Chemistry Department, LLL; Mr. William B. Lane of the Stanford Research Institute;. Mr. .James Rupley of ...... successive layers after eich cavity had shape the ...
AD-776 361 EXPLOSIVE SELECTION AND FALLOUT SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS NUCLEAR CRATERING DEVICE SIMULATION (PROJECT DIAMOND ORE) J.
M.
O'Connor,
et al
Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg, Mississippi October 1973
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READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING FORM
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TR-E-73-6 S.
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TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED
EDPLOSIVE SELECTION AND FALLOUT SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS: NUCLEAR CRATERING DEVICE SINJIATION (PROJECT DIAMOND ORE)
6.
AUTHOR(q)
B. CONTRACT OR GRA.NT NUMBER(N)
Final PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
J. M. O'Connor (author) T. J. Donlan, D. E. Burton (contributing authors 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10.
PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT. TASK AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS
U. S.
Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station
Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory Livermore, California 94550
See reverse
CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS
I,.
12.
Defense Nuclear Agency
ATTN: SPSS Washington, D. C. 14.
REPORT DATE
October 1973 13. NUMBER C.F PAGES
20305
..
MONITORING AGENCY NAME a ADDRESS(it different from Controlling Office)
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SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
IS.
KEY WORDS (Con1Inus on reverse side II nceesaly and Identify by block number)
ioJect Diamond Ore Nuciear cratering s'f:ulation Fallout simulation :0 -4STRACT
(_onthnu*
Gelled nitromethane explosive Slurry explosive equation of state Unstemmed detonation
an reovere side if neesasy end identify by block nrnbar)
1'Project Diamond Ore was initinted in FY 1971 to determine the effects of different types of stemming, depths of burial, and geologic conditions on the ,irter .iize and collateral effects produced by the subsurface detonation of a nulvar cratering device. This determination is being made by using a combination of hydrodynamic code calculations and large-scale chemical explosive charges to model the nuclear explosive energy source. The research program also Includes development of a nuclear fallout aiimilant. This report Dresents a detailed summary of the
DW ,I A
1473
•V6
atTO
OF I
5OSLT
UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (IMen Dale Entered)
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CLASIFICATION OF THIS PA0(Weh.n Dae Ent.et
20. Abstract (Continued) explosive selection and testing process and the development and testi.g of the fallout simulant. . To model the nuclear explosive, the program required a high-energy chemical explosive that had reproducible detonation properties, could retain the fallout simulant material in suspension, and had a definable equation of state. A specially formulated water-gelled aluminized ammonium nitrate slurry was selected and tested in both laboratory and large-scale field tests. While standard explosive tests performed by explosives manufacturers indicated a satisfactory energy, laboratory and field measurements of explosive detonation parameters in the micro-time frame required for equation of state programs indicated that the slurry explosive did not possess reproducible detonation parameters. Changes ii explosive composition to improve the reproducibility of the detonation parameters des,:nsitized the explosive. Nitromethane was then studied. This is an explosive 2_7.uid avoided initially because of difficulties encountered in containing the liquid and supporting the fallout simulant. A gelling system was developed to overcome the containment and fallout simulant support problems. Techniques were successfully developed for simulating radioactive fallout using inert tracer particles. These particles are mixed uniformly with the explosive and are identifiable in the collected fallout debris using neutron activation and gamma-ray-spectrometry techniques. The resulting tracer mass deposition curves are easily related to the radioactivity dobe rate curves obtained on previous nuclear crptering detonations at the Nevada Test Site. Instrumentation and effects data from three large-scale detonations conducted at Fort Peck, Montana, are presented although much of the data is suspect due to ".he nonreprducibility of the slurry explosive employed and loss of much of the data due to gage failures.
In. Program Element
Project
Task Area
Work Unit Numbers
L19 LI9
BAXSX30 BAXSX302
01 01
01 01
LI9
BAXSX303
01
01
L19
BAXYX921
01
01
BAXYX970
01
01
L19 Li9 Li9
BAXYX971 CAXSX301 CAXSX303 CAXYX971
01 01 01 01
01 01 01 01
L.L9
CAXYX972
01
01
119
CAXM978
01
01
4AO62118A880
o6
003
.19 .L9
6.21.18A
UM LASSIPIM
SKCUIlTY CL.ASIIrCATION OF THIS PAGII(nren D314 Entered)
TECHNICAL REPORT E-73-6 EXPLOSIVE SELECTION AND FALLOUT SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS: NUCLEAR CRATERING DEVICE SIMULATION (PROJECT DIAMOND ORE) Author, John M. O'Connor Contributing Authors, Terrence J. Donlan Donald E. Burton
Sponsored by DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY Subtask
Work Unit
L19BAXSX301 L19BAXSX302 L19BAXSX303 L19BAXYX921 L19BAXYX970 L19BAXYX971 L19CAXSX301 L19CAXSX303
01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01
L19CAXYX971 L19CAXYX972 L19CAXYX978
01 01 01
Work Unit Title Crater Parameters Unstemmed Cratering Ejecta and Tracer Technical Photography Event Support Site Preparation Crater Parameters Ejecta Measurements and Evaluation Site Preparation Geologic Investigations Technical Director Activities
and OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS Appropriation
Project
2iX2040
4A062118A880
2122040
4A062118A880
Title Nuclear Weapons Effects Research Test Nuclear Weapons Effects
Conducted by U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION
EXPLOSIVE EXCAVATION RESEARCH LABORATORY Livermore, California
MS. date:
May 1973
-D w
.. ... ...
.
C
D I
U
Preface The U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (USAEWES) Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory (EERL) was the USAEWES Explosive Excavation Research Office (EERO) prior to 21 April 1972. Prior to 1 August 1971 the organization was known as the USAE Nuclear Cratering Group. This portion of the Diamond Ore Project, a series of cratering experiments, was jointly sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency and Office, Chief of Engineers. The Director of the Waterways Experiment Station during this research effort was COL Ernest D. Peixotto. The Directors of the Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory (EERL) were LTC Robert L. LaFrenz and LTC Robert R. Mills, Jr
-It-
Abstract Project Diamond Ore was initiated in FY 1971 to determine the effects of different types of stemming, depths or burial, and geologic conditions on the crater size and collateral effects produced by the subsurface detonation of a nuclear cratering device. This determination is being made by using a combination of hydrodynamic code calculations and large-scale chemical explosive charges to model the nuclear explosive energy source. simulant.
The research program also includes development of a nuclear fallout
This report presents a detailed summary of the explosive selection and test-
ing process and the development and testing of the fallout simulant. To model the nuclear explosive, the program required a high-energy chemical explosive that had reproducible detonation properties, could retain the fallout simulant material in suspension, and had a definable equation of state. A specially formulated water-gelled aluminized ammonium nitrate slurry was selected and tested in both laboratory and large-scale field tests.
While standard explosive tests performed by explosives manufacturers indicated a satisfactory energy, laboratory and field measurements of explosive detonation parameters in the micro-time frame required for equation of state programs indicated that the slurry explosive did not possess reproducible detonation parameters. Changes in explosive .,omposition to improve the reproducibility of the detonation parameters desensitized the explosive. Nitromethane was then studied. This is an explosive liquid avoided initially because of difficulties encountered in containing the liquid and supporting the fallout simulant.
A gelling system was developed
to overcome the containment and fallout simulant support problems.
Techniaues w're
successfully developed for simulating radioactive fallout using inert ti~acer particles. These particles itre mixed uniformly with the explosive and are identifiable in the collected fallout debris using neutron activation and gamma-ray-spectrometry techniques. The resulting tracer mass deposition curves are easily related to the radioactivity dose rate curves obtained on previous nuclear cratering deLunations at the Nevada Test Site. Instrumentation and effects data from three large-scale detonations conducted at Fort Peck, Montana are presented although much of the data is suspect due to the nonreproducibility of the slurry explosive employed and loss of much of the data due to gage failures.
