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hardwoods 3. Parrotia persica (Persian ironwood). Paulownia tomentosa (Royal paulownia). Phellodendron amurense (Amur corktree). Prunus spp. (Cherry).
conifer and hardwood

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conifer and hardwood The selection of woody plant material is one of the first crucial decisions in a long-term landscape investment. There are many factors one considers during the plant selection process. An awareness of certain requirements - a tree’s limitations or preferences - should be part of these considerations. Inclusion in this resource was governed by two criteria - a risk posed by the digging season and / or a preference for packaging / size. A cross-section of published literature was consulted - Michael Dirr, Gary Hightshoe, online resources, e.g. University of Florida - as well as industry professionals and local professional experience. A notation for Asian Longhorned Beetle hosts has also been included for your consideration. This resource was developed as a reliable starting point in creating a "cultural requirements" body of knowledge. An interest in managing the risks and preferences of the listed plant material and sharing the results of those experiences will broaden our regional knowledge, expanding the seasonal planting palette. Digging / Planting Trees normally establish well when planted in the Spring. Root growth in most deciduous species is under way when soil temperatures (at a depth of three inches) exceed 42° Fahrenheit. Many conifers exhibit root growth and activity at slightly higher soil temperatures. Root growth is driven by the sugars manufactured in the first (and second) flush of shoot growth. Shoot growth on deciduous trees (bud swell, bud scale splitting, leaf emergence) can begin before root growth. Trees that are transplanted in early Spring must initially rely on older roots for water uptake to support shoot emergence. However, it is also true that trees transplanted in the Spring have a greater chance at establishment because shoot growth periods throughout the first growing season favor root growth. Trees planted in the Fall must be able to initiate root growth quickly, before soil temperatures drop, using only stored sugars. There are a number of species of conifer, shade and ornamental trees that present difficulties when they are dug in the Fall. Commonly acknowledged reasons for these difficulties include: • trees with coarse roots that are slow to generate new root growth, e.g. Quercus coccinea, Nyssa sylvatica; • trees with thin bark and abundant twigs, very prone to water loss during winter months, e.g. Quercus phellos, Betula spp.; • trees that harden off very late in Fall, e.g. Crataegus spp.; • broadleaf evergreens, very prone to winter desiccation, e.g. Ilex opaca, Magnolia grandiflora. We refer to Planting in this consideration because many specifications stipulate that selected woody material be dug no more than one month prior to planting. If the species listed in this category cannot be dug early in the previous Spring, heeled in and irrigated appropriately until the Fall, their inclusion in a Fall planting could add an additional survival risk. For some species listed, specifying a larger root ball than the ANSI minimum, along with a well-monitored irrigation protocol, might offset the risk. Package / Size We have also provided recommendations for the way in which woody plant material is grown - in the field or in a container - as well as a size preference where one exists. While definitive research on this subject is hard to come by, there does exist published information stating preferences for the method of growing and, in some instances, the size of the material. We have noted that information to guide plant selection. A reference for known bare root successes (yes) and failures (no) has been added. Where industry experience is not yet definitive, a b has been indicated. Your own long-term experience will help to verify the published information. We welcome comments, suggestions and the sharing of personal experience to continue building a valid regional reference as to these important woody material concerns.

conifer and hardwood

dig / plant field grown hazard

package size preference

bare root

Abies spp. & cvs. (Fir)

spring

cg or b&b - best under 6’ ht

no

Cedrus atlantica (Atlas cedar)

spring

cg or b&b

no

C. deodora & cvs. (Deodor cedar)

cg or b&b - best under 6’ ht

no

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana & cvs. (Lawson falsecypress)

cg or b&b - best under 6’ ht

no

C. obtusa & cvs. (Hinoki falsecypress)

cg

no

X Cupressocyparis leylandii & cvs. (Leyland cypress)

cg

no

cg under 6’ ht

no no

species

conifers

Juniperus virginiana & cvs. (Eastern red cedar) Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Dawn redwood)

early spring late fall spring

Picea spp. & cvs. (Spruce)

early spring

b&b - retain lower branches (except street tree planting) cg or b&b - best under 6’ ht

Pinus densiflora (Japanese red pine)

early spring

b&b - best under 6’ ht

no

P. flexilis (Limber pine)

early spring

b&b - best under 6’ ht

no

cg - best under 6’ ht

no

P. heldreichii var. leucodermis (Bosnian pine)

no

P. parviflora (Japanese white pine)

early spring

b&b - best under 6’ ht

no

P. rigida (Pitch pine)

early spring

b&b - best under 6’ ht

no

P. strobus & cvs. (Eastern white pine)

early spring

b&b - best under 6’ ht

no

P. wallichiana & cvs. (Himalayan pine)

early spring

b&b - best under 6’ ht

no

Pseudolarix amabilis (kaempferi) (Goldenlarch)

spring

b&b - best under 6’ ht

no

Taxodium distichum (Baldcypress)

spring

b&b - best under 6’ ht

no

cg

no

b&b - best under 6’ ht

no

Thujopsis dolobrata (False arborvitae) Tsuga canadensis. & cvs. (Canadian hemlock)

early spring

alb host

conifer and hardwood

dig / plant field grown hazard

package size preference

bare root

alb host

Acer buergerianum (Trident maple)

spring

b&b

yes

7

A. griseum (Paperbark maple)

spring

cg or b&b

yes

7

A. rubrum & cvs. (Red maple)

spring

small b&b own-rooted

yes

7

A. saccharum & cvs. (Sugar maple)

early spring

b&b northern seed source

yes

7

Aesculus x carnea (Red horsechestnut)

