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Chemistry Department, LLL; Mr. William B. Lane of the Stanford Research Institute;. Mr. .James Rupley of ...... successive layers after eich cavity had shape the ...
AD-776 361 EXPLOSIVE SELECTION AND FALLOUT SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS NUCLEAR CRATERING DEVICE SIMULATION (PROJECT DIAMOND ORE) J.

M.

O'Connor,

et al

Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg, Mississippi October 1973

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Do#a&ntere.o

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE

1. REPORT NUMBER

READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING FORM

2, GOVT ACCESSION NO.

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491)&~

TR-E-73-6 S.

TITLE (and ftboltle)

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7,

RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

EDPLOSIVE SELECTION AND FALLOUT SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS: NUCLEAR CRATERING DEVICE SINJIATION (PROJECT DIAMOND ORE)

6.

AUTHOR(q)

B. CONTRACT OR GRA.NT NUMBER(N)

Final PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

J. M. O'Connor (author) T. J. Donlan, D. E. Burton (contributing authors 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

10.

PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT. TASK AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS

U. S.

Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory Livermore, California 94550

See reverse

CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS

I,.

12.

Defense Nuclear Agency

ATTN: SPSS Washington, D. C. 14.

REPORT DATE

October 1973 13. NUMBER C.F PAGES

20305

..

MONITORING AGENCY NAME a ADDRESS(it different from Controlling Office)

SECUMI IT %...ASS. (of thie report)

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Ajproved for public release; distribution unlimited.

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entered in Bhock 20, If different Irom Report)

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SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

IS.

KEY WORDS (Con1Inus on reverse side II nceesaly and Identify by block number)

ioJect Diamond Ore Nuciear cratering s'f:ulation Fallout simulation :0 -4STRACT

(_onthnu*

Gelled nitromethane explosive Slurry explosive equation of state Unstemmed detonation

an reovere side if neesasy end identify by block nrnbar)

1'Project Diamond Ore was initinted in FY 1971 to determine the effects of different types of stemming, depths of burial, and geologic conditions on the ,irter .iize and collateral effects produced by the subsurface detonation of a nulvar cratering device. This determination is being made by using a combination of hydrodynamic code calculations and large-scale chemical explosive charges to model the nuclear explosive energy source. The research program also Includes development of a nuclear fallout aiimilant. This report Dresents a detailed summary of the

DW ,I A

1473

•V6

atTO

OF I

5OSLT

UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (IMen Dale Entered)

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NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE qringflold VA 22151

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CLASIFICATION OF THIS PA0(Weh.n Dae Ent.et

20. Abstract (Continued) explosive selection and testing process and the development and testi.g of the fallout simulant. . To model the nuclear explosive, the program required a high-energy chemical explosive that had reproducible detonation properties, could retain the fallout simulant material in suspension, and had a definable equation of state. A specially formulated water-gelled aluminized ammonium nitrate slurry was selected and tested in both laboratory and large-scale field tests. While standard explosive tests performed by explosives manufacturers indicated a satisfactory energy, laboratory and field measurements of explosive detonation parameters in the micro-time frame required for equation of state programs indicated that the slurry explosive did not possess reproducible detonation parameters. Changes ii explosive composition to improve the reproducibility of the detonation parameters des,:nsitized the explosive. Nitromethane was then studied. This is an explosive 2_7.uid avoided initially because of difficulties encountered in containing the liquid and supporting the fallout simulant. A gelling system was developed to overcome the containment and fallout simulant support problems. Techniques were successfully developed for simulating radioactive fallout using inert tracer particles. These particles are mixed uniformly with the explosive and are identifiable in the collected fallout debris using neutron activation and gamma-ray-spectrometry techniques. The resulting tracer mass deposition curves are easily related to the radioactivity dobe rate curves obtained on previous nuclear crptering detonations at the Nevada Test Site. Instrumentation and effects data from three large-scale detonations conducted at Fort Peck, Montana, are presented although much of the data is suspect due to ".he nonreprducibility of the slurry explosive employed and loss of much of the data due to gage failures.

In. Program Element

Project

Task Area

Work Unit Numbers

L19 LI9

BAXSX30 BAXSX302

01 01

01 01

LI9

BAXSX303

01

01

L19

BAXYX921

01

01

BAXYX970

01

01

L19 Li9 Li9

BAXYX971 CAXSX301 CAXSX303 CAXYX971

01 01 01 01

01 01 01 01

L.L9

CAXYX972

01

01

119

CAXM978

01

01

4AO62118A880

o6

003

.19 .L9

6.21.18A

UM LASSIPIM

SKCUIlTY CL.ASIIrCATION OF THIS PAGII(nren D314 Entered)

TECHNICAL REPORT E-73-6 EXPLOSIVE SELECTION AND FALLOUT SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS: NUCLEAR CRATERING DEVICE SIMULATION (PROJECT DIAMOND ORE) Author, John M. O'Connor Contributing Authors, Terrence J. Donlan Donald E. Burton

Sponsored by DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY Subtask

Work Unit

L19BAXSX301 L19BAXSX302 L19BAXSX303 L19BAXYX921 L19BAXYX970 L19BAXYX971 L19CAXSX301 L19CAXSX303

01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01

L19CAXYX971 L19CAXYX972 L19CAXYX978

01 01 01

Work Unit Title Crater Parameters Unstemmed Cratering Ejecta and Tracer Technical Photography Event Support Site Preparation Crater Parameters Ejecta Measurements and Evaluation Site Preparation Geologic Investigations Technical Director Activities

and OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS Appropriation

Project

2iX2040

4A062118A880

2122040

4A062118A880

Title Nuclear Weapons Effects Research Test Nuclear Weapons Effects

Conducted by U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION

EXPLOSIVE EXCAVATION RESEARCH LABORATORY Livermore, California

MS. date:

May 1973

-D w

.. ... ...

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C

D I

U

Preface The U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (USAEWES) Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory (EERL) was the USAEWES Explosive Excavation Research Office (EERO) prior to 21 April 1972. Prior to 1 August 1971 the organization was known as the USAE Nuclear Cratering Group. This portion of the Diamond Ore Project, a series of cratering experiments, was jointly sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency and Office, Chief of Engineers. The Director of the Waterways Experiment Station during this research effort was COL Ernest D. Peixotto. The Directors of the Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory (EERL) were LTC Robert L. LaFrenz and LTC Robert R. Mills, Jr

-It-

Abstract Project Diamond Ore was initiated in FY 1971 to determine the effects of different types of stemming, depths or burial, and geologic conditions on the crater size and collateral effects produced by the subsurface detonation of a nuclear cratering device. This determination is being made by using a combination of hydrodynamic code calculations and large-scale chemical explosive charges to model the nuclear explosive energy source. simulant.

The research program also includes development of a nuclear fallout

This report presents a detailed summary of the explosive selection and test-

ing process and the development and testing of the fallout simulant. To model the nuclear explosive, the program required a high-energy chemical explosive that had reproducible detonation properties, could retain the fallout simulant material in suspension, and had a definable equation of state. A specially formulated water-gelled aluminized ammonium nitrate slurry was selected and tested in both laboratory and large-scale field tests.

While standard explosive tests performed by explosives manufacturers indicated a satisfactory energy, laboratory and field measurements of explosive detonation parameters in the micro-time frame required for equation of state programs indicated that the slurry explosive did not possess reproducible detonation parameters. Changes in explosive .,omposition to improve the reproducibility of the detonation parameters desensitized the explosive. Nitromethane was then studied. This is an explosive liquid avoided initially because of difficulties encountered in containing the liquid and supporting the fallout simulant.

A gelling system was developed

to overcome the containment and fallout simulant support problems.

Techniaues w're

successfully developed for simulating radioactive fallout using inert ti~acer particles. These particles itre mixed uniformly with the explosive and are identifiable in the collected fallout debris using neutron activation and gamma-ray-spectrometry techniques. The resulting tracer mass deposition curves are easily related to the radioactivity dose rate curves obtained on previous nuclear cratering deLunations at the Nevada Test Site. Instrumentation and effects data from three large-scale detonations conducted at Fort Peck, Montana are presented although much of the data is suspect due to the nonreproducibility of the slurry explosive employed and loss of much of the data due to gage failures.

