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A Historical and Theoretical Contextualization of Primorye Archaeology Jim CASSIDY Rethinking the Ustinovka Complex: Lithic Technology and Raw Material in Palaeolithic Microblade Industries of Primorye (Russian Far East) Yan Axel GÓMEZ COUTOULY Some Questions Pertaining to the Stratigraphy and Dating of Sites with Microblade Industry in Primorye Alla V. GARKOVIK and Anatoliy M. KOROTKII

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On the Problem of Classification of Microblade Industry Sites with Mixed Cultural Layers in the Mesolithic of Central Yakutia (on Materials of the Tuymaada Valley) Victor M. DYAKONOV

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north pacific prehistory vol. 1, 2007, pp. 191-210

Ceramics of the Iron Age from the Tuymaada Valley Aleksandr D. STEPANOV Victor M. DYAKONOV

abstract

i

n this article we present the results of a study of the fragments of 60 vessels found at 23 sites in the Tuymaada Valley by an archeological expedition of Yakutsk State University. Cogged and figured stamping characterizes the decoration of the Early Iron Age ceramics in Yakutia. The preliminary classification is based on 31 decorative elements created by stamping and incising. The elements are divided into four main groups: 1) cogged; 2) figured; 3) incised ; and 4) stick-impression to imitate a twisted cord. Regarding techniques of decoration, three types of ceramics are defined: waffle, ribbed, and plain. In addition, two main groups of stylistic decoration are defined: ridge and non-ridge. Horizontal rows of similar decorative elements are the main motifs. In turn, the decorations form compositions of several (2 - 4 and more) rows of stamps.

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Analysis of the paste was conducted using a number of vessels and a number of sites where these pots were found. The structure of decorative compositions and statistical analyses of the paste composition show very slight differences in the groups of smooth and toothed stamped decoration, and also between waffle, ribbed, and smooth-sided ceramics. This may reflect a unity of traditions in ceramic production (in fact, this implies cultural unity) or at least a succession of traditions or cultures. The analyses conducted show that the ceramics of the Iron Age in the Tuymaada Valley are quite homogenous. This clearly implies a monolithic culture. The studies of the Early Iron Age of the Tuymaada Valley have just begun.

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eramics comprise a main category of artifacts allowing identification of the stages of the Iron Age in the Tuymaada Valley. Decoration on the ceramics serves as a main indicator. The Tuymaada Valley is located in the Central Yakut Lowland on the left bank of the Lena River around the city of Yakutsk. On the west, the Tuymaada Valley is limited by the high terrace of the Prilensk Plateau, on the north by Kangalass Cape, and on the south by Tabaga Cape. Cogged and figured stamping characterizes the decoration on Iron Age pottery in Yakutia. The ceramics with this kind of decoration were first defined as the main marker of the Early Iron Age in Yakutia in the 1960’s as a result of work of the Prilensk archeological expedition in the Aldan River Valley (Konstantinov 1978; Mochanov and Fedoseeva 1976: 537) and was later confirmed in the Olekma River Basin (Alekseev and Borisov 1980; Mochanov et al. 1983: 79 and 87).

Alexandr D. STEPANOV Vicktor M. DYAKONOV

In this article, we present the results of a study of the fragments of 60 vessels found at 23 sites of the Tuymaada Valley by the archeological expedition of Yakutsk State University during the period from 1988 to 2003. Due to the high degree of vessel fragmentation we could not present a full classification. In particular, it was difficult to identify the decorative compositions. Usually one cannot precisely define the vessel types based on techniques of decoration (waffle stamp, ribbed and plain), as in most cases the vessel rims were smooth.

Ceramics of the Iron Age from the Tuymaada Valley

c

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In order to classify the vessels, we studied decorative elements and motifs, techniques of decoration, the rim and side profiles, the layers of walls, and technical characteristics of decoration. The preliminary classification was based on 31 elements of stamping and incising. They were made using punctation, stepping, drag and jab, and incising on 45 of the 60 vessels. The decorative elements were divided into four main groups: 1) cogged, 2) figured, 3) incised, and 4) stick impressions that cut the ridges to imitate a twisted cord (table 1).


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In the first group, 16 various elements of cogged and meandered stamping were defined: 1) double-cogged rectangular stamped, 2) triple-cogged rectangular stamped, 3) triplecogged widely-spaced teeth or cogs, 4) triplecogged drag and jab, 5) triple-cogged oval, 6) triple-cogged larval, 7) triple-cogged elliptical, 8) triple-cogged almond-shaped, 9) triplecogged oblong-almond-shaped, 10) fourcogged rectangular, 11) five-cogged, 12) polycogged oblong-rectangular, 13) poly-cogged oblong-almond-shaped, 14) poly-cogged largeteeth, 15) poly-cogged small-teeth, and 16) small-streaming.

