SUMvl ARY De t a i l s a r e p r e s e n t e d o f a g e n e r a l n u me r i c a l h y d r o d y n a mi c mo ...... Pa r t VI I Bowe n, Pa r t VI I I Mac kay, Pa r t I X.
151
Numerical Modelling of Tropical Cyclone Storm Surge
zyxwvutsrqpo
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfed
R. J . SOBEY, M.I.E. Aust., B. A. HARPER and G. M. MITCHELL
SUMv l ARY g a t i o n
De t a i l s
of
ar e
t r o p i c a l
pr e s e nt e d
c yc l one
or
de pt h- i nt e g r a t e d
f or m of
t he
t r o p i c a l
s ur f a c e
wi n d
U. S .
c yc l one
hur r i c a ne s .
c o a s t a l
l o c a t i o n
mo d e l .
Th e
d e f o r ma t i o n t he
us e
of
a na l y s i s
r e g i o n
i nc l udi ng
Ba t h y s t r o p h i c
has
and
i d e n t i f i e d
e x a mp l e s
ar e
Th e
t r o p i c a l
c ape s ,
s ur ge
s t or m
t o
g e ne r a t i ng
s ur ge .
S URGE
i n
a
at
l e a s t
t he
s us t a i ne d f o r
n o r ma l
r e s ul t wa t e r
of
g r a di e nt s ma t u r e
f ew
t he
body
t he
and
of
t i c u l a r o g i c a l are
and
t he
s pe e d
and
and
t he
t r a c k
pos e d
c o a s t l i n e s ,
l o s s
t i de )
I n
of
has
e s t i ma t e s
A
t he
i n
t he
c o mmu n i t i e s ,
de ve l ope d
S y s t e ms mo d e l ,
of
i s
k n o wn
g a t i o n
of
a ppl i e d
as
mo s t
e f f e c t s
of
of
s i z e ,
f l ow
f o r
g i v e n
and
a
f o r
and of
i s l a n d s ,
s t or m
c r i t i c a l
f o r
t o
ar e
a c c o mmo d a t e d
a
of by
c o mp r e h e n s i v e be e n
de t a i l e d
on a
t he
wa v e
o v e r c o me
by
s e n s i t i v i t y
has
be e n
t he
nor t he r n
c he c ke d
a g a i ns t
Au s t r a l i a n
s i t ua t i o n ( s ur ge
t i de
i s
a
t he
l y i ng and
de s i gn
and
s ur ge
t r a c k
t i me
i s
a
i n
Pa r t i c u l a r
qui t e
c o ns i de r a bl e
e s p e c i a l l y
wa t e r
t he
of
has
p r o b l e ms
out put
s o f t wa r e
f orm
a t t e nt i o n
l e v e l
wi t h i n
c o mp r e h e n s i v e
d o c u me n t e d
( 4 ) .
and
and
a n y wh e r e
a
be e n
of
i nput
dat a
s e l e c t i o n
n u me r i c a l
not
n e w,
s t or m
i c a l
s ur ge and
of
t he
a
of
t he
I n
of
wa v e
pr opagat i on
and
e xt e nt
t he i n
uni que
of
t he
t he
of
of
c o mp l e x
me t e o r o l o g -
s ui t a bl e
s a t i s f a c t o r y
d i s c r e t i s e d
a t t e nt i o n
a s pe c t s
p a r t i c u l a r ,
s p e c i f i c a t i o n
s t r u c t u r e
s pe c i a l
l ong
n u mb e r
p r o b l e m.
c o ndi t i o ns
s t or m
r e qui r e
ar e
g e o phy s i c a l
f o r c i n g ,
boundar y
mo d e l l i n g
t he r e
ope n
r e s o l ut i o n
f orm a l l
( 1 1 ) .
MATHEMATI CAL
2
F ORMULATI ON
r e s pons e
i c a l t he
f o r c i ng f u l l
of
a
h o mo g e n e o u s
of
a
t r o pi c a l
Na v i e r - S t o k e s
i n c o mp r e s s i b l e of
t he s e
ar e
and Th e
f l u i d
ade quat e
d e s c r i p t i o n of t i de s
t w o - d i me n s i o n a l
Re y n o l d s Th e s e and
e quat i ons
t he
x
and
be
l ong
y
t he
of
and
onl y
and/ or
a ne c e s s -
t he An
pr opagat i on
s ur ge )
t he
and
appe ar
can
i nt e g r a t e d
Lo n g
Wa v e
be
had
f or m of
Eq u a t i o n s
c o ns e r v a t i o n
mo me n t u m i n t i me
s o l ut i o ns
i mp o r t a n t .
wa v e
s t or m
r e pr e s e nt
c o ns e r v a t i o n
di r e c t i o ns
wo u l d
by
h o mo g e n e o u s ,
f e a s i b l e
d i f f e r e n c e
and
-
a
n u me r i c a l
v e r t i c a l l y
Eq u a t i o n s
f o r
me t e o r o l o g -
de s c r i be d
not
ye t
s t r u c t u r e ma y
( a s t r o n o mi c a l
t he
i s
Di r e c t
de ns i t y
f l ow
t o
as
s o l ut i o n
v e r t i c a l
a mo d e l
wh e r e
Eq u a t i o n s
f l u i d .
e quat i ons
s e a
c yc l one
f rom t he
( 1 6 ) .
of
ma s s
ho r i z o nt a l
t :
pr opa-
and I t
can
be
i nc l ude s
8r | 8t
3U
3V
^ + = 0 ( 1) zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIH dx dy
o f f s ho r e
f e a t u r e s ,
as
we l l
can
be t o
wa t e r
Bi + A r. 8 x ^n- d
8t
Tr o p i c a l
s i mu l a t i o n of
of
of
n u me r i c a l
l a nd.
c ont our s
s ur ge
Ci v i l
( 1 1 ) .
c o a s t a l
a
of
ge ne r al
s t or m
t he
any
h i s t o r i e s
S URGE
f u l l y
t h r e e - d i me n s i o n a l
Un i v e r s i t y .
b a t h y me t r y ,
t hr oughout
t he
g e ne r a t i o n
r e g i o ns
i n t e n s i t y
s t or m
h y d r o d y n a mi c
Co o k
t o
i s
at
t i me
pr e s e nt a t i o n.
Th e
ex-
l and
l e v e l
pr o t e c t i o n
De p a r t me n t
a r e a .
c ha r a c t e r par -
c y c l o ne ,
l y i ng
r e l i a b l e
J a me s
ot he r
p a t t e r n s ,
i n
bas e d
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
e s t ua r i e s )
a s t r o n o mi c a l
t he
c yc l one
l ow
mo d e l
wi t h
mo d e l s
pr obl e m has
p r o f i l e s
v e l o c i t y
f o r ma t
Wh i l e i s
t he s e
d a ma g e
l ow
n u me r i c a l
t he a t
pr o c e dur e ,
by
A
pr opa-
u n d e r wa t e r and
wa t e r
Au s t r a l i a
unde r s e a
r e e f s
c o nt i nuo us l y wa t e r
mo d e l
dat a
me t e o r o l -
Hi s t o r i c a l l y ,
f o r
c o a s t a l
f l o o di ng
c yc l one
t he
t he
a
t r o p i c a l
of
f l ow
by
t he at
he adl ands ,
s us t a i ne d
S URGE,
mo d e l
t r o pi c a l
t o
i s l a n d s , t he
wi t h i n
i s l a nds
t he
t he
a v a i l a bl e
c o n f i r me d
l e v e l s .
and
t w o - d i me n s i o n a l
p h y s i c a l
boundar y
s ur ge
and
t he
by
and
t he
p o t e n t i a l l y
a
of
e x t e n s i v e l y
gui de
s ur ge
wa v e
c o ns i de r a bl e
and
En g i n e e r i n g
h y d r o d y n a mi c
us e d
and
s o l v e s
pr e s s ur e
r e e f s
f l o o di ng
nor t he r n
c o a s t a l
t he
( bays ,
ne e d
s t r uc t ur e s
ope n
us e r ' s
Br i e f l y
t he
s t o r m,
hi g he s t
c o a s t a l
wa s
be e n
and
wa t e r
p a r a me t e r s
a r y
t o
t he
boundar y
t he
be e n
s ur f a c e ,
unde r l y i ng
n u mb e r
of
a
l e v e l .