-rl

Acknowledgments This ctudy is being conducted under the joint sponsorship of the Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) and the Office, Chief of Engineers (OCE). The experimental programs reported in this, the first, summary report of the Diamond Ore investigations, represent the efforts of an interdisciplinary team from many agencies within the Nuclear Weapons Effects community. The DNA Project Officers during this phase of the Diamond Ore investigations were LTC Louis J. Circeo and LTC Richard Pierce. The OCE Project Officers were LTC Gerald W. Chase and LTC Douglas A. Hughes. The guidance and encouragement of LTC Robert L. LaFrenz and LTC Robert R. Mills, Jr.,

Directors of the Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory (EERL), and

MAJ Richard H. Gates, Deputy Director at EERL for Military Funded Programs, during this research effort are greatly appreciated. The authors wish to acknowledge and to express sincere appreciation to the following individuals and agencies for their efforts in support of these investigations: Dr. Thomas Blake and Dr. Robert Allen cf Systems, Science, and Software, Inc.; Dr. Alfred Holzer, Mrs. Barbara K. Crowley, Dr. Jon B. Bryan, Mr. Clyde J. Sisemore and Mr. r!.rvin D. Denny of K Division, LLL; Mr. Milton Finger, Dr. Edward L. Boat, Mr. Franklin H. Helm, and Dr. Henry Cheung, of the Chemistry Department, LLL; Mr. William B. Lane of the Stanford Research Institute; Mr. .James Rupley of Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque; Mr. David L. Wooster of the Lee, Mr. Ronald M.

Mec'>.tnical Engineering Department, LLL, 1',.[r. Charles Grant and Mr. Jerome Landerville, Dow Chemical CG!,pany; Mr. Donald Beckman and Mr. John Kuncheff, Fort Peck Area Officer, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha Engineer District, and, finally, Mr. Edward J. Leahy, Mr. Richard L. Fraser, MAJ Donald J. Fitchett, MAJ George M. Miller, CPT Robert J. Bourque,

Mr. Charles Snell, Mr. Jerome E.

Lattery, Mr. Thomas M. Tami, CPT Howard H. Reed, CPT Wade Wnuk, and Mr. John F. Dishon of EERL.

-iv-

Contents PREFACE ABSTRACT

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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CONVERSION FACTORS CHAPTER 1

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INTRODUCTION

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1

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Description and Purpose Scope of Report Participating Agencies Project Background CHAPTER 2

I.1

INITIAL STUDIES



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MULTITON SLURRY TESTING General ......

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EXPLOSIVES EQUATION-OF-STATE AND DETONATION VELOCITY TESTING

32 . ...... .

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GELLED NITROMETHANE EXPLOSIVES EXPERIMENTS . . .

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

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Summary . Conclusions

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General __ . . . .. Gelled System Selection . Safety and Field System Testing .. EOS Testing . . . . . . One-Ton Experiment . ....... Conclusions . . . . . .. CHAPTER 7

3 5 6

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General . . . Six-Inch Sphere Velocity Testing . Initial EOS Testing. . Composition Changes and Velocity Testing Final EOS Testing . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . CHAPTER 6

3



SMALL-SCALE AND 1-TON SLURRY TESTING

Explosives Instrumentation Plan Explosives Instrumentation Results CHAPTER 5

2

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General Contractor Testing Small-Scale Cratering Tests Tracer Testing . One-Ton Tracer Testing CHAPTER 4

1 1

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General . *3 . .. Explosive Selection Fallout Simulation Calculation and Testing Program Development CHAPTER 3

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APPENDIX A

EXPLOSIVES CONTRACT SPECIFICATIONS

APPENDIX B

SPECIFICATIONS FOR TEST MEDIUM AT SITE 300 TEST PIT . ..

APPENDIX C

67 .

76

MULTITON CRATERING EXPERIMENTS (PHASE IIA) ...

AlP:'.:NDIX 1

78

FALLOUT DEPOSITION DATA, DETONATION IT-6, PHASE IIB, PROJECT DIAMOND ORE .

Ri'F.RENCIS

.

115

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...

*130

FIG LIES' 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3. 11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18

4.1 4.2 4.3

5.1 5.2

5.3 5.4

Diamond Ore program planning logic (generalized) . . Diamond Ore 2.7-kg (6-11)) spherical charge (typical) . Site 300 stemmed cratering curve (Va) for 2.7-kg (6-1b) pure explosive detonations .. ..--Site 300 stemmed cratering curve (R ) for 2.7-kg (6-1b) pure explosive detonations a Site 300 stemmed cratering curve (D a ) for 2.7-kg (6-ib) pure explosive detonations . .. . Site 300 stemmed cratering curves (V ) for 2.7-kg (6-1b) pure and contaminated explosive detonatians • • Site 300 stemmed cratering curves (R a ) for 2.7-kg (6-1b) pure and contaminated explosive detonations • Site 300 stemmed cratering curves (Da) for 2.7-kg (6-i1b) pure and contaminated explosive detonations . . . Site 300 cratering data (Va) for 2.7-kg (6-1b) sand-contaminated explosive detonations and various stemming conditions ... Site 300 cratering data (Rai for'2.7-'kg (6-1b) sand-contaminated explosive detonations and various stemming conditions • • Site 3(C cratering aata (Da) for 2.7-kg (6-1b) sand-contaminated explosive detonations and various stemming conditions_ _

Site 300 fallout coilection array

7 10 11 11 11 11



12

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12 12 14

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Iridium dSposition density contours from 1 X 10- 3 to 5 X 10" g/m 2 for all particle sizes (Event B-3R) . . - 3 to Iridium d position density contours from 1 X 10 5 X 10-9 g,'m 2 for all particle sizes (Event B-3) . Iridium deposition density contours from 1 X 10 to 5 X 1r8 g/m 2 for all particle sizes (Event C-2, . Iridium dposition density contours from I X to 5 X 1 r " g/m 2 for all particle sizes (Event D-2) . . Close-in fallout collection array for Project Middle Course . . ... Intermediate range fallout collection array for Projec't Middle Course ... . . . . Comparison of dose rate contours for iridium model and equivalent nuclear event at 11+1 hr .. Typical rate stick construction for Phase IIA detonations . . Explosive cavity instrumentation, Phase IIA (typical) Detonation velocities for slurry explosive detonations in Phase IIA .. . . . Rate stick placement in 1.5.2-cm (6-In.) spheres . Cylinder wall expa.-.Ron testing for equation of state (EOS) data .. . . Spherical configuration o"- EOS testIng (typical) • . Cylindrical configurat',on for EOS testing (typical) . .

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FIGURES (continued) 5.5 5.6

C.1

Explosives expansion in EOS cylinder test containers • Energy release model for Diamond Ore and theoretical stanidard explosive .. . . Typical configuration for detonation velocity test Nitromethane mixing unit ... Unit used to pump nitromethane in Diamond Ore testing .. Emplacement configuration for 907-kg (1 ton) of gelled nitromethane (Event DOIIB-lT-6) Close-in fallout collection array for DOIIB-IT-6 detonation .. ... *49 Intermediate-range fallout collection array for DOIIBIT-6 detonation .. Preshot and postshot wind hodographs for DOEIB-IT-6" detonation Event DOl]1-IT-s mass density contours from 5 X 10,1 to 5 X 10q g/m . .. . . .. Event DOIIj-IT-6 iridiuT mas$ density contours from 1.5 X 10- to 4.5 X 10-f g/m . . . ... Upwind-crosswind true deposition curve (Event DO[IBIT-6) .... Downwind true deposition curve (Event DOIIB-IT-6) Normalized DOIIB-IT-6 Lpwind-crosswind deposition using fv beyond 22.9 m (25 yd) and a 50-50 partition of activity between base and main cloud . . Normalized DOIIB-IT-6 dcwnwind deposition using fv beyond 22.9 m (25 yd) and a 50-50 partition of activity between base and main cloud . . Normalized DOIIB-IT-6 upwind-crosswind deposition using fv beyond 36.6 m (40 yd) and a 50-50 partition of activity between base and main cloud . . Normalized DOIIB-IT-6 downwind deposition using fv beyond 36.6 , (40 yd) and a 50-50 partition of activity between base and main cloud • • • Normalized DOIIB-IT-6 upwind-crosswind deposition using fv beyond 22.9 m (25 yd) and a 75-25 partion of activity between base and main cloud . Normalized DOHB-IT-6 downwind deposition using fv beyond 22.9 m (25 yd) and a 75-25 partition of activity between base and main cloud ... Normalized DOIIB-IT-6 upwind-crosswind deposition using fv beyond 36.6 m (40 yd) and a 75-25 partition of activity between base and main cloud . . Normalized DOIB-IT-6 downwind deposition using fv beyond 36.6 m (40 yd) and a 75-25 partition o activity between base and main cloud . . . . Diamond Ore site locat:,on