Table 1 Decorative Elements on the Ceramics of the Early Iron Age of the Tuymaada Valley + - means that the corpus and ridge of the vessel were decorated with one stamp

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In the second group, we identified 12 elements of smooth figured stamping: 17) oblong-rectangular, 18) rectangular, 19) oval, 20) ellipsoid, 21) figured, 22) broken, 23) bracket-shaped, 24) nail-shaped, 25) solidus, 26) rounded hemispheric, 27) tubular bone, 28) in the form of a wedge (table 1, 28). The third group consists of incised designs: 29) grooves.


The fourth group includes the following decorative elements: 30) oval impressions made with a rounded stick, and 31) rhomboid impressions made with a ribbed stick. On seven vessels we have observed a combination of two different decorative elements. These vessels were found at the sites of Severo-Zapadnaya I, Orbita-16 km, Orbita18 km, Vladimirovka IV, VI, and Oy-Byas’; the same combination was detected on two vessels from Usun-Ebe site. Moreover, three decorative elements were found on one vessel from the Vladimirovka V site (table 1). However, we did not consider 14 vessels represented by small fragments with indistinguishable stamp impressions from the sites of Usun-Ebe I, Us-Khatyng I, V, VI, and VII, and Ob’yezdnaya; as well as fragments of two vessels from Vladimirovka IV, three vessels from Usun-Ebe II, and three vessels from UsKhatyng IV.

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Table 2

Decorative Compositions in the Ceramics of the Early Iron Age of the Tuymaada Valley 1 and 8) Shestakovka I site; 2, 9, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 33 and 34) Usun-Ebe I; 3, 5, 6, 7 and 18) Vladimirovka IV; 4) Ob’yezdnaya; 10) Vladimirovka VI; 11) Viliuyskoe Shosse; 12) Orbita-18 Ƿǹ; 13) Us-Khatyng VII; 17) Vladimirovka XVI; 21) Usun-Ebe II; 23 and 31) Oy-Byas’; 24) Orbita-16 Ƿǹ; 26) Severo-Zapadnaya I; 29) Vladimirovka V; 30 and 35) Vladimirovka IX; 32) Khatyng-Uryakh I.

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The stamping technique was used for all design elements except for the fourth element that entailed the drag and jab technique, and the fourteenth element, for which the stepping technique was used. In addition, the perforations below the vessel lips were not considered as decorative elements.


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According to Vorobyov (1999: 80-81), bands of perforations on ancient ceramics of Yakutia were basically utilitarian, but they also carried an esthetic semantic meaning. During the Neolithic ceramics of Yakutia, the bands of perforations below the vessel rims are found everywhere. During the Bronze Age, this feature was used rarely, and during Iron Age it almost disappeared. In our opinion (Dyakonov 2002: 135), during the Early Iron Age the utilitarian nature of this feature is clearly seen on a vessel from Usun-Ebe I site. On this vessel the holes were made right over the decorative composition of unruffled oblique stamping, breaking its aesthetic qualities (table 2, 28). Among the Iron Age ceramics of the Tuymaada Valley, there are three vessel fragments with bands of perforations. All of these vessels relate to the group of ceramics with appliquéd ridges. Among the rim fragments with sides present (31 examples), application of this technique was observed in approximately 9.5% of the cases, whereas during the Neolithic in Yakutia the number is almost 100%. Based on rim shapes, the vessels are subdivided into three groups: 1) truncated-spherical

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or truncated-oviform, 2) vessels with a weak profile of a rim, and 3) vessels with everted rim. Based on techniques of decoration, three types of ceramics are defined: waffle, ribbed, and plain. In addition, there are two main groups defined by their decorative style: ridge and

Table 3

Main recipes of the paste (%) of vessels of the Iron Age of the Tuymaada Valley (according to technical decor) c) only clay; c+s) clay+sand; c+s+rf) clay+sand+rock fragments; c+s+fc) clay+sand+fired clay (grog); c+s+rf+fc) clay+sand+rock fragments +fired clay (grog)

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non-ridge (table 2). First, the ridge ceramics are characterized, by ribbed ridges dissected by smooth-faced semi-circular or ribbed notches. Second, by ribbed ridges dissected by cogged stamping. Third, by wide ridge dissected by cogged stamping.


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According to techniques of decoration, the vessels are sub-divided into following groups: waffle (1), ribbed (7), on plain (25), and indefinite surface treatment (27). It is necessary to note that small fragments were used to classify some vessels. Thus, assignment to a particular type is somewhat conditional. If we exclude vessels with indefinite surface treatment, then the number of waffle vessels are about 3% of the total amount of vessels, the ribbed vessels are about 21%, and the plain vessels are about 76%. Six of the seven ribbed vessels are related to ridge type, which were found at the sites of Usun-Ebe I (two examples), Severo-Zapadnaya I (one example), Orbita-16 km (one example), Vladimirovka IX (one example), and Oy-Byas’ (one example). In addition, at the Usun-Ebe site one fragment of a ribbed vessel was found. However, we could not say whether it is related to the ridge group because only the upper portion near the neck is present, making it difficult to infer the decorative style (table 2, 2) (Dyakonov 2003: fig. 3). A vessel with waffle decoration (one example) was found at the Shestakovka I site. It is related to non-ridge ceramics (table 2, 1). Plain walled vessels (25 samples) are related to the ridge (4 examples) and non-ridge (12

