the brains “switch board”: relays sensory input to the cerebral cortex
Thalamus relays sensory input to the cerebral cortex
cortex
thalamus
nerve fiber from the skin
Diencephalon
Hypothalamus Homeostasis: Body temperature Hunger-satiety Thirst Emotions
Diencephalon
Hypothalamus Homeostasis: Body temperature Hunger-satiety Thirst Emotions The pituitary gland: controls different hormonal glands (adrenals, thyroid gland)
The anatomy of emotions
The Limbic System
The anatomy of emotions The “old” view of the limbic system
The anatomy of emotions The “modern” view of the limbic system: Anterior part: emotions; Posterior part: memory
Amygdala
The anatomy of emotions The “modern” view of the limbic system: Anterior part: emotions; Posterior part: memory
The Anatomy of Memory
Different Forms of Memory
Declarative memory
Non-declarative memory
Memories that can be described in words
Can not be described (e.g how to ride a bicycle)
Brain structures participating in declarative memory: The posterior part of the limbic system
Hippocampus
Brain structures participating in declarative memory: The posterior part of the limbic system
Hippocampus seen from below (parts of the temporal lobes removed)
Anatomical Substrates of Different Forms of Memory
Declarative memory
Hippocampus Fornix Corpus mammilare
Non-declarative memory
Basal ganglia Cerebellum Cerebral cortex
The Brainstem
The Brainstem
Mesencephalon
Pons Medulla oblongata
Cranial nerves emerging from the brainstem mediate sensory and motor functions in the head
(I. N. Olfactorii) (II. N. Opticus) III. N.Oculomotorius IV. N.Trochlearis V. N.Trigeminus VI. N. Abducens VII. N. Facialis VIII. N.Vestibulocochlearis IX. N. Glosso -pharyngeus X. N. Vagus XI. N. Accesorius XII. N. Hypoglossus
The Reticular Formation
Ascending part: Conciousness
Descending part: Motor functions
The Brainstem - Summary Cranial nerves: sensory and motor functions in the head incl eye movements, hearing, balance, inner organs Reticular Formation:
consciousness, motor functions
Dopamine systems:
motivation, reward, motor functions
Serotonin systems:
mood, emotions, hunger-satiety, motor functions
Other functions:
breathing, swalloving
Cerebellum
Cerebellum: connected to pons via the peduncles
Peduncle
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Peduncle
Fine-tuning of motor functions Motor learning Cognition
Cerebellum
The Spinal Cord
The Spinal Cord
Grey matter
cervical White matter thoracic
Dorsal horn - sensory lumbar sacral
Ventral horn - motor
The Spinal Cord
sensory nerves motor nerves
The meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain
The Meninges Dura mater
Arachnoidea mater
The Meninges
Dura mater
Pia mater
The Meninges
Scull bone
Dura mater Arachnoidea Subarachnoidal space (cerebrospinal fliud)
Hjärnan Pia mater
The Meninges
Subarachnoidal space (cerebrospinal fluid)
Ventricles
The Ventricular System right lateral ventricle
left lateral ventricle
Choroid plexus 3rd ventricle
4th ventricle
The Ventricular System The lateral ventricles - horisontal section