C.2

Seismic refraction survey results for DOIA surface

5.7 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 5.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18

C.3

C.4 C.5 C.6 C.7 C.8 C.9 C.10 C.l1 C.12 C.13 C.14

ground zeros . . Drilling log and laboratory test' data for'DOEIA-1 Drilling log and laboratory test data for DOIA-2 Drilling log and laboratory test data for DOIIA-3 DOIIA stemming configurations . . . . Close-in instrumentation for DOIIA-1 . . . Close-in instrumentation for DOVA.-2 . . . Close-in instrumentation for DOiLA-3 . Surface Ground Zero (SGZ), Control Point (CP) and . Recording Trailer Park (RTP) locatlorns . Detonation sequence for DOIIA-I . . . . Detonation sequence for DOIIA-2 . . . . . . . . Detonatiop sequence for DOIIA-3 . . . DOIIA-1 postshot topographic -nap -vit-



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77 78 78 80 82 83 85

I:IGURES (continued) C.15 DOIA- 1 isopach . . . C.16 DOITA-1 crater profiles .. . . . C 17 DOIA-2 postshot topographic map .. C.18 DOIIA-2 isopach . . .. C.19 DOHA-2 crater profiles . . . . ... C, 20 DOIIA-3 postshot topographic map . . .. C.21 lOI IA-3 isopach . C.22 DOIrA-3 crater profiles .9.3. C.23 Aerial photo composite of DOIA-1 crater . . . C.24 Aerial photo composite of DOIfA-2 crater . C.25 Aerial photo composite of DOIIA-3 crater . C.26 Cratering curves fo" Fort Peck Bearpaw shale . . ('.27 Shock arrival times .. . C.28 Peak stress as a function of slant range . . C.29 Peak surface acceleration as a function of slant range C.30 Peak vertical surface velocity as a function of slant range

C.31 C.32 C.33

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Peak horizontal surface velocity components as a function of slant range . • . . . . Particle size distribution curves for continuous ejects Missile density as a function of range . .

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TABLES 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 C.1

C.2 C.3 C.4 C.5 C.6

Dow underwater test results (booster energy subtracted out) . . . . . . . . .. Site 300 crater data . . . .. Site 300 tracer test results . . . Middle Course LI tracer detonations TD-2 explosive characteristics . Middle Course II crater d'mensions Middle Course II iridium vent fractions for various radii of continuous ejecta Rate stick measurements, Diamond Ore IA-1 R~tp stick measurements, Diamond Ore IIA-2 Rate stick measurements, Diamond Ore IIA-3 Detonation velocity- 15.2-cm (6-in.) cratering spheres . . .. EOS test configurations . . . . . Initial EOS testing results . . . . Tentative EOS parameters for Diamond Ore slurry explosive. . . . . . Detonation velocity tests (1) . . . . . Detonation velocity tests (11) . . . Detonation velocity tests (I1) . . • Detonation velocity tests (IV) . . . . . Final EOS testing results EOS parameters for firal Diamond Ore slurry explosive .. -. ..-.-Gelled nitromethane EOS parameters . . . IT-6 wind data . . . . .. Effect of various radii of continuous ejecta on vent fraction Scaling paraneters used in normalizing IT-6 to m,-ear curves . Explosive yield determinations . . . . Velocity data rrom high-speed photography . . . Diamond Ore hIA crater meAsurements Summary of shock velocity measurements . . . . Recorded arrival times Peak stress measurements . . . . . .97 -vii-

9 13 16 20 20 20 23 28 29 30 33 33 35 37 37

40

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51

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TABLES (contin,-d) C.7

Recorded peak accolerations

C.a

Recorded peak vertical and horizontal particle

C.9

Summary of measured peak particle velocities



velocities

(intermediate range)

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The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes.

Citation of trade

names is intended to describe the experimental setup, and does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products.

.ix-



99

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101

.

103

Conversion Factors Metric units of measurement used in ths report can be converted to English units as follows:

Multiply

By

centimeters (cm) meters (m) cubic meters (m

)

cubic meters (m 3) kilograms (kg)

To obtain

0.3937

inches (in.)

3.2908

feet (ft) cubic feet (ft )

35.311 1.30795

cubic yards (yd

2.204622

pounds (lb)

kilograms per square meter (kg/m 2 )

1.422

pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft)

0.062422

Fahrenheit degrees (F) ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT)b

X10-

)

pounds per square inch (psi) kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m

a

Celsius or Kelvin degrees (C, K) 9

4.2

joules (J)

10

aTo obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) readings, use the following formula: C = (5/9) (F - 32). To obtain Kelvin (K) readings, use: K = (5/9) (F - 32) + 273.15. All references to yield are in terms of energy; therefore, joules will be the primary value in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and the alternate will be tons (nuclear equivalent of TNT).

-.-

EXPLOSIVE SELECTION AND FALLOUT SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS: NUCLEAR CRATERING DEVICE SIMULATION (PROJECT DIAMOND ORE) Chapter 1 Introduction the nuclear modeling detonations of Proj-

DESCRIPTION AND PURPOSE

ect Diamond Ore. The overall objective of Project r)iamond Ore is to determine what effects different types of stemming,

depth of

Specifically,

these

expermnents are directed at the selection of a chemi, .1 explosive,

the defining of

its detonation parameters,

the selection

burial, and geologic media will have on

of a fallout tracing method, and the devel-

the crater dimensions and collateral

opment and testing of the tracer tech-

effects resulting from the subsurface

niques required for use in large-scale

detonation of a nuclear device.

field experiments.

The

These objectives of

determination of these effects is to be

t ie Diamond Ore program are the only

accomplished with chemical explosive

ones addressed in this report.

cratering detonations designed to model

mond Orv program is jointly funded by

the nuclear detonations.

An additional

The Dia-

the Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) and

objective is to develop a means of sim-

the Office of the Chief of Engineers (OCE)

ulating the radioactive fallout intensity

with program management and principal

levels and the fr action of radioactivity

participation provided by the U. S.

vented that would accompany the subsur-

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

face detonations,

Comparative effects

studies are to include airblast, ground motion,

Army

Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory (EERL).

crater size and shape, continu-

ous ejecta limits and composition, mis-

PARTICIPATING AGENCIES

sile limits and densities, and radioactive vent fraction and fallout distribution.

These experiments were conducted by EERL [initially as the U.S.

SCOPE OF REPORT

Army Engi-

neer Nuclear Cratering Group (NCG)1 with participation from the Chemistry

This report describes the research

r

Department, Lawrence Livermore Labo-

efforts conducted in FY 71 and FY 72 leading to the selection of the explosive

ratory (LLL); K Division, LLL; Systems, Science, and Software, Inc.; and the Oper-

fallout simulation system to be used in

ations Evaluation Department, Stanford

-1-6

Research Institute (SRI).

The Chemistry

radioactivity produced by a cratering

Department, LLL, was responsible for

detonation and deposited in the local area

explosive testing and for determining the

fallout is about 50% for a surface burst

-detonation characteristics of the explosives considered.

K

and 10 to 35% for a fully stemmed detona-

Division, LLL.

tion at optimum DOB.

Thus, a reduction

Systems, Science, and Software, Inc., and

4s also obained in the radioactivity found

EERL were responsible for the calcule -

in the ground surface area surrounding

-tion efforts.

the detonation.

EERL and the Operations

Evaluat'on Department of SRI were responsible for development and testing of

yield nuclear devices in tactical situa--

the fallout simulation program.

tions is not desirable.