-rl
Acknowledgments This ctudy is being conducted under the joint sponsorship of the Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) and the Office, Chief of Engineers (OCE). The experimental programs reported in this, the first, summary report of the Diamond Ore investigations, represent the efforts of an interdisciplinary team from many agencies within the Nuclear Weapons Effects community. The DNA Project Officers during this phase of the Diamond Ore investigations were LTC Louis J. Circeo and LTC Richard Pierce. The OCE Project Officers were LTC Gerald W. Chase and LTC Douglas A. Hughes. The guidance and encouragement of LTC Robert L. LaFrenz and LTC Robert R. Mills, Jr.,
Directors of the Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory (EERL), and
MAJ Richard H. Gates, Deputy Director at EERL for Military Funded Programs, during this research effort are greatly appreciated. The authors wish to acknowledge and to express sincere appreciation to the following individuals and agencies for their efforts in support of these investigations: Dr. Thomas Blake and Dr. Robert Allen cf Systems, Science, and Software, Inc.; Dr. Alfred Holzer, Mrs. Barbara K. Crowley, Dr. Jon B. Bryan, Mr. Clyde J. Sisemore and Mr. r!.rvin D. Denny of K Division, LLL; Mr. Milton Finger, Dr. Edward L. Boat, Mr. Franklin H. Helm, and Dr. Henry Cheung, of the Chemistry Department, LLL; Mr. William B. Lane of the Stanford Research Institute; Mr. .James Rupley of Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque; Mr. David L. Wooster of the Lee, Mr. Ronald M.
Mec'>.tnical Engineering Department, LLL, 1',.[r. Charles Grant and Mr. Jerome Landerville, Dow Chemical CG!,pany; Mr. Donald Beckman and Mr. John Kuncheff, Fort Peck Area Officer, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha Engineer District, and, finally, Mr. Edward J. Leahy, Mr. Richard L. Fraser, MAJ Donald J. Fitchett, MAJ George M. Miller, CPT Robert J. Bourque,
Mr. Charles Snell, Mr. Jerome E.
Lattery, Mr. Thomas M. Tami, CPT Howard H. Reed, CPT Wade Wnuk, and Mr. John F. Dishon of EERL.
-iv-
Contents PREFACE ABSTRACT
.
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...
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...
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
.
.
iv
......
CONVERSION FACTORS CHAPTER 1
.
..
......
INTRODUCTION
...
.
1
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Description and Purpose Scope of Report Participating Agencies Project Background CHAPTER 2
I.1
INITIAL STUDIES
•
.
.
rv
8 8 8
MULTITON SLURRY TESTING General ......
9
• •12 •
•
19 25 25
..
25 27
.
...
EXPLOSIVES EQUATION-OF-STATE AND DETONATION VELOCITY TESTING
32 . ...... .
. .
GELLED NITROMETHANE EXPLOSIVES EXPERIMENTS . . .
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
.....
Summary . Conclusions
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32 32 33 37 42 43 44
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General __ . . . .. Gelled System Selection . Safety and Field System Testing .. EOS Testing . . . . . . One-Ton Experiment . ....... Conclusions . . . . . .. CHAPTER 7
3 5 6
.
General . . . Six-Inch Sphere Velocity Testing . Initial EOS Testing. . Composition Changes and Velocity Testing Final EOS Testing . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . CHAPTER 6
3
•
SMALL-SCALE AND 1-TON SLURRY TESTING
Explosives Instrumentation Plan Explosives Instrumentation Results CHAPTER 5
2
.
....
General Contractor Testing Small-Scale Cratering Tests Tracer Testing . One-Ton Tracer Testing CHAPTER 4
1 1
.
...
General . *3 . .. Explosive Selection Fallout Simulation Calculation and Testing Program Development CHAPTER 3
x
.
.
.
44 44 45 47 47 58 62
.
.
62 64
APPENDIX A
EXPLOSIVES CONTRACT SPECIFICATIONS
APPENDIX B
SPECIFICATIONS FOR TEST MEDIUM AT SITE 300 TEST PIT . ..
APPENDIX C
67 .
76
MULTITON CRATERING EXPERIMENTS (PHASE IIA) ...
AlP:'.:NDIX 1
78
FALLOUT DEPOSITION DATA, DETONATION IT-6, PHASE IIB, PROJECT DIAMOND ORE .
Ri'F.RENCIS
.
115
.
...
*130
FIG LIES' 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3. 11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18
4.1 4.2 4.3
5.1 5.2
5.3 5.4
Diamond Ore program planning logic (generalized) . . Diamond Ore 2.7-kg (6-11)) spherical charge (typical) . Site 300 stemmed cratering curve (Va) for 2.7-kg (6-1b) pure explosive detonations .. ..--Site 300 stemmed cratering curve (R ) for 2.7-kg (6-1b) pure explosive detonations a Site 300 stemmed cratering curve (D a ) for 2.7-kg (6-ib) pure explosive detonations . .. . Site 300 stemmed cratering curves (V ) for 2.7-kg (6-1b) pure and contaminated explosive detonatians • • Site 300 stemmed cratering curves (R a ) for 2.7-kg (6-1b) pure and contaminated explosive detonations • Site 300 stemmed cratering curves (Da) for 2.7-kg (6-i1b) pure and contaminated explosive detonations . . . Site 300 cratering data (Va) for 2.7-kg (6-1b) sand-contaminated explosive detonations and various stemming conditions ... Site 300 cratering data (Rai for'2.7-'kg (6-1b) sand-contaminated explosive detonations and various stemming conditions • • Site 3(C cratering aata (Da) for 2.7-kg (6-1b) sand-contaminated explosive detonations and various stemming conditions_ _
Site 300 fallout coilection array
7 10 11 11 11 11
•
12
.
12
.
12 12 14
.4
Iridium dSposition density contours from 1 X 10- 3 to 5 X 10" g/m 2 for all particle sizes (Event B-3R) . . - 3 to Iridium d position density contours from 1 X 10 5 X 10-9 g,'m 2 for all particle sizes (Event B-3) . Iridium deposition density contours from 1 X 10 to 5 X 1r8 g/m 2 for all particle sizes (Event C-2, . Iridium dposition density contours from I X to 5 X 1 r " g/m 2 for all particle sizes (Event D-2) . . Close-in fallout collection array for Project Middle Course . . ... Intermediate range fallout collection array for Projec't Middle Course ... . . . . Comparison of dose rate contours for iridium model and equivalent nuclear event at 11+1 hr .. Typical rate stick construction for Phase IIA detonations . . Explosive cavity instrumentation, Phase IIA (typical) Detonation velocities for slurry explosive detonations in Phase IIA .. . . . Rate stick placement in 1.5.2-cm (6-In.) spheres . Cylinder wall expa.-.Ron testing for equation of state (EOS) data .. . . Spherical configuration o"- EOS testIng (typical) • . Cylindrical configurat',on for EOS testing (typical) . .
-vi-
• •
15
.
16 17 .
18
.
21
.
22
. .
. .
•
•
31
. .
32
.
.
24 25 26
. .
.
,
.
