New Zealand Scholarship History Sample - NZQA

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Use highly developed knowledge, historical ideas and skills to develop an argument ... Skill 5: Judge the reliability and usefulness of historical evidence and  ...
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SAMPLE QUESTION BOOKLET

New Zealand Scholarship History Time allowed: Three hours Total marks: 40

QUESTION BOOKLET Choose ONE question to answer using the resources provided in this booklet and your own knowledge. Write your answer in the Answer Booklet. Check that this booklet has pages 2 – 18 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank. YOU MAY KEEP THIS BOOKLET AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION. Your performance will be evaluated using the following historical skills: Skill 1: Skill 2: Skill 3 Skill 4: Skill 5:

Analyse and think critically about key ideas relevant to the historical context and setting. Communicate a substantiated argument within an effective written format. Use highly developed knowledge, historical ideas and skills to develop an argument which demonstrates an understanding of a complex historical context(s) and setting(s). Evaluate historical relationships such as cause and effect, continuity and change, past and present, specific and general, patterns and trends. Judge the reliability and usefulness of historical evidence and evaluate the strengths and limitations of historians’ narratives.

Each skill will be assigned a mark out of 8.

© New Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2012. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior permission of the New Zealand Qualifications Authority.

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You have three hours to complete this examination.

CONTEXT: THE USE OF ORAL SOURCES IN HISTORY Choose ONE of the following questions to respond to in ONE written article using at least SIX of the sources provided and your own knowledge of ONE or MORE topics that you have studied.

CHOOSE EITHER QUESTION ONE Oral sources contribute significantly to the uncovering of historical truth behind events. Your task is to prepare an article for a history journal arising from the study of the following sources and your own knowledge, in which you analyse and evaluate the extent to which you think the statement above applies to one or more topics you have studied. Oral sources may include oral history, media interviews, speeches, plays, oral traditions such as myths and legends, songs, poems, testimonies, and debates.

OR QUESTION TWO American writer Henry Miller claimed that ‘The history of the world is the history of a privileged few’. To what extent could the use of oral sources in history be used to dispute this view? Your task is to prepare an article for a history journal arising from the study of the following sources and your own knowledge, in which you respond to the question above in relation to one or more topics that you have studied. Oral sources may include oral history, media interviews, speeches, plays, oral traditions such as myths and legends, songs, poems, testimonies, and debates. In your article, you should: • analyse and think critically about key ideas relevant to the historical context and setting • communicate your argument within an effective written format including an introduction, conclusion, and structured paragraphs that are organised around a focused argument, a detailed knowledge of chronology, and accurate supporting evidence to the context(s) and setting(s) • use highly developed knowledge, historical ideas and skills to develop and communicate a substantiated and balanced argument which demonstrates an understanding of a complex historical context(s) and setting(s) • evaluate historical relationships such as cause and effect, continuity and change, past and present, specific and general, patterns and trends • judge the reliability and usefulness of historical evidence and evaluate the strengths and limitations of historians’ narratives. Use the planning space on pages 2 and 3 of the Answer Booklet to make notes that will help you carry out your task. These notes will not be marked.

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RESOURCES SOURCE A The reliability of oral sources Oral sources are credible but with a different credibility. The importance of oral testimony may lie not in its adherence to fact, but rather in its departure from it, as imagination, ...

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... These changes reveal the narrators’ effort to make sense of the past and to give form to their lives, and set the interview and the narrative in their historical context. Source (adapted): Alessandro Portelli, ‘On the peculiarities of oral history’, History Workshop, no. 12, 1981, pp. 96–107.

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SOURCE B Aboriginal oral records Relatively cheap and easily accessible recording technology developed in the 1940s provided a method, other than textual recording or writing, where the accounts of people who ...

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... and the reclamation of the control and ownership of Aboriginal knowledge. Currently our thinking is that the term Oral Memory is more encompassing than Oral History. Source (adapted): Shannon Faulkhead and Lynette Russell, What is Australian Indigenous Oral History?, Centre for Australian Indigenous Studies, Monash University, 2007.

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SOURCE C The nation says “Sorry” I move: That today we honour the indigenous peoples of this land, the oldest continuing cultures in human history. ...

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... of the nation, to remove a great stain from the nation’s soul and, in a true spirit of reconciliation, to open a new chapter in the history of this great land, Australia. Source: Kevin Rudd, Prime Minister of Australia, Speech, Wednesday 13 February 2008, Parliament House, Canberra.

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SOURCE D The making of oral history In the 1960s the newly emerging discipline of labour history was also finding value in oral sources. Information was difficult to find about the past domestic and working lives of the ...

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... encouraged to break down ‘boundaries between the educational institution and the world, between the [history] profession and ordinary people’. Source: (adapted) Graham Smith, ‘The making of oral history’, School of Advanced Study, University of London, accessed September 2012, http://www.history.ac.uk/makinghistory/resources/articles/oral_history.html#early_history

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SOURCE E Interview with oral historian Studs Terkel Studs Terkel was a famous American oral historian. He collected oral histories of ordinary people, which he published in a number of books, for example, Hard Times (1970) that ...