PROJECT BACKGROUND

to fully stern the emplacement hole limits the flexibility and rapidity of deployment

Fully stemmed employment of lowThe requirement

by increasing emplacement time. Additional proLlems and time expenditure

Atomic Demolition Munitions (ADM) are tactical nuclear weapons capable of

would be involved in device recovery if a

being employed in a variety of modes,

mission is aborted.

Emplacement doctrine for the ADM is

ment utilizing simplified stemming, such

contained in Ref. 1.

as water or possibly no stemming, would

This document and

Subsurface employ-

all other doctrine for the employment of low-yield nuclear devices in a cratering

resolve the problems of loss of flexibility and rapidity of emplacement and recoverj.

mode are based primarily on data from cratering tests conducted at the Nevada

Data on the effects of simplified stemming on crater dimensions and collateral

Test Site (NTS.I.

effects are thus required to permit devel-

All of these tests were

conducted as fully stemmed detonations.

opment of employment doctrine.

Thus, information is lacking on the

Due to restrictions of the 1963 Limited

effects of geologic medium, stemming

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty on fallout levels

variations, and depth of burial (DOB) on

that may cross national boundaries,

crater parameters.

use of actual nuclear cratering experi-

The subsurface employment of nuclear devices, particularly optimum DOB rather

ments to determine stemming aj d media effects on crater size and collateral

than surface employment, can result in a

effects is considered infeasible.

significant reduction in yield require-

the existing nuclear test sites do not pro-

ments.

vide tactically significant geologic media.

Subsurface employment can also

the

Also,

result in significant reductions in collateral

These restrictions L-equire the use of a

effects.

chemical explosive energy source to

The collateral effects, prompt

nuclear radiation, thermal radiation, and

model the nuclear explosive devices.

airblast, decrease as the DOB increases. Other collateral effects, such as fallout

These chemical explosive charge designs are to be dee'eloped through a sequence of

and missiles, increase initially, then decrease as DOB ircreases. Curre!.t

numerical modeling calculations followed by field experiments designed to pro-

data also indicate that the fraction of

vide empirical input data for the next -2-

calculations. Once developed, and deter-

to determine the effects of simplified

mined to model adequately a nuclear detona-

stemming.

tion through field experiments, these high

chemical charge design developed in

explosive and numerical models will be

Project Diamond Ore will be used to ob-

employed in tactically significant media

tain effects data for obstacles, barriers,

and terrain to obtain the data required to

and targeting studies against specific

evaluate the effects of water and air

targets, such as airfields, bridges, or

utemming.

railroad marshaling yards.

Beginning in late FY 73 the

This ex-

panded program iF titled ESSEX (Effects

The scope of Project Diamoad Ore has been expanded from its initial objective

of Subsurface Explosions)

Chapter 2 Initial Studies ducted in areas adjacent to the Danny Boy

GENERAL

(0.42 kt) and the Teapot ESS (1.2 kt) nuclear craters.

The planning for the Diamond Ore

The explosive model

program was initiated in the spring of

development was to be bascd on compar-

1971 by the Nuclear Cratering Group (now

isons of the resulting craters with the

EERL) under Defense Atomic Support

nuclear craters using empirical scaling

Agency (now DNA) sponsorship.

relationships.

The study

The modeling of these

"wa-: directed at subkilotnn yields. The

craters was also to permit the nuclear

84 X 109 J (20-ton) yield was selected for

fallout and fallout si :ulant to be corn-

the initial high-explosive experiments.

pared.

This is the lowest yield that would allow

additional testing was to be accomplished

for confident scaling up to 1 kt and was

in a more tactically significant medium.

If these tc ts proved successful,

the highest yield that would not impose EXPLOSIVE SELECTION

severe restrictions on test site selection. In addition, this yield would allow for

In order to make the broadest use of

direct use of considerable data from previous 18,140-kg (20-ton) chemical explo-

the explosive testing planned for the

sive detonations.

Diamond Ore program, the initial explosive selection studies were directed at

The initial planning called for two 18,140-kg (20-ton) chemical detonations

the possible use of composite explosives,

at NTS. These detonations were to be con-

specifically the ise of the water-gelled aluminized ammonium nitrate slurry type of explosive. Although this type of explo-

All references to yield are in terms of energy; therefore, joules will be the primary value In accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and the alternate will be tons (nuclear equivalent of TNT). -3

sive wa: in use in commercial applications, its detonation characteristics had not been studied in the detail planned in -

the Diamond Ore program.

This type of

same amount of energy as the nuclear

explosive was being studied for possible

detonation would contain at the end of

military engineering and civil works ex-

cavity vaporization.

cavation purposes at EERL and was also

Based on this concept of model-

being considered for use in research pro-

ing,

grains being conducted at LLL and at

established for the selection of a

other laboratories.

chemical explosive for the Diamond

The detonation char-

acteristics of this type of explosive can

the following critria

were

Ore program:

be altered to met specific requirements through changes in the compositions.

1. The total energy release of the

This ability to tailor the explosive's deto-

chemical explosive must equal that of the

nation characteristics was ideally suited

nuclear device minus that energy ex-

to the explosive needs of the Diamond Ore

pended by the latter to vaporize the

program.

medium.

Previous studies in modeling nuclear

2. The size and geometry of the chem-

explosions with chemical explosives had

ical explosive charge must equal that of

generally assumed a one-to-one energy

the gas cavity formed by the nuclear det-

equivalence.

onation.

More recent cratering

experience has shown that chemical explosives,

Consideration must be given to

the type of medium and stemming.

employed at cratering depths,

3.

The pressure-volume history of the

are more efficient from an energy-use

chemical explosive products must coin-

standpoint than were nuclear explosives.

cide as closely as possible with that of

In the nuclear detonation, energy is con-

the vaporized gas produced by the nuclear

sumed in vaporizing the surrounding

detonation at the time vaporization is

media.

completed.

This energy is lcst in the sense

A corollary, but less exact-

that it does not do useful work in the

ing requirement, is that the integrals of

formation of the crater.

the pressure-vo'lume adiabats within the

This vaporiza-

tion phenomenon is not found in the deto-

limits from the initial cavity radius to a

nation of chemical explosives because

radius at atmospheric pressure must be

much lower temperatures and pressures

,qual.

are produced.

Therefore, the simulation 9 of an 84 X 1U9 J (20-ton) nuclear cratering

4. The chemical explosive must be solid or semisolid in order to hold fallout

detonation would require less than

tracer particles in suspension and must

84 X 10

be capable of detonation with up to 20% by

J (20 tons) of equivalent chemi-

cal explosive energy.

Becaase it is im-

weight contamination by these simulant

possible to model'this vaporization

particles.

phenomenon with chemical explosives, it

Calculations were performed to deter-

would be necessary to initiate the chemi-

mine the energy density requirements for

cal explosive detonation in a cavity equal

the chemical explosive based on Butko-

in size to the vaporized nuclear cavity.

vich. 2

For cratering purposes, the chemical

tion of the medium and thus lost in the

explosive would also have to produce the

crater formation processes was found to -4-J

The energy consumed in vaporiza-

j

be about 20% or 16.8 X 109 J (4 tons) (at

4. Commercial availability in large 9

optimum DOB). The remaining 67.2 X 10 J (16 tons) was assumed to be the equiva-

quantities. In May 1971, a solicitation for bids

The radius of the

was released for development, supply,

lent cratering energy.

vaporized cavity was calculated at about

and testing of the "Diamond Gre Explo-

60 cm (23.6 in.) (Ref. 2).

sive."

