (the act) (derived from yom eat) to: [to] P F part. comparative marker than (behaves like an adp.) tok: [t·ok^] P F vtr. be at, occupy a space tokx: [tok'] P F n. body tolel: [to."lEl] P F intj. Eureka! I found it! I understand! (synonym: tslolam) toltem: [t·ol."t·Em] P F vtr. shoot tompa: ["tom.pa] P F n. rain tompakel: ["tom.pa,kel] P F n. drought (derived from tompa rain) tompameyp: [tom.pa."mEjp^] P F n. drizzle (derived from tompa rain and meyp weak) tomperwì: ["tom.pER.wI] P F n. sleet (derived from tompa rain and herwì snow) tompìva: ["tom.pI.va] P F n. raindrop (derived from tompa rain and ìlva drop) tor: [toR] P F adj. last, ultimate, terminal (derived from toruk last shadow) toruk makto: ["to.Ruk^ "mak.to] JC n. toruk rider (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and makto ride) trr: [tr] P F n. day " trr’awve: [tr."Paw.vE] P F n. Sunday (c.w. from " ’awve first) trr day and trr’ong: [tr."PoN] P F n. dawn, sunrise (c.w. from " trr day and ’ong unfold) trr’ongmaw: [tr."PoN.maw] P F n. dawn after " sunrise (c.w. from trr’ong dawn and maw after) trram: [tr."am] P F adv. yesterday (derived from trr day" and ham previous) trray: [tr."aj] P F adv. tomorrow (derived from " and hay next) trr day trrkive: [tr."ki.vE] P F n. Saturday (c.w. from trr day and" kive seventh) trrmrrve: [tr."mr.vE] P F n. Thursday (c.w. from " mrrve " trr day and fifth) trrmuve: [tr."mu.vE] P F n. Monday (c.w. from " muve second) trr day and trrpeve: [tr."pE.vE] P F inter. which day (derived from trr" day and –pe interrogative marker and –ve ordinal number marker)

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trrpuve: [tr."pu.vE] P F n. Friday (c.w. from trr day and "puve sixth) trrpxeyve: [tr."p'Ej.vE] P F n. Tuesday (c.w. from trr day and" pxeyve third) > trrtsìve: [tr."tsI.vE] P F n. Wednesday (c.w. from " tsìve fourth) trr day and trrtxon: [tr.t'on] P F n. the day and night cycle of Pandora" (c.w. from trr day and txon night) tukru: [tuk."Ru] P F n. spear tul: [t·ul] P F vin. run tumpin: ["tum.pin] P F n. red, orange (derived from tun red, orange) tun: [tun] P F adj. red, orange tung: [t·uN] P F vtr. allow tungzup: [t·uN."z·up^] P F vtr. drop (c.w. from tung allow and zup fall)

tup: [tup^] P F conj. instead of, rather than tupe: ["tu.pE] P F inter. who variant of pesu tut: [tut^] P F part. continuation marker tuté: [tu."tE] P F n. female (person) (derived from tute person) tutan: [tu."tan] P F n. male (person) (derived from tute person) tute: ["tu.tE] P F n. person tuteo: ["tu.tE.o] P F pn. somebody, someone (derived from tute person) tutsena: ["tut.sE.na] P F n. stretcher (c.w. from tute person and sähena carrier) tuvom: [tu."vom] P F adj. greatest of all, exceedingly great tuvon: ["t·u.v·on] P F v. lean

Ts > tsa’u: ["tsa.Pu] P F dem. that (thing) (c.w. from tsa that and ’u thing) > tsafya: [tsa."fja] P F adv. that way, like that (c.w. from tsa- that and fya’o way) > tsa-hey: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. expression of warning or frustration, ’crap!’, ’ah, hell!’ > tsaheyl si: [tsa."hEjl "s·i] P F vin. bond with, establish a neural connection (derived from tsaheylu bond) > tsaheylu: [tsa."hEj.lu] JC,P F n. bond (neural connection) > > tsakem: ["tsa.kEm] or [tsa."kEm] P F dem. that (action) (derived from tsa- that and kem action) > tsakrr: [tsa."kr] P F adv. then, at that time, that " from tsa- that and krr time) time (derived > tsakrrvay: [tsa."kr.vaj] P F adv. until then, in the meantime (c.w." from tsakrr then and vay up to) > tsal: [tsal] P F pn. that, it (transitive subject) > tsalsungay: [tsal.su."Naj] P F adv. nevertheless, even so > tsam: [tsam] P F n. war > tsamopin: ["tsa.mo.pin] P F n. warpaint (c.w. from tsam war and ’opin color) > tsampongu: ["tsam.po.Nu] P F n. war party (c.w. from tsam war and pongu party) > tsamsä’o: ["tsam.sæ.Po] P F n. weapon of war (c.w. from tsam war and sä’o tool)

> tsamsiyu: ["tsam.si.ju] P F n. warrior (derived from tsam si make war and –yu agent suffix) > tsan’ul: ["tsan.P·ul] P F vin. improve, get better (c.w. from sìltsan good and ’ul increase) > tsang: [tsaN] P F n. a piercing > tsankum: ["tsan(N).kum] P F n. advantage, benefit, upside, gain (c.w. from tsan’ul improve, get better and kum result) > tsankumnga’: ["tsan(N).kum.NaP] P F adj. advantageous (derived from tsankum advantage, benefit, upside, gain) > tsap’alute: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE] P F n. apology > tsap’alute si: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE "s·i] P F vin. apologise (apologize) (derived from tsap’alute apology) > tsapo: ["tsa.po] P F pn. that one (for people only) (c.w. from tsa– that and po he/she) > tsaria: ["tsa.Ri.a] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from tsa’u-ri that (topical) and a subordinator) > tsat: [tsat^] P F pn. that, it (as object) > tsata: ["tsa.ta] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from tsa’u-t that (patientive) and a subordinator) > > > > tsatseng: [tsa."tsEN] or ["tsa.tsEN] P F dem., n. there, that place (c.w. from tsa that and tseng place) > tsatu: ["tsa.tu] P F dem. that person (c.w. from tsa that and tute person) > tsaw: [tsaw] P F dem., pn. that, it (as intransitive subject)

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> tsawa: ["tsa.wa] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from tsa’u that (subjective) and a subordinator) > tsawke: ["tsaw.kE] P F n. sun > tsawl: [tsawl] P F adj. big (in size), tall ofp. > tsawlhì’: [tsawl."hIP] P F n. size (c.w. from tsawl big (in size) and hì’i small (in size)) > tsawl slu: ["tsawl "sl·u] P F vin. grow (c.w. from tsawl big and slu become) > tsawlultxa: [tsawl.ul."t'a] P F n. large gathering, conference (c.w. from tsawl big and ultxa meeting) > tsawsngem: [tsaw."sNEm] P F adj. muscular (derived from tsawl big and tsngem muscle) > tsä’: [ts·æP] P F v. squirt > tse: [tsE] P F part. well (conversation starter) > tse’a: [ts·E."P·a] P F vtr. see (physical sense) > > tse’atswo: [tsE."Pa.tswo] P F n. (sense of) sight, vision (derived from tse’a see) > > tseltsul: ["tsEl.tsul] P F n. whitewater rapids (countable, but only rarely) > tsenga: ["tsE.Na] P F conj. where, place where (derived from tseng place) > tseng(e): ["tsEN(E)] P F n. place > tsengo: ["tsE.No] P F pn. somewhere (derived from tseng place) > tsengpe: ["tsEN.pE] P F inter. where variant of peseng > tseo: ["tsE.o] P F n. art > tseotu: ["tsE.o.tu] P F n. artist (generic term) (derived from tseo art) > tseri: ["ts·E.R·i] P F vtr. note, notice > tsewtx: [tsEwt'] P F adj. dirty > tsim: [tsim] P F n. source > tsin: [tsin] P F n. nail, claw > tsìk: [tsIk] P F adv. suddenly, without warning > tsìlpey: [tsIl."pEj] P F n. hope (abstract idea) (derived from sìlpey hope) > tsìng: [tsIN] P F num. four > tsìsyì: ["ts·I.sy·I] P F vin. whisper > tsìve: ["tsI.vE] P F adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived from tsìng four) > tskalep: ["tska.lEp^] P F n. crossbow > tsko: [tsko] P F n. bow (weapon) > tsko swizaw: ["tsko swi."zaw] P F n. bow and arrow (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow) > > tskxaytsyìp: ["tsk'aj.tsjIp^] P F n. hail (derived from tskxepay ice) > tskxe: [tsk'E] P F n. rock, stone > tskxekeng: ["tsk'E.kEN] P F n. training, exercise

> tskxekeng si: ["tsk'E.kEN "s·i] P F vin. exercise, train (derived from tskxekeng training) > tskxepay: ["tsk'E.paj] P F n. ice (derived from tskxe stone and pay water) > tskxevi: ["tsk'E.vi] P F n. pebble, small stone polished smooth by natural forces (derived from tskxe rock, stone) > tslam: [tsl·am] P F vtr. understand > tsleng: [tslEN] P F adj. false > tslolam: [tslo."lam] P F intj. get it, I understand (derived from tslam understand and «ol» perfective aspect infix) > tsmi: [tsmi] P F n. nectar > tsmisnrr: ["tsmi.snr] P F n. bladder lantern, nectar lantern (c.w." from tsmi nectar and nrr glow) > tsmìm: [tsmIm] P F n. track, trace (of animal or person) > tsmuk: [tsmuk^] P F n. sibling > tsmukan: ["tsmu.kan] P F n. brother (derived from tsmuk sibling) > tsmuke: ["tsmu.kE] P F n. sister (derived from tsmuk sibling) > tsmuktu: ["tsmuk.tu] P F n. sibling (derived from tsmuk sibling) > tsngal: [tsNal] P F n. cup > tsngan: [tsNan] P F n. meat > tsngawpay: ["tsNaw.paj] P F n. tears (c.w. from tsngawvìk cry and pay water) > tsngawpayvi: ["tsNaw.paj.vi] P F n. teardrop (c.w. from tsngawvìk cry and pay+vi water, with partitive marker) > tsngawvìk: ["tsN·aw.v·Ik^] P F vin. cry, weep > tsngem: [tsNEm] P F n. muscle > tsnì: [tsnI] P F sbd. that (function word) (with subjunctive verb in dependant clause) > tson: [tson] P F n. obligation, duty, imposed requirement > tsong: [tsoN] P F n. valley > tsongropx: ["tsoN.Rop'] P F n. hole, cavity, excavation with a bottom (visible or presumed) (c.w. from tsong valley and ropx hole) > > tsongtsyìp: ["tsoN.tsjIp] P F n. dimple (derived from tsong valley) > tsonta: ["tson.ta] P F conj. to (with kxìm) (derived from tson obligation, duty, imposed requirement) (contraction of tsonit a) > tsopì: ["tso.pI] P F n. lung > tspang: [tsp·aN] P F vtr. kill