r e s pons e
and
as
g e ne r a t i o n
d i f f e r e n c e
adapt i on
r e e f s
and
I t
k m)
s ur ge a
i s
s ubs t a nt i a l
f a c t o r s .
t he
i n
t o t a l
e xc e e ds
t o
a
o f f s ho r e
t he
l i f e . t he
bays ,
s ys t e m
ge ne r at e d
200
t he
t i d e .
r e s ul t e d
wh e n
( HAT)
of
a s t r o n o mi c a l
over
s c a l e
f e a t ur e s
have
a r i s e s
and
t he
r e g i o n
or de r of
s e n s i t i v e
t i de s
and
( of
t e r r a i n ,
c o a s t a l
we l l
r e s u l t i n g
pr oduc e d
t i d e .
on
Th e
s ur ge
s e a
t hat
s t r e s s e s
t opogr aphi c al
ove r bank
t he
a t mo s p h e r i c
e xt e nd
i mp a c t
i s
of
a c t i o n
s he ar
can
i n t e n s i t y
and
wa v e
above
c y c l o ne .
and
t he
l o c a l
mo t i o n
e x t r e me
c o a s t l i ne
s i t e
s t or m
l ong
a s t r o n o mi c a l
wi n d
i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n
d e v e l o p me n t
hur r i c a ne
hour s ,
c o mb i n e d
of
t r o p i c a l
l e ngt h
or
f or c e d
p e r i o d i c
an
t he
S URGE,
pr e s e nt e d.
s upe r e l e v a t i o n
a
as
f o r
as
f i n i t e
f rom
s o l u t i o n have
e f f e c t s
mo d e l
k n o wn
e x p l i c i t
c o a s t a l
c yc l one
me t e o r o l o g i c a l l y
as
of
a p p r o x i ma t i o n
p r i n c i p a l
an
e s t i ma t e d
n u me r i c a l
qua s i - no n- l i ne a r
c yc l one
mo d e l ,
p a r a me t e - r s
d e t a i l s
t he
S t o r m Ti d e
t he
t r o p i c a l
c yc l one
and of
Th e
us i ng
f o r c i ng
I NTRODUCTI ON
1
+
s t a b i l i t y
h y d r o d y n a mi c
s ur ge .
Eq u a t i o n s
pr e s s ur e
b a t h y me t r y
a na l y s i s
n u me r i c a l
s t or m
t r o pi c a l
i n
and
a
ge ne r al
Wa v e
and
ac c ur ac y
h i s t o r i c a l
an
as
a
Lo n g
Va r i a t i o n s s uc h
of
hur r i c a ne
3 y ^n- d
v a r i e d pr oduc e
.
l e v e l ,
- g ( , - d ) M_ dx
c n ^ ) ^ % i p„
3x
( , Pw
s x
) bx'
( 2)
3V _ 3t ( Pa pe r
C1 3 4 4
En g i n e e r s ,
s u b mi t t e d
Au s t r a l i a
Civil Engineering Transactions, 1982
on
t o 16
Th e
I n s t i t u t i o n
June
1981) .
•
3 x ^n- d
3y
n- d
of ( 3)
zyxwvutsrqpo
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA T R O P I C A L C Y C L O N E S T O R M S U R G E - zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQ Sobey , Harper & M itchell
152
Th e
x- y
l e v e l Th e i s
dat um p l a n e
wi t h
wa t e r
t he
i s l o c a t e d
a x i s
s ur f a c e
a t
di r e c t e d
e l e v a t i o n
t h e me a n
wa t e r
v e r t i c a l l y
wi t h
r e s pe c t
I QJ U
u p wa r d s . t o
bx
dat um
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA r][x,y,t ), t h e s e a be d i s d ( x , y ] wi t h r e s p e c t t o
d a t u m,
U
and
wi d t h ,
f
i
ma s s of
z
V
s t h e Co r i o l i s
de ns i t y
t he
a r e de pt h- i nt e g r a t e d
o f
t r o p i c a l
s ur f a c e
wi n d
r e s o l v e d
c yc l one
s he ar
i nt o
g r a di e nt s
o f
p
( x , y , t ) .
Th e
t hr ough
e f f e c t
T] , ( x , y , t ) ,
r e s o l v e d
s uc h
f o r e x a mp l e ,
t ha t ,
o f
s e abe d
i
i nt o
and
T^ y ,
bot t om
and
s t he
t hr ough
I Vh i t e
t h e
and
s t r e s s
c o mp o n e n t s
and
i
s r e pr e s -
At
v e c t o r
T-^ ^ ^ ^
wa t e r
Mo d i f i e d
f l ow
p e r u n i t
wi d t h
a c c o r di ng
h y d r a u l i c a l l y
v a l ue s
t o
t h e
r ough
Co l e b r o o k boundar y
A a r e adopt e d
o f
f l o o di ng ,
t he d e t a i l s
ne ar
be i ng
r e e f s pr e -
b e l o w.
Co n s e r v a t i o n
a n d Tj ^ y
s t age
t he
ne g l e c t i ng
a c c e l e r a t i o n s . r e t a i ne d
MOLECULES
Eq u a t i o n -
t h i s
i s e d ,
r e g i o ns :
COMP UTATI ONAL
Ma s s
f o r a
f o r ove r bank
s e nt e d
T AB L E
S URGE
t he t o t a l
de pt h- de pe nde nt
f o r mu l a
l a y e r . and
t he x
( U^ + V^ ) ' ^ i s
Q =
(4) zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXW
A i s t h e D a r c y - We i s b a c h f r i c t i o n f a c t o r , zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFE
a s s u me d
i nf l ue nc e
( n- d) 2
pr e s s ur e
s t r e s s
i n bl ue
wh e r e
u n i t
T5 ( x , y , t ) ,
a t mo s p h e r i c
s he a r
pe r
and
f o r c i ng
v e c t o r
T^ y-
t h e M. S . L.
t h e
Th e
i s r e pr e s e nt e d
s t r e s s
c o mp o n e n t s
y
e nt e d
p a r a me t e r
s e a wa t e r .
f l o ws
8
a s
t he y
e quat i ons t h e
a r e
( n o r ma l l y
I n S URGE
a l l
pr e s e nt
no
s o me t i me s s ma l l )
t e r ms
have
p a r t i c u l a r
l i n e a r -
c o nv e c t i v e be e n n u me r i c a l
I
AND
F I NI T E
DI F F E RE NCE
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfed
EQUATI ONS
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
0 ® l -i s
X Mo me n t u n
i- h
l i i
Eq u a t i o n -
j Ay
Y Mo me n t u m Eq u a t i o n -
0
nth
- ( H )
n-H
( u)
i
nAt
( i +>i ) i j i
( J ) -
nAt
( H ) -
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA (v) ®
1+1
]
( j +* i ) Ay
j +1
i
-
2Ax
2Ay
« ° \ +H, j
- ( H )
(2>
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZY
( 1 + y Ax
{
T + l i+ ^
i +1
j
( j - f sJAx
j +1
i 4
Cl. 1+^. zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONML ' < + ! .,+ , - ^ " ; : L+ ^ ' S ^ °-l.i
' l - . W ^UW h ' "''l . i + l 'i \^- h ' ''^ l . i - ^ zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA 2 Ay
A: !