The energy

Appendix A contains the slurry

density of the ideal explosive to meet

explosives contract specifications.

requirement No. 1 was on the order of 3 36,960 ./cm . This high an energy

Award of this contract was to be based on

density was not available from chemical

sives field and the lowest unit price for

explosives that could be considered feasible

the explosive.

for use in this project, leading to the

to Dow Chemical Company as the only

abandonment uf the concept of initiating the

firm that was fully responsive to this

chemical explosive deton;ations at the point at which the nuclear explosion com-

solicitation.

a demonstrated proficiency in the exploThe contract was awarded

pleted cavity vaporization. While planning for the empirical

FALLOUT SIMULATION

approach to the Dimond Ore program b

P

was continuing, K Division, LLL, and Systems, Science and Software, Inc. were

Previous attempts at simulating fallout from nuclear cratering detonations in-

funded by DNA to perform calculations re-

volved the use of radioa Aive materials

lated to 84 X 10 9 J (20-ton) subsurface nuclear detonations. A series of meetings

placed in the chemical explosive charge in some type of capsule or container.

was held to coordinate the two calculatior.al

Other methods included the use of fluor-

efforts and the experimental program to be conducted by EERL. Because the calcu-

was applicable to the Diamond Ore pro-

lational programs were to develop act'al

gram because testing was contemplated

chemical explosive charge designs to

at various locations outside nuclear test

model the nuclear detonations, the explo-

sites where the use of radioactive materi-

sive selection criteria were respecified as

als would be prohibited and because none

follows:

of these systems had proved successful

1. A high-energy density on the Order of 12,600 J/cm 3

escent materials.

None of these methods

in providing the accuracy desired for the Diamoud Ore program.

Studies were

tonation parameters (an equation-of

conducted with the assistance of the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) to select a

state would be required for code calculations) in both the pure form and

trace element that could be mixed uni-j formly with the explosive, would survivi

with up to 20% contamination of simulant

the detonation, would simulate radioact've fallout transportation in the cloud,

2. Reproducible and . finable de-

particles. 3. Capability of maintaining up to 20%

and could be detected in postshot fallout

by weight of simulant material (sand) in

samples through neutron activation and

uniform suspension.

gamma ray spectrometry.

j

t

V The following criteria were estab-

ranges of interest:

lished for selection of the tracer material:

to 2,850 yd).

300 to 2,600 m (330

Wedron sand was selected

1. Reasonable cost.

as the carrier for the tracer material.

2. Distinct gamma ray spectrum for

These sand particles are pure quartz and

ease in identification,

ideally suited for this purpose.

Quartz

0

3. High neuitron cross section to min-

has a 1,600 C melting point and a low

imize irradiation time.

thermal conductivity that enhance particle

4. High isotopic abundance to mini-

survival in the explosive environment.

mize the mass of tracer material re-

Quartz also has no induced radionuclides

quired ani to increase sensitivity,

that would interfere with the detection of

5. Radioactive half-life longer than 25 hr to allow for the handling time of

the iridium-192 nuclide. cle density is 2.6 g/cm

large numbers of samples but not so long

that of radioactive particles from a land

as to require excessive irradiation time.

detonation, the particles will travel in

6. A high boiling point to insure stability in the explosive environment,

much the same way as like particles from 4 a nuclear detonation.

Examination of the work doneby Day and Paul 3 in element abundance in natural soils

Techniques were developed at SRI for the adsorption of iridium on the sand

led tothe selection of 12 candidate elements,

particles.

Soil samples from prospective test sites

then overcoated with sodium silicate to

were obtained and activated to Jetermine

reduce the possibility of iridium migra-

The tagged particles were

Discussions were held with explosives

of candidate trace elements were also irradiated.

Since the !,artiwhich is aLout

tion in the explosives environment.

Samples

the soil gamma ray spectrum.

,

The gamma ray spectrum of

manufacturers to confirm that the traced

each element was superimposed on each

particulate matter was chemically com-

soil spectrum to determine its detecta-

patible with explosives of the type being

bility over the soil background.

considered for the Diamond Ore program.

The

iridium-192 nuclide was found to be the most desirable.

At 20 days after irradiwas readily deiridium of g

-

ation, 10

CALCULATION AND TESTING PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

tected in the presence of 1 g of each of

As previously discussed, the original

the soils tested (counting time of I min,

concept for the development of the chem-

irradiation for I hr at a flux of 5 X 1012

ical explosive charge model was to rely

cm

2

sec). 4

.

on empirical scaling techniques developed

Studies of fallout particle sizes and

in previous nuclear and chemical explo-

fall rates at various downwind ranges were examined to determine the particle

sive testing.

size on which the tracer material should

nuclear craters at NTS.

be placed within the explosive.

crater dimensions could then be scaled to

Chemical explosive experimento were to be conducted adjacent to

Particle

sizes of 125 to 175 jurn were selected as

the nuclear craters (Danny Boy and Tea-

being representative of the radioactive

pot ESS) and refinements in the yields of

fallout particles found downwind at the

the chemical charge could be made.

-6-

-

-

The resulting

- S

-

~A~ -

.-

2

-

-

..

-- 4..-

__

Fallout patterns could also be compared

Code is suitable for calculating both

and relationships developed between the

stemmed and unsternmed detonations.

simulated and actual fallout.

LLL support was to be based on the use of

This concept was altered significantly

the TENSOR code for stemmed detonations

when calculational support from K Divi-

and the development and use of a combina-

sion, LLL, and Systems, Science, and

tion of the TENSOR and PUFL codes for the unstemmed/water-stemmed

Software, Inc., was phased into the pro-gram. A series of meetings was held to

detonations. The use of these numerical modeling

develop a program of calculations and experiments that would lead to the devel-

codes requires the input of equations-of-

opment of the high explosive models,

state (EOS) for both the medium in which

Calculational support was divided between

the detonations are to be conducted and the explosive (chemical or nuclear) to be

Systems, Science, and Software, Inc. and LLL

LLL based on the DOB's of interest.

used.

The responsibility for determining

was to provide calculations in support for

the EOS for the slurry explosive to be

experiments at the 12.5-m (41-ft) DOB

used in field-testing was given to the

[-optimum DOB for 84 X 10

9

Chemistry Department at LLL.

J (20 tons)]

The need

with Systems, Science, and Software, Inc.

for an EOS for the geologic medium dic-

pioviding calculational support for the

tated a change of test sites from NTS to

6-m (19.7-ft) DOB program (-1/2 of

Fort Peck, Montana for the first series

optimum DOB).

The Bear-

of large-scale experiments.

Systems, Science and

Software, Inc. calculational work was to

paw clay shale found at Fort Peck had

be based on the use of the HELP Code.

been extensively investigated during the

This code had been developed and used

Pre-Gondola cratering tests and exten-

previously at Systems, Science, and Soft-

sive EOSdatawerealreadyavailable.

ware, Inc. to conduct cratering calculations under DNA sponsorship. The HELP

lation of the data intoausabl EOSwas accomplishedbyK Division, LLL, and EERL.

Inoosac.

-ig.

C iamon

poga

p

li

(

a.

explmiv7

No

Fig. 2. 1.

w

E

-

wflolnof

Atel

0

IQp

Diamond Ore pr~ogram planning logic (generalized).

'-7

m

Compi-

The program for calculations and test-

and density levels.

The resulting charge

ing was to be conducted under the title of

configurations would ,ien be tested at

Phase II, Project Diamond Ore.

Fort Peck.

The gen-

These detonations would be

eral plan was for calculations to be per-

instrumented to record the actual stress

formed for the nuclear cases of interest, In addition to final crater dimensions,

and velocity levels experienced by the

these calculations predict velocity, den-

field data would then be used to verify

sity, and pressure data within the crater at various times during the detonation,

the code predictions and/or direct corrections in the codes or designs.

Chemical explosive calculations would

The results of these corrections would be

then be conducted.

the model designs.

medium during crater formation.

Changes in chemical

The

Figure 2,1 is a

explosive yield and charge shape would

generalized flow chart for the logic of

be made in an attempt to match the pre-

these calculational and experimental

dicted nuclear velocity, energy, pressure,

programs.

Chapter 3 Small-Scale and 1-Ton Slurry Testing GENERAL

CONTRACTOR TESTING

As stated in Chapter 2,

Dow Chemi-

Under the provisions of the contract

cal Company was selected to supply a

awarded to Dow (see Appendix A for spec-

slurry explutivt fur use in the Diamond

ifications), pcrformancc tests were to be

Ore program.

conducted on the explosive in a pure form,

Included in this con-

tract was a series of safety and per-

and with sand contamination levels of 5,

formance tests to be conducted by the manufacturer. The initial supply

10, 15, and 20% by weight. These performance tests were required to deter-

of explosives to EERL was for the

mine the effect of the sand contamination

conduct of cratering tests with both the pure and the traced, sand-

on the energy produced by the explosive. The results of these tests are shown in

contaminated explosive.