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> tsranten: ["tsR·an.t·En] P F vin. matter, be of importance > tsray: [tsRaj] P F n. village > tsre’i: ["tsR·E.P·i] P F vtr. throw > tsrul: [tsRul] P F n. nest; protected area serving as the home of Pandoran fauna > tstal: [tstal] P F n. knife > tstalsena: ["tstal.sE.na] P F n. knife sheath (c.w. from tstal knife and sähena carrier) > tstew: [tstEw] P F adj. brave ofp. > tstu: [tstu] P F adj. closed, shut, overcast (for cloudy skies) > tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, thoughtful, considerate > tstu si: ["tstu "s·i] P F vin. close (derived from tstu closed) > tstxo: [tst'o] P F n. name > tstxolì’u: ["tst'o.lI.Pu] P F n. noun (c.w. from tstxo name and lì’u word) > tsu’o: ["tsu.Po] P F n. ability > tsuksìm: ["tsuk.sIm] P F n. chin > > tsuktswa’: [tsuk."tswaP] P F adj. forgettable (derived from tswa’ forget) > tsukyom: [tsuk."jom] P F adj. edible (derived from yom eat) > tsulfä: [tsul."fæ] P F n. mastery > tsulfä si: [tsul."fæ "s·i] P F vin. master (derived from tsulfä mastery) > tsulfätu: [tsul."fæ.tu] P F n. master of an art, craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulfä mastery)

> tsulfätunay: [tsul.fæ.tu."naj] P F n. near-master (derived from tsulfätu master) > tsun: [ts·un] P F vim. can, be able > tsunslu: ["ts·un.sl·u] P F vin. may, be possible (c.w. from tsun be able and slu become) > tsurokx: [ts·u."R·ok'] P F vin. rest > tswa’: [tsw·aP] P F vtr. forget > tswayon: ["tsw·aj.·on] P F vin. fly > tswin: [tswin] P F n. queue, braid > > tswintsyìp: ["tswin.tsjIp^] P F n. little queue (derived from tswin queue) > tswìk: [tsw·Ik] P F vtr. suck > tswìk kxenerit: [tsw·k k'E.nER.t] P F,D vin. smoke (lit. to suck smoke) (c.w. from tswìk suck and kxener smoke) > tsyafe: ["tsja.fE] P F adj. mild, moderate, comfortable > tsyal: [tsjal] P F n. wing > tsyär: [tsj·æR] P F vtr. reject > tsyey: [tsjEj] P F n. snack, light meal > tsyeym: [tsjEjm] P F n. treasure; something rare and of great value > > tsyeytsyìp: ["tsjEj.tsjIp^] P F n. tiny bite (derived from tsyey snack, light meal) > tsyìl: [tsj·Il] P F vtr. climb, scale (pulling entire body up) > tsyo: [tsjo] P F n. flour > tsyokx: [tsjok'] P F n. hand > tsyosyu: ["tsjo.sju] P F n. food made from flour (c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food)

Tx txa’: [t'aP] P F adj. hard txal: [t'al] P F n. back (of the body)

txankrr: [t'aN."kr] P F adv. for a long time (c.w. " and krr time) from txan much

txampay: [t'am."paj] P F n. sea, ocean (c.w. from txanlal: ["t'an.lal] P F adj. ancient, very old (c.w. from txan much and lal old) txan much and pay water) txampxì: [t'am."p'I] P F n. majority, most, large txanlokxe: [t'an.lo."k'E] P F n. clan or tribal domain, country (c.w. from txan; olo’ great; tripart (derived from txan much) be, clan and atxkxe land) txan: [t'an] adj. much PF

txanatan: ["t'a.na.tan] P F adj. bright, vivid (c.w. txanro’a: [t'an."R·o.P·a] P F vin. be famous (c.w. from txan much and ro’a inspire awe or refrom txan much and atan light) spect) txanew: ["t'a.nEw] P F adj. greedy (c.w. from txtxantompa: [t'an."tom.pa] P F n. rainstorm, heaan much and new want) vy rain (c.w. from txan much and tompa txanfwerwì: [t'an."fwER.wI] P F n. blizzard (derain) rived from txan much and hufwe+herwì > wind+snow) txantsan: ["t'an.tsan] P F adj. excellent 39

> txantslusam: ["t'an.tslu.sam] P F adj. wise (c.w. from txan much and tsl«us»am understand) > txantstew: ["t'an.tstEw] P F n. hero (c.w. from txan much and tstew brave) txantur: ["t'an.tuR] P F adj. powerful (c.w. from txan much and txur strong) ofp. txantxew: [t'an."t'Ew] P F n. maximum (c.w. from txan much and txew limit, border, end) txantxewvay: [t'an."t'Ew.vaj] P F adv. maximally (derived from txantxew maximum) txanwawe: [t'an.wa."wE] P F adj. personally meaningful, significant (c.w. from txan much and wawe significance) > txanwetseng: [t'an."wE.tsEN] P F n. personally significant or beloved place, heimat (ger.) (derived from txanwawe(a) personally meaningful, significant and tseng place) txasom: ["t'a.som] P F adj. very hot (derived from txan much and som hot) txatx: [t'at'] P F n. bubble txawew: ["t'a.wEw] P F adj. very cold (derived from txan much and wew cold) txay: [t'·aj] P F vin. be horizontal, lie flat txayo: ["t'a.jo] P F n. field, open terrain, plain txärem: ["t'æ.REm] P F n. bone txe’lan: [t'EP."lan] P F n. heart txekxumpay: [t'E."k'um.paJ] P F n. magma, lava (derived from texp fire and kxumpay viscous liquid) txele: ["t'E.lE] P F n. matter (subject) txen: [t'En] P F adj. awake txep: [t'Ep^] P F n. fire txepìva: ["t'E.pI.va] P F n. ash, cinder (derived from txep fire and ìlva flake) txepram: [t'Ep."Ram] P F n. volcano (c.w. from txep fire and ram mountain) > txeptseng: ["t'Ep.tsEN] P F n. place where a fire is burning or has burned (c.w. from txep fire and tseng place) > txeptsyìp: ["t'Ep.tsjIp^] P F n. dear or cute little fire (derived from txep fire) txepvi: ["t'Ep.vi] P F n. spark (derived from txep fire) txew: [t'Ew] P F n. edge, brink, limit, border, end txewk: [t'Ewk^] P F n. club (weapon)

txewluke: ["t'Ew.lu.kE] P F adj. endless, boundless, without limit (c.w. from txew limit, border and luke without) txewm: [t'Ewm] P F adj. scary, frightening txewnga’: ["t'Ew.NaP] P F adj. having a limit, not without bounds, finite (c.w. from txew limit and nga’ contain) txey: [t'·Ej] P F v. halt txi: [t'i] P F n. hurry, hurriedness, frenzy txin: [t'in] P F adj. main, primary txintìn: ["t'in.tIn] P F n. occupation, primary role in society (c.w. from txin main and tìn activity that keeps one busy) txìm: [t'Im] P F n. butt, rear end, ass txìng: [t'·IN] P F vtr. leave, abandon txo: [t'o] P F conj. if txoa: ["t'o.a] P F n. forgiveness txokefyaw: ["t'o.kE.fjaw] P F conj. if not, or else, otherwise (c.w. from txo-ke-fya’o-’aw if not one path) txon: [t'on] P F n. night txon’ong: [t'on."PoN] P F,P rr n. night-fall, sunset, dusk, gloaming (c.w. from txon night and ’ong unfold) txon’ongmaw: [t'on."PoN.maw] P F n. twilight, the time before dark, after sunset (c.w. from txon’ong sunset and maw after) txonam: [t'o."nam] P F adv. last night (derived from txon night and ham previous) txonay: [t'o."naj] P F adv. tomorrow night (derived from txon night and hay next) txonkrr: ["t'on.kr] P F adv. at night (c.w. from txon night and" krr time) txopu: ["t'o.pu] P F n. fear txopu si: ["t'o.pu "s·i] P F vin. be afraid (derived from txopu fear) txukx: [t'uk'] P F adj. deep (physically) txula: ["t'·u.l·a] P F vtr. build, construct txum: [t'um] P F n. poison txumnga’: ["t'um.NaP] P F adj. poisonous (derived from txum poison and nga’ contain) txur: [t'uR] P F adj. strong (physically) txurtel: ["t'uR.tel] P F n. rope (c.w. from txur strong and telem cord)

40

U ue’: [·u·"EP] P F vtr., vin. vomit, vomit up uk: [uk^] P F n. shadow (derived from toruk last shadow) ukxo: [u."k'o] P F adj. dry ulte: ["ul.tE] P F conj. and (clausal conjunction) ultxa: [ul."t'a] P F n. meeting ultxarun: [ul."t'a.R·un] P F vtr. encounter, meet by chance (ii) (c.w. from ultxa meeting and run find) ultxa si: [ul."t'a "s·i] P F vin. meet with someone intentionally (use hu with) (derived from ultxa meeting) ultxatu: [ul."t'a.tu] P F n. meeting participant (derived from ultxa meeting) um: [um] P F adj. loose unil: ["u.nil] JC n. dream unil si: ["u.nil s·i] P F vin. dream (derived from unil dream) uniltìrantokx: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok'] JC,P F n. avatar, dreamwalker body (c.w. from uniltìranyu dreamwalker and tokx body) uniltìrantokxolo’: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok'.o.loP] P F n. clan, or group of avatars (c.w. from uniltìrantokx avatar, dreamwalker body and olo’

clan) uniltìranyu: [u.nil.tI."Ran.ju] P F n. dreamwalker (c.w. from unil dream and tìranyu walker) > uniltsa: ["u.nIl.ts·a] P F vtr. dream of, dream about (derived from unil dream and tse’a see) unyor: [un."joR] P F adj. sweetly aromatic (a flowery or aromatic woody sort of smell; may also refer to some spices used in Na’vi cooking) uo–: ["u.o] P F adp. behind uran: ["u.Ran] P F n. boat utral: ["ut.Ral] P F n. tree > utraltsyìp: ["ut.Ral.tsjIp^] P F n. bush (derived from utral tree) utu: ["u.tu] P F n. forest canopy utumauti: ["u.tu.ma.u.ti] P F n. banana fruit (c.w. from utu canopy and mauti fruit) (lit. canopy fruit) uvan: [u."van] P F n. game uvan letokx: [u."van lE."tok'] P F n. physical or athletic game, sport (c.w. from uvan game and letokx physical) uvan si: [u."van "s·i] P F vin. play (a game) (derived from uvan game)