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examples) types. Moreover, we also take into account nine examples of vessel rims for which decorative treatment could not be reconstructed. It is necessary to note that ridges on plain pots are presented mostly by appliqué on a lip of the rim (three examples). However, at the same time, one example was found with a ridge similar to that on the ribbed vessel. Smooth-sided vessels were found at the sites of Usun-Ebe I, II, Syrdakh I, Severo-Zapadnaya I, Us-Khatyng V, VII, KhatyngUryakh I, Ob’ezdnaya, Viliuyskoe Shosse, Shestakovka I, and Vladimirovka IV, V, and XVI.

Table 4

Percentages of the Amount of Temper Admixture in all Vessels of the Iron Age of the Tuymaada Valley

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Having defined the two main groups of ceramics – ridge and non-ridge – we could see that 16 vessels are within the ridge group, consisting of 26.5% of the total number of vessels. This amount included six ribbed vessels, four plain vessels, and seven vessels with indefinite surfaces. Some of the vessels represented by small pieces may be related to ridge type. Forty-four vessels are within the non-ridge group, and this is approximately 73% of the total number. Many vessels are provisionally placed within this group. It is most probable that only 16 vessels (10 plain, 1 waffle, and 3 unknown) are confidently within the non-ridge group, or 26.5% of the total number. It is obvious that the number of vessels with ribbed decoration is dominant in the ridge group; however, if we consider the non-ridge vessel type, we can conclude that plain vessels are dominant.


Horizontal rows composed of similar elements of ornaments are the main decorative motifs. In turn, the decorations form compositions of several (2 - 4 and more) rows of stamps (table 2). In some cases, the horizontal rows are accompanied by vertical oblique rows. On the ridge ceramics, the ridges alternate with rows of stamps. The ridges are decorated (dissected) with smooth semi-circular or stamped notches. Ceramics decorated by small-streaming stamping were of special interest, these being found at the Vladimirovka VI and Viliuyskoe Shosse sites (table 2, 10 and 11) (Stepanov and Dyakonov 2003). It is significant that these were not the first findings of ceramics of this type in Yakutia. Earlier the ceramics decorated by small-

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streaming and hemispherical (stream-pitted) stamps were found in Yakutia at the Bel’kachi I site (layer 1) (Fedoseeva 1970: fig. 3, 6; Konstantinov 1978: table VIII, 9). In the abovementioned instance, the decoration was defined as combpitted (Stepanov and Dyakonov 2003: 186). However, after detailed analyses of the original ceramics (Konstantinov 1978:

Table 5

Main recipes of paste (%) among vessels of the Iron Age of the Tuymaada Valley (pertaining to the ridge and non-ridge groups) c) only clay; c+s) clay+sand; c+s+rf) clay+sand+rock fragments; c+s+fc) clay+sand+fired clay (grog); c+s+rf+fc) clay+sand+rock fragments +fired clay (grog)

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table VIII, 9) we realized that it was the streampitted type. Ceramics of the same type found on the territory of the Oblastnaya Bol’nitza site may relate to the stream-pitted type (Okladnikov 1950: table XLI, 2).


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Petrographic analysis of the Early Iron Age vessels involved only those from the Bel’kachi I site (Fedoseeva 1970). While studying the ceramics of the Early Iron Age of the Tuymaada Valley, V. M. Dyakonov conducted a preliminary visual analysis of the clay paste composition. Determination of the paste composition was done by simple visual examination without using of any special methods and the results are preliminary. In order to classify the mineral tempers, we used a particle size scale. This scale is used to measure sand grains up to 0.1 cm in size, and gravel and fine-disintegrated material from 0.1 up to 0.5 cm in size. Fired clay temper consists of finely crushed ceramics or dry clay. Gravel and finely crushed rock were classified as rock fragments. The main components of the clay paste of Early Iron Age vessels found in the valley of Tuymaada are sand, gravel, finely crushed rock, and fired clay (i.e. grog, small fragments of ceramics). In addition, two statistical selections of vessels were made for the composition analyses. Analysis of composition had two foci: vessels and sites. With regard to the first focus, we have the following results: sand was found in 59 out to 60 vessels of the Early Iron Age of the Tuymaada Valley (approximately 98 %), rock fragments in 41 vessels (about 68%), and fired clay in 17 vessels (about 28%). With regard to the second