Table 3.1.

The per-

centage of sand contamination was to

Initial results of the fallout simulation program indicated that a 10%

be specified after initial testing of the

(by weight) level of sand contamination

sensitivity of the fallout simulation

would provide sufficient sensitivity, and

program.

Dow was directed to' conduct the required

Testing of the fallout simula-

tion program was also to be conducted

safety tests with this level cf contamina-

at the 907-kg (I-ton) level in conjunction

tion.

with the Middle Course II cratering

ducted on 15.2-cm (6-in.) diameterI

experiments conducted by EERL at Trinidad, Colorado.

polyvinyl chloride spherical containers filled with explosive. These spheres

These safety tee'ts were to be con-

¢L-8-

i

i

-

I

I

I

Table 3.1.

I contaminate

r

Dow underwater energy test results (booster energy subtracted out).

Shock energy (IJ/g) (cal/g) a

Bubble energy (J/g) (cal/g)

Total energy (J/g)

(cal/g)

(l/g)

(cal/g)

7,115

1,694

6,258

1,490

6,363

1 515

5,926

1,411

5,355

1,275

5,296

1.261

(a) (b)

2,961 3,158

705 752

4,192 4,137

998 985

7,153 7,295

1,703 1,737

I(c)

2,801

667

4,099

976

6,901

1,643

(a)

2,348

559

3,847

916

6,195

1,475

(b)

2,512

598

4,032

960

6,544

1,558

.c)

2,251

536

3,881

924

6,132

1,460

r(a)

2,764

658

3,893

927

6,657

1,585

(b)

2,159

514

3,864

920

6,023

1,434

(c)

2,419

576

3,990

950

6,409

1,526

r'a)

2,075

494

3.654

870

5,729

1,364

2,310

550

3,654

870

5,964

1,420

(c)

2,310

550

3,780

900

6,090

1,450

(a)

2,050

488

3,574

851

5,624

1,339

(b)

2,066

492

3,318

790

5,384

1,282

(c)

1,743

415

3,318

790

5,061

1,205

(a)

2,071

493

3,310

788

5,380

1,281

(b)

2,020

481

3,276

780

5,296

1,261

((r)

1,936

461

3,276

780

5,212

1,241

Pure

Avera!',. total energy

(0)

10 t(b)

15

20

al cal

-

4.2 joules.

were the same charges to be used by

These test results met the contract spec-

EERL in the conduct of a series of small-

ifications (Appendix A).

scale cratering tests.

When cap sensitiv-

ity tests were conducted with bot.h No. 6

SMALL-SCALE CRATERING

and No. 8 blasting caps, the explosive

TESTS

failed to detonate or to react to these tests. In order to determine minimum

In order to determine the cratering characteristic of both the pure slurry

booster roquiremcuts, testb .,ere cun-

explosive and the 10% sand-contaminated

ducted with three sizes of 50/50 pentolite

explosive, EERL conducted a series of

boosters and No. 8 electric blasting caps.

cratering experiments at the LLL Site

Te~ting resulted in a partial detonation

300 test facility.

with a 5-g booster, and high-order deto-

in this series were 15.2-cm (6-in.)

nations with 15- and 37.5-g boosters,

diameter spheres containing about -9-

The charges detonated

I

2.7-kg (6-1b) of slurry explosive. Standard SE-l detonators were used with a shows C-4 explosive booster. Figure 3.1 a typical charge. The sand medium test

0.64-cm (I/4-in.) flange opening for l

pit used for these detonations had been

Detonator lead wires S-Rube silicon

Shorting connection

used in many previous small-scale tests.

coating over tet pellet -Tet pellet glued to face of detonator 1 50-g C-4 booster

The sand specifications and the operating procedures are described in Appendix B. d-The first series of c fcraterng detonatinns to be conducted was 15 detonations with the pure explosive.

Three detonaea 15 . 2 -cm (6-in.)diameter plastic (PVC)

tions were conducted at each of five DOB's: 0.46 m (1.5 ft), 0.69 m (2.25 ft), in (3.75 ft), and 0.91 m (3.00 ft), 1.14

2

1.37 m (4.5 ft). Standard surveying techniques were used to measure the crater

2.7 kg (6 Ib) of Diamond Ore slurry explosive

dimensions. These data were processed using EERL's CRATER DATA code 6 to The apparent produce cratering curves.

I.3-cm (1/2-in.

Notes:

crater volumne, the apparent crater radius, and the apparent crater depth are shown in Figs. 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4. Individon these eeach ua shot points are also plotted n Cu'Vt S. Scatter in the data is considercd typical of the test medium used.

I . The plastic hemispheres come filled with explosive ond covered with thin plastic sheet. 2.

The second series of 2.7-kg (6-1b) tests was conducted with the 10"% sand-

Preparation-A small portion oF the slurry explosive is removed from hemisphere to allow placement of the dctonotor and booster. The two hemispheres ore mated and the flanges are glued together with a rubber silicon adhesive and then stapled to insure assembly.

Fig. 3.1.

The sand was contaminated explosive. trace eleiridium first coated with the

Diamond Ore 2.7-kg (6-1b) spherical charge (typical).

ment at SRI and then mixed with the explosive during manufacturing.

reduced to five with one detonation at

In addition to

The results of these crater-

obtining cratering data, fallout samples

each I)OB.

were collected as a test of the tracer program's compatability with the Dow

ing detonations were again processed 6 using EERL's CRATER DATA code.

slurry explosive.

The resulting cratering curves are

The bries was orig-

in Figs. 3.5,

inally planned for the 15 detonations in the pure explosive program.

ual data points.

Delays in

aiwn

3.6, and 3.7 with the individFor comparison, crater-

the series were eco,,r.tered due to the

ing curves for the pure explosive have

necessity of writing for winds that would carry the detonation clouds over the

been added to the figures. Previous experience at the sand test pit shows that

array of fallout collection trays. The original 15 detonations were therefore

differences between the pure and containinated explosive curves are not significant -10-

due to the scatter of the data.

the 15.24-cmy (6-in.) radius emplacement

Therefore,

the addition of thle sand does not cause

hole left open (air-sturnmed).

any apparent loss of ca'atering efficiency.

detonation was conducted at a I)(!)1 0.91 rn (3.0

As a test of the sensitivity of the fall-

The tird of

ft) with the 15.2-cm (6-in.)

out tracing system and to provide an

radius emplacement holc filled with

insight (within thle limits of the test pit)

water (water stemmed).

into the effects that simplified stemming

crater dimensions are plotted in

wouild have on both the fallout and the

Figs. 3.8, 3.9,

The resulting

and 3.10.

The curves

cratering mechanisms, three additional traced detonations were conducted, The first two were detonated at 1)1's of 0.69 m (2.25 ft) and 0.91 mn (3.00 ft with

Depth of burial

Depth of buril -m 0.3 12033

0.6

0.9

1.2

1 .5

t

3

'E

2

E >

2.1

S 60

* .8 1. 1.,5 1

2

3

4

Depth of burial

~

5

-

Fig. 3.4.

~

1120

o> >3.0 1002. E

0.6

0.9

1.2

1

I

1.5 1.8 b-

-

..-

2

3

E

~ ~

2Pr U 60

-ft

S-'ite 300 stemmed crater in" curve M.a) for 2.7-kg (6-1b) pure explosive detonations.

Depth of burial - mE 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1 I 1-

Dept uria offtFig. Site 300 stem-med cratering curve (R ) for 2.7-kg (6-1b) pure expl'osive detonations.

.

xlsv Puexosv1.

Contam inated I

-

1

. -2.1

I

t

uil-f

4

1.2 5

ft 3.5.

2 2

x l s -1 .

!Dplsive

4 Depth of burial

Fig. 3.3.

-

'U

80-

j.2

rLR3

0.9

5 ft

-

*6C.C

4--1.

E 1.

Depth of burial

E

Site 300 stemmed cratering curve (Vaj) for the 2.7-kg (6-1b) pure explosive detonations.

6

U_

1.5

1

Depth of burial -r m *~

1.2

20

0.3

0.3 6

0.9

1 .2

L_______

Fig. 3.2.