) A t : / [ 1 + At | / ( > ^ ^ , j ) = *
/ m^^^.y ^
^
1,3+h
iy
i , J+''5
Ay
"' ^' . j ^, ) At
3 / [ 1 + At A
+ ( v ^ ; ^ ) ^ / 5 y/'_
J ( c)
The Institution of Engineers, Australia
T R O P I C A L C Y C L O N E S T OR M S U R G E -
p r o b l e ms t e r ms
and
( s uc h
i n as
s o me
a t i o ns )
c an
A
i nput
o pt i o n
t e r ms
t o
S URGE
v e c t i v e
c a s e s
Co r i o l i s
e ve n
be
t he
and
c o mmo n l y
r e l a t i v e l y h o we v e r
be
o mi t t e d
a c c e l e r -
i mp o r t a n t
doe s
i nt o
ne g l e c t e d
c o nv e c t i v e
( 6 , 1 1 ) .
a l l o w
t he
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK Sobey , Harper & M itchell zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXW 153 n u mb e r
s t agge r e d
t he
f l ow
V
c on-
a
t he
3
NUMERI CAL
mi d wa y
i n
e qua t i o ns ; Th e
f l ow
bank a
f i e l d ,
c o a s t a l
b a t h y me t r y g r i d
s quar e
v a l ue s ( x, y)
of
t he
and node
Wa t e r
s ur f a c e
( or
d)
B
P s / P wS
WX
i nt e g r a t e d t e r m
WY
=
a r e
U
t o
and
H
f l ow
V
Xg y / P w
on
a
( i Ax ,
j Ay ,
M. S . L.
and
b a r o me t r i c
a t
po i nt s
( i , j , n ) ,
s ur f a c e
,T^+h)
t he
wi n d
and
s ur f a c e
( i , j + %, n + J 5 )
( a)
D
ove r
s t r e s s
i nt e g r a t i o n
Eq u a t i o n s
1, 2
"l e a pf r o g "
by
l i s t e d
be i ng
e quat i on
at
s he ar
I n
and
a
boundar y
c o n s t r a i n t s , Eq u a t i o n s
b
a dj a c e nt
t o
t o g e t he r
( 8 ) .
1,
t he
o f
y
i n
Th e
t he
x
c a s e s
c annot
( 11)
and
t he
a ppr o pr i a t e
s o l ut i o n
by
be
ar e
s p e c i f i c a t i o n ( 4 ) .
c o n d i t i o n s , t he
s t i p u l a t i n g
c o a s t
a t
v a ni s hi ng
s e a
node s
node s
.
=
0
or
V"^*^
0
,
( 5)
c o mb i n a t i o n s
a l l o w
wi t h
t he
of
t he s e
n o r ma l
t he
c o mp o n e n t
c as e
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n
of
o f
c o n d i t i o n s ,
uni nt e r r upt e d
any
a r e a
of
f l o w,
c o a s t l i n e .
a t
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
i mp l e me n t e d
adopt e d of
i n
t he
c o n t i n u i t y
boundar y
one
s y s t e ma t i c c o ndi t i o ns
i s l a nd)
a p p l i c a t i o n
Suc c e s s i v e
t he f l a g
t he i s
a s s o c i a t e d
we i r ,
1
i n
i n f o r ma t i o n
mo me n t u m
d i f f e r e n c e
f o r ms
r e s t r i c t e d
t h i s
t he
t he
mo me n t u m e q u a t i o n
( r e e f ,
Ta b l e
a t
c ove r age
c o n t i n u i t y
f i n i t e
of
appl y
s p a t i a l
c o mp u t a t -
i n t e r n a l
c
c o ul d
be
i nt e r -
d i f f e r e n c e
t he
s p e c i a l
r e duc e d
s o me
d i f f e r e n c e
Ga l v e s t o n
c o mp l e t e
wi t h t he
us e d i n
( i , j , n+i 5) ,
and
t o
Al l
by
a c r o s s
l and
U" 7
t o g e t he r
e x p l i c i t
or
mo me n t u m e q u a t i o n s
advanc e
t ha t
an
t he and
s u i t a b l y
by
f i n i t e
Ta b l e at
n u mb e r
c i r c u ms t a n c e s . y
i n
mo d e l
d i f f e r e n t
boundar y
s t r e s s
d i f f e r e n t i a l
t i de s
Bo d i n e
c e nt r e d
( i +i s , j , n)
i i , j +h, n) .
t o
e x p l i c i t
t he
ne e ds
c o n s t r a i n t .
( i . e . wa t e r
f i n i t e
t he
or
de pt h-
wi n d
p a r t i a l
s t or m
of
t o
g e ne r a l
c a s e s
H
U
s p a t i a l
r e qui r e
c o ndi t i o ns
ma n y
a t
Fo r
of
e i t he r
p o i n t s .
a c c o mp l i s h e d
and
and
ar e
e quat i on
t he
s i mi l a r
Re i d
mo l e c u l e s
e quat i ons
wi t h
i s
s i mu l a t i o n
Te x a s ,
i o na l
3
pr oc e dur e
n u me r i c a l Ba y ,
and
o f
a
t r a ns po r t
Va r i o u s N u me r i c a l
i n
f o r
e f f e c t
node s .
t he
wi t h
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Coas t al Boundar i es . Th e s e r e pr e s e nt t he
n o r ma l
de pt h-
of
s c h e me s
of
t a ke
c o ndi t i o ns
mo r e
or
and
f i f t y
s i mp l e s t
he ad
s he ar
t he
of
n At ) .
e l e v a t i o n
t wo
g e ne r a l
s uppl i e d
s pac e g r i d ,
be d
t he
v i c i n i t y
t he
Co n s i s t e n t
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n
c o ndi t i o ns
b e t we e n
t e r ms
l o c a t i o n
o ne of
on
d i s c r e t e
c o mp u t a t i o n a l as
ove r -
r e pr e s e nt e d and
q ) ,
t he
and a t
As
and
( or
[i+h,i
at
a r e
s p e c i f i e d
de f i ne d
l o c a t e d f l ow
r e e f s
a r e
e l e v a t i o n
T^y ^/p^^
=
o f f s ho r e
d i me n s i o n
s t agge r e d
r e s pe c t
i nt e g r a t e d t erm
( t )
po i nt s
wi t h
c o r a l
u n i t
v a r i a b l e s
t i me
wh o s e
=
and
o f
d e t a i l s ,
boundar y
s i t u a t i o n s
p r e t a t i o n
S OLUTI ON
c a t e g o r i e s .
d i f f e r e n c e
s i t u a t i o n s
( i . e . f l o w)
l e v e l )
br oad
f i n i t e
f i e l d ,
l o c a t i o ns
( 4 ) .
of
s uc h x
and
e qua t i o n,
c o ndi t i o ns
s i mu l a t i o n
t i me
s t e p
At .
4
As
S T AB I L I T Y
S URGE
i s
e qua t i o ns , i s
bas e d
onl y
to
s ur ge
t i o n
be
c an
had
d o ma i n
f r om
Le e n d e r t s e
of
t he
a
t he
( 7 ) .
c o mp l e x
i nt r o duc e d
by
of o f
t he
n u me r i c a l i n
t he
f a c t o r
and
n u me r i c a l
and
pr opagat i on pr e s e nc e
o f
f i e l d
a
as
e x a c t
phas e
of
s o l ut i o n.
t he
i s
g e n e r a l l y
an
e v a l ua t i o n
no n- l i ne a r t he
t he
of
c as e t he
i s t i c s
o f
l i n e a r
a p p r o x i ma t i o n
e quat i ons di f f e r e nc e
a c r o s s
t he
t y p i c a l
t o
n e g l i g i b l e
be
e xpe c t e d.