34 35 36
FIGURES (continued) 5.5 5.6
C.1
Explosives expansion in EOS cylinder test containers • Energy release model for Diamond Ore and theoretical stanidard explosive .. . . Typical configuration for detonation velocity test Nitromethane mixing unit ... Unit used to pump nitromethane in Diamond Ore testing .. Emplacement configuration for 907-kg (1 ton) of gelled nitromethane (Event DOIIB-lT-6) Close-in fallout collection array for DOIIB-IT-6 detonation .. ... *49 Intermediate-range fallout collection array for DOIIBIT-6 detonation .. Preshot and postshot wind hodographs for DOEIB-IT-6" detonation Event DOl]1-IT-s mass density contours from 5 X 10,1 to 5 X 10q g/m . .. . . .. Event DOIIj-IT-6 iridiuT mas$ density contours from 1.5 X 10- to 4.5 X 10-f g/m . . . ... Upwind-crosswind true deposition curve (Event DO[IBIT-6) .... Downwind true deposition curve (Event DOIIB-IT-6) Normalized DOIIB-IT-6 Lpwind-crosswind deposition using fv beyond 22.9 m (25 yd) and a 50-50 partition of activity between base and main cloud . . Normalized DOIIB-IT-6 dcwnwind deposition using fv beyond 22.9 m (25 yd) and a 50-50 partition of activity between base and main cloud . . Normalized DOIIB-IT-6 upwind-crosswind deposition using fv beyond 36.6 m (40 yd) and a 50-50 partition of activity between base and main cloud . . Normalized DOIIB-IT-6 downwind deposition using fv beyond 36.6 , (40 yd) and a 50-50 partition of activity between base and main cloud • • • Normalized DOIIB-IT-6 upwind-crosswind deposition using fv beyond 22.9 m (25 yd) and a 75-25 partion of activity between base and main cloud . Normalized DOHB-IT-6 downwind deposition using fv beyond 22.9 m (25 yd) and a 75-25 partition of activity between base and main cloud ... Normalized DOIIB-IT-6 upwind-crosswind deposition using fv beyond 36.6 m (40 yd) and a 75-25 partition of activity between base and main cloud . . Normalized DOIB-IT-6 downwind deposition using fv beyond 36.6 m (40 yd) and a 75-25 partition o activity between base and main cloud . . . . Diamond Ore site locat:,on
C.2
Seismic refraction survey results for DOIA surface
5.7 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 5.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18
C.3
C.4 C.5 C.6 C.7 C.8 C.9 C.10 C.l1 C.12 C.13 C.14
ground zeros . . Drilling log and laboratory test' data for'DOEIA-1 Drilling log and laboratory test data for DOIA-2 Drilling log and laboratory test data for DOIIA-3 DOIIA stemming configurations . . . . Close-in instrumentation for DOIIA-1 . . . Close-in instrumentation for DOVA.-2 . . . Close-in instrumentation for DOiLA-3 . Surface Ground Zero (SGZ), Control Point (CP) and . Recording Trailer Park (RTP) locatlorns . Detonation sequence for DOIIA-I . . . . Detonation sequence for DOIIA-2 . . . . . . . . Detonatiop sequence for DOIIA-3 . . . DOIIA-1 postshot topographic -nap -vit-
•
38 39 40 46 46
. .
.
43
.
50
.
51 51 52
.
.
53
.
54 54
•
58 59 59 60 60 61 61 61 71
.. . . .
. . . . .
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. .. .
. . . . . .
. . .
. .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .82 . .
73 74
75 76 77
77 78 78 80 82 83 85
I:IGURES (continued) C.15 DOIA- 1 isopach . . . C.16 DOITA-1 crater profiles .. . . . C 17 DOIA-2 postshot topographic map .. C.18 DOIIA-2 isopach . . .. C.19 DOHA-2 crater profiles . . . . ... C, 20 DOIIA-3 postshot topographic map . . .. C.21 lOI IA-3 isopach . C.22 DOIrA-3 crater profiles .9.3. C.23 Aerial photo composite of DOIA-1 crater . . . C.24 Aerial photo composite of DOIfA-2 crater . C.25 Aerial photo composite of DOIIA-3 crater . C.26 Cratering curves fo" Fort Peck Bearpaw shale . . ('.27 Shock arrival times .. . C.28 Peak stress as a function of slant range . . C.29 Peak surface acceleration as a function of slant range C.30 Peak vertical surface velocity as a function of slant range
C.31 C.32 C.33
..
.
.
.
.
Peak horizontal surface velocity components as a function of slant range . • . . . . Particle size distribution curves for continuous ejects Missile density as a function of range . .
. ..
. .
86 87 88 89 89 90 9
.
..
. . .
. .
94 93 93 94 95 96 99
.. . . .
.
.. ..
.102
102 104 105
. . .
TABLES 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 C.1
C.2 C.3 C.4 C.5 C.6
Dow underwater test results (booster energy subtracted out) . . . . . . . . .. Site 300 crater data . . . .. Site 300 tracer test results . . . Middle Course LI tracer detonations TD-2 explosive characteristics . Middle Course II crater d'mensions Middle Course II iridium vent fractions for various radii of continuous ejecta Rate stick measurements, Diamond Ore IA-1 R~tp stick measurements, Diamond Ore IIA-2 Rate stick measurements, Diamond Ore IIA-3 Detonation velocity- 15.2-cm (6-in.) cratering spheres . . .. EOS test configurations . . . . . Initial EOS testing results . . . . Tentative EOS parameters for Diamond Ore slurry explosive. . . . . . Detonation velocity tests (1) . . . . . Detonation velocity tests (11) . . . Detonation velocity tests (I1) . . • Detonation velocity tests (IV) . . . . . Final EOS testing results EOS parameters for firal Diamond Ore slurry explosive .. -. ..-.-Gelled nitromethane EOS parameters . . . IT-6 wind data . . . . .. Effect of various radii of continuous ejecta on vent fraction Scaling paraneters used in normalizing IT-6 to m,-ear curves . Explosive yield determinations . . . . Velocity data rrom high-speed photography . . . Diamond Ore hIA crater meAsurements Summary of shock velocity measurements . . . . Recorded arrival times Peak stress measurements . . . . . .97 -vii-
9 13 16 20 20 20 23 28 29 30 33 33 35 37 37
40
.
40 41 42
43
.
43 47 49
•
51
. .
.
.
60 81 83 77 91 92
TABLES (contin,-d) C.7
Recorded peak accolerations
C.a
Recorded peak vertical and horizontal particle
C.9
Summary of measured peak particle velocities
•
velocities
(intermediate range)
. .
.
.
. .
. .
The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes.
Citation of trade
names is intended to describe the experimental setup, and does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products.
.ix-
•
99
.
. .
.
.
101
.
103
Conversion Factors Metric units of measurement used in ths report can be converted to English units as follows:
Multiply
By
centimeters (cm) meters (m) cubic meters (m
)
cubic meters (m 3) kilograms (kg)
To obtain
0.3937
inches (in.)
3.2908
feet (ft) cubic feet (ft )
35.311 1.30795
cubic yards (yd
2.204622
pounds (lb)
kilograms per square meter (kg/m 2 )
1.422
pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft)
0.062422
Fahrenheit degrees (F) ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT)b
X10-
)
pounds per square inch (psi) kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m
a
Celsius or Kelvin degrees (C, K) 9
4.2
joules (J)
10
aTo obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) readings, use the following formula: C = (5/9) (F - 32). To obtain Kelvin (K) readings, use: K = (5/9) (F - 32) + 273.15. All references to yield are in terms of energy; therefore, joules will be the primary value in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and the alternate will be tons (nuclear equivalent of TNT).
-.-
EXPLOSIVE SELECTION AND FALLOUT SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS: NUCLEAR CRATERING DEVICE SIMULATION (PROJECT DIAMOND ORE) Chapter 1 Introduction the nuclear modeling detonations of Proj-
DESCRIPTION AND PURPOSE
ect Diamond Ore. The overall objective of Project r)iamond Ore is to determine what effects different types of stemming,
depth of
Specifically,
these
expermnents are directed at the selection of a chemi, .1 explosive,
the defining of
its detonation parameters,
the selection
burial, and geologic media will have on
of a fallout tracing method, and the devel-
the crater dimensions and collateral
opment and testing of the tracer tech-
effects resulting from the subsurface
niques required for use in large-scale
detonation of a nuclear device.
field experiments.
The
These objectives of
determination of these effects is to be
t ie Diamond Ore program are the only
accomplished with chemical explosive
ones addressed in this report.
cratering detonations designed to model
mond Orv program is jointly funded by
the nuclear detonations.
An additional
The Dia-
the Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) and
objective is to develop a means of sim-
the Office of the Chief of Engineers (OCE)
ulating the radioactive fallout intensity
with program management and principal
levels and the fr action of radioactivity
participation provided by the U. S.
vented that would accompany the subsur-
Engineer Waterways Experiment Station
face detonations,
Comparative effects
studies are to include airblast, ground motion,
Army
Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory (EERL).
crater size and shape, continu-
ous ejecta limits and composition, mis-
PARTICIPATING AGENCIES
sile limits and densities, and radioactive vent fraction and fallout distribution.
These experiments were conducted by EERL [initially as the U.S.
SCOPE OF REPORT
Army Engi-
neer Nuclear Cratering Group (NCG)1 with participation from the Chemistry
This report describes the research
r
Department, Lawrence Livermore Labo-
efforts conducted in FY 71 and FY 72 leading to the selection of the explosive
ratory (LLL); K Division, LLL; Systems, Science, and Software, Inc.; and the Oper-
fallout simulation system to be used in
ations Evaluation Department, Stanford
-1-6
Research Institute (SRI).
The Chemistry
radioactivity produced by a cratering
Department, LLL, was responsible for
detonation and deposited in the local area
explosive testing and for determining the
fallout is about 50% for a surface burst
-detonation characteristics of the explosives considered.