0.6

m

- 2.7~

o 80

40

0.3 4

- 3.0>

* too

>

Xc

-

Site 300 stemmed cratering curves (V a) for 2.7-kg (6-10) pure and contaminated explosive detonations.

8

3.0

8 '~100

E

I

1. !!

Fig. 3.6.

2 3243

2.4

S.

2

3

Site 300 stemmed cratering curves (Ma) for 2.7-kg (6-1b)

Dipth of burial m 0.6 0.9 1.2

a

6

1


10 160 14) 60

1

--

21

62.6,{

AC

7.0

-

1,.,20 11,4 1

50

b

,.

44 $90

1i 2b,"

A40 1340

4,05 14, 2

Al'-? V.. (-T A(

.40

2'."W

\ I-4

-

Al'-I

-

2.1

0435

14,97

14.1 V': IIN

20, Gf

Ac

30 20 4.0

>I -

-

&IN - data from

lIih-sp"ed pht,4itqrap'iv. bL.n;itoatvld \ilueto due to pa'ttal gag fatlur,.

systems,

only three produced any

usable data. detonation leakage.

High-Speed Photography

Four failed prior to

The velocity data obtained from the

possibly be,'ause of water

high-speed photography were presented

Two failed immediately

in Table C.2 and discussed earlier in thos

upon shock incidence because of damage

chapter.

to the carrier oscillator system.

Table C.2 have been separated in'.o indi-

Tvo

The generalized data in

continued to function but produced

vidual horizontal and vertical ta get

only spurious signals.

velocities and are listed in Tab'e C.8.

usable signals,

Of the three

two survived only long

The target spall velocities were found by

enough to provide peak information

two methods.

before failure of the oscillator.

the observed vertical displacement to the

were at Stations S50 on

These

DOIIA-l

The first involved fitting

ballistic equation to determine the initial

and 1340 on DOIIA-2. gnalysts of the latter signal will be contained in

velocity. The second invoived ,h use of1. finite differences to deduce the early-

Ref

time limit of the velocity.

8 when publ;shed.

The re-

maining gage (S25 on DOIIA-1)

sur-

The results

of these two techniques were found to be

vi:'ed for over a hundred milliseconds

generally in agreement.

and provided a good signal through-

corpontt

out except for the first

postshot target displacement and the initial

lowing shock arrival.

10 msec folThe peak

The horizontal

were found fror" +hc known

vertical velocity component by assuming

particle velocities determined for these

the validity of the ballistic equation.

gages appear in Table C. 8.

Effects of air friction were ighored. -109-

=

-

-

56.

The peak vertical surface velocities of Table C.8 have been plotted vs slant range in Fig. C.30. As was indicated -- earlier, there is very little difference

1000

between the surface velocities of the two 12.5-m (41- ft) events. Three theoretical curve:; have also been included in the

C 100 1 A

figure, These wet-e obtained from SOC c:alculations from the equation:

v V

r

Vc ~V~r

4>,

'-0

(o

10

.-



in whih the rotation is the same as that

•o (A) Unstemmed-

>,

12. 5 m

used in determining surface thacceleraradal pak tions. Here, Vc is the radial peak 'elocity calculated by SOC. In the case of the 1 .5-m (41-ft) events, the agreement is remarkable, The theoretical results for the 6-m (9.7- ft) event are about 30% low. This can be explained by the large un-

O(B) Stemmed2.Sm * (C) Stemmed-

A

6m 1

10

100

Slant range Fig. C. 30.

m

Peak vertical surface velocity as a function of slant range.

certainty in the arrival times at the surface station, particularly S65 (see Pig. C."10). The peak horizontal surface velocity

components

have been plotted in

U

Fig. C.31,

The three theoretical curves have been determined from:

"

I-

1 100 I

Vii(r) =[1 -(A)']/(7.)Vc(r);

C

-2

u 20 0

U 10

the theoretical curves appear to be bounded near SGZ by the photographic data, which is 50 to 100% high. At greater ranges, the curves are bounded by the gage velocities, which a-e low by

0

I0 A

(A) Unstemmed - 12 12 mm (Bstemmed

o

No satisfactory explanation of this phenomenon has yet been found.

~-

1

Fig. C. 31.

S0 r 10g Slant range

6m

'

-

100

m

Peak horizontal surface velocity components as a function of slant range.

-110-

-,

-

1

Airblast Measurementr Airblast gages were employed on each detonation. Thse gaes were the Ballistics

ACe

A A* (C) Stemmed

50 to 100%.

-

%

"-0

4%-4

Research Laboratory (BRL) selfrecocing-type EERL

Ground Motion Tleasurements Two seismic recordinc stat ions were

gage and were oporated by

The overpressures experienced

employed on each of the DOILA detona-

by the gage actuate a diaphragm, which in

tions.

turn moves a stylis, which scribes a

station was employed on the DOIIA-3

record on a negator-type spring.

detonation to monitor a water well for

The

An additional seismic recording

spring is then removed from the gage and

possible seismic damage.

the record is interpreted using a digital

were Mark Products,

microscope.

Each canister contained three triaxially-

These gages were actuated

These gages

L-4 canisters.

at minus 2 sec by a relay closure signal

mounted low-frequency geophones.

from the CP.

responses were .ecorded on Century Elec-

Only one of the three gages

Gage

employed on DOIIA-I operated properly.

tronics Model 444 oscillographs.

A peak overpressure level of 7.0 mbar

gages were hard-wired to the oscillo-

was recorded by this gage at a range of

graphs and the system was manually ini-

The

1,22A m (4,000 ft). None of the three gages

tiated just prior to zero time.

on the DOIA-2 operated properly. There

shows the peak particle velocities and

is evidence that these gages were under-

gage locations for each detonation.

r:.nged, although the two gages employed

largest component of velocity measured

on the DOlA-3 detonation appear to have

in each case was the vertical.

reacted normally.

DOIIA-2 detonation produced the highest

Overpressure levels

Table C.9 The

The

of 10.5 mbar at 305 m (1,000 ft) and

velocities as was expected.

2.0 mbar at 1,220 m (4,000 ft) were re-

nation of DOB and complete stemming

corded. Due to the heavy loss of data in this program, no comparisons have been

resulted in a longer containment time as compared with the shallower DOIIA-3 and

attempted.

unstemmed DOIIA-l detonations.

The combi-

This (1

Table C.9.

Summary of measured peak particle velocities (intermediate range). Peak particle velocities (cm sec) TransVertical Radial verse

Range Detonation

r

Seismic

(i)

(ft)

IIA-1

1

1,160

3,800

6,6

1.8

1.1

IIA-1

2

1,620

5,300

2.3

1.2

0.4

1HA-2

1

1,330

4,35s

8.3

4.5

2.6

IIA-2

2

1,790

5,860

3.5

1,5

0.7

IIA-3

1

820

2,700

1.2

0.8

1.6

IIA-3

2

1,280

4,200

0.8

0.5

IIA-3

3

3,520

11,550

0.4

0.3

0.6 b b

avertical time history record shows that there was a conductivity problem between the gecphone and recorder; this was most likely caused by a poor splice in a cable. bThere was no transverse geophone at thLs station. -111-

-

-

-

'V longer containment time results in a

ing the homogeneity of the media.

better coupling of the explosive energy to

curves are sufficiently close together to

the surrounding media. The effect of the differences in explosive detonation veloc-

prevent the determination of even subtle differences. The individual curves (not

ity is not known. This longer containment time is verified by the venting time for

shown) for each surveyed line on each crater do indicate an appreciable increase

each detonation as obtained from the high-

in the amount of fines in the downwind

-speed photography. The DOJIA-2 detonation vented at about 130 msec, whereas

These

-4

direction. This was also visually observed on the ground following each deto-

the DOIIA-l detonation vented within the

nation.

first rnsec, and the DOIIA-3 detonation vented at about 29 msec. The higher

The maximum missile range for each detonation was determined by ground

peak particle velocity obtained for the

survey.