V var: [v·aR] P F vim. to persist in a state, to continue to perform an action vawm: [vawm] P F adj. dark vawmpin: ["vawm.pin] P F n. dark color (derived from vawm dark) vawt: [vawt^] P F adj. solid, not hollow vay–: [vaj] P F adp. up to vaykrr: [vaj."kr] P F conj. until (c.w. from vay– " time) up to and krr vä’: [væP] P F adj. unpleasant to the senses, noisome väng: [væN] P F adj. thirsty väpam: ["væ.pam] P F n. noise. ugly or unpleasant sound, screech (derived from vä unpleasant to the senses and pam sound) ve’kì: [v·EP."k·I] P F vtr. hate ve’o: ["vEP.o] P F n. order (as opposed to disorder or chaos), organization vefya: ["vE.fja] P F n. system, process, procedure, approach (c.w. from ve’o order, organization

and fya’o way, manner) velek: ["v·E.l·Ek^] P F vin. give up, surrender, concede defeat velke: ["vEl.ke] P F adj. chaotic, messy, disorganized, in shambles (c.w. from ve’o order, organization and luke without) venga’: ["vE.NaP] P F adj. organized, “on top of things” (c.w. from ve’o order, organization and nga’ contain) venu: ["vE.nu] P F n. foot venzek: ["vEn.zEk^] P F n. toe (c.w. from venu foot and zekwä finger) vewng: [v·EwN] P F vtr. look after, take care of, be responsible for vey: [vEj] P F n. food made from animal origin, flesh vezeyko: [vE.zEj."ko] P F vtr. put in order, organize (derived from vezo be in order) vezo: [vE."z·o] P F vin. be in order, be organized (c.w. from ve’o order and zo be as it should

41

be) vin: [v·in] P F vtr. request, ask for vingkap: ["v·iN.k·ap^] P F vtr. occur to one, pop into one’s mind virä: [v·i."R·æ] P F v. spread, proliferate vitra: [vit."Ra] P F n. soul vll: [v·l] P F vin., vtr. indicate, point at " vol: [vol] P F num. eight volve: ["vol.vE] P F adj. eighth (ordinal) (derived from vol eight) vospxì: [vo."sp'I] P F n. month (derived from vosìpxì twelfth and zìsìtä of a year)

vospxìam: [vo.sp'I."am] P F n. last month (derived from vospxì month) vospxìay: [vo.sp'I."aj] P F n. next month (derived from vospxì month) vrrìn: ["v·r.·In] P F svin. be busy (negative sen" se): be tired out and overwhelmed by an activity that’s keeping one busy (derived from ’ìn be busy) vrrtep: ["vr.tEp^] P F n. demon vul: [vul] P" F n. branch (of a tree) vur: [vuR] P F n. story vurvi: ["vuR.vi] P F n. summary, synopsis (derived from vur story)

W walak: ["wa.lak^] P F adj. energetic, active wan: [w·an] P F vtr. hide wawe: [wa."wE] P F n. meaning, importance, significance way: [waj] P F n. song (ancient, ceremonial) way a plltxe: [waj a pl.t'E] P F ph. spoken poem (as a melodic recital) "(derived from way sing (ceremonial register)) way a rol: [waj a Rol] P F ph. sung poem (derived from way sing (ceremonial register)) wayä aylì’u: [waj.æ ajlI.Pu] P F ph. words of a poem or lyrics of a song (derived from way sing (ceremonial register)) way si: ["waj "s·i] P F vin. sing (derived from way song) waytelem: ["waj.tE.lEm] P F n. song cord (c.w. from way song and telem cord) wä+: [wæ] P F adp. against (as in: fight against) wäsul: ["wæ.s·ul] P F vin. compete wäte: [wæ."t·E] P F vtr. argue, dispute wätu: ["wæ.tu] P F n. opponent (derived from wä- against) wätx: [w·æt'] P F vtr. be bad at we’ay: ["wE.Paj] P F adj. sour wem: [w·Em] P F vin. fight wempongu: ["wEm.po.Nu] P F n. squad, military clan, battle party (c.w. from wem fight and

pongu group) wew: [wEw] P F adj. cold weyn: [w·Ejn] P F vtr. draw, illustrate win: [win] P F adj. fast win säpi: ["win sæ."p·i] P F vin. hurry (c.w. from win fast and s«äp»i do (reflexive)) win si: ["win "s·i] P F vin. rush something, make something fast (derived from win fast) wip: [wip^] P F adj. salty wiya: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. expression of warning or frustration, ’damn!’ wìngay: [w·I."Naj] P F vtr. prove (derived from wìntxu show and ngay true) wìntxu: [w·In."t'·u] P F vtr. show wo: [w·o] P F vtr. reach for wok: [wok^] P F adj. loud wokau: [wok."a.u] JC,P F n. pendulum drum (c.w. from wok loud and au drum) wotx: [wot'] P F n. totality, whole wrrpa: ["wr.pa] P F n., adv. outside " wrrza’u: [wr."z·a.Pu] P F vin. come out, emerge (derived "from wrrpa outside and za’u come) wum: [wum] P F adv. approximately, roughly wur: [wuR] P F adj. cool, chilly > wutso: ["wu.tso] P F n. dinner, served meal

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Y ya: [ja] P F n. air yafkeyk: ["ja.fkEjk^] P F n. weather (derived from fkeytok exist) yak: [jak^] P F n. fork, branch, point of divergence yak si: [j·ak^ s·i] P F vin. diverge, change direction, go astray (derived from yak point of divergence) yaney: [ja."nEj] P F n. canoe yapay: ["ja.paj] P F n. mist, fog, steam (c.w. from ya air and pay water) yawne: ["jaw.nE] P F adj. beloved yawnetu: ["jaw.nE.tu] P F n. loved one (derived from yawne beloved) yawntu: ["jawn.tu] P F n. loved one (derived from yawne beloved) yawnyewla: [jawn."jEw.la] P F n. broken heart, broken heartedness (c.w. from yawne beloved and yewla disappointment) yawo: [ja."w·o] P F vin. take off, launch (c.w. from ya air and wo reach for) yayayr: [ja."jajR] P F n. confusion yayayrnga’: [ja."jajR.NaP] P F adj. confusing (derived from yayayr confusion) > yayayrtsim: [ja."jajR.tsim] P F n. something confusing, source of confusion (c.w. from yayayr confusion and tsim source) yaymak: ["jaj.mak^] P F adj. foolish, ignorant yayo: ["ja.jo] P F n. bird (c.w. from ya air and ioang animal) > yayotsrul: ["ja.jo.tsRul] P F n. bird’s nest (c.w. from yayo bird and tsrul nest) yäkx: [J·æk'] P F vtr. not notice, ignore, snub yän: [j·æn] P F vtr. fasten, tie down ye: [jE] P F adj. satisfied, content, satiated, full ye’krr: ["jEP.kr] P F adv. early (derived from ye’rìn soon "and krr time) ye’rìn: ["jEP.RIn] P F adv. soon yehakx: ["jE.hak'] P F adj. satisfied from hunger, full (derived from ye full and ohakx hungry) yem: [j·Em] P F vtr. put, place yemfpay: [jEm."fpaj] P F n. dipping, immersion (into liquid) (c.w. from yem put and pay water) yemfpay si: [jEm."fpaj "s·i] P F vin. dip into liquid (derived from yemfpay dipping) yemstokx: ["j·Em.stok'] P F vtr. put on (clothing), don (c.w. from yem sìn put on and to-

kx body) yengwal: [jEN."wal] P F n. sorrow yeväng: ["jE.væN] P F adj. satisfied from thirst by drink, feeling quenched, slaked (derived from ye satisfied and väng thirsty) yewla: ["jEw.la] P F n. disappointment, emotional let-down, failed expectation yey: [jEj] P F adj. straight yeyfya: ["jEj.fja] P F n. straight line (derived from yey straight and fya’o path) yì: [jI] P F n. shelf, ledge, level, step, rung (Can also be used metaphorically to refer to the level of anything scalable - anything that can have levels or degrees, highs and lows, water level, temperature, talent, anger, etc.) yìm: [j·Im] P F vtr. bind yll: [jl] P F adj. communal " ylltxep: ["jl.t'Ep^] P F n. communal fire or fire pit " yll communal and txep fire) (c.w. from yo: [jo] P F n. surface yo’: [j·oP^] P F svin. be perfect, flawless yo’ko: ["joP.ko] P F n. circle (derived from yo’ perfect and ko’on ring) yoa–: ["jo.a] P F adp. in exchange for yol: [jol] P F adj. short (of time) yom: [j·om] P F vtr. eat yomtìng: ["jom.t·IN] P F vin. feed (with dative object) (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and tìng give) yomyo: ["jom.jo] P F n. plate, (for food) (c.w. from yom eat and yo table, elevated utilitarian surface (colloquial form of fyanyo)) yomyo lerìk: ["jom.yo lE."rIk^] P F n. leaf plate (c.w. from yomyo plate (for food) and lerìk leafy) yora’: [j·o."R·aP] P F vtr. win yora’tu: [jo."RaP.tu] P F n. winner (derived from yora’ win) yrr: [jr] P F adj. wild, natural (something in its " original, unmodified, untampered-with natural state) yrrap: ["jr.ap^] P F n. storm (derived from ya air " and hrrap danger) yuey: ["ju.Ej] P F adj. beautiful (inner beauty) ofp. yune: ["j·u.n·E] P F vtr. listen to (intentionally) yur: [j·uR] P F vtr. wash