t he
ar e
phas e
t o
f i n i t e s how
and
we a k ,
f r om
a
qua s i -
t he
r e e f s
t he
and
a mp l i t u d e
f i n i t e
d i s c r e t e
L / As
a t i c a l l y
i s
BOUNDARY
de pe nds
t he
t he
1
ma t h e ma t i c a l
f i e l d
i s
I n
o mi t
an
by
boundar y
by
c o ndi t i o ns ,
t he wh i c h
The Institution of Engineers, Australia
of
t he
( 12)
a s s u mp t i o n
of
t e r ms
e f f e c t i v e
bas e d
can
c o mp u t a t i o n a l
s p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r
S URGE
can
o f be
s u i t a b l e di v i de d
t he
f l ow
an
ove r f l ow Th e
c r e s t
on
t he
we i r
l o c a l l y
^
e l e v a t i o n
t he
t he
U
wa t e r
o r i e nt a t -
o f
r e e f s
c o nv e c t i v e
i t
and
mo me n t u m i s
D a r c y - We i s b a c h
( n- d) 2
As
r e e f
t he
s c h e m-
r e s u l t i n g
on
r e e f
n o r ma l
on
s h o wn
v i c i n i t y
f r om
of
and
i s
t he
t he n
r e p-
f r i c t i o n
s u b me r g e d
e quat i ons
U ^w
i s
uni f o r m
A 8
s i de
s ma l l e r
i nf l ue nc e
br o a d- c r e s t e d
q
t he
t he
Kn - d ) -
d e s c r i p t i o n
wa v e
t he
b a r r i e r .
t he
Th i s
de pe ndi ng
r e e f .
t o
r e s e nt e d
ups t r e am
V,
a c c e l e r a t i o n
CONDI TI ONS
c o mp l e t e d
l ong
we i r ,
f l ow
upon
r e e f .
wh e r e
or
( C i A Wi ) 2 Th e
of
wi t h i n
t o t a l
a
t he
Fi g ur e
' ^bx 5
o f
( i . e . U
Th e
f a c t o r
or de r
i n
e qua t i o ns .
f l ow
banks
br o a d- c r e s t e d or
on
s i de
a c r o s s
e quat i ons
of
s and
t e r ms
r e pr e s e nt
'^^^^q^x.
c onve ni e nt
Fo r
d i s t o r t i o n
or
I n t o
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJI wi t h r e s p e c t t o t he i ns t a nt a ne o us
r e e f
di s c ha r g e i on)
Bar r i er s .
we i r ,
l e v e l s ,
Co r i o l i s
d i f f e r e n c e
s p e c t r u m.
Cr = 1 . 0
as
Eq u a t i o n s ,
d i f f e r e n t i a l
n u mb e r
o f
c o ndi t i o n
a ppr o pr i a t e
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n
wa t e r
c ha r a c t e r -
t ha t
a ppr o pr i a t e
wi t h
be
Wa v e
obt ai ne d
p a r t i a l
wa v e
a ppl i c a t i o ns
25,
be
r e s u l t s
t he
c o mp l e t e
Lo n g
d e f o r ma t i o n
c an
t o
Th e
e quat i ons
a p p r o x i ma t i o n s
t he
wa v e
s o l u t i o n
( 1 1 ) .
i n t e r a c t i o n s
f o r
i s
s u b me r g e d
d o wn s t r e a m As s u mi n g
Low
i t
br o a d- c r e s t e d
e v a l ua t i o n
a mp l i t u d e
Reef s
( b)
di s t o r -
pr opagat i on
t he
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n
boundar y
ne c e s s a r y
t h i s
a l l o ws
S c h e ma t i c r e e f
of
t he
1
a
i s
e quat i ons
me t h o d
wa v e - n u mb e r - d e p e n d e n t
d i s t o r t i o n s
and
d i s t o r t i o n
t he
Fi g ur e
n e c e s s a r i l y
be havi our
me a s u r e
As
n u mb e r s =
Co n p l i a n c e
not
c o mp a r i s o n
Th i s
Cr
s o l ut i o n
mo d e l
o f
wa v e
u n i t y .
n u me r i c a l S o me
d i f f e r e n c e
a l l
n u mb e r
doe s
t he
s o l ut i o ns
us i ng
of
of
t he
wa v e .
a n a l y t i c a l
t i me
e xc e e d
h o we v e r ,
t he
f o r
Co u r a n t
not
o f
e x a mi n e
p h y s i c a l
and
t he
a c c ur a c y
a n a l y s i s
f u l l y
f i n i t e
s t a b i l i t y
doe s
t he
DEF ORMATI ON
e x p l i c i t
e qua t i o n,
guar ant e e br o a de r
on
wh e n
[ g ( n - d ) ] * 5 At / As t h i s
W AVE
n u me r i c a l
e ns ur e d
wi t h
AND
t hr ough
and
ove r -
an
f l o w:
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUT (6) zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZY f or
s u b me r g e d
f or
ove r f l ow
we i r
A= 16( n- d) ^ ( C2 AW2 ) 2
As
we i r
zyxwvutsrqponmlkj
154 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA T R O P I C A L C Y C L O N E S T OR M S U R G E - zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTS Sobey , Harper & M itchell Cj
=
s u b me r g e d
we i r
di s c ha r g e
AWj
=
s u b me r g e d
we i r
he ad
=
ove r f l ow
we i r
di s c ha r g e
c o e f f i c i e n t
=
ove r f l ow
we i r
he ad
- ZQ^-^est
and
AW ^
Fo r
t he c as e
i^^^est
o f
^ ^ u ° ^ ' ^d ( t o t a l
b a r r i e r ) ,
t he c o nv e nt i o na l
a p p l i e s .
Th e
f o r
a l l
e f f e c t s wi t h
a s
As .
s houl d Suc h
c o n t i n u i t y
c a s e s .
be
c o a s t a l e quat i on
Of f s h o r e
r e ma i n s
a r e mo s t l y
s c a l e
i
s p a t i a l c a s e s
t h e s e abe d
l e v e l s
a s
f t h e r e e f s
d i d no t
c o ndi t i o ns
c o mp u t a t i o n s
have
be e n
i n t h e v i c i n i t y
s s ma l l
us e d
o f
l e v e l
Gi v e n
boundar y
r e e f s
t hr ough
e nt e d be d
( 0 . 5 )
f l ow
t h e i r
i
'^crest
-
I n s uc h s e l e c t e d
r e e f
=
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA {^•/l) Fr i c t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e t o ove r bank f l ow i s r e pr e s -
c o e f f i c i e n t
h{\\^ + H, ^)
=
o f
bas e d
e ng i ne e r i ng
we i r
s wa mp s . Fi g ur e
t h e Gr e a t
Ba r r i e r
and
s bas e d
d i me n s i o n l e s s
n o r ma l
n o r ma l
f l ow
de pt h
e ne r gy
ma n g r o v e
y j ^ / As
d i a g r a m.
r e s i s t a n c e . 6 and
f a c t o r
z^/y - ^,
he i ght
gr ade
e qui v a l -
o r
Eq u a t i o n
t h e f r i c t i o n we i r
r e a s o na bl y
i nt h e
ove r bank o f
on t h e
t h e
and t h e s l o pe
l i n e
As .
z^,
S,
y
o f
be i ng
t h e
de pt h.
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA Coas t al Fl oodi ng. Th e c o a s t a l f l o o di ng al go-
( c)
r i t hm l ow
i n S URGE
l y i ng
c o ns i s t e nt s hor e
z ont al
we i r s
Z( , U
g r i d
o r
i s
al ong
be d
f l o ws
Fi g ur e
2 a ;
t he
f o ur
a c r o s s
e quat i on i
c r e s t
wi t h
i n d e t e r mi n i n g a s a l s o
i
s a g a i n
s c o ns t r a i ne d
l e v e l
t o
f o l l o we d
unc hange d, t o
, e a ' c Ti
e mp t y
c h a r a c t e r i s e
30
k m) .