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focus we had the following results: sand was found in the vessels from 23 sites (100%), rock fragments in vessels from 21 sites (about 91%), and fired clay in 9 sites (about 39%). The average percentages derived from these studies reveal the most optimal admixture: sand was added in 99% of the vessels, rock fragments in 79.5%, and fired clay in 33.5% (table 4). The main components of the vessel’s paste of the Early Iron Age (Tuymaada Valley) were clay, sand, rock fragments, and fired clay. In the paste of one vessel of the 60 no distinct temper admixture was found (about 1.5%); 12 vessels (20%) contained only sand as an admixture; in 30 vessels (50%) sand and rock fragments were included; in 6 vessels (10%) sand and fired clay; and in 11 (about 18.5%) sand, rock fragments, and fired clay. The thickness of vessel walls varied from 0.15 to 0.85 cm (average 0.35 cm), and lip thickness was from 0.2 to 1.3 cm (average 0.55 cm) (table 3). We also studied separately the temper admixtures in ceramics of different types of decorative techniques. Thus, in the waffle type the amount of sand, rock fragments, and fired clay was 100%, though this percentage is not necessarily representative as the waffle type is represented by only a single vessel (table 3, 4). Wall thickness of the waffle-type vessel is 0.15 - 0.4 cm (average 0.275 cm), and the lips are 0.4 - 0.5 cm thick (average 0.45 cm). While studying the ribbed type ceramics, we found sand and rock fragments in all seven vessels (100%), and fired clay was observed in two out of seven vessels (about 28.5%). The data concerning frequencies per site revealed that ribbed-typed vessels from five sites contained sand and rock fragments (100%), and fired clay was present in vessels from two sites (40%). The generalized data concerning the ribbed vessels showed that sand and rock fragments were in 100% and fired clay in 34 % of the vessels (table 4). In five of seven ribbed vessels (about 71.5%) sand and rock fragments

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were admixtures; and sand, rock fragments, and fired clay were admixtures in two of seven vessels (about 28.5%). Wall thickness of the ribbed vessels varied from 0.2 to 0.7 cm (average 0.35 cm), and lip thickness varied from 0.2 to 1.3 cm (average 0.5 cm) (table 3).


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Sand was identified in 25 of the plain vessels (100%), rock fragments in 17 vessels (68%), and fired clay in 10 vessels (40%). Sand is present in the plain vessels from 14 sites (100%), rock fragments from 12 sites (about 85.5%), and fired clay from 7 sites (50%). Regarding the generalized data on the plain vessels, sand was added in 100% of cases, rock fragments in 77%, and fired clay in 45% (table 4). In the paste of 4 out of 25 plain vessels (16%), only sand was an admixture; in 12 vessels (48%) sand and rock fragments; and in 5 vessels (20%) sand, rock fragments, and fired clay (table 3). The thickness of plain pottery walls varied from 0.15 to 0.8 cm (average 0.385 cm), and lip thickness from 0.35 to 0.88 cm (average 0.6 cm). A comparative analysis of the ridge and nonridge ceramics showed that in the ridge group sand was found in 100% of the vessels, rock fragments in 75%, and fired clay in 25%, and among the non-ridge ceramics, the indices are: sand is in 100%, rock fragments in 87.5%, and fired clay in 43.75% of the vessels. In the paste of 3 of 16 ridge vessels (18.75%) only sand was an admixture, in 9 vessels (56.25%) sand and rock fragments are present, in 1 (6.25%) sand and fired clay, and in 3 (18.75%) sand, rock

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fragments and fired clay. In the paste of a single non-ridge vessel out of 16 (6.25%) sand was an admixture; in 8 vessels (50%) sand and rock fragments; in 2 vessels (12.5%) sand and fired clay, and in 5 (31.25%) sand, rock fragments, and fired clay (table 5). Thus, we can conclude that the amount of grogtempered ceramics is much larger in the non-ridge group. This also relates to the tempers as rock fragments. The most frequent combination in the paste of the vessels (Early Iron Age, Tuymaada Valley) was clay+sand+rock fragments. A maximum content of fired clay was observed in the waffle ceramics, though we suspect that these data may not be valid. Fired clay was found in almost half of plain type ceramics, but its content is less in the ceramics of the ribbed type. The ceramic decorations (ridge, non-ridge, waffle, ribbed, etc.) of Early Iron Age of Tuymaada are comparable to the ceramics of the stratified sites of the Aldan River Basin, particularly Bel’kachi I (Fedoseeva 1970; Konstantinov 1978). These decorations may reflect ethnic and cultural differences, and perhaps reveal the chronology of occupation (Mochanov et al. 1983: 19). At the same time, structure of ornamental compositions and statistical analysis of ceramics paste composition show very slight differences in the groups of smooth and toothed stamping, and also between the waffle, ribbed, and smooth-sided types of ceramics. This may reflect a unity of traditions in making different kinds of ceramics (in fact, this implies cultural unity) or at least succession of traditions or cultures. The ridge ceramics with two rows of appliquéd ridges may be an exception (table 2, 23 and 26) (Dyakonov 2003: fig. 6, 8). There are quite obvious differences between these ceramics and the non-ridge type of ceramics in ornament structure. These differences may indicate an ethniccultural difference. However, determination of this group of ceramics is difficult because stratigraphically it cannot be