43

Z za’ärìp: [za."P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. pull (derived from ’ärìp move) za’u: ["z·a.P·u] P F vin. come zam: [zam] P F num. sixty four zamunge: [za."m·u.N·E] P F vtr. bring (derived from munge bring) zapxì: [za."p'I] P F n. front (part or section) (derived from hapxì part) zare’: [za."REP] P F n. forehead, brow (c.w. from zapxì front and re’o head) zasrìn: [za."sR·In] P F vtr. borrow (derived from srìn temporarily transfer from one to another) zawng: [z·awN] P F vin. scream zawprrte’: [z·aw."pr.tEP] P F vin. be enjoyable " come and prrte’ pleasu(derived from za’u rable) zawr: [zawr] P F n. animal call zäfi: ["zæ.fi] P F adj. modified, interfered with, no longer in a natural state zekwä: ["zEk.wæ] P F n. finger zel: [zEl] P F adv. then (counterfactual use) zene: ["z·E.n·E] P F vim. must zenke: ["z·EN.kE] P F vim. must not (ii) (c.w. from zene must and ke not) zerok: ["z·E.R·ok^] P F vtr. remember zeswa: ["zE.swa] P F n. grass zeswavi: ["zE.swa.vi] P F n. blade of grass (derived from zeswa grass) zet: [z·Et^] P F vtr. treat (emotionally), display an attitude towards

zey: [zEj] P F adj. special, distinct zeyko: [zEj."k·o] P F vtr. heal, fix (derived from zo be well and «eyk» causative infix) zir: [ziR] P F n. touch, feel, texture zìm: [z·Im] P F vtr. feel (not intentionally) zìma’uyu: [zI."ma.Pu.ju] P F n. newcomer, someone who has just arrived on the scene > zìmtswo: ["zIm.tswo] P F n. (sense of) touch (derived from zìm touch) zìsìkrr: ["zI.sI.kr] P F n. season (derived from zìsìt year and" krr time) zìsìt: ["zI.sIt^] P F n. year zìsìtay: ["zI.sIt.aj] P F n. next year (derived from zìsìt year) zo: [z·o] P F svin. be well, be intact, be as it should be, work correctly or as nature intended zong: [z·oN] P F vtr. save, defend > zongtseng: ["zoN.tsEN] P F n. safe place, refuge (c.w. from zong save and tseng place) zoplo: [zop."lo] P F n. offence, insult zoslu: ["zo.sl·u] P F vin. heal, become well, get fixed (ii) (c.w. from zo be well and slu become) zum: [zum] P F n. object, thing (physical or tangible) zun: [zun] P F conj. if (counterfactual use) zup: [z·up^] P F vin. fall zusawkrr: [zu."saw.kr] P F n. future (c.w. from " krr time) z«us»a’u coming and

ä äie: [æ."i.E] P F n. vision (spiritual) äo–: ["æ.o] P F adp. under, below ätxäle: [æ."t'æ.lE] P F n. request

ätxäle si: [æ."t'æ.lE "s·i] P F vin. request (with tsnì clause for object) (derived from ätxäle request)

ì ìì: [I:] P F intj. um, er ìlä+: ["I.læ] or [I."læ] according to

PF

ìley: [I."lEj] LA intj. war cry adp. by, via, following, ìlva: ["Il.va] P F n. flake, drop, chip ìpxa: [I."p'a] RL,P F n. fern

44

A

The Number System

The following are charts of Na’vi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in their singular form, like ’awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underlining indicates where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial number reference, such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9. Note that when using numbers in conversational Na’vi, Dr. Frommer has introduced a grammatical rule, called “the Koren Holpxayä”, or “the Number Principle”, which states that in referring to the same entity, express number only once per clause. For example, the sentence “You two are teachers.” in Na’vi would be “Menga lu karyu.” and the sentence “They are teachers.” would be “Fo lu karyu.”.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 kew ’aw mune pxey tsìng mrr pukap kinä

Na’vi Numbers: 0 – 39 1 2 3 vol mevol pxevol volaw mevolaw pxevolaw vomun mevomun pxevomun vopey mevopey pxevopey vosìng mevosìng pxevosìng vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr vofu mevofu pxevofu vohin mevohin pxevohin

Na’vi Numbers: 40 – 63 5 6 7 mrrvol puvol kivol mrrvolaw puvolaw kivolaw mrrvomun puvomun kivomun mrrvopey puvopey kivopey mrrvosìng puvosìng kivosìng mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr mrrvofu puvofu kivofu mrrvohin puvohin kivohin

x1 ’aw mune pxey tsìng mrr pukap kinä

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4 tsìvol tsìvolaw tsìvomun tsìvopey tsìvosìng tsìvomrr tsìvofu tsìvohin

Ordinal Numbers Number + -ve – 8 volve ’awve 9 volawve muve 10 vomuve pxeyve 11 vopeyve tsìve 12 vosìve mrrve 13 vomrrve puve 14 vofuve kive 15 vohive

More Na’vi Numbers: combining x8 x64 x512 -aw vol zam vozam -mun mevol mezam mevozam -pey pxevol pxezam pxevozam tsìvozam tsìvol tsìzam -sìng -mrr mrrvol mrrzam mrrvozam puvol puzam puvozam -fu -hin kivol kizam kivozam

45

x4096 zazam mezazam pxezazam tsìzazam mrrzazam puzazam kizazam

zamtsìvosìng

Example Number zam + tsìvo + sìng 64 + 4∗8 + 4

100

Non-Na’vi Numbers 8 ’eyt 9 nayn

B

Time

Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week. Stress is again shown with underlining. Trrtxon trr’ong trr’ongmaw rewon srekamtrr kxamtrr kxamtrrmaw ha’ngir kaym sreton’ong txon’ong txon’ongmaw txon srekamtxon kxamtxon kxamtxomaw txon sresrr’ong trr’ong

C

dawn after dawn morning before noon noon after noon early afternoon late afternoon before nightfall nightfall after nightfall night before midnight midnight after midnight night before dawn dawn

Days of the Terrestrial Week Sunday trr’awve Monday trrmuve Tuesday trrpxeyve Wednesday trrtsìve Thursday trrmrrve Friday trrpuve Saturday trrkive

Na’vi Loan Words

’Ìnglìsì: ["PIN.lI.sI] P F n. English language (loa- kunsìp: ["kun.sIp^] P F n. gunship (loaned from ned from Eng. English) Eng. gunship) ’Rrta: ["Pr.ta] P F,P rr prop.n. Earth (loaned lì’upuk: ["lI.Pu.puk^] P F n. dictionary (loaned " Earth) from Na’vi / Eng. word book) from Eng. > LosÄntsyelesì: [los."antsJE.lE.sI] P F pn. Los Europa: [E.u."Ro.pa] P F prop.n. Europe (loaned Angeles (loaned from Eng. Los Angeles) from Greek Europe) > matsa: [ma.tsa] P F n. matsa, crackers (loaned ewro: ["Ew.Ro] P F n. euro (loaned from Eng. eufrom Hebrew matsa) ro) nìFranse: [nI."fRan.sE] P F adv. French (loaned > hametsì: [ha.mE.tsI] P F n. leavened bread (loafrom French Français) ned from Hebrew chametz) nìToitsye: [nI."to.i.tsjE] P F adv. German (loaned from German Deutsche) Jakesully: [ZEjk'su:li] M n. moron, toruk mak> " toyu (loaned from Eng. Jake Sully) (not nor- nìTsyungwen: [nI."tsjuN.wEn] P F adv. Zhongmally allowable under Na’vi phonotactic wen (loaned from Mandarin Chinese rules) Zhongwen) 46

Pari: [pa.Ri] P F prop.n. Paris (loaned from French Paris) paynäpll: ["paj.næ.pl] P F n. pineapple (loaned " from Eng. pineapple) päsketpol: [pæ.skEt.pol] P F n. basketball (loaned from Eng. basketball) > pätsì: ["pæ.tsI] P F n. badge (loaned from Eng. badge) pìlok: [pI."lok^] P F n. blog (loaned from Eng. blog) postì: ["po.stI] P F n. (forum/blog) post (loaned from Eng. post) puk: [puk^] P F n. book (loaned from Eng. book) > puktsyìp: ["puk.tsjIp^] P F n. pamphlet, booklet (derived from puk book) pxir: [p'iR] P F n. beer (loaned from German bier) skxaypxe: ["sk'aj.p'E] P F n. Skype (loaned from English Skype) Sweriye: [swERijE] P F prop.n. Sweden (loaned from Swedish Sverige) tawsìp: ["taw.sIp^] P F n. sky-ship (loaned from Eng. ship) tìreyn: [+tI."REjn] P F n. train (loaned from Eng. train)

> Toitslan: ["to.i.tslan] P F prop.n. Germany (loaned from German Deutschland) > Toitsye: ["to.i.tsjE] P F adj. German (language) (loaned from German Deutsch) toktor: ["tok.toR] P F n. doctor (loaned from Eng. doctor) > tsyänel: [tsjæ.nEl] P F n. TV channel (loaned from Eng. channel) > tsyìräfì: [tsjI.Ræ.fI] P F n. giraffe (loaned from Eng. giraffe) > tsyoklìt: ["tsjok.lIt^] P F n. chocolate (loaned from Eng. chocolate) txolar: ["t'o.lar] P F n. dollar (loaned from Eng. dollar) wep: [wEp^] LN n. web (as in world wide web, www) (loaned from Eng. web) > weptseng: ["wEp.tsEN] LN n. website (loaned from Eng. / Na’vi web place) wou: ["w·o.·u] P F svin. be amazing, fascinating (slang) (loaned from Eng. whoa) Yeysu: [jEj.su] P F prop.n. Jesus (loaned from Italian Jesu) Yuesey: [ju.E.sEj] P F prop.n. U.S.A. (loaned from Eng. U.S.A.)

47

D

Na’vi Proper Nouns

Akwey: [ak."wEj] JC prop.n. male Na’vi Amhul: [am."hul] P F prop.n. female Na’vi Anurai: ["a.nu.Ra.i] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan name Ateyitan: [a.tEj.i.tan] JC prop.n. son of Ateyo (derived from Ateyo male name and ’itan son) Ateyo: [a."tE.jo] JC prop.n. male Na’vi ayRam aLusìng: [aj."Ram a.lu."sIN] P F prop.n. the Floating Mountains (c.w. from ram mountain and lìng hover) ayVitrayä Ramunong: [aj.vit."Ra.jæ Ra."mu.noN] JC prop.n. Well of Souls (c.w. from vitra soul and ramunong well) Änsìt: ["æn.sIt^] P F prop.n. male Na’vi Entu: ["En.tu] P F prop.n. male Na’vi Eytukan: ["Ej.tu.kan] JC prop.n. male leader of the Omatikaya Eywa: ["Ej.wa] JC prop.n. world spirit, Gaia (derived from Proto-Indo-European *aiw) RL Eywa’eveng: [Ej.wa."PE.vEN] JC,P F prop.n. Pandora (informal pronunciation [Ej."wE.vEN]) (c.w. from Eywa Gaia and ’eveng child) Iknimaya: ["ik.ni."ma.ja] JC prop.n. Stairway to Heaven, the rite of passage for young Na’vi Ìstaw: [I."staw] P F prop.n. male Na’vi Kamun: ["ka.mun] P F prop.n. male Na’vi (affectionate form Kamtsyìp) Kekunan: ["kE.ku.nan] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan name Kelutral: ["kEl.ut.Ral] P F prop.n. Hometree (c.w. from kelku home and utral tree) Li’ona: [lI.Po.na] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan name Lo’akur: [lo.Pa."kuR] P F,CdS prop.n. Toruk Makto Amulet (c.w. from lo’a totem and kur hang) Loak: ["lo.ak^] P F prop.n. male Na’vi Metkayina: [mEt.ka."ji.na] JC,P F prop.n. Reef People Clan Mo’ara: [mo."Pa.Ra] P F prop.n. a valley on Pandora (Note: Also the name of the Disney Pandora location) Mo’at: ["mo.Pat^] JC prop.n. tsahìk of the Omatikaya (also pronounced Moat) Mo’at’ite: [mo.Pat.Pi.tE] JC prop.n. daughter of Mo’at (derived from Mo’at a woman and ’ite daughter)