K
and 10 to 35% for a fully stemmed detona-
Division, LLL.
tion at optimum DOB.
Thus, a reduction
Systems, Science, and Software, Inc., and
4s also obained in the radioactivity found
EERL were responsible for the calcule -
in the ground surface area surrounding
-tion efforts.
the detonation.
EERL and the Operations
Evaluat'on Department of SRI were responsible for development and testing of
yield nuclear devices in tactical situa--
the fallout simulation program.
tions is not desirable.
PROJECT BACKGROUND
to fully stern the emplacement hole limits the flexibility and rapidity of deployment
Fully stemmed employment of lowThe requirement
by increasing emplacement time. Additional proLlems and time expenditure
Atomic Demolition Munitions (ADM) are tactical nuclear weapons capable of
would be involved in device recovery if a
being employed in a variety of modes,
mission is aborted.
Emplacement doctrine for the ADM is
ment utilizing simplified stemming, such
contained in Ref. 1.
as water or possibly no stemming, would
This document and
Subsurface employ-
all other doctrine for the employment of low-yield nuclear devices in a cratering
resolve the problems of loss of flexibility and rapidity of emplacement and recoverj.
mode are based primarily on data from cratering tests conducted at the Nevada
Data on the effects of simplified stemming on crater dimensions and collateral
Test Site (NTS.I.
effects are thus required to permit devel-
All of these tests were
conducted as fully stemmed detonations.
opment of employment doctrine.
Thus, information is lacking on the
Due to restrictions of the 1963 Limited
effects of geologic medium, stemming
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty on fallout levels
variations, and depth of burial (DOB) on
that may cross national boundaries,
crater parameters.
use of actual nuclear cratering experi-
The subsurface employment of nuclear devices, particularly optimum DOB rather
ments to determine stemming aj d media effects on crater size and collateral
than surface employment, can result in a
effects is considered infeasible.
significant reduction in yield require-
the existing nuclear test sites do not pro-
ments.
vide tactically significant geologic media.
Subsurface employment can also
the
Also,
result in significant reductions in collateral
These restrictions L-equire the use of a
effects.
chemical explosive energy source to
The collateral effects, prompt
nuclear radiation, thermal radiation, and
model the nuclear explosive devices.
airblast, decrease as the DOB increases. Other collateral effects, such as fallout
These chemical explosive charge designs are to be dee'eloped through a sequence of
and missiles, increase initially, then decrease as DOB ircreases. Curre!.t
numerical modeling calculations followed by field experiments designed to pro-
data also indicate that the fraction of
vide empirical input data for the next -2-
calculations. Once developed, and deter-
to determine the effects of simplified
mined to model adequately a nuclear detona-
stemming.
tion through field experiments, these high
chemical charge design developed in
explosive and numerical models will be
Project Diamond Ore will be used to ob-
employed in tactically significant media
tain effects data for obstacles, barriers,
and terrain to obtain the data required to
and targeting studies against specific
evaluate the effects of water and air
targets, such as airfields, bridges, or
utemming.
railroad marshaling yards.
Beginning in late FY 73 the
This ex-
panded program iF titled ESSEX (Effects
The scope of Project Diamoad Ore has been expanded from its initial objective
of Subsurface Explosions)
Chapter 2 Initial Studies ducted in areas adjacent to the Danny Boy
GENERAL
(0.42 kt) and the Teapot ESS (1.2 kt) nuclear craters.
The planning for the Diamond Ore
The explosive model
program was initiated in the spring of
development was to be bascd on compar-
1971 by the Nuclear Cratering Group (now
isons of the resulting craters with the
EERL) under Defense Atomic Support
nuclear craters using empirical scaling
Agency (now DNA) sponsorship.
relationships.
The study
The modeling of these
"wa-: directed at subkilotnn yields. The
craters was also to permit the nuclear
84 X 109 J (20-ton) yield was selected for
fallout and fallout si :ulant to be corn-
the initial high-explosive experiments.
pared.
This is the lowest yield that would allow
additional testing was to be accomplished
for confident scaling up to 1 kt and was
in a more tactically significant medium.
If these tc ts proved successful,
the highest yield that would not impose EXPLOSIVE SELECTION
severe restrictions on test site selection. In addition, this yield would allow for
In order to make the broadest use of
direct use of considerable data from previous 18,140-kg (20-ton) chemical explo-
the explosive testing planned for the
sive detonations.
Diamond Ore program, the initial explosive selection studies were directed at
The initial planning called for two 18,140-kg (20-ton) chemical detonations
the possible use of composite explosives,
at NTS. These detonations were to be con-
specifically the ise of the water-gelled aluminized ammonium nitrate slurry type of explosive. Although this type of explo-
All references to yield are in terms of energy; therefore, joules will be the primary value In accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and the alternate will be tons (nuclear equivalent of TNT). -3
sive wa: in use in commercial applications, its detonation characteristics had not been studied in the detail planned in -
the Diamond Ore program.
This type of
same amount of energy as the nuclear
explosive was being studied for possible
detonation would contain at the end of
military engineering and civil works ex-
cavity vaporization.
cavation purposes at EERL and was also
Based on this concept of model-
being considered for use in research pro-
ing,
grains being conducted at LLL and at
established for the selection of a
other laboratories.
chemical explosive for the Diamond
The detonation char-
acteristics of this type of explosive can
the following critria
were
Ore program:
be altered to met specific requirements through changes in the compositions.
1. The total energy release of the
This ability to tailor the explosive's deto-
chemical explosive must equal that of the
nation characteristics was ideally suited
nuclear device minus that energy ex-
to the explosive needs of the Diamond Ore
pended by the latter to vaporize the
program.
medium.
Previous studies in modeling nuclear
2. The size and geometry of the chem-
explosions with chemical explosives had
ical explosive charge must equal that of
generally assumed a one-to-one energy
the gas cavity formed by the nuclear det-
equivalence.
onation.
More recent cratering
experience has shown that chemical explosives,
Consideration must be given to
the type of medium and stemming.
employed at cratering depths,
3.
The pressure-volume history of the
are more efficient from an energy-use
chemical explosive products must coin-
standpoint than were nuclear explosives.
cide as closely as possible with that of
In the nuclear detonation, energy is con-
the vaporized gas produced by the nuclear
sumed in vaporizing the surrounding
detonation at the time vaporization is
media.
completed.
This energy is lcst in the sense
A corollary, but less exact-
that it does not do useful work in the
ing requirement, is that the integrals of
formation of the crater.
the pressure-vo'lume adiabats within the
This vaporiza-
tion phenomenon is not found in the deto-
limits from the initial cavity radius to a
nation of chemical explosives because
radius at atmospheric pressure must be
much lower temperatures and pressures
,qual.
are produced.
Therefore, the simulation 9 of an 84 X 1U9 J (20-ton) nuclear cratering
4. The chemical explosive must be solid or semisolid in order to hold fallout
detonation would require less than
tracer particles in suspension and must
84 X 10
be capable of detonation with up to 20% by
J (20 tons) of equivalent chemi-
cal explosive energy.
Becaase it is im-
weight contamination by these simulant
possible to model'this vaporization
particles.
phenomenon with chemical explosives, it
Calculations were performed to deter-
would be necessary to initiate the chemi-
mine the energy density requirements for
cal explosive detonation in a cavity equal
the chemical explosive based on Butko-
in size to the vaporized nuclear cavity.
vich. 2
For cratering purposes, the chemical
tion of the medium and thus lost in the
explosive would also have to produce the
crater formation processes was found to -4-J
The energy consumed in vaporiza-
j
be about 20% or 16.8 X 109 J (4 tons) (at
4. Commercial availability in large 9
optimum DOB). The remaining 67.2 X 10 J (16 tons) was assumed to be the equiva-
quantities. In May 1971, a solicitation for bids
The radius of the
was released for development, supply,
lent cratering energy.
vaporized cavity was calculated at about
and testing of the "Diamond Gre Explo-
60 cm (23.6 in.) (Ref. 2).
sive."