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separated from the non-ridge type. In this respect, we cannot say anything about chronological or ethnic features associated with this type of ceramics. Available data indicates its late origin and its connection with Ust’-Mil ridge ceramics (Stepanov 2003). However, these inferences need to be examined further. As to the so-called “Karabul” appliquéd rim (Lomanov 2003) in the ceramics of the Early Iron Age of Tuymaada and Yakutia as a whole it meets rather seldom. For example, such ring appliqué of the rim was observed in only 4 of 60 vessels (table 2, 7 and 14) (Dyakonov 2003: fig. 5, 6). It is also rarely found at the Aldan River sites (Konstantinov 1978: 21, 27, 28; tables X, 5; XI, 9; XIII, 2; XV, 3). Stratigraphically, such vessels have been found with other types of ceramics, and their decorative elements and compositions do not differ from the others.


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The analysis shows that the ceramics collections of the Iron Age in the Tuymaada Valley are quite homogenous. This testifies to the existence of a monolithic culture. In any regard, this conclusion is relevant to the non-ridge ceramics of the Tuymaada Valley decorated with cogged and smooth stamping, which is comparable to the ceramics of the Bel’kachi-Dyuktai complex in the Aldan River Basin (Konstantinov 1978: 1622, 55-57; tables VII-VIII, XI-XII). The studies of the Early Iron Age have only just begun, and additional important investigations will be conducted in future years.

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r eferences ALEKSEEV, A. N. and BORISOV, A. V. 1980. Excavations and Prospecting on the River Olekma. In Archaeological Discovery 1979. Moscow: Nauka. pp. 186-187. [in Russian] DYAKONOV, V. M. 2002. Art Ornament on the Ribbed Ceramics of the Ymyiakhtakhskaya Culture in the North-East Asia. In Culture Studies and History of Ancient and Modern Societies of Siberia and the Far East: Proceedings XLII RAESK. Omsk: Omsk State Pedagogical University press. pp. 134-137. [in Russian] DYAKONOV, V. M. 2003. Early Iron Age in the Tuymaada Valley. In Archaeology and Socio-Cultural Anthropology of the Far East and Neighboring Territories. Blagoveschensk: Blagoveschensk State Pedagogical University press. pp.181-189. [in Russian] FEDOSEEVA, S. A. 1970. Early Iron Age in Aldan. In In the Wake of Ancient Cultures of Yakutia. Yakutsk: Yakutsk Publishing House. pp.143-153. [in Russian] KONSTANTINOV, I. V. 1978. Early Iron Age in Yakutia. Novosibirsk: Nauka. [in Russian] LOMANOV, P. V. 2001. On the Question of Cultural Relations between the People of Taiga Areas in the Lower Enisey River during the Period of Early Iron Age (based on ceramics data). In Historic-Cultural Heritage of the North Asia: Summaries and Perspectives of Studies on the Boundary of Millennium (Proceedings of XLI RAESK). Barnaul: Altay State University. pp. 305-307. [in Russian] MOCHANOV, Y. A. and FEDOSEEVA, S. A. 1976. Main Stages of Ancient History of the North-East Asia. In Beringia in Kaynozoi. Vladivostok: Press of Far East Centre of Science of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. pp. 515-539. [in Russian] MOCHANOV, Y. A., FEDOSEEVA, S. A., ALEKSEEV, A. N., KOZLOV, V. I., KOCHMAR, N. N., SHERBAKOVA, N. M. 1983. Archaeological Monuments of Yakutia. Novosibirsk: Nauka. [in Russian] OKLADNIKOV, A. P. 1950. Ancientry of Lensk. M. L. (Edition 3) AN USSR press. [in Russian]

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STEPANOV, A. D. 2003. Early Middle Age in Yakutia (problem setting). In Archaeology and SocioCultural Anthropology of the Far East and Neighboring Territories. Blagoveschensk: Blagoveschensk State Pedagogical University press. pp. 225-230. [in Russian] STEPANOV, A. D. and DYAKONOV, V. M. 2003. On the Findings of Ceramics with Fine-Striated Ornament in Yakutia. In Historical Experience of the Economic and Cultural Investigation of West Siberia. Barnaul: Altay State University press. Book I. pp. 184-186. [in Russian]


VOROBYOV, S. A. 1999. An Experience of Experimental Modeling of the Neolithic Ceramics of Yakutia and some Problems of its Technology. In Archaeology of the North-East Asia. Astroarchaeology. Paleometrology: Collection of scientific articles. Novosibirsk: Nauka. pp. 64-86. [in Russian]

y p h p y p pa isto reh pa y no reh rth no reh acifi h pa y n o c r i i c p sto ifi ry sto ific rth isto ac th sto c p isto cific r p c n r r r i p r ry p o y pr a y fic ac y o y p a no reh rth no eh cifi no p ifi no rth no r