Na’vi: ["naP.vi] P F prop.n. the People, indigenous Pandoran sentient race Naranawm: [naR.a."nawm] JC,P F prop.n. Polyphemus (derived from nari eye and anawm great; lit. great eye) Nawmtoruktek: [nawm."to.Ruk.tEk^] P F,CdS prop.n. Toruk Makto Totem (c.w. from nawm Toruk great Toruk and tekre skull) Newey: [nE."wEj] P F prop.n. female Na’vi Neytiri: [nEj.ti.Ri] JC prop.n. female Na’vi of the Omatikaya Clan Ninat: [ni.nat^] JC prop.n. female singer of the Omatikaya Omatikaya: [o.ma.ti."ka.ja] JC prop.n. Blue Flute Clan (Note: common misspelling as Omaticaya, sourced by the ASG) Otranyu: [ot."Ran.ju] JC prop.n. name Peyral: [pEj."Ral] P F prop.n. female of the Omatikaya Pongu Pongu: ["po.Nu "po.Nu] D prop.n. party party (irregular use) (derived from pongu a group or party of people) (Note: Name of bar at Disney’s Pandora - The World of Avatar) Ralu: ["Ra.lu] P F prop.n. male Na’vi Rini: ["Ri.ni] P F prop.n. female Na’vi Rongloa: ["RoN.lo.a] JC prop.n. Na’vi Clan name Satu’li: [sa"tuP.li] P F,D prop.n. Canteen in the Valley of Mo’ara (Note: From Disney’s Pandora - The World of Avatar) Seze: ["sE.zE] ZS prop.n. Neytiri’s banshee Silwanin: [sil.wa.nin] JC prop.n. Neytiri’s sister Sorewn: [so."REwn] P F prop.n. female Na’vi Swotulu: ["swo.tu.lu] P F prop.n. sacred river (derived from swotu sacred place) Swotu Wayä: ["swo.tu "waJ.æ] P F,D prop.n. sacred place of song (Note: From Disney’s Pandora - The World of Avatar) Tawkami: [taw."ka.mi] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan name (c.w. from taw sky and kame see) Tawtute: ["taw.tu.tE] P F prop.n. Sky-person, human (c.w. from taw sky and tute person) Tipani: ["ti.pa.ni] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan name Tonowari: [to.no."wa.Ri] JC,P F prop.n. male Na’vi of the Metkayina Clan > Tsahìk: ["tsa.hIk^] JC prop.n. matriarch, high priestess, interpreter > Tsenu: ["tsE.nu] P F prop.n. female Na’vi

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> Tskaha: ["tska.ha] JC prop.n. Na’vi Clan name > Tsu’tey: [tsuP."tEj] JC prop.n. male of the Omatikaya > Tsumongwi: [tsu.moN.wi] JC prop.n. original name for the Omatikaya Tuke: ["tu.kE] P F prop.n. female Na’vi Txärpawk: ["t'æR.pawk^] P F,CdS prop.n. Palulukan Bone Horn (c.w. from txärem bone and pawk horn, wind instrument) Txewì: ["t'E.wI] P F prop.n. male Na’vi

Txilte: ["t'il.tE] P F prop.n. female Na’vi Uniltaron: [u.nil."ta.Ron] P F prop.n. Dream Hunt (c.w. from unil dream and taron hunt) Utral Aymokriyä: ["ut.Ral aj."mok.Ri.jæ] JC,P F prop.n. Tree of Voices (c.w. from utral tree and mokri voice)(from utraya mokri) Va’ru: ["vaP.Ru] P F prop.n. male Na’vi Vitrautral: [vit."Ra.ut.Ral] P F prop.n. Tree of Souls (c.w. from vitra soul and utral tree)

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E

Flora and Fauna

Flora ’ampirikx: ["Pam.pi.Rik'] P F n. leaf pitcher plant (c.w. from ’ampi touch and rikx move) ’ä’o: ["Pæ.Po] P F n. pitcher plant ’ele’wll: ["PE.lEP.wl] P F n. thorny paw, cactus " (derived from ’ewll plant) anìheyu: [a.nI."hE.ju] P F n. fibonacci, blue spiral plant (c.w. from ean blue and ’ìheyu spiral) apxangrr: [a."p'a.Nr] P F n. delta tree (c.w. from " apxa large and ngrr root) atokirina’: [a.to.ki."Ri.naP] JC n. seeds of the great tree awaiei: [a.wa.i."E.i] P F n. banshee of paradise eanean: ["E.an."E.an] P F n. cheadle, herbaceous plant (c.w. from ean blue) eyaye: [E."ja.jE] P F n. warbonnet fkxakewll: ["fk'a.kE.wl] P F n. itch plant (c.w. " ’ewll plant) from fkxake itch and flefle: ["flE.flE] P F n. Sol’s delight, magnetotrophic plant fngapsutxwll: ["fNap.sut'.wl] P F n. metalfollowing plant (c.w. from" fngap metal and sutx follow) fwäkìwll: ["fwæ.kI.wl] P F n. mantis orchid (c.w. from fwäkì mantis" and ’ewll plant) hìrumwll: [hI."Rum.wl] P F n. puffer plant " kllpxiwll: [kl."p'i.wl] P F n. lionberry (c.w. from " " kllte ground and pxiwll sharp plant) kxaylte: ["k'ajl.tE] P F n. cillaphant (derived from kxayl high) loreyu: [lo."RE.ju] P F n. helicoradian, beautiful spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and ’ìheyu spiral) mìnyu: ["mIn.ju] P F n. turner, twisted lily (derived from mìn turn) mulpxar: [mul."p'aR] P F n. roosterhead plant pa’liwll: ["paP.li.wl] P F n. direhorse pitcher plant (c.w. from pa’li" direhorse and ’ewll plant) > pamtseowll: ["pam.tsE.o.wl] P F n. cat ear, mu" sic plant (c.w. from pamtseo music and ’ewll plant) paywll: ["paj.wl] P F n. water plant, dapophet " water and ’ewll plant) (c.w. from pay penghrrap: [pEN."hr.ap^] P F n. binary sunshine, fringed lamp (c.w." from peng tell and hrrap danger)

pxayzekwä: [p'aj."zEk.wæ] P F n. spiny whips (c.w. from pxay many and zekwä finger) pxiut: ["p'i.ut^] P F n. razor palm, sharp tree (c.w. from pxi sharp and utral tree) pxiwll: ["p'i.wl] P F n. hermit bud plant (c.w. " and ’ewll plant) from pxi sharp pxorna’: ["p'oR.naP] P F n. episoth, exploding seed (c.w. from pxor explode and rina’ seed) pxorna’lor: ["p'oR.naP."loR] P F n. sari, beautiful exploding seed plant (c.w. from pxorna’ exploding seed and lor beautiful) rawp: [Rawp^] P F n. bladder polyp rumut: ["Rum.ut^] P F n. ball tree (c.w. from rum ball and utral tree) seze: ["sE.zE] P F,ZS n. blue flower smaoe: [sma."o.E] P F n. phalanxia, heavily thorned plant sngukx: [sNuk'] P F n. grub plant somtìlor: ["som.tI.loR] P F n. popsicle, hot beauty (c.w. from som hot and tìlor beauty) syeptute: ["sjEp.tu.tE] P F n. hyneman, person trapper (c.w. from syep trap and tute person) tautral: ["ta.ut.Ral] P F n. sky tree (c.w. from taw sky and utral tree) > tawtsngal: ["taw.tsNal] P F n. panopyra, sky cup (c.w. from taw sky and tsngal cup) tìhawnuwll: [tI."haw.nu.wl] P F n. spartan, protection plant (c.w. from" tìhawnu protection and ’ewll plant) tompawll: ["tom.pa.wl] P F n. geode, rain plant " and ’ewll plant) (c.w. from tompa rain torukspxam: ["to.Ruk.sp'am] P F n. octoshroom, great leonopteryx fungus (c.w. from toruk great leonopteryx and spxam mushroom) > tsawlapxangrr: ["tsawl.a.p'a.Nr] P F n. unidelta tree, lit. tall large root (c.w." from tsawl big and ngrr root)(for short, tsawlapx) > tstxa’a: ["tst'a.Pa] P F n. canalyd > tsyorina’wll: [tsjo.Ri."naP.wl] P F n. cycad, flour " seed and ’ewll seed plant (c.w. from rina’ plant) txll’u: ["t'l.Pu] P F n. hookagourd " txumpaywll: ["t'um.paj.wl] P F n. scorpion " (c.w. from txum thistle, poison water plant poison and paywll water plant)

50

> txumtsä’wll: [t'um."tsæP.wl] P F n. Baja tickler, vozampasukut: ["vo.zam.pa.suk.ut^] P F n. " from tsä’ squirt grinch tree, thousand berry tree (c.w. from vopoison-squirting plant (c.w. zam 512, equivalent in use to 1,000 and paand ’ewll plant) suk ut(ral) berry tree) väfewll: ["væ.fE.wl] P F n. Centipede, bad-smell yomhì’ang: [jom."hIP.aN] P F n. small aniplant (c.w. from" vä’ unpleasant and fahew mal/insect eater, dakteron (c.w. from yom eat smell) and hì’ang insect) värumut: ["væ.Ru.mut^] P F n. vein pod (c.w. yomioang: [jom.i."o.aN] P F n. chalice plant (c.w. from yom eat and ioang animal) from vä’ unpleasant and rum ball)

Fauna > ’angtsìk: ["PaN.tsIk^] P F n. hammerhead eltungawng: ["El.tu.NawN] P F n. brainworm (c.w. from eltu brain and ngawng worm) fkio: ["fki.o] P F n. tetrapteron fpxafaw: ["fp'a.faw] P F n. medusa fwampop: ["fwam.pop^] P F n. tapirus fwäkì: ["fwæ.kI] P F n. mantis ikran: ["ik.Ran] JC n. banshee ikranay: [ik.Ra."naj] JC,P F n. forest banshee kali’weya: [ka.liP.wE.ja] ASG n. species of poisonous arachnid kenten: ["kEn.tEn] P F n. fan lizard mawup: ["ma.wup^] P F,CdS n. turtapede nantang: ["nan.taN] JC,P F n. viperwolf Caniferratus costatus, striped armored wolf > nantangtsyìp: ["nan.taN.tsJIp^] JC,P F n. dog (earth animal); lit. little nantang (derived from nantang viperwolf )

pa’li: ["paP.li] P F n. direhorse palulukan: [pa.lu."lu.kan] JC n. thanator (colloquial [pa."lu.kan]) > palulukantsyìp: [pa.lu."lu.kan.tsjIp^] JC,P F n. cat (earth animal); lit. little palulukan (derived from palulukan thanator) (colloquial > [pa."lu.kan.tsjIp^]) riti: ["Ri.ti] JC n. stingbat syaksyuk: [sjak."sjuk^] P F n. prolemuris talioang: ["tal.i.o.aN] JC n. sturmbeest (derived from ioang animal) teylu: ["tEj.lu] JC n. beetle larva toruk: ["to.Ruk^] JC n. great leonopteryx, last shadow > tsp: [tspIN] P F,CdS n. austrapede yerik: ["jE.Rik^] P F n. hexapede zize’: [zi."zEP] P F n. hellfire wasp