( b ) .
e xc e pt t o
l o c a l
a
s y s t e ms f i e l d
or de r
o f
d e t a i l s
ha s
a
me t e o r o l o g i c a l
pr e c l ude ha s
t h e s c a l e
be e n
c o mp r o mi s e
i nc o r po r a t e d t h e f o r c i ng
i o na l
f i e l d
pr e s e nt
Th r e e
s e pa r a t e
a v a i l a b l e
f o r ms
o f
ope n
a
c o mp u -
o f t h e
ma x i mu m o f
wi n d s .
s c a l e s
e f f e c t i v e l y i n -
o ut s i de
boundar y
i n S URGE
o f
r e pr oduc e s o f
by
t h e
t i me - s h a r e d
c o n f l i c t
i n S URGE
i nf l ue nc e
out -
t h e ope n
d i me n s i o n s
t h i s
o f
r e pr e s e nt e d
Ho we v e r ,
t he r a di us
i n t h e ope n
be
t h e adopt i on
t o
pe ak s c a l e
( t y p i c a l l y
, I d e a l l y
o f
l i n e a r
o f
o f
f o r c i ng
c a n onl y
c o n d i t i o n .
Fo r a f o r c i ng
s p a t i a l
i n s i g n i f i c a n t .
t ha t
t h e
ma x i mu m w i n d s
l i mi t a t i o n s
l o c a t i o ns
f o r c e s . o f
t h e r e g i o n
f i e l d
s p e c i f i -
met eor ol ogi cal
1 0 0 0 km a n d s i mu l t a n e o u s l y on
c l udi ng
ar e
o f
a r e
t h e
t he s e
s ur f a c e
s ur ge s
c a s e
be
and s pe e d
t a t i o na l
a t
e xt e nt
al t hough
boundar y wo u l d
c o mp u t e r
has
l o c a l
t h e r a di us
I n s uc h
A p r a c t i c a l
pondage .
by
t h e c o mp u t a t i o n a l
s t o r a g e
onl y
h i s t o r i e s
t h e s p a t i a l
1 0 0 0 k m,
t h e ope n
boundar y
pr opagat i on
and r e q u i r e
and ne g a t i v e o f
ope n
t i d e
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n ,
c y c l o ne
or de r
s i de by
i n
onl y
t he
Wh i l e
s ur f a c e
a r e ge ne r at e d
boundar i e s
e x-
f o r
wa t e r
appr oac he s
l e v e l s
i l l u s t r a t e d
o f
s a t i s f a c t o r y
p o s i t i v e
and a t
e l e me n t
c a t i o n
t r o p i c a l
t h e H
Boundar i es .
f o r as t r onomi cal
s t r a i g h t f o r wa r d
t i de s
p o i n t s .
c r e s t
qui t e
f o r
p o t e n t i a l l y
e l e v a t i o n s
wa s
of f -
ho r i -
s ur r ound
have
t h e t wo
s
pa s s i ng
a t
Se a
c o ndi t i o ns
c on-
e l e v a t i o n
t o t a l l y
s i de ,
o f
i
Ope n
( d)
o f
I t
and ha s
h a l f - g r i d
e l e me n t s
t ha t
s
s p e c i f i e d
s i de s
o f
i
s i de s
a t
we i r s
pr o c e dur e
e l e me n t
H po i nt
and c r e s t
o pe r a t i v e
e l e me n t
wi t h
us ua l
t he hi g he r
t h i s
e l e me n t
s a s
Ad j a c e n t l e v e l s
c o n t i n u i t y e ac h
As ,
l o c a t i o ns i
a l l
s i de s
c hange
t ha t
a
A^ b y
br o a d- c r e s t e d
c o ns i de r e d
Th e
on
D^ j
e l e me n t .
d i f f e r e n t
( 1 2 ) .
t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n
t h e U and V
ma t c h i n g
s t o r a g e s
f l o o d
c e nt r e d
I
l o c a l
o f
c as c ade
Ea c h
wh i l e
f l o o d
and
and dr y i ng
t w o - d i me n s i o n a l
wi t h
e l e v a t i o n
po i nt
t h e we t t i n g
a
i n ( b ) .
d i me n s i o n s
t hr ough Be d
t hr ough
i n s p i r i t
r e e f s
s i de r e d
r e pr e s e nt s
l and
br o a d- c r e s t e d
+
o f
r e l a t i v e
uni f o r m
o f
l o c a l
we i r s
t h e
f r i c t i o n
t o a s s i s t
t h e A e s t i ma t e s
t h e de pe nde nc e
c a n o f
hous i ng
we i r
t o
t he s e
a ppr o pr i a t e
da t a ,
pr e par e d
e v a l ua t i o n
on
o f
o f
s a y ur ban
d i me n s i o n l e s s
t he
Re e f .
o f
be e n
r e l a t i v e
e s t i ma t e
A n o n - d i me n s i o n a l
e s t i ma t i o n i
c a l i b r a t i o n
be havi our
ha s
s h o ws
e x t e n s i v e l yf o r
an
2 b,
I t
e x i s t .
on
z c
t h e c ho i c e
t h e abs e nc e
s ubg r i d
( D^ ^ ^ j )
s c a l e ,
i n
unc hange d
c o mp a r e d
g r i d
he i g ht
t h e s pa c i ng
be e nt
( a )
a
t h e we i r
and t hr ough
t h e
c o mp u t a t -
zyxwvutsrqponm
c o ndi t i o ns .
boundar y
c o ndi t i o ns
( 3, 11) :
H
11
b /
A W
1
( i )
pr e s s ur e
^ cr est
0
l o c a l
M . S. L .
u As •
Pr e s s ur e
s ur ge ,
=
( H =
AB ) ,
wh e r e
o f
pr e s s ur e
wa t e r
e qui v a l e nt
d e f i c i t , i .
t o t h e
e .
10"
wi n d 0.0
a s
i
t i d e .
de f a ul t i n
i
s r e gar de d
t o t h e a c t ua l
boundar y
t doe s
Th e
a s
wa t e r no t
and
onl y
i
a
l e v e l s
i nc l ude
pr e s s ur e
c o ndi t i o n
c o ndi t i o n
( 7)
( P o o - P s l i , j ^ / V
c o ndi t i o n
ma t i o n
0.5
t h e he ad
a t mo s p h e r i c
Flow .
Th i s
lo" ^
Co n d i t i o n
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA h'^ .
(a ) C r e s t E l e v a t i o n f o f E l e m e n t E x c h a n g e
lo" ^
Sur ge
o p e n b o u n d a r y wa t e r l e v e l s a r e s e t e qual t o t h e zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
s ur ge s us e d
f i r s t
al ong
a ppr o x i -
an
ope n
t h e e f f e c t s c o ndi t i o n
a s
a n
o f t h e
i
s
t h e
i n i t i a l
v a l ue
( i i ) b e l o w.
^-i- zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
1 0 "'
( i i )
•
1 0 "' ,
Ba t h y s t r o p h i c
ma t i o n ,
0.1
e qual
1 0 "' - 0 . 0
t he
wh e r e
t o
ope n
t he l o c a l
qua s i - s t e a dy
St o r m Ti d e
boundar y
( B. S . T. )
wa t e r
ba t hy s t r o phi c
p r o f i l e
l e v e l s s t or m
d e s c r i b e d ,
Ap p r o x i a r e
s e t
t i d e , i .
e .
f o r e x a mp l e
by
o = - g ( , - d) | ^- i nz di 3 £ s
10"
( 8)
3x 1 0 "\0
wh e n
t h e ope n
i n t e r s e c t s
boundar y
t h e
i
P,
s i n t h e x
d i r e c t i o n
and
c o a s t l i n e .