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ǱǽǲǯǺǲǶȅǭȌ ǵǾǿǻǽǵȌ ǾǲǯǲǽǺǻǶ ǼǭȃǵȁǵǷǵ

ǗǲǽǭǹǵǷǭ ǳǲǸǲǴǺǻǰǻ

ǯǲǷǭ ǱǻǸǵǺȈ ǟȀǶǹǭǭǱǭ ǍǸǲǷǾǭǺǱǽ Ǒ. ǞǟǒǜǍǚǛǏ

ǏǵǷǿǻǽ Ǚ. ǑǩǬǗǛǚǛǏ

Ƿ

ǲǽǭǹǵǷǭ ȌǯǸȌǲǿǾȌ ǻǾǺǻǯǺǻǶ ǷǭǿǲǰǻǽǵǲǶ ǵǺǯǲǺǿǭǽȌ, ǼǻǴǯǻǸȌȋȆǲǶ ǯȈǱǲǸǵǿȉ ǷǻǹǼǸǲǷǾȈ ǳǲǸǲǴǺǻǰǻǯǲǷǭǯǱǻǸǵǺǲǟȀǶǹǭǭǱǭ.ǑǻǸǵǺǭǟȀǶǹǭǭǱǭ ǽǭǾǼǻǸǻǳǲǺǭ ǯ ǣǲǺǿǽǭǸȉǺǻ-ǬǷȀǿǾǷǻǶ ǺǵǴǹǲǺǺǻǾǿǵ Ǻǭ ǸǲǯǻǮǲǽǲǳȉǲ ǯ ǾǽǲǱǺǲǹ ǿǲȄǲǺǵǵ ǽ.ǘǲǺǭ, ǴǱǲǾȉ ǳǲ ǽǭǾǼǻǸǻǳǲǺ ǰ. ǬǷȀǿǾǷ. Ǟ ǴǭǼǭǱǭ ǱǻǸǵǺǭ ǻǰǽǭǺǵȄǲǺǭ ǷǻǽǲǺǺǻǶ ǿǲǽǽǭǾǻǶ ǜǽǵǸǲǺǾǷǻǰǻ ǼǸǭǿǻ, Ǿ Ǿǲǯǲǽǭ – ǗǭǺǰǭǸǭǾǾǷǵǹ ǹȈǾǻǹ, Ǿ ȋǰǭ – ǟǭǮǭǰǵǺǾǷǵǹ ǹȈǾǻǹ.

Ǐ ǺǭǾǿǻȌȆǲǶ Ǿǿǭǿȉǲ ǹȈ ǵǾǾǸǲǱǻǯǭǸǵ ȁǽǭǰǹǲǺǿȈ 60 ǾǻǾȀǱǻǯ Ǿ 23 ǾǿǻȌǺǻǷ ǱǻǸǵǺȈ ǟȀǶǹǭǭǱǭ, ǻǮǺǭǽȀǳǲǺǺȈȂ ǭǽȂǲǻǸǻǰǵȄǲǾǷǻǶ ȊǷǾǼǲǱǵȃǵǲǶ ǬǐǠ. ǔȀǮȄǭǿȈǲ ǵ ȁǵǰȀǽǺȈǲ ȅǿǭǹǼȈ ȌǯǸȌȋǿǾȌ ȂǭǽǭǷǿǲǽǺȈǹ ǻǽǺǭǹǲǺǿǻǹ ǷǲǽǭǹǵǷǵ ǽǭǺǺǲǰǻ ǳǲǸǲǴǺǻǰǻ ǯǲǷǭ ǬǷȀǿǵǵ. ǛǾǺǻǯȀ ǼǽǲǱǯǭǽǵǿǲǸȉǺǻǶ ǷǸǭǾǾǵȁǵǷǭȃǵǵ ǾǻǾǿǭǯǵǸ 31 ȊǸǲǹǲǺǿ ȅǿǭǹǼǻǯǻǰǻ ǵ ǼǽǻȄǲǽȄǲǺǺǻǰǻ ǻǽǺǭǹǲǺǿǭ, ǺǭǺǲǾǲǺǺǻǰǻ ǯ