DOIIA-l detonation, as compared with the DOIIA-3 detonation, must be attrib-

was selected at each crater for determination of missile density and range data.

uted to the deeper DOB in the DOIRA-1

A count of all missiles found outside the

detonation.

limits of the continuous ejecta was made

This indicates that DOB is

A representative 15 deg sector

more critical than the type of stemming

in this sector.

in determining ground motion levels. This conclusion coincides with the Middle

sile had traveled was determined by conventional surveying techniques. These

Course II results. 7 The velocities measured at the well on DOIIA-3 were consid-

density vs range data are important in determining safety stand-off distances.

ered insignificant and were actually lower than the levels produced by the vibrations

The maximum missile range in itself is not sufficient because the probability of

The distance each mis-

generated by an electric pump used to Size

operate the well. 6 1001.5 1001 ;Diamond Ore

Ejecta and Missile Measurements Analysis of the continuous ejecta was conducted by means of the point-count technique as described in Ref. 17.

cm

-

15.2 30.5 61

IlA-3 75 -

Diamond Ore IA-1

/

This

~

S

method was established to determine economically the olock size distribution

Diamond Ore IIA-2,

50

of crater fallback and ejects using sampling techniques rather then the costly sieving and weighing of the same materials.

-

25

Figure C.32 shows the ejecta

particle size distribution curves for the three Phase [LA detonations. The .u-ves

0 0.05

represent averages of data taken along orthagonal lines crossing each SGZ. The

Fig. C. 32.

three curves are of similar shape indicat-

I 0.2

I 0.5

I . 1.0 2.0

5.0

Size - ft Particle size distribution curves for continuous ejecta.

-112-

" .

. -J.-.1 --

an object being struck by a missile at the

SUMMARY

maximum range is very, very small. The most significant results of the

These data were obtained for a separate EERL troop safety effects study.

Diamond Ore Phase IA detonations were

The

missile density and range data obtained

the discovery of problems in the repro-

for each detonation are plotted in

ducibility of the detonation characteris-

Fig. C.33.

tics of the explosive (Chapter 4).

T"he significantly higher den-

These

sities at longer ranges for the DOIIA-3

problems and the subsequent attempts at

detonation are attributed to the higher

stabilizing the detonation history are

mound velocity produced by the shal-

described in Chapter 5.

lower DOB.

Because of the

significant differences in the manner in

The slightly steeper curve

produced by the DOIL-l detonation as

which the three explosive charges deto-

compared to the DOIIA-2 curve can be

nated, all comparisons between the ex-

attributed to the effects of the open

perimental results must be considered

access hole.

suspect.

The horizontal pressures

A general comparison of the

exerted against the access hole walls by

craters produced shows the 6-m (19.7-it)

the explosive gases escaping up the

stemmed detonation excavated the largest

access hole produce larger horizontal

volume of material due primarily to its

velocity components in the material

significantly larger apparent depth.

ejected by the detonation.

unstemmed detonation produced a more

Range - m 122

244

366

1.075 X 10

Diamond Ore HA-3 10

4

1.075 E

C-

1mo2

Diamond Ore

1. 075X10

1

1.075 x 10-4

3

10 -41.075xi10 10~~ 10-

SGZ

Diamond Ore HIA-2 400

1I

800 Range -

Fig.

C. 33.

1200

.05x1 -4

ft

Missile density as a function of range.

-113-

The

V

rounded or bowl-shaped crater.

This

ming.

High-speed photography of the

effect is attributed to the horizontal pressures exerted on the medium by the

unstemme? detonation indicated an interruption of the venting by an appar-

gases escaping up the open access hole

ent hole closure at about 90 msec.

during crater formation.

This phenomenon was also observed on

The effects of

Lhe shallower DOB for the 6-r (19.7-ft) -detonations were indicated by a higher

the Middle Course II M-16 detonation. This 1-ton detonation had a 10-cm (4-in.)-

mound velocity, significantly larger maximum missile range, and larger missile

diameter open access hole that apparently closed during venting. 7 Additional

densities out to that maximum range, and

research into the detonation character-

a larger radius of continuous ejecta.

istics of composite explosives,

The

both

ground motion data indicated that changes in DOB were more critical to peak parti-

simple and complex, is being contemplated by the Chemistry Department at

cle velocities than was the type of stem-

LLL.

-1 4

r1

-114-

ar

Appendix D Fallout Disposition Data, Detonation IT-6, Phase IIB, Project Diamond Ore This appendix contains the mass anti 'ridiim deposition data generated in support of the fallout simulation program conducted in conjunction with the Diamond Ore Phase IIB IT-6 detonation at Fort Peck, Montana. in October 1972.

The generation and use of these data are discussed in Chap-

ter 6 and explained in Ref. 4.

1

-115-

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is.

r

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w-It

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uN-MC Lrnm L

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nanjr

l' PN L

anmu)

C

ODN -CiN

r 7 Mfn N'Jf

r-'C V Lf'nTrco

(7r)rnu-)tr nN.

-i

l rn-w

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sir-

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References 1.

Headquarters,

Department of the Army, "Employment of Atomic Demolition

Munitions (ADM'," FM 5-26. 2.

August 1971.

T. F. Butkovich, The Gas Equation of State for Natural Materials, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-14729,

3.

W. C. Day and R. A.

January 1967.

Paul, Trace Elements in Common Rock Types and Their

Relative Importance in Neutron-Induced Radioactivity Calculations, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Statin Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., Rept. NCG TM 67-7, January 1967. 4.

E. J. Leahy, D. Oltmans, C. M. Snell, T. J.

Donlan, and W. B. Lane, Fallout

Simulution: Nuclear Cratering Device (Project Diamond Ore), U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experim~ent Station Explosive Excavation Research Labora(to be published).

tory, Livermore, Calif., Rept. TR-E-735.

B. K. Crowley, D.E. Burton, and J. B. Bryan, Bearpaw Shale:

Material Proper-

ties Derived from Experiment and One-Dimensional Studies, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCID-15915, September 1971. 6.

R. F. Bourque,

User's Manual for Crater Data: A Computer Code for Analyzing

Experimental Cratering Tests, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., Rept. NCG/TM 70-15, October 1970. 7.

K. E. Sprague, Middle Course 11 Cratering Series, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory,

Livermore,

Calif., Rept. TR-E-73-3, July 1973. 8.

C. J. Sisemore, J. B. Bryan, and D. E. Burton, Instrumentation and Data for Diamond Ore.

Phase hA. Experimental Measurements,

Lawrence Livermore

Laboratory (in preparation). 9.

M. Finger, et al.,

Explosive Investigations in Support of Project Diamond Ore,

Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, in preparation. 10.

M. Finger, H. C. Hornig, E. L. Lee, and J. W. Kury, Metal Acceleration by Composite Explosives, Proc. Symp. Detonation,

5th, 1969, Office of Naval

Research, Washington, D.C. Rept. ACR-184 (1970). 11.

E. L. Lee, H. C. Hornig, and J. M. Kury, Adiabatic Expansion of High Explosive Detonation Products,

Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50422,

May

1968. 12.

C. Grant, Dow Chemical Company, Minneapolis,

Minn., private communication,

May 1971, July 1972. 13.

J. L. Trocino,

Thickening and Gelling of Nitromethanc,

3oseph L. Trocino and

Associates, Sherman Oaks, Calif., Bulletin JLTN-72-102, May 1972. 14.

J. L. Trocino, Techniques for Sensitizing and Detonating Nitromethane-Based Explosive Systems,

Joseph L. Trocino and Associates, Sherman Oaks, Calif.,

Bulletin JLTN-2 (Preliminary), April 1972. -130-

-

''

A

15.

D. E. Burton, The NCG Fallout Scaling Model: A Graphic-Numerical Method of Predicting Fallout Patterns for Nuclear Cratering Detonations, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Explosives Excavation Research Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., Rept. NCG/TR-19, January 1970.

16.

17.

C. M. Snell, D. E. Burton, and J. M. O'Connor, Fallout Prediction for Subsurface ADM's, U, S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., Rept. EERO/TR-22, September 1971. B. D. Anderson, I, A Simple Technique to Determine the Size Distribution of Crater Fallback and Ejecta, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., Rept. NCG/TR 18, March 1970.

18.

1

LTC M. K. Kurtz, Jr., Project Pre-Gondola 1, Technical Director's Summary Report, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Explosives Excavation Research Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., Rept. PNE-1102, May 1968.

19.

W. E. Baker &id P. S. Westine, A Short Course on Modeling Weapon Effects, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Tex., October 1972.

1

).

-131 -