Noun+Noun Compounds in Italian

THEORIA

Noun+Noun Compounds in Italian A corpus-based study

Jan Radimský

KATALOGIZACE V KNIZE – NÁRODNÍ KNIHOVNA ČR

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Radimský, Jan Noun+Noun compounds in Italian : a corpus-based study / Jan Radimský. – České Budějovice : Jihočeská univerzita, 2015. – 387 stran ISBN 978-80-7394-551-0 811.131.1 * 81'367.622 * 81'373.611 * 81'322.2 – Italian language – nouns – word formation – compound words – corpus linguistics – monographs – italština

I would like to thank especially the reviewers of this book, Antonietta Bisetto and Pavel Štichauer, for their insightful comments. Thanks are also due to many other colleagues who have inspired me or gave me valued native speakers’ feedback, especially to Fabio Ripamonti, Marco Passarotti, Giorgio Arcodia and Paddy Long. Of course, all errors and omissions are my sole responsibility. This research has been supported by the research grant GAČR (Grant Agency of the Czech Republic) No. GA13-00496S – “N-N Compounding in Contemporary Italian.”

– podstatná jména – tvoření slov – složená slova – korpusová lingvistika – monografie 450 – Italian, Sardinian, Dalmatian, Romanian [11] 811.131 – Italo-románské jazyky [11]

Reviewers: Antonietta Bisetto (University of Bologna) Pavel Štichauer (Charles University, Prague) This research has been supported by the research grant GAČR (Grant Agency of the Czech Republic) No. GA13-00496S – “N-N Compounding in Contemporary Italian.”

© Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích ISBN 978-80-7394-551-0

STRÁNKA NENÍ GRAFICKY UPRAVENA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................11 II. ITALIAN N+N COMPOUNDS: DELIMITATION OF THE CONCEPT ........................................................................15 II.1. Definition of N+N compound ...............................................15 II. 2. Input units ...........................................................................16 II.2.1. Outline of input units ................................................16 II.2.2. Stems, words and lexemes ........................................17 II.2.3. Input nouns in neoclassical-type N+N compounds ..19 II.2.4. Categorial homonymy of input units ........................22 II.2.5. Complex input units: compounds and phrases ........30 II. 3. Relationship between components .....................................36 II.3.1. Introduction ..............................................................36 II.3.2. Implicit nature of the relationship............................37 II.3.3. N+N compounds and syntactic apposition................40 III.3.4. Conclusion................................................................44 II.4. Lexical status of compounds ................................................44 II.4.1. Introduction ..............................................................44 II.4.2. Are compounds phonological words? .......................45 II.4.3. Orthography of compounds ......................................49 II.4.4. Are compounds morphological words? .....................50 II.4.5. Are compounds syntactic atoms?..............................52 II.4.6. On the “semantic unity” of compounds ....................64 II.5. Conclusion ...........................................................................65 III. DATA GATHERING .......................................................................69 III.1 Introduction .........................................................................69 III.2 Data sources: corpora ..........................................................70 III.3 Extraction of raw binominals from ItWac ...........................72 III.4 Lemmatization and annotation of the database ................77 III.5 Conclusion ...........................................................................83

IV. CLASSIFICATION OF N+N COMPOUNDS ...................................85 IV.1 Introduction .........................................................................85 IV.2 Overview of Bisetto and Scalise (2005-2009).......................86 IV.3 On the status of ATAP compounds ......................................92 IV.3.1 Open questions .........................................................92 IV.3.2 ATAP vs. subordinate compounds.............................93 IV.3.3 ATAP vs. coordinate compounds .............................102 IV.3.4 Towards a typology of ATAP compounds ................112 IV.4 Coordinate N+N compounds ..............................................115 IV.4.1 Delimitation of coordinate compounds ..................115 IV.4.2 Criteria of classification ..........................................116 IV.4.3 Classification of coordinate N+N compounds .........121 IV.5 Subordinate compounds ....................................................126 IV.5.1 Introduction ............................................................126 IV.5.2 Verbal nexus vs. ground compounds ......................126 IV.5.3 The position of the head ..........................................130 IV.5.4 Typology of subordinate compounds ......................135 IV.6 Relational compounds ......................................................137 IV.6.1 The notion of relational compounds .......................137 IV.6.2 Data gathering procedure .......................................140 IV.6.3 Internal structure of relational compounds ...........141 IV.6.4 Classification of relational compounds ..................149 V. IRREVERSIBLE ATAP COMPOUNDS ........................................161 V.1. Introduction .......................................................................161 V.2. Filtering of I-ATAP compounds .........................................162 V.3 Interpretation of the data ..................................................166 V.3.1 Collocability of the modifiers ..................................166 V.3.2 Inflection .................................................................174 V.3.3 Superlative modifier ................................................187 V.3.4 Complex modifiers of I-ATAP compounds ..............189 V.4 Conclusion .........................................................................200

VI. VERBAL-NEXUS COMPOUNDS .................................................203 VI.1 Introduction .......................................................................203 VI.2 Filtering of verbal-nexus compounds ................................204 VI.3 Typology of head and non-head elements .........................207 VI.3.1. Typology of heads ..................................................207 VI.3.2. Typology of non-head elements .............................212 VI.4 Inflection of VNxCs ............................................................215 VI.5 Complex components of VNxCs.........................................218 VI.5.1 Introduction ...........................................................218 VI.5.2 Insertion of N-PREP-N phrases..............................218 VI.5.3 Coordinate nouns in VNxCs ...................................220 VI.5.4 Recursive structures: VNxCs in N-N-N compounds..... ................................................................................221 VI.5.5 Insertion of adjectives ...........................................223 VI.5.6 The quello pronominalization ................................227 VI.5.7 Overview of data about complex compound components ...........................................................230 VI.6. Conclusion .........................................................................234 VII. CONCLUSION .............................................................................237 APPENDIX 1 – I-ATAP COMPOUNDS ...............................................243 APPENDIX 2 – VERBAL-NEXUS COMPOUNDS ................................291 APPENDIX 3 – DVANDVA COMPOUNDS WITH ADDITIVE INTERPRETATION ............................................................................331 3.1 – List of dvandva compounds with additive interpretation..331 3.2 – Examples of use of selected dvandva compounds ............334 APPENDIX 4 – RELATIONAL COMPOUNDS ....................................341 4.1 – Verbal-nexus relational compounds ..................................341 4.2 – Ground relational compounds ...........................................352 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................375 RIASSUNTO (ITALIANO) ...................................................................381 LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................389