238

ǺǭǷǻǸȉȄǭǿǻǶ, ȅǭǰǭȋȆǲǶ, ǻǿǾǿȀǼǭȋȆǲǶ ǵ ǼǽǻȄǲǽȄǲǺǺǻǶ (ǼǽǻǯǻǸǻȄǲǺǺǻǶ) ǿǲȂǺǵǷǲ Ǿ 45 ǾǻǾȀǱǻǯ ǵǴ 60. ǪǸǲǹǲǺǿȈ ǻǽǺǭǹǲǺǿǭ ǽǭǾǼǽǲǱǲǸȌȋǿǾȌ Ǽǻ 4 ǻǾǺǻǯǺȈǹ ǰǽȀǼǼǭǹ: 1) ǴȀǮȄǭǿȈǲ; 2) ǰǸǭǱǷǵǲ ȁǵǰȀǽǺȈǲ; 3) ǼǽǻȄǲǽȄǲǺǺȈǲ; 4) ǻǿǿǵǾǷǵ ǼǭǸǻȄǷǵ, ǽǭǾǾǲǷǭȋȆǵǲ ǯǭǸǵǷǵ ǱǸȌ ǵǹǵǿǭȃǵǵ ǯǵǿǻǰǻ ȅǺȀǽǭ. ǜǻ ȂǭǽǭǷǿǲǽȀ ǿǲȂǺǵȄǲǾǷǻǰǻ ǱǲǷǻǽǭ ǻǼǽǲǱǲǸȌȋǿǾȌ 3 ǯǵǱǭ ǷǲǽǭǹǵǷǵ: ǯǭȁǲǸȉǺǭȌ, ǽȀǮȄǭǿǭȌ ǵ ǰǸǭǱǷǻǾǿǲǺǺǭȌ, ǭ ǿǭǷǳǲ 2 ǻǾǺǻǯǺȈȂ ǰǽȀǼǼȈ Ǽǻ ȂǭǽǭǷǿǲǽȀ ǵȂ ȂȀǱǻǳǲǾǿǯǲǺǺǻǶ ǻǽǺǭǹǲǺǿǭȃǵǵ:ǯǭǸǵǷǻǯǭȌǵǮǲǴǯǭǸǵǷǻǯǭȌ.ǛǾǺǻǯǺȈǹǹǻǿǵǯǻǹ ǻǽǺǭǹǲǺǿǭ ȌǯǸȌȋǿǾȌ ǰǻǽǵǴǻǺǿǭǸȉǺȈǲ ǽȌǱȈ, ǾǻǾǿǭǯǸǲǺǺȈǲ ǵǴ ǻǱǺǻǽǻǱǺȈȂ ȊǸǲǹǲǺǿǻǯ ǻǽǺǭǹǲǺǿǭ. ǙǻǿǵǯȈ, ǯ Ǿǯǻȋ ǻȄǲǽǲǱȉ, ȁǻǽǹǵǽȀȋǿ ǻǽǺǭǹǲǺǿǭǸȉǺȈǲ ǷǻǹǼǻǴǵȃǵǵ ǵǴ ǺǲǾǷǻǸȉǷǵȂ (ǻǿ 2 Ǳǻ 4 ǵ ǮǻǸǲǲ) ǽȌǱǻǯ ǻǽǺǭǹǲǺǿǭǸȉǺȈȂ ȅǿǭǹǼǻǯ. ǍǺǭǸǵǴ ǾǻǾǿǭǯǭ ǿǲǾǿǭ ǮȈǸ ǽǭǾǾǹǻǿǽǲǺ ǯ ǱǯȀȂ ǾǿǭǿǵǾǿǵȄǲǾǷǵȂ ǼǻǱǮǻǽǷǭȂ: 1) Ǽǻ ǷǻǸǵȄǲǾǿǯȀ ǾǻǾȀǱǻǯ; 2) Ǽǻ ǷǻǸǵȄǲǾǿǯȀ ǾǿǻȌǺǻǷ. ǜǻǾǿǽǻǲǺǵȌ ǻǽǺǭǹǲǺǿǭǸȉǺȈȂ ǷǻǹǼǻǴǵȃǵǶ ǵ ǾǿǭǿǵǾǿǵȄǲǾǷǵǶ ǭǺǭǸǵǴ ǾǻǾǿǭǯǭ ǿǲǾǿǭ ǷǲǽǭǹǵǷǵ ǟȀǶǹǭǱȈ ǼǻǷǭǴȈǯǭȋǿ ǯǲǾȉǹǭ ǺǲǴǺǭȄǵǿǲǸȉǺȈǲ ǽǭǴǸǵȄǵȌ ǯ ǰǽȀǼǼǭȂ Ǿ ǰǸǭǱǷǵǹǵ ǵ ǴȀǮȄǭǿȈǹǵ ȅǿǭǹǼǭǹǵ, ǭ ǿǭǷǳǲ ǹǲǳǱȀ ǯǵǱǭǹǵ ǯǭȁǲǸȉǺǻǶ, ǽȀǮȄǭǿǻǶ ǵ ǰǸǭǱǷǻǾǿǲǺǺǻǶ ǷǲǽǭǹǵǷǵ, Ȅǿǻ, ǯǵǱǵǹǻ, ǻǿǽǭǳǭǲǿ ǲǱǵǺǾǿǯǻ ǿǽǭǱǵȃǵǶ ǯ ǵǴǰǻǿǻǯǸǲǺǵǵ ǿǻǰǻ ǵǸǵ ǵǺǻǰǻ ǯǵǱǭ ǷǲǽǭǹǵǷǵ (Ȅǿǻ, Ǽǻ ǾȀǿǵ, ǻǴǺǭȄǭǲǿ ǷȀǸȉǿȀǽǺǻǲ ǲǱǵǺǾǿǯǻ). ǜǽǻǯǲǱǲǺǺȈǲ ǵǾǾǸǲǱǻǯǭǺǵȌ ǼǻǷǭǴȈǯǭȋǿ, Ȅǿǻ ǯ ǾǯǻǲǶ ǻǾǺǻǯǲ ǷǲǽǭǹǵȄǲǾǷǵǶ ǹǭǾǾǵǯ ǽǭǺǺǲǰǻ ǳǲǸǲǴǺǻǰǻ ǯǲǷǭ ǟȀǶǹǭǭǱȈ ǱǻǾǿǭǿǻȄǺǻ ǻǱǺǻǽǻǱǲǺ, Ȅǿǻ ǼǻǱǽǭǴȀǹǲǯǭǲǿ ǾȀȆǲǾǿǯǻǯǭǺǵǲ ǯ ȊǿȀ ȊǼǻȂȀ ǻǼǽǲǱǲǸǲǺǺǻ ǹǻǺǻǸǵǿǺǻǶ ǷȀǸȉǿȀǽȈ. ǕǴȀȄǲǺǵǲ ǽǭǺǺǲǰǻ ǳǲǸǲǴǺǻǰǻ ǯǲǷǭ ǱǻǸǵǺȈ ǟȀǶǹǭǭǱǭ ǿǻǸȉǷǻ ǺǭȄǵǺǭǲǿǾȌ.