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... certain things she never thought of. And for me, of course, as a fellow journeyman with her, it’s pretty exciting. That’s the kind of stuff that I find very rewarding. Source: (adapted) Studs Terkel, interviewed by Harry Kreisler, Conversations with History Series. 29 October 2003, accessed September 2012 , http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people3/Terkel/terkel-con0.html

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SOURCE F Military history and oral sources Megan Hutching is an oral historian working for New Zealand’s Ministry of Culture and Heritage. In 2003 she published Inside Stories: New Zealand Prisoners of War Remember. In the foreword, ...

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... is important. Collecting the material and publishing it in transcript form is better than not collecting it at all. Source (adapted): Deborah Montgomerie, ‘Reconnaissance: Twentieth Century New Zealand War History at Century’s Turn’, New Zealand Journal of History, vol. 37, no. 1, 2003, pp. 70–71.

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SOURCE G Keeping the home fires burning Alison Parr has recently written a book called Home: Civilian New Zealanders Remember the Second World War. It is an oral history of New Zealanders who remained at home during this war. ...

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... So a lot of young men had to stay behind, and they laid low. Those men’s stories are very important because [that subject] hasn’t been explored before.” Source (adapted): Jane Tolerton, ‘Keeping the home fires burning’, The Listener, 26 June 2010, pp. 34–38.

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SOURCE H H1: Oral traditions Maori forms of recording history were, and in some regions still are, primarily oral. Oral history is transmitted by narrative, by song (waiata), by proverb (whakatauki), and by ...

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... grandfather was there and she said, ‘That is his son sitting over there.’ I must have been about fifteen then. Source: Judith Binney, ‘Maori Oral Narratives, Pakeha Written Texts: Two Forms of Telling History’, New Zealand Journal of History, vol. 21, no. 1, 1987, pp. 16–17.

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SOURCE H H2: Oral traditions in African history The phrase oral traditions refers to folklore, legends, tales, taboos and stories through which knowledge of the past is preserved and transmitted from one generation to another. These ...

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... added checks against manipulation of accounts. Oral traditions have thus been successfully employed to reconstruct the history of many societies in Africa. Source (adapted): New Dictionary of the History of Ideas (2005), Oral Traditions: Overview, accessed September 2012, http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3424300554.html

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SOURCE I A slavery family in North Carolina Tanner Spikes, an elderly woman who had been a slave during her childhood, related her memories of slavery to an interviewer for the Federal Writer’s Project in the 1930s. Spike’s account is one of ...

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... I’se stayin’ wid my daughter since he died, but I misses him, yes mam, I misses him purty awful. Source: Tanner Spikes, interviewed by Mary Hicks, North Carolina, accessed September 2012, http://pasquotank. lostsoulsgenealogy.com/aa/tannerspikesnar.htm

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SOURCE J Windows into subjectivity Oral history is also undergoing something of a renaissance because of the opening up of the former Soviet-bloc countries. Until recently, one-third of the world’s people were ...

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... as their meaning,’’ he said. “These oral sources may not tell you much about what Stalin was doing, but they are terribly useful in telling you about people’s minds.’’ Source (adapted) : Alexander Stille, ‘Prospecting For Truth In the Ore Of Memory’, The New York Times, 10 March 2001.

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SOURCE K The opportunities and dangers of oral sources Obviously, the first issue any historian must confront when dealing with personal testimony is simple — how can we possibly know that the person being interviewed is telling the ...

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... to understand the past the opportunity to question eye witnesses can offer an insight that is — quite literally — priceless. Source: Laurence Rees, ‘Talking to History’, History Today, vol. 57, issue 9, September 2007, pp. 70–71.

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SOURCE L L1: A survivor’s words Lotte Weiss was a Jewish girl from Bratislava, on the Czechoslovakian and Austrian borders, who survived the concentration camp Auschwitz. She was prisoner 2065 Auschwitz. ...

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... ever see the faces which I see in my sleep, and ever hear the cries which I hear during the night. Source: Cited in Anna Rogers (ed.) The War Years: New Zealanders Remember 1939–45, Wellington: Platform Publishing, 1989, p. 131.

L2: Setting the record straight From the viewpoint of historians, the most important benefit of using testimonies is that they bring into history events that would otherwise remain completely unknown, since they are ...

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SOURCE L2 (cont) ... written by Gestapo, SS, Wehrmacht, or German administrative officials would be more accurate or objective – or any less subjective and biased – than accounts given by the ...

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... and as members of humankind – simply by leaving witnesses’ testimonies to gather dust in crumbling boxes ...” Source (adapted): Omer Bartov, ‘Setting the record straight’, PastForward: Digest of the USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education, Spring 2011, pp. 24–26.

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SOURCE M Protest song A protest song written during the Vietnam War by Texas-born folk singer Phil Ochs. It presents a bitter capsule history of America’s wars. ...

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Source: Phil Ochs (1960s), ‘I Ain’t Marchin’ Any More’, America Studies Album: Literature, Historical Documents and Visual Art, ScottForesman, Glenview, Illionois, 1995, pp. 490–491.

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SOURCE N Nuclear weapons are morally indefensible Argument for the affirmative, Oxford Union Debate, 1 March 1985, Right Honourable David Lange, Prime Minister. ...

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... criticise us because they say our position has not reduced by one the number of nuclear weapons in the world. You can’t have it both ways! Source: Transcript extract prepared by Russell Brown and Fiona Rae, with the consent of David Lange.