The energy
Appendix A contains the slurry
density of the ideal explosive to meet
explosives contract specifications.
requirement No. 1 was on the order of 3 36,960 ./cm . This high an energy
Award of this contract was to be based on
density was not available from chemical
sives field and the lowest unit price for
explosives that could be considered feasible
the explosive.
for use in this project, leading to the
to Dow Chemical Company as the only
abandonment uf the concept of initiating the
firm that was fully responsive to this
chemical explosive deton;ations at the point at which the nuclear explosion com-
solicitation.
a demonstrated proficiency in the exploThe contract was awarded
pleted cavity vaporization. While planning for the empirical
FALLOUT SIMULATION
approach to the Dimond Ore program b
P
was continuing, K Division, LLL, and Systems, Science and Software, Inc. were
Previous attempts at simulating fallout from nuclear cratering detonations in-
funded by DNA to perform calculations re-
volved the use of radioa Aive materials
lated to 84 X 10 9 J (20-ton) subsurface nuclear detonations. A series of meetings
placed in the chemical explosive charge in some type of capsule or container.
was held to coordinate the two calculatior.al
Other methods included the use of fluor-
efforts and the experimental program to be conducted by EERL. Because the calcu-
was applicable to the Diamond Ore pro-
lational programs were to develop act'al
gram because testing was contemplated
chemical explosive charge designs to
at various locations outside nuclear test
model the nuclear detonations, the explo-
sites where the use of radioactive materi-
sive selection criteria were respecified as
als would be prohibited and because none
follows:
of these systems had proved successful
1. A high-energy density on the Order of 12,600 J/cm 3
escent materials.
None of these methods
in providing the accuracy desired for the Diamoud Ore program.
Studies were
tonation parameters (an equation-of
conducted with the assistance of the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) to select a
state would be required for code calculations) in both the pure form and
trace element that could be mixed uni-j formly with the explosive, would survivi
with up to 20% contamination of simulant
the detonation, would simulate radioact've fallout transportation in the cloud,
2. Reproducible and . finable de-
particles. 3. Capability of maintaining up to 20%
and could be detected in postshot fallout
by weight of simulant material (sand) in
samples through neutron activation and
uniform suspension.
gamma ray spectrometry.
j
t
V The following criteria were estab-
ranges of interest:
lished for selection of the tracer material:
to 2,850 yd).
300 to 2,600 m (330
Wedron sand was selected
1. Reasonable cost.
as the carrier for the tracer material.
2. Distinct gamma ray spectrum for
These sand particles are pure quartz and
ease in identification,
ideally suited for this purpose.
Quartz
0
3. High neuitron cross section to min-
has a 1,600 C melting point and a low
imize irradiation time.
thermal conductivity that enhance particle
4. High isotopic abundance to mini-
survival in the explosive environment.
mize the mass of tracer material re-
Quartz also has no induced radionuclides
quired ani to increase sensitivity,
that would interfere with the detection of
5. Radioactive half-life longer than 25 hr to allow for the handling time of
the iridium-192 nuclide. cle density is 2.6 g/cm
large numbers of samples but not so long
that of radioactive particles from a land
as to require excessive irradiation time.
detonation, the particles will travel in
6. A high boiling point to insure stability in the explosive environment,
much the same way as like particles from 4 a nuclear detonation.
Examination of the work doneby Day and Paul 3 in element abundance in natural soils
Techniques were developed at SRI for the adsorption of iridium on the sand
led tothe selection of 12 candidate elements,
particles.
Soil samples from prospective test sites
then overcoated with sodium silicate to
were obtained and activated to Jetermine
reduce the possibility of iridium migra-
The tagged particles were
Discussions were held with explosives
of candidate trace elements were also irradiated.
Since the !,artiwhich is aLout
tion in the explosives environment.
Samples
the soil gamma ray spectrum.
,
The gamma ray spectrum of
manufacturers to confirm that the traced
each element was superimposed on each
particulate matter was chemically com-
soil spectrum to determine its detecta-
patible with explosives of the type being
bility over the soil background.
considered for the Diamond Ore program.
The
iridium-192 nuclide was found to be the most desirable.
At 20 days after irradiwas readily deiridium of g
-
ation, 10
CALCULATION AND TESTING PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
tected in the presence of 1 g of each of
As previously discussed, the original
the soils tested (counting time of I min,
concept for the development of the chem-
irradiation for I hr at a flux of 5 X 1012
ical explosive charge model was to rely
cm
2
sec). 4
.
on empirical scaling techniques developed
Studies of fallout particle sizes and
in previous nuclear and chemical explo-
fall rates at various downwind ranges were examined to determine the particle
sive testing.
size on which the tracer material should
nuclear craters at NTS.
be placed within the explosive.
crater dimensions could then be scaled to
Chemical explosive experimento were to be conducted adjacent to
Particle
sizes of 125 to 175 jurn were selected as
the nuclear craters (Danny Boy and Tea-
being representative of the radioactive
pot ESS) and refinements in the yields of
fallout particles found downwind at the
the chemical charge could be made.
-6-
-
-
The resulting
- S
-
~A~ -
.-
2
-
-
..
-- 4..-
__
Fallout patterns could also be compared
Code is suitable for calculating both
and relationships developed between the
stemmed and unsternmed detonations.
simulated and actual fallout.
LLL support was to be based on the use of
This concept was altered significantly
the TENSOR code for stemmed detonations
when calculational support from K Divi-
and the development and use of a combina-
sion, LLL, and Systems, Science, and
tion of the TENSOR and PUFL codes for the unstemmed/water-stemmed
Software, Inc., was phased into the pro-gram. A series of meetings was held to
detonations. The use of these numerical modeling
develop a program of calculations and experiments that would lead to the devel-
codes requires the input of equations-of-
opment of the high explosive models,
state (EOS) for both the medium in which
Calculational support was divided between
the detonations are to be conducted and the explosive (chemical or nuclear) to be
Systems, Science, and Software, Inc. and LLL
LLL based on the DOB's of interest.
used.
The responsibility for determining
was to provide calculations in support for
the EOS for the slurry explosive to be
experiments at the 12.5-m (41-ft) DOB
used in field-testing was given to the
[-optimum DOB for 84 X 10
9
Chemistry Department at LLL.
J (20 tons)]
The need
with Systems, Science, and Software, Inc.
for an EOS for the geologic medium dic-
pioviding calculational support for the
tated a change of test sites from NTS to
6-m (19.7-ft) DOB program (-1/2 of
Fort Peck, Montana for the first series
optimum DOB).
The Bear-
of large-scale experiments.
Systems, Science and
Software, Inc. calculational work was to
paw clay shale found at Fort Peck had
be based on the use of the HELP Code.
been extensively investigated during the
This code had been developed and used
Pre-Gondola cratering tests and exten-
previously at Systems, Science, and Soft-
sive EOSdatawerealreadyavailable.
ware, Inc. to conduct cratering calculations under DNA sponsorship. The HELP
lation of the data intoausabl EOSwas accomplishedbyK Division, LLL, and EERL.
Inoosac.
-ig.
C iamon
poga
p
li
(
a.
explmiv7
No
Fig. 2. 1.
w
E
-
wflolnof
Atel
0
IQp
Diamond Ore pr~ogram planning logic (generalized).
'-7
m
Compi-
The program for calculations and test-
and density levels.
The resulting charge
ing was to be conducted under the title of
configurations would ,ien be tested at
Phase II, Project Diamond Ore.
Fort Peck.
The gen-
These detonations would be
eral plan was for calculations to be per-
instrumented to record the actual stress
formed for the nuclear cases of interest, In addition to final crater dimensions,
and velocity levels experienced by the
these calculations predict velocity, den-
field data would then be used to verify
sity, and pressure data within the crater at various times during the detonation,
the code predictions and/or direct corrections in the codes or designs.
Chemical explosive calculations would
The results of these corrections would be
then be conducted.
the model designs.
medium during crater formation.
Changes in chemical
The
Figure 2,1 is a
explosive yield and charge shape would
generalized flow chart for the logic of
be made in an attempt to match the pre-
these calculational and experimental
dicted nuclear velocity, energy, pressure,
programs.