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F

Useful Phrases

These are some useful phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although the morphemes are probably invariable. We’ve included these not only to show instances where a phrase encapsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common constructions. For this reason we have also included some single words again here. Most of these are taken from Dr. Frommer’s blog at Naviteri.org. They’ve been included in no specific conversational order, but rather alphabetically. ’awa swawtsyìp: [] P F ph. just a tiny moment, hold on a bit ’efu ohakx: ["P·E.f·u o."hak'] P F ph. be hungry ’ivong nìk’ong: [] P F ph. slow is fine ’ìn nga fyape nìfkrr: [] P F ph. what’s been keeping you busy lately? aytele a ngeyä hapxìmì kifkeyä lu fyape?: [] P F ph. How are things in your part of the world? ätxäle pa(lu)lukanur: [æ."t'æ.lE pa."lu.ka.nuR] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: Ätxäle si palulukanur tsnì smarit livonu; “Ask a thanator to release its prey”, it’s a foregone conclusion etrìpa syayvi: ["Et.RI.pa "sjaj.vi] P F ph. good luck Eywa ngahu: ["Ej.wa "Na.hu] JC,P F ph. goodbye, Eywa (be) with you fìpor syaw fko Ìstaw: [] P F ph. this is Ìstaw fnu, ma ’evi. Sa’nur leru hawtsyìp. Tsivurokx ko.: [] P F ph. Quiet, young one. Mommy is taking a nap. Let her rest. ftia oel lì’fyati leNa’vi nì’o’ nìwotx: [] P F ph. studying Na’vi is a ton of fun for me! ftxey...fuke: [ft'Ej fu."kE] P F ph. whether...or (derived from ftxey whether and fuke or not) fwa kan ke tam; zene swizawit livonu.: [] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: To aim is not enough; one must release the arrow.; Intent is not enough; it’s action that counts. fwäkì ke fwefwi: ["fwæ.kI kE "fw·E.fw·i] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “a mantis doesn’t whistle”, it’s against someone’s or something’s nature fyape fko syaw ngar?: ["fja.pE fko sj·aw NaR] P F ph. what are you called, what is your name hayalo ta oe (oeta): [ha."ja.lo ta "o.E ("wE.ta)] P F ph. next time from me hayalovay: [ha."ja.lo.vaj] P F ph. until next time (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- until) irayo: [i."Ra.jo] P F intj. thanks, thank you kaltxì: [kal."t'I] P F intj. hello (casual) kaltxì sivi, ma Ìstaw: [] P F ph. say hello, Ìstaw ka wotx: [ka wot'] P F ph. generally, for the most part (literally: across the totality) kea tìkin: ["kE.a tI."kin] P F ph. no need (for thanks) kefya srak: [kE."fja "sRak^] P F ph. isn’t that so? right? no? ke...kaw’it: [kE kaw."Pit^] P F ph. not...at all (derived from ke not and kaw’it at all) kem amuiä, kum afe’: [] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: Proper action, bad result (Said when something that should have turned out well didn’t) kenten mì kumpay: ["kEn.tEn mI "k'um.paJ] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “(like) a fan lizard in gel”, a sense of being in an environment where you’re prevented from acting naturally or doing what you want to do ke pxan: [kE p'an] P F ph. I’m not worthy ke tare: [kE "t·a.R·E] P F ph. It’s irrelevant; It doesn’t matter ke tslolam: [] P F ph. I didn’t get that, I didn’t understand ke zene win säpivi: [] P F ph. take your time, don’t rush kìyevame: [kI.jE."va.m·E] P F intj. good-bye, see you again soon krro krro: ["kr.o "kr.o] P F ph. at times, on occasion " tìmeyp " kunsìpìri txana lu tsyal a mìn.: [] P F ph. The gunship’s main weakness is the rotor system.

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> kxetse sì mikyun kop plltxe: ["k'E.tsE sI "mik.jun kop^ pl."t'E] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: the tail and ears also speak; body language is important " loreyu ’awnampi: [lo."RE.Ju Pawn."ampi] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “(like) a touched helicoradian”, extreme shyness ma frapo, ayngaru oeyä tsmukit alu Newey: [] P F ph. everybody, please allow me to introduce (to you) my sister, Newey makto zong: ["mak.to zoN] P F ph. take care, travel safely ne kllte: ["nE "kl.tE] P F ph. get down (c.w. from ne to and kllte ground) " nga läpivawk nì’it nì’ul ko: [] P F ph. tell me a bit more about yourself nga läpivawk nìno ko: [] P F ph. tell me all about yourself nga pesuhu käteng nìtrrtrr: [] P F ph. who do you normally spend time with? ngari solalew polpxaya zìsìt: [] P F ph. how old are you?, how many years have you passed? ngari txe’lan mawey livu: ["Na.Ri t'EP."lan ma."wEj li."vu] P F ph. don’t worry, may your heart be calm ngaru lu fpom srak?: ["Na.Ru lu fpom sRak^] P F ph. How are you? are you well? ngaru lu pefnetxintìn nìtrrtrr: [] P F ph. what is your primary role in society? ngaru oeyä lertut: [] P F ph. allow me to introduce my colleague > ngaru tsulfä: ["Na.Ru tsul."fæ] P F ph. to you the mastery ngaru tut: ["Na.Ru tut^] P F ph. and to you? and you? (After a question with a dative subject) nga yawne lu oer: [Na "jaw.nE lu wER] P F ph. I love you, you are beloved to me nga zola’u ftu peseng: [] P F ph. where did you come from? ngenga lu tupe: [] P F ph. who are you? > ngeyä kxetse lu oeru: ["NEj.æ "k'E.tsE l·u "wE.Ru] JC,P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “your tail is mine!”, you’re going down! nìlun ayioi a’eoio ayeyktanä lu lor frato: [] P F ph. Of course the ceremonial wardrobes of the leaders are the most beautiful nìprrte’: [nI."pr.tEP] P F adv. gladly, I did it with pleasure " sray a txampayìri sim, slä set kelku si mì Helutral: [] oe ’olongokx mì P F ph. I was born in a town near the ocean, but I now live in Hometree oe irayo si ngaru: ["o.E i."Raj.o s·i "Na.Ru] P F ph. I give thanks to you, thank you oel ngati kameie: [wEl "Na.ti "ka.mE.i.E] P F ph. I see you, hello (familiar) oeri solalew zìsìt apxevol: [] P F ph. I am 24 years old oeru meuia: ["wE.Ru mE."u.i.a] P F ph. an honor to me, it was an honor oeru syaw (fko) Txewì: [] P F ph. my name is Txewì oeru teya si: ["wE.Ru tE."ja s·i] P F ph. fills me with satisfaction, joy oeru txoa livu: ["wE.Ru "t'o.a li."vu] P F ph. please forgive me, may forgiveness be to me oe tskxekeng si säsulìnur alu tsko swizaw: [] P F ph. I practice my hobby, which is archery oeyä txintìn lu fwa stä’nì fayoangit: [] P F ph. my central role in society is to catch fish pefya nga fpìl: [] P F ph. what do you think? (literally: how do you think?) pum ngeyä: [pum "NE.jæ] P F ph. yours, I should thank you rutxe läpivawk nì’it: [] P F ph. please talk a little bit about yourself rutxe liveyn: [] P F ph. could you repeat that please? rutxe tivìng mikyun, ma frapo: [] P F ph. Your attention, please, everyone! Sasya!: [sa."sJa] P F ph. I’ll rise to the challenge! I can do it! säfpìl asteng tìkan ateng: [] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: “Great minds think alike!” seykxel sì nitram: [sEj."k'El sI nit."Ram] P F ph. strong and happy!, congratulations Siva ko!: [si."va ko] P F ph. Rise to the Challenge! Courage! You can do it! smon nìprrte’: [smon nI."pr.tEP^] P F ph. nice to know you " Soleia!: [so.lE.i."a] P F ph. Congratulations! Nice going! You met the challenge! You did it!

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srake fnan ngal lì’fyati leNa’vi: [] P F ph. are you good at Na’vi? srake smon ngar oeyä meylan alu Entu sì Kamun: [] P F ph. do you know my friends Entu and Kamun? srefereiey nìprrte’: [] P F ph. looking forward to it srefwa sngap zize’: [] P F ph. as quickly as possible (Na’vi idiom: before the hellwasp stings) stum ke: [stum kE] P F ph. almost not (Note: Use instead of hardly, barely, or scarcely.) taronyut yom smarìl: ["ta.Ron.jut j·om smaR.Il] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “the prey eats the hunter”, a totally botched situation, chaos tì’efumì oeyä: [tI."PE.fu.mI "wE.jæ] P F ph. in my opinion tì’i’avay krrä: [tI."PiP.a.vaj "kr.æ] P F ph. forever, until the end of time " tì’o’ìri peu sunu ngar frato: [] P F ph. what is your favorite (favourite) way to have fun? tìk’ìnìri kempe si nga: [] P F ph. what do you do in your free time? tìkangkemìri varmrrìn oe nìwotx: [] P F ph. I was completely swamped at work tìkxey ngaru: [tI."k'Ej "Na.Ru] P F ph. you’re wrong tìomummì oeyä: [tI."o.mum.mI wE.jæ] P F ph. to my knowledge tìyawr ngaru: [tI."jawR "Na.Ru] P F ph. you’re right tokx eo tokx: ["tok' "E.o "tok'] P F ph. face to face, in person tolätxaw nìprrte’: [tol."æ.t'aw nI"prtEP] P F ph. welcome back " what does X mean? tsalì’uri alu X, ral lu ’upe: [] P F ph. > tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, that was kind of you to say tsun miväkxu hìkrr srak: [] P F ph. may I interrupt a moment? tsun nga law sivi nì’it srak: [] P F ph. could you make that a bit clearer?, could you explain that further? > Tsun pehem?: [tsun pe.hem] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: What can one do? txìm a’aw ke tsun hiveyn mì tal mefa’liyä.: [] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: One butt cannot sit on the backs of two direhorses.; You can’t take two positions or sit on the fence; you need to decide. > txo ke nìyo’ tsakrr nìyol: [t'o kE nI."yoP tsa."kr nI."yol] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: “If you " can’t be flawless, at least be brief" txon lefpom: [t'on lE."fpom] P F ph. good night, peaceful night X-(ì)ri peral: [] P F ph. what does X mean? X nìNa’vi (slu) pelì’u: [] P F ph. how do you say X in Na’vi? Yewla!: ["jEw.la] P F conv. Bummer! That’s a shame! What a shame! za’u nì’eng: ["za.Pu nI."PEN] P F ph. share an interest in common zola’u nìprrte’: [zol."a.P·u nI."pr.tEP] P F ph. come pleasurably, welcome "

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G

The Alphabet

Kemaweyan, Plumps, Prrton, and Tirea Aean came up with a uniquely Na’vi way of listing and pronouncing the 33 phonemes (distinct sounds) in the language—20 consonants, 7 vowels, 2 “pseudo-vowels” (ll, rr), and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, ew, ey). Here is that list.