10"
Fr o m
a
p h y s i c a l
c o ndi t i o n c o ndi t i o n. ba l a nc e 1 0 "'
v i e wp o i n t
pr o v i de s
a
I t i nv o l v e s
al ong
t h e ope n
f o r c i ng i nf l ue nc e o f zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA t he boundar y. Vf a t e r 1 0 "" (b)
^
1 0 "'
1 0 "'
can
Broa d.Crc ne d Weir Fric t ion Diagram.
r i s e
p o s i t i o n 3. Fi g ur e
2
Co a s t a l
f l o o di ng
boundar y
c o ndi t i o n
of
Suc h
and f a l l o f a
t h e g r i d
t h e ba t hy s t r o phi c
r e a s o na bl y a
l o we s t
t o
mo me n t u m
c y c l o ne
l e v e l s
t h e ope n
al ong t o
c y c l o ne
c o ndi t i o n
o ut s i de boundar y
t h e i n t e n s i t y a s
s h o wn
e nabl e s
r e a l i s t i c
t i de
boundar y
i nc l ude t h e
t h e t r o p i c a l
t h e t r o p i c a l
c ove r age ,
or de r
boundar y
i n r e s pons e
boundar y
r e a l i s t i c
wa t e r
i
o p t i ma l l e v e l s
and
n Fi g ur e u s e and
zyxwvutsrq
Civil Engineering Transactions, 1982
T R O P I C A L C Y C L O N E S T OR M S U R G E
-
155 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK Sobey , Harper & M itchell zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZY
c y c l o ne po s i t i o n
pr e s s ur e s ur g e
ba s i n
Fi g ur e
f l ow t he
be i ng
pa t t e r ns
bo unda r i e s .
e l s e wh e r e
( i i i )
l e v e l s
Th i s
f or m
us e d
i n
wa t e r ( e . g.
" i j
al t hough
o f
no
a
t he
s c a l e t o
a
i n
by
t h i s
boundar y
c o ndi t i o n
t o
of
t he
f o r me r
at
t he
t r o p i c a l
t he
i s
ma d e
t ha t
f a c t
our i s
Au s t r a l i a .
by
t h i s
Ma n y
of
of
of
t he
NHRP t he
mo d e l ,
o mi t t e d f e a t ur e s
The Institution
i n of
of
par -
be e n
and
wi n d
f r om
Th e
Nu n n
f o r ms
mo d e l
( 2, 15)
t he
unde r
( NHRP )
of
b a s i s
of
S URGE .
No
c l a i m
s a t i s f a c t o r y ;
c y c l o ne
e s p e c i a l l y i n
t he t he
ne a r - s ur f a c e
e n t i r e l y
adopt e d
Th e i r
dur i ng
Pr o j e c t
i n
t he ar e
t he
wi n d
i n abs e nc e
of
a
a l t e r n a t i v e .
hi g hl y s uc h
r e duc t i o n
a t mo s p h e r i c
l i n e
wi n d s
1 DI V =
VECTOR SCALE t he
and
al ong
f r om
a
and
s t o r m.
t r o p i c a l
c o mp l e t e ,
has
of t he
Bu r e a u
i s
pg
f o l l o ws
s u b - mo d e l
mo d e l
f r om
I t
v e l o c i t y
p r o f i l e s
boundar y
body
f i e l d
Re s e a r c h
k n o wl e d g e
s u i t a b l e
ma x i mu m
wi n d
"dual
of
c yc l one wa t e r
Gr a h a m a n d
We a t h e r
c y c l o ne
mo r e
a
ope n
Ty p i c a l pr e s s ur e
t he n
de r i v e d
i n t e r f a c e .
f l ow
mo d e l
s t r u c t u r e
f a r
as
pr e s s ur e
a i r - s e a
Hu r r i c a n e
i n
a r e
a l l o ws
l e v e l s
t r o p i c a l
unde r l y i ng
s u i t a b l e
U. S .
l e v e l s
( a)
a t
F ORCI NG
t he
t he
i n i t i a l l y
Na t i o n a l
wa t e r
l e v e l s
d e t a i l e d mo d e l
c y c l o ne
t he
( v i z .
c o a s t .
t r o p i c a l a
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFED
be
i nput s
wa t e r
l a t e r
a
of
a l s o
s ur ge
pas s age
me t e o r o l o g i c a l
t wo
c o ndi t i o n
a t mo s p h e r i c
Xs
c an
pr e s s ur e
wa t e r
s c a l e ,
o f
of
t he
wi t h
t he
of
p. v
( i i ) above ,
f o r c i n g ,
t hr oughout
de ve l ope d
s uppl i e d
Th e
e s t i ma t i o n
adopt i on
t o
a s s u me d .
us e d
CYCLONE
t he
s t r e s s
f i e l d s
ope n
gi ve n
i s
de pe nde nt
a r e
s ma l l e r
a e r o d y n a mi c s
and
b e t we e n
wh i c h
mo d e l
h y d r o d y n a mi c s
s he ar
S t o r m Ti d e
wh e r e
e qual
c o ndi t i o n
( i )
a ppl i e d
t i me
s e c t i o n
c oupl e d
ar e
hydr ogr aphs ) ,
a s t r o n o mi c a l )
f i r s t
T ROP I CAL
Th e
wi t h
Ad d i t i o n a l l y
i nput s
p r o x i mi t y
I nput s ,
s e t
i nput ,
boundar y
and
appr oac h,
t i c u l a r
Ba t h y s t r o p h i c
( 9)
ope n
i s
and
l a r g e
6
t i d a l
Le v e l a r e
me t e o r o l o g i c a l
B. S . T. ,
adde d.
Wa t e r
i n t e r a c t i o n
a ppr o pr i a t e
mo d e l "
c l o s e
d i s c u s s i o n s
l e v e l s
c o nj unc t i o n
M. S . L. ,
i n
of
-
me t e o r o l o g i c a l
or
obt ai ne d
De t a i l e d
De p e n d e n t
boundar y
wa t e r
Co n c e p t
( 3 , 1 1 ) .
T i me
ope n
3
as
of
of Engineers,
r a t e
of
o v e r - l a nd
f avour t he
e mp i r i c a l
of
a s pe c t s f i l l i n g
wi n d
Australia
c y c l o ne .
t he
ove r
s pe e ds ,
r e pr e s e nt i ng
t r o p i c a l
of
t he I n
l and have
l O. OOOM /S
o r i g i n a l and
( b)
Ty p i c a l f or
be e n
a
i s o v e l
mo v i n g
and
mo d e l
wi n d
v e c t o r
pa t t e r n
s t or m
ma j o r p a r t i c u l a r
Fi g ur e
4
St r uc t ur e
of
t r o p i c a l
c y c l o ne
f o r c i ng
zyxwvutsrqp
T R O P I C A L C Y C L O N E S T OR M S U R G E - zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTS Sobey , Harper & M itchell 156 zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
t he
r a d i a l
a t i o n of
o f
wi n d
t h e wi n d
t e r ms
and pr e s s ur e
t h e r a d i a l
o f
f i e l d
( i )
a
pr e s s ur e
( i i i )
m above
Ra d i u s
( i v)
Spe e d
S URGE
a l l o ws
t i nuo us l y
f o ur
De t a i l s
c hange s be
a r e s ke t c he d a
f o r a
a s s u me d
t y p i c a l
mo v i n g
W i o
a t
s he ar
t o be
mo d e l
s t r e s s
r e l a t e d
t o be
s t or m
l e v e l
i n Re f . l l .
i n Fi g ur e
on
s t or m
=
and t h e
s ur f a c e a r e
a s
Ci o p
b wh e r e
Ci o i
s a
( 1 0 )
d e v e l o p me n t
ove r
t h e r ange
s ur f a c e
A p p r o x i ma t e
o f
ac c or di ng
wi n d
s pe e ds
t o W u
f r i c t i o n
r e l a t i o n s
f o r
f o r o c e a ni c
o r
a ppl i -
( 1 7 ) a r e i nc o r po r a t e d
a t
r a da r , and
ot he r
t r a c e d
c r o s s e d
AND
t o
S E NS I T I VI T Y
I n i t i a l
v e r i f i c a t i o n
a
wi t h a
by
k n o wn
l ake
a g r e e me n t
s o l ut i o ns
t h e mo d e l
a n a l y t i c a l
r e c t a ng ul a r
Th e
o f
c o mp a r i s o n
wa s
mo r e
a
a l mo s t
c l o s e l y
f o r wi n d
c ons t ant e x a c t .
r e l a t e d
s t or m
45
s ur ge
wi n d Si nc e
t o ope n
o f
and
o f
o f
f l ow
Th e
v e l o c i t y o f
dat a
wa t e r
Th e
Bu r e a u
i
t appr oac he d
a n d e s t i ma t e d
c e n t r a l
t h e
pr e s s ur e
t o ma x i mu m w i n d s
c r o s s e d
To wn s v i l l e
2. 78 m above
or de r -
s hor e - bas e d
a s
s h e l f
pl us a n
p r o f i l e
l o c a t i o n s .