Chapter 3 Small-Scale and 1-Ton Slurry Testing GENERAL
CONTRACTOR TESTING
As stated in Chapter 2,
Dow Chemi-
Under the provisions of the contract
cal Company was selected to supply a
awarded to Dow (see Appendix A for spec-
slurry explutivt fur use in the Diamond
ifications), pcrformancc tests were to be
Ore program.
conducted on the explosive in a pure form,
Included in this con-
tract was a series of safety and per-
and with sand contamination levels of 5,
formance tests to be conducted by the manufacturer. The initial supply
10, 15, and 20% by weight. These performance tests were required to deter-
of explosives to EERL was for the
mine the effect of the sand contamination
conduct of cratering tests with both the pure and the traced, sand-
on the energy produced by the explosive. The results of these tests are shown in
contaminated explosive.
Table 3.1.
The per-
centage of sand contamination was to
Initial results of the fallout simulation program indicated that a 10%
be specified after initial testing of the
(by weight) level of sand contamination
sensitivity of the fallout simulation
would provide sufficient sensitivity, and
program.
Dow was directed to' conduct the required
Testing of the fallout simula-
tion program was also to be conducted
safety tests with this level cf contamina-
at the 907-kg (I-ton) level in conjunction
tion.
with the Middle Course II cratering
ducted on 15.2-cm (6-in.) diameterI
experiments conducted by EERL at Trinidad, Colorado.
polyvinyl chloride spherical containers filled with explosive. These spheres
These safety tee'ts were to be con-
¢L-8-
i
i
-
I
I
I
Table 3.1.
I contaminate
r
Dow underwater energy test results (booster energy subtracted out).
Shock energy (IJ/g) (cal/g) a
Bubble energy (J/g) (cal/g)
Total energy (J/g)
(cal/g)
(l/g)
(cal/g)
7,115
1,694
6,258
1,490
6,363
1 515
5,926
1,411
5,355
1,275
5,296
1.261
(a) (b)
2,961 3,158
705 752
4,192 4,137
998 985
7,153 7,295
1,703 1,737
I(c)
2,801
667
4,099
976
6,901
1,643
(a)
2,348
559
3,847
916
6,195
1,475
(b)
2,512
598
4,032
960
6,544
1,558
.c)
2,251
536
3,881
924
6,132
1,460
r(a)
2,764
658
3,893
927
6,657
1,585
(b)
2,159
514
3,864
920
6,023
1,434
(c)
2,419
576
3,990
950
6,409
1,526
r'a)
2,075
494
3.654
870
5,729
1,364
2,310
550
3,654
870
5,964
1,420
(c)
2,310
550
3,780
900
6,090
1,450
(a)
2,050
488
3,574
851
5,624
1,339
(b)
2,066
492
3,318
790
5,384
1,282
(c)
1,743
415
3,318
790
5,061
1,205
(a)
2,071
493
3,310
788
5,380
1,281
(b)
2,020
481
3,276
780
5,296
1,261
((r)
1,936
461
3,276
780
5,212
1,241
Pure
Avera!',. total energy
(0)
10 t(b)
15
20
al cal
-
4.2 joules.
were the same charges to be used by
These test results met the contract spec-
EERL in the conduct of a series of small-
ifications (Appendix A).
scale cratering tests.
When cap sensitiv-
ity tests were conducted with bot.h No. 6
SMALL-SCALE CRATERING
and No. 8 blasting caps, the explosive
TESTS
failed to detonate or to react to these tests. In order to determine minimum
In order to determine the cratering characteristic of both the pure slurry
booster roquiremcuts, testb .,ere cun-
explosive and the 10% sand-contaminated
ducted with three sizes of 50/50 pentolite
explosive, EERL conducted a series of
boosters and No. 8 electric blasting caps.
cratering experiments at the LLL Site
Te~ting resulted in a partial detonation
300 test facility.
with a 5-g booster, and high-order deto-
in this series were 15.2-cm (6-in.)
nations with 15- and 37.5-g boosters,
diameter spheres containing about -9-
The charges detonated
I
2.7-kg (6-1b) of slurry explosive. Standard SE-l detonators were used with a shows C-4 explosive booster. Figure 3.1 a typical charge. The sand medium test
0.64-cm (I/4-in.) flange opening for l
pit used for these detonations had been
Detonator lead wires S-Rube silicon
Shorting connection
used in many previous small-scale tests.
coating over tet pellet -Tet pellet glued to face of detonator 1 50-g C-4 booster
The sand specifications and the operating procedures are described in Appendix B. d-The first series of c fcraterng detonatinns to be conducted was 15 detonations with the pure explosive.
Three detonaea 15 . 2 -cm (6-in.)diameter plastic (PVC)
tions were conducted at each of five DOB's: 0.46 m (1.5 ft), 0.69 m (2.25 ft), in (3.75 ft), and 0.91 m (3.00 ft), 1.14
2
1.37 m (4.5 ft). Standard surveying techniques were used to measure the crater
2.7 kg (6 Ib) of Diamond Ore slurry explosive
dimensions. These data were processed using EERL's CRATER DATA code 6 to The apparent produce cratering curves.
I.3-cm (1/2-in.
Notes:
crater volumne, the apparent crater radius, and the apparent crater depth are shown in Figs. 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4. Individon these eeach ua shot points are also plotted n Cu'Vt S. Scatter in the data is considercd typical of the test medium used.
I . The plastic hemispheres come filled with explosive ond covered with thin plastic sheet. 2.
The second series of 2.7-kg (6-1b) tests was conducted with the 10"% sand-
Preparation-A small portion oF the slurry explosive is removed from hemisphere to allow placement of the dctonotor and booster. The two hemispheres ore mated and the flanges are glued together with a rubber silicon adhesive and then stapled to insure assembly.
Fig. 3.1.
The sand was contaminated explosive. trace eleiridium first coated with the
Diamond Ore 2.7-kg (6-1b) spherical charge (typical).
ment at SRI and then mixed with the explosive during manufacturing.
reduced to five with one detonation at
In addition to
The results of these crater-
obtining cratering data, fallout samples
each I)OB.
were collected as a test of the tracer program's compatability with the Dow
ing detonations were again processed 6 using EERL's CRATER DATA code.
slurry explosive.
The resulting cratering curves are
The bries was orig-
in Figs. 3.5,
inally planned for the 15 detonations in the pure explosive program.
ual data points.
Delays in
aiwn
3.6, and 3.7 with the individFor comparison, crater-
the series were eco,,r.tered due to the
ing curves for the pure explosive have
necessity of writing for winds that would carry the detonation clouds over the
been added to the figures. Previous experience at the sand test pit shows that
array of fallout collection trays. The original 15 detonations were therefore
differences between the pure and containinated explosive curves are not significant -10-
due to the scatter of the data.
the 15.24-cmy (6-in.) radius emplacement
Therefore,
the addition of thle sand does not cause
hole left open (air-sturnmed).
any apparent loss of ca'atering efficiency.
detonation was conducted at a I)(!)1 0.91 rn (3.0
As a test of the sensitivity of the fall-
The tird of
ft) with the 15.2-cm (6-in.)
out tracing system and to provide an
radius emplacement holc filled with
insight (within thle limits of the test pit)
water (water stemmed).
into the effects that simplified stemming
crater dimensions are plotted in
wouild have on both the fallout and the
Figs. 3.8, 3.9,
The resulting
and 3.10.
The curves
cratering mechanisms, three additional traced detonations were conducted, The first two were detonated at 1)1's of 0.69 m (2.25 ft) and 0.91 mn (3.00 ft with
Depth of burial
Depth of buril -m 0.3 12033
0.6
0.9
1.2
1 .5
t
3
'E
2
E >
2.1
S 60
* .8 1. 1.,5 1
2
3
4
Depth of burial
~
5
-
Fig. 3.4.
~
1120
o> >3.0 1002. E
0.6
0.9
1.2
1
I
1.5 1.8 b-
-
..-
2
3
E
~ ~
2Pr U 60
-ft
S-'ite 300 stemmed crater in" curve M.a) for 2.7-kg (6-1b) pure explosive detonations.
Depth of burial - mE 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1 I 1-
Dept uria offtFig. Site 300 stem-med cratering curve (R ) for 2.7-kg (6-1b) pure expl'osive detonations.
.
xlsv Puexosv1.
Contam inated I
-
1
. -2.1
I
t
uil-f
4
1.2 5
ft 3.5.
2 2
x l s -1 .
!Dplsive
4 Depth of burial
Fig. 3.3.
-
'U
80-
j.2
rLR3
0.9
5 ft
-
*6C.C
4--1.
E 1.