’ a aw ay ä e ew ey f h i ì

tìFtang A AW AY Ä E EW EY Fä Hä I Ì

The Alphabet k KeK kx Kxekx l LeL ll ’Ll m MeM n NeN ng NgeNg o O p PeP px PxePx r ReR rr ’Rr

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s t tx ts u v w y z

Sä TeT TxeTx Tsä U Vä Wä Yä Zä

H

Inflections

Verbal Infixes alm: [al.m] LN perfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. PAST), derived from am + ol: Oe tsng«alm»awvìk. I wept. aly: [al.j] LN perfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. FUT.), derived from ay + ol: Oe h«aly»angham. I will have laughed. am: [a.m] LN past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PAST.): Oe tsw«am»ayon. I flew. arm: [aR.m] LN imperfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. PAST.), derived from am + er: Oe tsng«arm»awvìk. I was weeping. ary: [aR.j] LN imperfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. FUT.), derived from ay + er: Oe h«ary»angham. I will be laughing. asy: [a.sj] P F future tense with intention or determination verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. D .): Oel tsp«asy»ang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator. > ats: [a.ts] LN inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal infix in position 2 (INFR .): Oel tsp«ats»ang poanit. I killed him (I think.) awn: [aw.n] P F passive participle verbal infix in position 1 (P. PART.): Oe t«awn»aron-a túte lu. I am a hunted person. ay: [a.j] LN future tense (predictive) verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ay»aron. I will hunt the yerik. äng: [æ.N] LN pejorative affect verbal infix in position 2 (PEJ .): Oe sr«äng»ew. I dance (ugh!). Optionally, when «äng» occurs before the vowel i, the vowel of the infix may be raised, giving «eng». For example, Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute s«eng»i oe. äp: [æ.p] P F reflexive verbal infix the pre-first position (REFL .): Oe st«äp»eftxaw. I check myself. ei: [E.i] LN laudative affect verbal infix in position 2 (LAUD .): Oe sr«ei»ew. I dance (hooray!). er: [E.R] P F imperfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.): Oe t«er»ìran. I am walking. eyk: [Ej.k] P F causative verbal infix the pre-first position (CAUS .): Oel t«eyk»erkup pot. I caused him to die. ilv: [il.v] P F present perfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . PER . SUBJ .): Oe new tsl«ilv»am. I want to understand. imv: [im.v] P F past subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PAST. SUBJ .): Oeyä swizaw nìngay timvakuk. May my arrow have struck true. irv: [iR.v] P F present imperfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . IMPF. SUBJ .): Oe new tsl«irv»am. I want to be understanding. iv: [i.v] LN subjunctive mood verbal infix in position 1 (SUBJ .): Ngal new futa oe w«iv»em. You want this thing: for me to fight. iyev: [i.jE.v] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel k«iyev»ame ngati. I will see you. ìlm: [Il.m] LN perfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. REC . PAST.), derived from ìm + ol: Oe t«ìlm»ätxaw. I just now returned. ìly: [Il.j] LN perfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. IMM . FUT.), derived from ìy + ol: Oe h«ìly»ahaw. I will have slept soon. ìm: [I.m] LN recent past verbal infix in position 1 (REC . PAST.): Oe tsw«ìm»ayon. I just flew. ìrm: [IR.m] LN imperfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. REC . PAST.), derived from ìm + er: Oe t«ìrm»ätxaw. I was just now returning. ìry: [IR.j] LN imperfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. IMM . FUT.), derived from ìy + er: Oe h«ìry»ahaw. I will be sleeping soon.

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ìsy: [I.sj] P F immediate future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT. D .): Oel tsp«ìsy»ang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator soon. ìy: [I.j] LN immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ìy»aron. I will hunt the yerik soon. ìyev: [I.jE.v] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel k«ìyev»ame ngati. I will see you. ol: [o.l] P F perfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.): Oe t«ol»ìran. I walked (finished action). us: [u.s] LN active participle verbal infix in position 1 (A . PART.): Oe t«us»aron-a túte lu. I am a hunting person. uy: [u.j] P F honorific (honourific) or ceremonial verbal infix in position 2 (HON .): Na’viyä, l«uy»u hapxì. You are part of The People. Noun Case Inflections –ä: [æ] P F genitive suffix for nouns ending in a everything but a, ä, e, i and ì (variant of yä) (GEN .): Oel yom ikranä yerikit. I eat the ikran’s yerik. –it: [it^] P F patientive suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (variant of t, ti) (PAT.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik. –ìl: [Il] P F agentive case suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (variant of l) (ERG .): Ikranìl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik. –ìri: [IRi] P F topical suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (variant of ri) (TOP.): Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron. –l: [l] LN agentive case for nouns ending in a vowel (ERG .): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik. –r: [R] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of –ru) (DAT.): eltur tìtxen si intriguing –ri: [Ri] P F topical for nouns ending in a vowel (TOP.): Ayngari zene hivum You must leave. –ru: [Ru] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of –ur) (DAT.): Oel syuvet ngaru tìng. I give food to you. –t: [t^] LN patientive suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of it, ti) (PAT.): Oel ngat kame. I see you. –ti: [ti] LN patientive for pronouns and nouns (PAT.): Ngati taron torukìl. The toruk hunts you. –ur: [uR] P F dative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (variant of –ru) (DAT.): Ayeylanur oeyä. To my friends. –y: [j] P F genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (GEN .): Ngey toruk sìltsan lu. Your toruk is good. –ya: [ja] P F,M vocative suffix for collective nouns: Mawey, Na’viya. Calm, you Na’vi. –yä: [jæ] LN genitive suffix for nouns ending in a a, ä, e, i and ì (variant of ä) (GEN .): Oel yeiom Neytiriyä yerikit. I happily eat Neytiri’s yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns: may look like –eyä) Other Inflections This is a list of Na’vi morphemes that can attach to the word that changes some aspect of the meaning. Not all Na’vi inflections are productive. (pro.) indicates complete productivity, where they can be applied to any of the subset of words that Dr. Frommer has indicated they can modify, and would be canonical, even if unattested. They cannot be used on parts of speech that aren’t specified. All of the verbal infixes and case markers above are entirely productive.

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–a–: [a] P F (pro.) adjectival attribution and subordination marker: Oel txantsana ikranit aean tswayon. I fly the excellent blue ikran. –an: [an] LN masculine suffix for certain nouns: Poan täftxuyu lu. He is a weaver. ay+: [aj] P F (pro.) plural for nouns (PL .): Ay+horen flä. The rules succeed. –e: [E] P F feminine suffix for certain nouns: Poe taronyu lu. She is a hunter. fay+: [faj] P F (pro.) these for nouns (THESE): Fayawkx tsawl lu. These cliffs are tall. fì–: [fI] P F (pro.) this for nouns (THIS): Oel kame fìnantangit. I see this viper-wolf. –fkeyk: [fkEjk^] P F (pro.) suffix for nouns meaning state, condition: Kilvanfkeyk lu fyape fìtrr? What’s the condition of the river today? fne–: [fnE] P F (pro.) kind, type for nouns (KIND): Fneutralpe tsa’u lu? What kind of tree is that? fra–: [fRa] P F (pro.) every deriving affix Oel kamame frapot. I saw everyone. fray+: [fRaj] P F (pro.) all of these plural for nouns (ALL OF THESE): Frayhelutral lor lu. All of these houses are beautiful. kaw–: [kaw] P F not one deriving affix Oe kawkrr ke kamä. I never went. –kel: [kEl] P F (unpro.) creates a new noun that indicates a lack of the original noun: Tompakeltalun zene tute Kälìforniayä payit sivar nìnän. Because of the drought, Californians have to use less water. –lo: [lo] P F multiplicative number suffix for ’aw, mune, pxey: ’Awlo oe ramol. Once I sang. me+: [mE] LN (pro.) dual for nouns (DU .): Oel new me+orati. I want two lakes. munsna–: [mun.sna] P F (pro.) pair for nouns (PAIR): munsnahawnven a pair of shoes –nay: [naj] P F (unpro.) creates a new noun that is related to the original by being a step down in some relevant heirarchy - size, rank, accomplishment, etc.: . . –o: [o] P F (pro.) indefinite suffix, durative suffix: Oel kalmame tuteot ayzìsìto. I saw someone for years. pay+: [paj] P F (pro.) plural inter. marker: Paystalit ngal tsrame’i? What knives did you throw? –pe+: [pE] LN (pro.) affix inter. marker: pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will you smile? pxe+: [p'E] P F (pro.) trial for nouns and pronouns (TRI .): Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three children. (Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronoun which often undergoes ellision) sna–: [sna] P F prefix group marker for nouns; pro. when referring to living things, unpro. otherwise. : snanantang a pack of viperwolves Note: sna- indicates naturally occurring groups or sets. Use sästarsìm to indicate a collection intentionally put together by a person. > tsa–: [tsa] P F (pro.) that for nouns (THAT): Oel tse’a tsanantangit. I see that nantang. > tsay+: [tsaj] P F (pro.) those for nouns (THOSE): Tsayora txukx lu. Those lakes are deep. > –tsyìp: [tsjIp^] P F (pro.) diminutive suffix for nouns, pronouns: Za’u fìtseng, ma ’itetsyìp. Come here, little daughter. –ve: [vE] P F (pro.) ordinal suffix for numbers: Koren a’awve tìruseyä ’awsiteng. The first rule of living together. –vi: [vi] P F partitive relationship marker: Oe nume mì numtsengvi. I learn in the classroom. Other Inflectional Morphology These derivational morphemes are different than the inflectional morphemes (in technical speak) above. In other words, the markers here don’t just change the meaning - they change the part of speech. Some of these, only Dr. Frommer can use in order to make a canonical word, like tì–. Others are productive for certain subsets, like –yu, which can go on any verb. > ketsuk–: [kE.tsuk^] P F (pro.) not able to (do the verb prefixed) deriving affix Swaw lamu ketsuktswa’ The moment was unforgettable