ALTHEA
s t or m
gauge s
t h e s ur ge No
t h e r a di us
Th e
doc uWa t e r
e nabl e d
t h e a i do f
p a r a me t e r s .
k m.
t i de
a ny r e c o r d
c o a s t a l
t h e pat h
km n o r t h
s ur ge
o f
t he r e
wi t h
t h e be s t
a n d Bo we n )
s ur ve ys
t h e c o nt i ne nt a l
35
To wn s v i l l e
Th e
i n
wa s
t h e c oas t
appr ox-
and r e g i s t e r e d
pr e di c t e d
t i de
l e v e l
a
a t
Ha r b o u r .
c o a s t a l
Bo we n
T E S T I NG
h y d r o d y n a mi c s
n u me r i c a l
s o l u t i o n
unde r
r a j R l L -T A N
o f
a u t o ma t i c
t h e c o a s t .
t han
9 5 2 mb
i ma t e l y
wa s
p r e d i c t i o n s e t up
r e g i o n
i n t h e s out h
a s
on
t he
a s
a
Gr e a t
br oke n
a
s h o wn
r e c o ns t r uc t e d s h o wn
a c c o mp l i s h e d
d o c u me n t e d
c y c l o ne
i n Au s t r a l i a .
To wn s v i l l e l e v e l
( 1 ) ,
me t e o r o l o g i c a l
po i nt s V E R I F I C A T I ON
f our
n o r wa s
Me t e o r o l o g y
r e pr e s e nt e d
MODEL
a
a n
wa s
Ci o
S URGE.
7
al ong
a v a i l a b l e ,
pe ak
n o n - d i me n s i o n a l
c o e f f i c i e n t .
c a t i o ns
Wi o '
f r om
Lu c i n d a ,
r e c o n s t r u c t i o n
f e l l
a
dr ag
wi t h
s pr o ba bl y
oc c ur
o f - ma g n i t u d e
of
o v e r - wa t e r
M. S . L.
t o
de br i s
l e v e l s
v e c t o r
1971 i
s ur ge
r e c o r ds
t y p i c a l l y T
a v a i l a b l e ,
v e r i f i c a t i o n
t r o p i c a l
po s t - c y c l o ne
wa s
4 a and
Th e
t h e wa t e r
Ra d i a l
a t mo s -
a n d wi n d
s t o r m.
c on-
i n t e n s i t y
a n d M. S . L.
10 m above Tg
v a r i e d
i n s t or m
i s o v e l
he i ght
c o mp a r i s o n
i n De c e mb e r
me n t e d
Q p^ o f
f ound
wi n d
a r e no t
d e t a i l e d
a n h i s t o r i c a l
( Mo u r i l y a n ,
4b
r e s u l t i n g
R.
p a r a me t e r s
ma y
i nv o l v i ng o f
s ur ge
t o
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDC a t a he i ght o f Th e t r o p i c a l c y c l o ne ALTHEA s t o r m s u r g e n e a r T o wn s v i l l e
pr e s s ur e
s pe e d
r e c o r d
s t or m
appr oac h
M. S . L.
wi n d s
Fi g ur e
wi n d
adopt e d
t o
c y c l o ne
Vk ,
wi n d
phe r i c
pa t t e r n
i n
a s s u me d
mo v e me n t .
ne a r - s ur f a c e
s h o ws
t r o p i c a l
a l t e r n a t i v e
( 11) .
p^^ a t
ma x i mi mi
t o r e pr e s e nt
o f
and e xpr e s s e d
c o mmo n l y
Vp ^ a n d d i r e c t i o n
a l l
t r a c k .
p r o f i l e s
v a r i -
a s y mme t r y
M. S . L.
o f
f o r wa r d
t h e
a nd t h e
c y c l o ne :
Ma x i mu m s u s t a i n e d 10
and
p a r a me t e r s
t r o p i c a l
Ce n t r a l
( i i )
p r o f i l e s ,
angl e
a r e i nc l ude d
t h e f our
c h a r a c t e r i s e
i nf l o w
5
I n n i s f a i l
a nd up
t o
n
g r i d
mi l e
i n Fi g ur e
pa t h
s e r i e s Ba r r i e r
l i ne
f r om
o f
i n t h e no r t h km o f f s h o r e
s ys t e m
wh i c h
AL T HE A.
o f
i
t ha t
o f
Th e
s I ndi c a t e d ma i n t a i n
by
by t h e
a
40
a
c o a s t l i n e i b a r r i e r s
t o
wa s
30
i nc l ude s
s t r a i g h t l i n e
Re e f
b a r r i e r s
5
260
s
wh i l e
s e r i e s
o f
r e c o g ni s e d
on
f o r c i n g . a n a l y t i c a l c oas t
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
^
» 0 I
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zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA o zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA - • o
CAROUEl
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ELLI OT R:
coast al
1
o o
(b)
Fi g ur e
5
Mo d e l
r e pr e s e nt a t i o n
r e g i o n Cy c l o n e
and t r a c k ALTHEA
o f
dur i ng
M a x i m u m W i t e r Level Enve lope A l o n g Coa st
To wn s v i l l e Tr o p i c a l
Fi g ur e
6
S URGE
hi ndc a s t
Cy c l o n e
ALTHEA
o f
Tr o p i c a l
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcba
Civil Engineering Transactions, 1982
T R O PI C A L
s hi ppi ng of
pa s s a g e s .
i n f o r ma t i o n
t he
s i mu l t a n e o u s
c oul d
not
par e d
t o
be
S URGE
wi t h
t h i s
c o a r s e
dat a
n
mi l e
S E AS AT
s a t e l l i t e
Fi g ur e
7a
of
t he
pa r t has
of
a f t e r
t he
s t or m
r e e f s
and
t he
s t r ong
c o a s t l i n e
and
t hr ough
Fi g ur e
7b
s h o ws
M. S . L.
at
t he
I n
a ddi t i o n
r e c o r d,
a
t o
of
t o g e t he r
e x a mi n e d
and
r e s o l u t i o n An
R/ As
a r y
of
t he
an
t he
at
a c c ur a t e
s t or m
8
MODEL
S URGE
has
b a r r i e r t he
pa s s a g e s .
I
\,
above
an
de f i ne
of
r ange
wi n d 4
t he
of
ne e d and
1. a e e r i / s 1 OI V zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTS - 1 — I — I — I
VECTOR SCALE
f o r ms
t r o p i c a l wa s
s h o wn
Fl o w
v e l o c i t y
be f or e
ade quat e
s t or m
pa t t e r n
t hr e e
hour s
l a n d f a l l
s t r u c t u r e .
t o
of
( a)
a l s o
f o r
r e pr e s e nt a t i o n
unde r -
f r i c t i o n
pr e s s ur e
wa s
of
wa s
be d
WWW
l i k e l y
c o a s t a l
t r a c k ,
t he
wa s unde r
t e s t i n g
s i t u a t i o n s
e f f e c t s ,
\\\
h i s t o r i c a l
a n a l y s i s
p e r f o r ma n c e
t o
br oad
l e a s t
s h o r t l y
al ong
r e e f
wi t h
i nc l udi ng
s t or m
of
of
p a r t i c u l a r ,
h i g h l i g h t e d
r a t i o
f o r
of
A
p a r a me t e r s ,
• l . "
f i e l d
l e v e l
c o ns i de r a t i o n
i n i t i a l i z a t i o n .
c y c l o ne
l i n e
mo d e l
b a t h y me t r y
s ur -
t he
l a n d f a l l .
