Nitrogen control through decentralized wastewater treatment: Process performance and alternative management strategies Stewart M. Oakley a,∗ , Arthur J. Gold b,1 , Autumn J. Oczkowski c,2 a
Department of Civil Engineering, California State University, Chico, CA 95929, USA Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA c U.S. EPA, Atlantic Ecology Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA b
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Article history: Received 12 November 2009 Received in revised form 7 April 2010 Accepted 28 April 2010 Available online xxx Keywords: Nitrogen removal Decentralized wastewater treatment Denitrification
a b s t r a c t Decentralized or onsite wastewater treatment (OWT) systems have long been implicated in being a major source of N inputs to surface and ground waters and numerous regulatory bodies have promulgated strict total N (TN) effluent standards in N-sensitive areas. These standards, however, most of which have effluent limitations of