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le–: [lE] P F adjective deriving affix Poan lehrrap lu. He is dangerous. –nga’: [NaP^] P F adjective deriving affix ’Akra apaynga’ lu. It is moist soil. nì–: [nI] LN adverbial deriving affix Oe nìNa’vi plltxe. I speak na’vi-ly. (Like a Na’vi.) (Pro. for adjectives only, unproductive for other forms - otherwise modify nìfya’o with appropriate adjective or relative clause) sä–: [sæ] P F instrumental noun deriving affix Sänumeri oe nume. I learn the teaching. si: [s·i] LN postpositional verb deriving affix Oe kelku si Kelutralmì. I live in Hometree. (lit. I home make in Hometree.) tì–: [tI] LN noun deriving affix Tìngay sìltsan lu. The truth is good. tì– –us–: [tI us] P F (pro.) gerund (verbal noun) deriving affix Tìkusar eltur tìtxen si. Teaching is interesting. > tsuk–: [tsuk^] P F (pro.) able to (do the verb prefixed); widely productive, can be attached to virtually any transitive verb, although also useful on intransitive verbs; deriving affix Fìioang lu tsukyom. This animal is edible / can be eaten. > –tswo: [tswo] P F (pro.) suffix that changes a verb to a noun indicating the ability to perform the action of the verb: Pori wemtswo fratsamsiyur rolo’a nìtxan. His ability to fight greatly impressed all the warriors. –tu: [tu] P F person noun from non-verbal stem deriving affix Oe reltseotu lu. I am an artist. –yu: [ju] LN (pro.) agent noun deriving affix Oe kea ska’ayu ke lu. I am no destroyer.

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I

Non-Frommerian Words

These are words that are not from Dr. Frommer: We have included them as they are in the extant corpus, but they are not to be regarded as Na’vi words. They are, for the most part, spurious inventions for the Activist’s Survival Guide, Pandorapedia, or the Avatar Game. The words in this section were not run by Dr. Frommer before being published, and the general consensus is that they should be ignored. They are included here for those who would otherwise not know what their definitions or derivations are. These words are not canonical, and their use is highly discouraged. Many of them flout Na’vi inflectional rules or phonotactic constraints. Some include illegal sounds, as illustrated below. ’h [Ph], b [b], c [k], ch [tS], d [d], g [g], h’ [hP], ii [i:], j [Z], sh [S], uu [u:] Amanti: [a.man.ti] G prop.n. female of the Tipani ar’lek: [arPlEk^] G n. a seed-bearing plant Beyda’amo: [bEjdaPamo] G prop.n. male warrior of the Tipani chan’tu gor’ek nuuto: [tSanPtu gorPEk^nuuto] ASG n. stone jar chey: [tSEj] ASG n. possesions rack (derived from P’ah s’ivil chey rack) Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta: [Ejwa kPsEj niviPbriPsta] ASG n. hammock, from Eywa cradles everyone Eywa s’ilivi mas’kit nivi: [Ejwa sPilivi masPkit^nivi] ASG Ewya’s wisdom is revealed to all of us Eywa te’ _ tan’sey mak’ta: [Ejwa tEP tanPsEj makPta] ASG n. ikran queue harness, lit. the love of Eywa’s embrace is gifted to (personal name) feru m’predu’k: [fEru mPpREduPk^] ASG n. basket Fmilam: [fmi.lam] G prop.n. female of the Tipani Gro’lryc: [gRoPlRjc] G prop.n. a series of caves Hukato: [hu.ka.to] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Ikalu: [i.ka.lu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani iveh k’nivi s’dir: [ivEh kPnivi sPdir] ASG n. baby sling k’sey nivi: [kPsEj nivi] ASG n. group sleep Kaoliä Tei: [ka.o.li.æ tE.i] G prop.n. the plains of Goliath > Koo Tsura: [ko: tsu.Ra] G prop.n. a Tipani village Kusati: [ku.sa.ti] G prop.n. female warrior of the Tipani Kyuna: [kjuna] G prop.n. female of the Anurai lenay’ga: [lEnajPga] ASG n. slinger, predatory animal

Lompo: [lom.po] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami Lungoray: [lu.No.Raj] G prop.n. shaman of the Tipani m’resh’tuyu: [mPRESPtuju] or [mPREshPtuju] ASG n. shield Malimi: [ma.li.mi] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami malmoks: [malmoks] G n. rings of stone Marali: [ma.Ra.li] G prop.n. female of the Tipani mas’kit nivi sa’nok: [masPkit^nivi saPnok^] ASG mother loom Maweytakuk: [ma.wEj.ta.kuk^] G prop.n. male Na’vi Mekanei: [mE.ka.nE.i] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Mendala: [mEn.da.la] G prop.n. male of the Tipani meresh’ti cau’pla: [mERESPti kauPpla] or [meReshPti kauPpla] ASG n. banshee catcher, bola, lit. nothing to see mesh’kai huru: [mESPkai huRu] P N D n. cooking pot mreki u’lito: [mREki uPlito] ASG n. fire pit Mukata: [mu.ka.ta] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami na’hla buk’ne: [naPhla bukPnE] ASG n. direhorse lead, lit. face pull Naalot: [na:.lot^] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Nera’nak: [nE.RaP.nak^] G prop.n. female of the Tawkami > nikt’chey: [niktPtshEj] or [niktPtSEj] ASG n. small bit of food, packed lunch nivi: [ni.vi] ASG n. hammock (informal), us (derived from Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta Ewya cradles everyone) Nok: [nok^] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami

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Oloniwin: [o.lo.ni.win] G prop.n. male elder of the Tipani Omati: [o.ma.ti] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami omati s’ampta: [omati sPampta] ASG n. blue flute Onantu: [o.nan.tu] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami Otamu: [o.ta.mu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani P’ah s’ivil chey: [pPah sPivil tSEj] ASG n. personal belongings rack pxtxawng: [p't'awN] JC n. douchebag Rai’uk: [Ra.i.Puk^] G prop.n. male of the Anurai Raltaw: [Ral.taw] G prop.n. male hunter of the Tipani Sänume: [sæ.nu.mE] G prop.n. tsahìk of the Tipani (derived from sänume teaching) Seyvaro: [sEj.va.Ro] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami shah-tell: [Sah.tEl] ASG n. shuttle (loaned from Eng. shuttle) (not normally allowable under Na’vi phonotactic rules) su’shiri t’acto sa: [suPshiri tPacto sa] or [suPshiri tPacto sa] ASG n. toy ikran sumin’sey hulleh: [suminPsEj hulEh] ASG slee" ping outside of the group sumin jiit’luy: [sumin ZiitPluy] ASG n. leaf plate Swawta: [swaw.ta] G prop.n. male of the Tipani t’riti so jahmka: [tPRiti so Zahmka] ASG n. pendulum drum Ta’antasi: [ta.Pan.ta.si] G prop.n. Tantalus, rocky place on Pandora Tan Jala: [tan jala] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Tasun: [ta.sun] G prop.n. male hunter of the Lì’ona

Tilikaru: [ti.li.ka.Ru] G prop.n. a Tipani village tìtakuk: [tI."ta.kuk^] G n. strike (derived from takuk strike, beat, slap) tmi nat’sey: [tmi natPsEj] ASG n. bladder lantern, from food here > Tsa’law: [tsaP.law] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami > Tsaro: [tsa.Ro] G prop.n. male of the Tipani > Tsmuke: [tsmu.kE] G prop.n. a Tipani village txei: [t'E.i] G n. plain u’imi: [u.Pi.mi] ASG n. streamer, pendant U’imi huyuticaya: [uPimi hujutikaja] ASG prop.n. a clan > Ukamtsu: [u.kam.tsu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani > ulivi mari’tsey mak’dini’to: [Ulivi mariPtsEj makPdiniPto] ASG loom, lit. branches of the tree look to each other for strength, or many branches together are strong ulu’tah inib’sey mulsi: [uluPtah inibPsEy mulsi] ASG n. leaf plate Umkansa: [um.kan.sa] G prop.n. a Tipani village Unipey: [u.ni.pEj] G prop.n. female of the Tipani utral utu mauti: [ut.Ral u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n. push fruit tree (c.w. from utral tree and utu mauti push fruit) utu mauti: [u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n. banana fruit, push fruit Va’erä Ramunong: [va.PE.Ræ Ra.mu.noN] G prop.n. Vaderas Hollow Vayaha: [va.ja.ha] G prop.n. a Tipani village

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J

The Changelog

Following is a brief record of the most recent revisions... • 13.51 - Added Swota Wayä to proper nouns, from Disney • 13.5 - Added new vocabulary used in Disney’s Pandora - The World of Avatar • 13.421 - Corrected inconsistencies in the source field. • 13.42 - Minor typo corrections and fixed IPA for LosÄntsyelesì. Also added tìng ontu and tìng ftxi since they didn’t make it into the dictionary the first time, for some bizarre reason. • 13.41 - Added mo’ara from Disney’s Pandora - The World of Avatar • 13.4 - Added new Avatar lead character name and clan, Tomowari and Metkayina • 13.332 - Disambiguated the definition of takuk. Also changed fmetok to vtr. Getting more precise all the time! • 13.331 - Disambiguated the definition of pongu. • 13.33 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, February 28, 2017. • 13.32 - Moved Na’vi clan names to Proper Nouns block. • 13.31 - Fixed silly typos for pllhrr and säpllhrr. Thanks elf! • 13.301 - Typo/format corrections for several words. No visible changes to the .pdf • 13.3 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, December 31, 2016 and January 2, 2017. • 13.294 - Corrected stress for nìolo’ • 13.293 - Corrected infix IPA for ue’ • 13.292 - zong changed to vtr. Thanks, Plumps! • 13.291 - Various minor corrections suggested by Plumps and eejmensenikbenhet. • 13.29 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, June 30, 2016. Some important new words in this one. • 13.284 - Corrected accent for lefpomtxok and kelfpomtokx Plumps. Wou! • 13.283 - Corrected IPA for säplltxe and säplltxevi. Plumps again. ;) • 13.282 - Added derivatives of nguway • 13.281 - Updated kan with vtrm. and vtr. definitions. • 13.28 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, November 30, 2015 • 13.272 - Corrected mikvä’ to add missing glottal stop. Blue Elf found that one. • 13.271 - Corrected narvä’ to add missing glottal stop. Thanks to Tanri for spotting it.

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