boundar y
wi t h
\\
a v a i l a b l e .
wa t e r
and
I n
s e a
by
f l ow
s e n s i t i v i t y
( 6, 11)
ope n
s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , and
of
t he
r e s pons e .
wh e n
n u me r o u s
s t or m
e v a l ua t e
d y n a mi c
v a r i o us t ake n
t o
p o s s i b l e of
\ zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIH
a t
mo r e
ge ne r at e d
c o mp a r i s o n
c o ndi t i o ns
e nve l ope
t he
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agr e e -
A
mo d e l t he
I
a l s o
e ve n
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i ! zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONM
s ur ge
and
good
l e v e l .
b e c o me
/
ma x i mu m
s how
p r o mi s e d
c ur r e nt s
c o mp r e h e n s i v e
unde r t a ke n v a r i o us
t he
on
t ype
c r o s s e d
of
s t or m
h i s t o r i e s
c ont our s
t i me
t he
Ha r b o u r
t i me
t he
f r om
r e s u l t s
t he
r e c o r d,
be
c o m-
a wa y
s ho w
r e s u l t s
p r o g r a mme
s h o ws
b
wi t h
onl y
s ur ge i s
no nl i ne a r
h i s t o r i c a l
wi l l
l a c k t i d e ,
i g no r i ng
a v a i l a b l e
c o mp r e h e n s i v e
and
l e v e l s
r e s o l u t i o n
e v a l ua t i o n
d e v e l o p me n t
t i d e
( and and
Th e
c o mp l e t e
hi ndc a s t
To wn s v i l l e
l i mi t e d
5
of
wa t e r
6a
S T O R M S U R G E ^ Sobey ,
a s t r o n o mi c a l
t he
t i de
l e v e l s .
t h i s
s p a t i a l l y f a c e
of
a t
r e l i a b l e
me n t
a l mo s t
c o mp a r e d
r e c or de d
wa t e r
t hor ough
and
Fi g ur e s
s i mu l a t i o n
l e s s
c o a s t a l
an
pr o pa g a t i o n
a s t r o n o mi c a l
hydr ogr aph wi t h
t o
o f f s ho r e
d e v i a t i o n
i n t e r a c t i o n s ) . of
t he
c ons i de r e d
t he
pr e di c t e d
Du e
on
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C Y C LO N E
be
t he
ne c e s s -
s t r u c t u r e I t
LU CI N DA
f o r c i n g .
1
1 1
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1
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AP P L I CAT I ONS
1 1
t r o pi c a l
be e n
c yc l one
Au s t r a l i a . wa s
us e d
I n
l and
a t
c o a s t
s t or m
s ur ge
p a r t i c u l a r
unde r t a ke n
Br i s b a n e ,
e x t e n s i v e l y
f o r
t e n
and
t he
e ac h
of
t he
c y c l o ne s
at
e ac h
o f
t hr e e
i n
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2000
s i t e s
}
1
Au t h o r i t y ,
of
t hr e e
CRY ST AL
a n a l y s i s
t he
km
of
no r t he r n
Pr o t e c t i o n
s i t e s
ove r
At
s t udy
c o mp r e h e n s i v e
Be a c h
( 5 , 1 1 ) .
t he
haz ar d
a
s e pa r a t e
c o v e r i ng
f o r
Qu e e n s -F I C H H A
c o a s t l i n e
t r o p i c a l
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%
mo d e l l e d , i c a l
bas e d
t r o p i c a l
c o a s t a l
t he
of
s t udy
Re e f
of
wa s
d o mi n a t e d and
l and' s
Go l d
Co r a l
Co a s t
t h e i r
e x a mi n e d
i n
d e t a i l .
t he
( 1 3 ) ,
Se a
c oas t
a r e a
t r o p i c a l
c y c l o ne s
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of
and
at
Tr i n i t y
I n l e t
s t udi e s
i nc l ude d mo d e l
S URGE .
Fi g ur e
on
at
wh e r e
t he
us e ( 9)
s h o ws a
Yo r k
Ca i r n s
ES TF LO 8
Ca p e
a
t he
e ve n
\ ,\ 0
I n l e t
s ur ge ( 14) ATR
t wo
wi t h ( b)
f a c t o r s
t wo
of
s u c c e s s i v e
s i x
and
c o mp u t a t i o n a l
f i e l d
wa s
t o
ne c e s s a r y
me t e o r o l o g i c a l f l o o di ng
t o
a
t he
Civil Engineering Transactions,
Th i s
a r e a
of
of
and
I
1
^1
1
Wa t e r
s ur f a c e
c ont our
pa t t e r n
of
s t or m
at
l a n d f a l l
Ty p i c a l
S URGE
out put
s ur ge
pe ne t r a t i o n,
by Fi g ur e
7
f o r
ALTHEA
hi ndc a s t
s i g n i f i c a n t
i n
a
ove r bank
l oop
wa s
r e pr e s e nt a t i o n c hanne l s
1
6
t he
s t r u c t u r e
r e pr oduc e
f o r mu l a t i o n
de e pe r
1982
r e duc t i o ns
t r unc a t i o n
s t i l l
I nl e t
Th i s
r e a l i s t i c
b e t we e n
s c a l e
pa s s .
t he
and
Tr i n i t y
I s l a nd.
a c hi e v e
e ac h
i nc l ude
A d mi r a l i t y
pa t t e r n
a t
f o r c i n g
wi t h i n
g r i d
a ppr o pr i a t e
o
adopt e d, t i me
i nv o l v i ng
\
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hydr o-
mo d e l
wa s
-*
1
b
\
t—
\
mo r e
l a t t e r
r
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s e ve r e
s t or m
pr oc e dur e
c one F
We s t e r n
i n t e r f a c e d
Tr i n i t y
t hr e e - pa s s
i n
1
AP (\
/ / zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK
of
i n
mo s t
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wa s
Y
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o n e - d i me n s i o n a l
wh i c h
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Ba r r i e r
Pe ni ns ul a
( 1 2 ) .
of
wa t e r s
a r e a s
Sound
and
TOtNSVILLE
c o mp a r a t i v e l y
t he
e s t ua r i ne
on
wi d e
al ong
s t udy
t o
Au s t r a l i a ,
We i p a
d y n a mi c
s t r uc t ur e
i n
a
Gr e a t
t he
Me r ma i d
s ubj e c t
h i s t o r -
PALLAREN DA
Th i s
of
s h e l f
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of
we r e
e f f e c t
s hal l ow
t he
t o
c o nt i ne nt a l
de t a i l e d
pe ne t r a t i o n
t he
t hr ough
i nc l ude
an
mo d e l l i n g
f r om
r e g i o n.
Au s t r a l i a
Au s t r a l i a
a n a l y s i s
and
f e a t ur e s
pl ung i ng
d i r e c t i o n s
r e c o r ds ,
Ca r p e n t a r i a ,
nar r ow
nor t he r n
s t a t i s t i c a l
r e qui r e d
c o a s t a l
Gu l f
a
c y c l o ne
l o c a t i o n s
e x t e ns i v e r ange
on
appr oac h
of
wh i c h
ar ound
ne c e s s a r y t he ar e
ma j o r s i v e
v e h i c l e ma n g r o v e
s e que nc e
of
f o r
a r e a s .
s ur g e
f l ow
wi t h i n
t he
t he
M. S . L.
d a t u m.
C
g r i d
Fi g ur e
pe ne t r a t i o n r e g i o n.
9
s h o ws and
He i g h t s
and a
t he
ove r bank ar e
e xt e n-
t y p i c a l
i n
t i me
f l o o di ng cm
above
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQP
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTS Harper & M itchell zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXW
T R O P I C A L C Y C L O N E S T O R M S U R G E - Sobey ,
158
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i
1
Exte n t B
C al m s
of
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r—I
17° S
i"-t>i
L
l at.
Ext e n t C (b )
11
B G RI D
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