Vid. STEPANOV, Aleksandr D. and DYAKONOV, Victor M. 2007. Ceramics of the Iron Age from the Tuymaada Valley. North Pacific Prehistory vol. 1: 191-210.

y p h p y p pa isto reh pa y no reh rth no reh acifi h pa y n ci ry ist cifi rt is pa rth ist c ist cifi or or fic no ory c p h p tor cifi pa ory p ory c p y pr rt n re ac y n c ci n or no eh h o h ifi o p fi o th no r

265

préhistoire du pacifique nord

Les céramiques de l’âge du fer dans la vallée Tuymaada

Ǎlexandr D. STEPANOV Victor Ǚ. DYAKONOV

d

ans cet article nous présentons les résultats d’une étude réalisée sur les fragments de 60 vases trouvés sur 23 sites dans la vallée Tuymaada par une expédition archéologique de l’Université d’Etat de Yakoutsk. La décoration des céramiques de l’Âge du Fer ancien en Yakoutie se caractérise par des impressions à l’outil denté et des impressions de motifs. La classification préliminaire se base sur 31 éléments décoratifs créés par impression et par incision. Les éléments sont divisés en quatre groupes principaux : 1) impression dentée; 2) impression de motifs; 3) incision; et 4) impression au bâton pour imiter une corde tournée. En ce qui concerne les techniques de décoration, trois types de céramique sont définis: céramique gaufrée, céramique non-régularisée et céramique lisse. En outre, deux groupes principaux

266

de décoration stylistique sont définis: avec cordon et sans cordon. Des rangées horizontales avec des éléments décoratifs répétés sont les motifs les plus courants. Les différentes décorations forment successivement des compositions de plusieurs rangs d’impressions (2 à 4 et plus). L’analyse de la pâte a été menée en utilisant plusieurs vases et plusieurs sites où ces vases ont été trouvés. La structure de la composition décorative et les analyses statistiques de la composition de la pâte montrent des différences très légères entre les céramiques décorées à la pointe mousse et celles décorées à l’outil denté ainsi qu’entre les céramiques gaufrées, les céramiques non-régularisées et les céramiques lisses. Cela peut indiquer une unité de traditions dans la production céramique (en fait, cela implique l’unité culturelle) ou au moins une succession de traditions ou de cultures. Les analyses menées montrent que les céramiques de l’Âge du Fer dans la vallée Tuymaada sont assez homogènes. Cela indique clairement l’existence d’une culture monolithique. Les études sur l’Âge du Fer ancien dans la vallée Tuymaada viennent à peine de commencer.

Vid. STEPANOV, Aleksandr D. and DYAKONOV, Victor M. 2007. Ceramics of the Iron Age from the Tuymaada Valley. North Pacific Prehistory vol. 1: 191-210.

The Prehistory of Eastern Asia Nina A. KONONENKO and Jim CASSIDY

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Fortified Settlements of the Chasi Type on Kunashir Island: Kurile Isles of the Russian Far East Igor A. SAMARIN and Olga A. SHUBINA

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On the Problem of Classification of Microblade Industry Sites with Mixed Cultural Layers in the Mesolithic of Central Yakutia (on Materials of the Tuymaada Valley) Victor M. DYAKONOV

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