spring

b&b

yes

7

A. glabra (Ohio buckeye)

early spring

b&b

b

7

A. hippocastanum (Horsechestnut)

spring

b&b

b

7

A. parviflora (Bottlebrush buckeye)

spring

cg or b&b

b

7

Amelanchier spp. (Serviceberry)

spring

cg or b&b if >1½”

no

Asimina triloba (Pawpaw)

early spring

cg or small b&b

b

Betula nigra & cvs. (River birch)

spring

b&b

no

7

B. papyrifera (Paperbirch)

spring

small b&b root pruned

no

7

B. pendula (European white birch)

spring

b&b

no

7

B. populifolia (Grey birch)

spring

b&b

no

7

Carpinus betulus & cvs. (European hornbeam)

spring

small b&b

no

C. caroliniana (American hornbeam)

early spring

no

Carya spp. (Hickory)

early spring

small b&b root pruned northern seed source small b&b

Castanea mollissima (Chinese chestnut)

early spring

small b&b

b

Catalpa speciosa (Northern catalpa)

early spring

small b&b

yes

Celtis occidentalis (Hackberry)

spring

b&b

yes

Cercidyphyllum japonicum (Katsuratree)

early spring

cg or small b&b

yes

Chionanthus virginicus (White fringetree)

early spring

cg or small b&b

b

species

hardwoods 1

b

7

conifer and hardwood

dig / plant field grown hazard

package size preference

bare root

Cladrastis kentukea (lutea) (American yellowwood)

early spring

small b&b northern seed source

yes

Cornus alternifolia (Pagoda dogwood)

early spring

small b&b

b

C. florida & cvs. (Flowering dogwood)

early spring

cg or small b&b root pruned

b

cg or small b&b

b

species

hardwoods 2

C. kousa & cvs. (Kousa dogwood) Corylus colurna (Turkish filbert)

spring

small b&b

b

Cotinus obovatus (American smoketree)

early spring

cg or small b&b

b

Crataegus spp. & cvs. (Hawthorn)

early springspring

small b&b

no

b&b

b

Davidia involucrata (Dovetree) Diospyros virginiana (Common persimmon)

early spring

small b&b

b

Fagus sylvatica & cvs. (European beech)

spring

b&b

no

Ginkgo biloba & cvs. (Ginkgo)

b&b

b

Gleditsia triacanthos var. & cvs. (Honeylocust)

b&b

yes

Gymnocladus dioicus (Kentucky coffeetree)

b&b

yes

cg or small b&b

b

small cg or small b&b

b

yes

Halesia tetraptera (carolina) & cvs. (Carolina silverbell)

early spring

Idesia polycarpa (Igiritree) Koelreuteria paniculata (Golden raintree)

spring

Liquidambar styraciflua & cvs. (American sweetgum)

early spring

small cg or small b&b northern seed source b&b northern seed source

Liriodendron tulipifera & cvs. (Tuliptree)

early spring

small b&b northern seed source

no

Magnolia spp. & cvs. (Magnolia)

early spring

small b&b

b

Nyssa sylvatica & cvs. (Black tupelo)

early spring

small b&b

no

Ostrya virginiana (American hophornbeam)

early spring

small cg or small b&b

no

Oxydendron arboreum (Sourwood)

early spring

small b&b

b

no

alb host

conifer and hardwood

dig / plant field grown hazard

package size preference

bare root

Parrotia persica (Persian ironwood)

spring

cg or b&b

b

Paulownia tomentosa (Royal paulownia)

spring

b&b

b

Phellodendron amurense (Amur corktree)

spring

b&b

b

Prunus spp. (Cherry)

spring

cg or small b&b

yes

Ptelea trifoliata (Common hoptree)

early spring

b&b

b

Pterostyrax hispida (Fragrant epaulette tree)

spring

cg or b&b

b

b&b

yes

species

hardwoods 3

Pyrus calleryana & cvs. (Callery pear) Quercus acutissima (Sawtooth oak)

spring

b&b

b

Q. alba (White oak)

early spring

small b&b root pruned

b

Q. bicolor (Swamp white oak)

small b&b

yes

Q. coccinea (Scarlet oak)

early spring or late fall early spring

small b&b

no

Q. imbricaria (Shingle oak)

early spring

small b&b

no

Q. macrocarpa (Bur oak)

early spring

small b&b

no

Q. marilandica (Blackjack oak)

early spring

b&b

b

Q. michauxii (Swamp chestnut oak)

early spring

b&b

b

Q. muehlenbergii (Chinkapin oak)

early spring

small b&b

b

b&b

yes

Q. palustris (Pin oak) Q. phellos (Willow oak)

early spring

b&b northern seed source

no

Q. robur & cvs. (English oak)

spring

b&b

no

Q. rubra (Red oak)

early spring

b&b

yes

Q. shumardii (Shumard oak)

spring

b&b

no

Q. stellata (Post oak)

early spring

small b&b

b

alb host

conifer and hardwood

dig / plant field grown hazard

package size preference

bare root

Quercus velutina (Black oak)

early spring

b&b

b

Robinia pseudoacacia (Black locust)

early spring

b&b

b

Sorbus spp. (Mountainash)

early spring

b&b

b

Stewartia spp. (Stewartia)

spring

cg or small b&b

b

Styrax japonicus & cvs. (Japanese snowbell)

early spring

b&b

b

Tilia americana & cvs. (Basswood)

b&b

yes

T. cordata & cvs. (Littleleaf linden)

b&b

yes

species

alb host

hardwoods 4

T. tomentosa & cvs. (Silver linden)

spring

b&b

no

Zelkova serrata & cvs. (Zelkova)

spring

b&b

b

7

conifer and hardwood

references