Depth of burial
E
Site 300 stemmed cratering curve (Vaj) for the 2.7-kg (6-1b) pure explosive detonations.
6
U_
1.5
1
Depth of burial -r m *~
1.2
20
0.3
0.3 6
0.9
1 .2
L_______
Fig. 3.2.
0.6
m
- 2.7~
o 80
40
0.3 4
- 3.0>
* too
>
Xc
-
Site 300 stemmed cratering curves (V a) for 2.7-kg (6-10) pure and contaminated explosive detonations.
8
3.0
8 '~100
E
I
1. !!
Fig. 3.6.
2 3243
2.4
S.
2
3
Site 300 stemmed cratering curves (Ma) for 2.7-kg (6-1b)
Dipth of burial m 0.6 0.9 1.2
a
6
1
10 160 14) 60
1
--
21
62.6,{
AC
7.0
-
1,.,20 11,4 1
50
b
,.
44 $90
1i 2b,"
A40 1340
4,05 14, 2
Al'-? V.. (-T A(
.40
2'."W
\ I-4
-
Al'-I
-
2.1
0435
14,97
14.1 V': IIN
20, Gf
Ac
30 20 4.0
>I -
-
&IN - data from
lIih-sp"ed pht,4itqrap'iv. bL.n;itoatvld \ilueto due to pa'ttal gag fatlur,.
systems,
only three produced any
usable data. detonation leakage.
High-Speed Photography
Four failed prior to
The velocity data obtained from the
possibly be,'ause of water
high-speed photography were presented
Two failed immediately
in Table C.2 and discussed earlier in thos
upon shock incidence because of damage
chapter.
to the carrier oscillator system.
Table C.2 have been separated in'.o indi-
Tvo
The generalized data in
continued to function but produced
vidual horizontal and vertical ta get
only spurious signals.
velocities and are listed in Tab'e C.8.
usable signals,
Of the three
two survived only long
The target spall velocities were found by
enough to provide peak information
two methods.
before failure of the oscillator.
the observed vertical displacement to the
were at Stations S50 on
These
DOIIA-l
The first involved fitting
ballistic equation to determine the initial
and 1340 on DOIIA-2. gnalysts of the latter signal will be contained in
velocity. The second invoived ,h use of1. finite differences to deduce the early-
Ref
time limit of the velocity.
8 when publ;shed.
The re-
maining gage (S25 on DOIIA-1)
sur-
The results
of these two techniques were found to be
vi:'ed for over a hundred milliseconds
generally in agreement.
and provided a good signal through-
corpontt
out except for the first
postshot target displacement and the initial
lowing shock arrival.
10 msec folThe peak
The horizontal
were found fror" +hc known
vertical velocity component by assuming
particle velocities determined for these
the validity of the ballistic equation.
gages appear in Table C. 8.
Effects of air friction were ighored. -109-
=
-
-
56.
The peak vertical surface velocities of Table C.8 have been plotted vs slant range in Fig. C.30. As was indicated -- earlier, there is very little difference
1000
between the surface velocities of the two 12.5-m (41- ft) events. Three theoretical curve:; have also been included in the
C 100 1 A
figure, These wet-e obtained from SOC c:alculations from the equation:
v V
r
Vc ~V~r
4>,
'-0
(o
10
.-
•
in whih the rotation is the same as that
•o (A) Unstemmed-
>,
12. 5 m
used in determining surface thacceleraradal pak tions. Here, Vc is the radial peak 'elocity calculated by SOC. In the case of the 1 .5-m (41-ft) events, the agreement is remarkable, The theoretical results for the 6-m (9.7- ft) event are about 30% low. This can be explained by the large un-
O(B) Stemmed2.Sm * (C) Stemmed-
A
6m 1
10
100
Slant range Fig. C. 30.
m
Peak vertical surface velocity as a function of slant range.
certainty in the arrival times at the surface station, particularly S65 (see Pig. C."10). The peak horizontal surface velocity
components
have been plotted in
U
Fig. C.31,
The three theoretical curves have been determined from:
"
I-
1 100 I
Vii(r) =[1 -(A)']/(7.)Vc(r);
C
-2
u 20 0
U 10
the theoretical curves appear to be bounded near SGZ by the photographic data, which is 50 to 100% high. At greater ranges, the curves are bounded by the gage velocities, which a-e low by
0
I0 A
(A) Unstemmed - 12 12 mm (Bstemmed
o
No satisfactory explanation of this phenomenon has yet been found.
~-
1
Fig. C. 31.
S0 r 10g Slant range
6m
'
-
100
m
Peak horizontal surface velocity components as a function of slant range.
-110-
-,
-
1
Airblast Measurementr Airblast gages were employed on each detonation. Thse gaes were the Ballistics
ACe
A A* (C) Stemmed
50 to 100%.
-
%
"-0
4%-4
Research Laboratory (BRL) selfrecocing-type EERL
Ground Motion Tleasurements Two seismic recordinc stat ions were
gage and were oporated by
The overpressures experienced
employed on each of the DOILA detona-
by the gage actuate a diaphragm, which in
tions.
turn moves a stylis, which scribes a
station was employed on the DOIIA-3
record on a negator-type spring.
detonation to monitor a water well for
The
An additional seismic recording
spring is then removed from the gage and
possible seismic damage.
the record is interpreted using a digital
were Mark Products,
microscope.
Each canister contained three triaxially-
These gages were actuated
These gages
L-4 canisters.
at minus 2 sec by a relay closure signal
mounted low-frequency geophones.
from the CP.
responses were .ecorded on Century Elec-
Only one of the three gages
Gage
employed on DOIIA-I operated properly.
tronics Model 444 oscillographs.
A peak overpressure level of 7.0 mbar
gages were hard-wired to the oscillo-
was recorded by this gage at a range of
graphs and the system was manually ini-
The
1,22A m (4,000 ft). None of the three gages
tiated just prior to zero time.
on the DOIA-2 operated properly. There
shows the peak particle velocities and
is evidence that these gages were under-
gage locations for each detonation.
r:.nged, although the two gages employed
largest component of velocity measured
on the DOlA-3 detonation appear to have
in each case was the vertical.
reacted normally.
DOIIA-2 detonation produced the highest
Overpressure levels
Table C.9 The
The
of 10.5 mbar at 305 m (1,000 ft) and
velocities as was expected.
2.0 mbar at 1,220 m (4,000 ft) were re-
nation of DOB and complete stemming
corded. Due to the heavy loss of data in this program, no comparisons have been
resulted in a longer containment time as compared with the shallower DOIIA-3 and
attempted.
unstemmed DOIIA-l detonations.
The combi-
This (1
Table C.9.
Summary of measured peak particle velocities (intermediate range). Peak particle velocities (cm sec) TransVertical Radial verse
Range Detonation
r
Seismic
(i)
(ft)
IIA-1
1
1,160
3,800
6,6
1.8
1.1
IIA-1
2
1,620
5,300
2.3
1.2
0.4
1HA-2
1
1,330
4,35s
8.3
4.5
2.6
IIA-2
2
1,790
5,860
3.5
1,5
0.7
IIA-3
1
820
2,700
1.2
0.8
1.6
IIA-3
2
1,280
4,200
0.8
0.5
IIA-3
3
3,520
11,550
0.4
0.3
0.6 b b
avertical time history record shows that there was a conductivity problem between the gecphone and recorder; this was most likely caused by a poor splice in a cable. bThere was no transverse geophone at thLs station. -111-
-
-
-
'V longer containment time results in a
ing the homogeneity of the media.
better coupling of the explosive energy to
curves are sufficiently close together to
the surrounding media. The effect of the differences in explosive detonation veloc-
prevent the determination of even subtle differences. The individual curves (not
ity is not known. This longer containment time is verified by the venting time for
shown) for each surveyed line on each crater do indicate an appreciable increase
each detonation as obtained from the high-
in the amount of fines in the downwind
-speed photography. The DOJIA-2 detonation vented at about 130 msec, whereas
These
-4
direction. This was also visually observed on the ground following each deto-
the DOIIA-l detonation vented within the
nation.
first rnsec, and the DOIIA-3 detonation vented at about 29 msec. The higher
The maximum missile range for each detonation was determined by ground
peak particle velocity obtained for the
survey.
DOIIA-l detonation, as compared with the DOIIA-3 detonation, must be attrib-
was selected at each crater for determination of missile density and range data.
uted to the deeper DOB in the DOIRA-1
A count of all missiles found outside the
detonation.
limits of the continuous ejecta was made
This indicates that DOB is
A representative 15 deg sector
more critical than the type of stemming
in this sector.
in determining ground motion levels. This conclusion coincides with the Middle
sile had traveled was determined by conventional surveying techniques. These
Course II results. 7 The velocities measured at the well on DOIIA-3 were consid-
density vs range data are important in determining safety stand-off distances.
ered insignificant and were actually lower than the levels produced by the vibrations
The maximum missile range in itself is not sufficient because the probability of
The distance each mis-
generated by an electric pump used to Size
operate the well. 6 1001.5 1001 ;Diamond Ore
Ejecta and Missile Measurements Analysis of the continuous ejecta was conducted by means of the point-count technique as described in Ref. 17.
cm
-
15.2 30.5 61
IlA-3 75 -
Diamond Ore IA-1
/
This
~
S
method was established to determine economically the olock size distribution
Diamond Ore IIA-2,
50
of crater fallback and ejects using sampling techniques rather then the costly sieving and weighing of the same materials.
-
25
Figure C.32 shows the ejecta
particle size distribution curves for the three Phase [LA detonations. The .u-ves
0 0.05
represent averages of data taken along orthagonal lines crossing each SGZ. The
Fig. C. 32.
three curves are of similar shape indicat-
I 0.2
I 0.5
I . 1.0 2.0
5.0
Size - ft Particle size distribution curves for continuous ejecta.
-112-
" .
. -J.-.1 --
an object being struck by a missile at the
SUMMARY
maximum range is very, very small. The most significant results of the
These data were obtained for a separate EERL troop safety effects study.
Diamond Ore Phase IA detonations were
The
missile density and range data obtained
the discovery of problems in the repro-
for each detonation are plotted in
ducibility of the detonation characteris-
Fig. C.33.
tics of the explosive (Chapter 4).
T"he significantly higher den-
These
sities at longer ranges for the DOIIA-3
problems and the subsequent attempts at
detonation are attributed to the higher
stabilizing the detonation history are
mound velocity produced by the shal-
described in Chapter 5.
lower DOB.
Because of the
significant differences in the manner in
The slightly steeper curve
produced by the DOIL-l detonation as
which the three explosive charges deto-
compared to the DOIIA-2 curve can be
nated, all comparisons between the ex-
attributed to the effects of the open
perimental results must be considered
access hole.
suspect.
The horizontal pressures
A general comparison of the
exerted against the access hole walls by
craters produced shows the 6-m (19.7-it)
the explosive gases escaping up the
stemmed detonation excavated the largest
access hole produce larger horizontal
volume of material due primarily to its
velocity components in the material
significantly larger apparent depth.
ejected by the detonation.
unstemmed detonation produced a more
Range - m 122
244
366
1.075 X 10
Diamond Ore HA-3 10
4
1.075 E
C-
1mo2
Diamond Ore
1. 075X10
1
1.075 x 10-4
3
10 -41.075xi10 10~~ 10-
SGZ
Diamond Ore HIA-2 400
1I
800 Range -
Fig.
C. 33.
1200
.05x1 -4
ft
Missile density as a function of range.
-113-
The
V
rounded or bowl-shaped crater.
This
ming.
High-speed photography of the
effect is attributed to the horizontal pressures exerted on the medium by the
unstemme? detonation indicated an interruption of the venting by an appar-
gases escaping up the open access hole
ent hole closure at about 90 msec.
during crater formation.
This phenomenon was also observed on
The effects of
Lhe shallower DOB for the 6-r (19.7-ft) -detonations were indicated by a higher
the Middle Course II M-16 detonation. This 1-ton detonation had a 10-cm (4-in.)-
mound velocity, significantly larger maximum missile range, and larger missile
diameter open access hole that apparently closed during venting. 7 Additional
densities out to that maximum range, and
research into the detonation character-
a larger radius of continuous ejecta.
istics of composite explosives,
The
both
ground motion data indicated that changes in DOB were more critical to peak parti-
simple and complex, is being contemplated by the Chemistry Department at
cle velocities than was the type of stem-
LLL.
-1 4
r1
-114-
ar
Appendix D Fallout Disposition Data, Detonation IT-6, Phase IIB, Project Diamond Ore This appendix contains the mass anti 'ridiim deposition data generated in support of the fallout simulation program conducted in conjunction with the Diamond Ore Phase IIB IT-6 detonation at Fort Peck, Montana. in October 1972.
The generation and use of these data are discussed in Chap-
ter 6 and explained in Ref. 4.
1
-115-
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References 1.
Headquarters,
Department of the Army, "Employment of Atomic Demolition
Munitions (ADM'," FM 5-26. 2.
August 1971.
T. F. Butkovich, The Gas Equation of State for Natural Materials, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-14729,
3.
W. C. Day and R. A.
January 1967.
Paul, Trace Elements in Common Rock Types and Their
Relative Importance in Neutron-Induced Radioactivity Calculations, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Statin Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., Rept. NCG TM 67-7, January 1967. 4.
E. J. Leahy, D. Oltmans, C. M. Snell, T. J.
Donlan, and W. B. Lane, Fallout
Simulution: Nuclear Cratering Device (Project Diamond Ore), U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experim~ent Station Explosive Excavation Research Labora(to be published).
tory, Livermore, Calif., Rept. TR-E-735.
B. K. Crowley, D.E. Burton, and J. B. Bryan, Bearpaw Shale:
Material Proper-
ties Derived from Experiment and One-Dimensional Studies, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCID-15915, September 1971. 6.
R. F. Bourque,
User's Manual for Crater Data: A Computer Code for Analyzing
Experimental Cratering Tests, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., Rept. NCG/TM 70-15, October 1970. 7.
K. E. Sprague, Middle Course 11 Cratering Series, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory,
Livermore,
Calif., Rept. TR-E-73-3, July 1973. 8.
C. J. Sisemore, J. B. Bryan, and D. E. Burton, Instrumentation and Data for Diamond Ore.
Phase hA. Experimental Measurements,
Lawrence Livermore
Laboratory (in preparation). 9.
M. Finger, et al.,
Explosive Investigations in Support of Project Diamond Ore,
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, in preparation. 10.
M. Finger, H. C. Hornig, E. L. Lee, and J. W. Kury, Metal Acceleration by Composite Explosives, Proc. Symp. Detonation,
5th, 1969, Office of Naval
Research, Washington, D.C. Rept. ACR-184 (1970). 11.
E. L. Lee, H. C. Hornig, and J. M. Kury, Adiabatic Expansion of High Explosive Detonation Products,
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50422,
May
1968. 12.
C. Grant, Dow Chemical Company, Minneapolis,
Minn., private communication,
May 1971, July 1972. 13.
J. L. Trocino,
Thickening and Gelling of Nitromethanc,
3oseph L. Trocino and
Associates, Sherman Oaks, Calif., Bulletin JLTN-72-102, May 1972. 14.
J. L. Trocino, Techniques for Sensitizing and Detonating Nitromethane-Based Explosive Systems,
Joseph L. Trocino and Associates, Sherman Oaks, Calif.,
Bulletin JLTN-2 (Preliminary), April 1972. -130-
-
''
A
15.
D. E. Burton, The NCG Fallout Scaling Model: A Graphic-Numerical Method of Predicting Fallout Patterns for Nuclear Cratering Detonations, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Explosives Excavation Research Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., Rept. NCG/TR-19, January 1970.
16.
17.
C. M. Snell, D. E. Burton, and J. M. O'Connor, Fallout Prediction for Subsurface ADM's, U, S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., Rept. EERO/TR-22, September 1971. B. D. Anderson, I, A Simple Technique to Determine the Size Distribution of Crater Fallback and Ejecta, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Explosive Excavation Research Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., Rept. NCG/TR 18, March 1970.
18.
1
LTC M. K. Kurtz, Jr., Project Pre-Gondola 1, Technical Director's Summary Report, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Explosives Excavation Research Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., Rept. PNE-1102, May 1968.
19.
W. E. Baker &id P. S. Westine, A Short Course on Modeling Weapon Effects, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Tex., October 1972.
1
).
-131 -