Nutritional Profiling of Some Commercially Important ... - IJIRST

IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 1 | Issue 11 | April 2015 ISSN (online): 2349-6010

Nutritional Profiling of Some Commercially Important Seagrass Associated Edible Marine Fin Fishes Collected from Mimisal, Southeast Coast of India Dr. L. Christilda Louis Mary Associate Professor Department of Zoology Periyar EVR College, Tiruchirappalli-620 023 Tamil Nadu, India

Miss. R. Sujatha Research Scholar Department of Zoology Periyar EVR College, Tiruchirappalli-620 023 Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. P. Santhanam Associate Professor Department of Marine Science Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024 Tamil Nadu, India

Miss. T. Periyanayaki Associate Professor Department of Zoology Periyar EVR College, Tiruchirappalli-620 023 Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract The aim of the present study is to validate the nutritive value of commercially important fishes collected from Mimisal seagrass belt, Tamil Nadu, India. The proximate composition of fishes depends on feed intake. Nutritive parameters which include protein, lipid, carbohydrate, moisture, amino acids and fatty acids content were estimated. Analyses of proximate composition were carried out in the total number of eight edible fishes in seagrass ecosystem. The protein content showed much fluctuation which ranged from 7.66g to 13.33g. The lipid content varied from 1.0g and 1.9g. The amount of carbohydrate was much lower when compared to protein and lipid and range between 0.16g and 0.57g. The average amount of moisture was 79.1%. All 20 amino acids were present in the selected fishes. However, the essential amino acid was found high in Triacanthus bioculeatus and the non- essential amino acid was present highest in Sardinella albella. Out of 20 amino acids, aspartic acid was found predominant. Among the fish the species tested, Upeneus tragula recorded with all amino acids, saturated fatty acids are recorded to be dominant with (54.57g), followed by mono unsaturated fatty acids (23.23g) and poly unsaturated fatty acids (21.03g). Keywords: Proximate, Herbivore, Carnivore, Piscivore, Amino Acid, Fatty Acid, Nutrition _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION Fishes are known to be a healthy food item. They are an excellent protein source that also contains various minerals and vitamins necessary for good health. Several studies reported that societies with high intake have considerably lower rates of acute myocardial infractions, other ischemic heart diseases and atherosclerosis (Bank and Dyerberg, 1980 and Blanchet et al., 2000). The present availability of protein is much below the minimum daily requirement of ever increasing human population (Chaudhry, 2008). Fish is an excellent and relatively a cheaper protein source of high biological value. Therefore its use may help to bridge the protein gap because of its multifarious economic advantages and nutritional significance (Waseem, 2007). The importance of fish as a source of high quality, balanced and easily digestible protein, vitamins and fatty acids are well understood now. Fish having energy depots in the forms of lipid will rely on this proximate composition of the whole body indicates the fish quality. Therefore, proximate composition of a species helps to assess its nutritional and edible value in terms of energy units compared to other species. Variation of biochemical composition of fish flesh may also occur within same species depending upon the fishing ground, fishing season, age and sex of the individual and reproductive status (Love, 1970). Variation of biochemical composition in fish body relates closely to feed intake (Oyelese, 2006), fish takes in a wide range of food stuffs from which it obtains the required nutrients for its proper growth and development. The percentage of water in the composition is a good indicator of the relatively energy, protein and lipid content; the lower the percentage of water, the greater the lipids and protein content and the higher the energy density of the fish (Aberoumad and Pourshafi, 2010). Although several studies deal with the proximate composition of many commercially important fishes (Das and Salu, 2001; Patra et al., 2010) but no work on similar line have been carried out in commercially important seagrass associated food fishes particularly from Mimisal, Southeast coast of India. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to elucidate the dynamics of biochemical composition of muscles from families namely Hemiramphidae, Siganidae, Mullidae, Clupidae, Platychephalidae,

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Nutritional Profiling of Some Commercially Important Seagrass Associated Edible Marine Fin Fishes Collected from Mimisal, Southeast Coast of India (IJIRST/ Volume 1 / Issue 11 / 041)

Gerridae, Sphyraenidae and Triacanthidae. Among these eight group of fishes, Hemiramphidae and Siganidae are herbivorous; Mullidae, Clupeidae and Sphyraenidae are Carnivorous and Platycephalidae, Gerridae and Triacanthidae are piscivorous (Fiona et al., 2002).

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fishes were collected from Mimisal, Tamil Nadu, Southeast coast of India (9.93⁰ N Lat, 79.16⁰ N Long) during the postmonsoon season in the year 2014. Specimens of similar body length and weight were selected from all the captured species and then transferred in ice boxes to the laboratory. The specimens were identified by referring standard literature of Fischer and Bianchi (1984). Biological characteristics like body weight (g), length (cm) were determined and they were dissected immediately. For the proximate analysis, muscle tissue was taken. The muscle tissue was weighed and the moisture content was estimated using hot air oven (Rajendran, 1973). The Folin – Ciocalteu Phenol method (Lowry et al., 1951) was adopted for the estimation of protein in the tissue. The chloroform - methanol extraction procedure (Folch et al., 1957) was used for extracting and estimating lipid from fish muscles. The carbohydrate content of the tissue extracts was estimated by Dubois et al., (1956). The amino acid was determined using Lawrance Evans (2007) method and the fatty acid content was determined using the method of Hongwang, (2007). A. Statistical Analysis: Data were analysed using computer software, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11. Data are expressed in its mean and standard error.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Taxonomic Identification: The collected samples were taxonomically identified for further study and their taxonomic classification were shown respectively. B. Proximate Composition: The biochemical composition like (moisture, protein, lipid and carbohydrate content), amino acid and fatty acid profile were seen and their relationship in eight different fish species (Hemiramphus lutkei, Siganus canaliculatus, Upeneus tragula, Sardinella albella, Sphyraena obtusata, Gerres erythrourus, Platycephalus indicus and Triacanthus biaculatus) were compared with three different feeding behaviour (Herbivore, Carnivore and Piscivore).The results of proximate were illustrated in Table. 1. All the samples were analyzed in triplicates. The variation of the proximate fraction may be due to the feed and to climatic changes during that season which influence the general biochemical composition of the fish. Table – 1 Proximate composition of commercially important marine fishes collected from Mimisal, Southeast coast of India S.No Species Protein (g) Lipid (g) Carbohydrate (g) Moisture (%) 1 Hemiramphus lutkei 10.33± 0.88 1.74± 0.11 0.16± 0.01 83.43 2 Siganus canaliculatus 8.33± 0.33 1.00± 0.00 0.45± 0.06 92.00 3 Upeneus tragula 10.00± 1.00 1.41± 0.15 0.51± 0.00 53.28 4 Sardinella albella 8.00± 1.00 1.59± 0.20 0.57± 0.05 54.58 5 Sphyraena obtusata 7.66± 0.88 1.00± 0.00 0.49± 0.03 93.0 6 Platycephalus indicus 8.66± 0.88 1.90± 0.04 0.31± 0.03 81.80 7 Gerres erythrourus 10.66± 0.33 1.00± 0.00 0.31± 0.02 95.52 8 Triacanthus biaculeatus 13.33± 0.66 1.85± 0.01 0.40± 0.01 79.19

(Results were tabulated in triplicates (M±SE) and they are significant p < 0.05). C. Protein: The average protein content of the fishes ranged from 13.33± 0.66g to 7.66±0.88g (Table.1). The lower protein content of 7.66 ± 0.66g was recorded for the species, Sphyraena obtusata. Gopakumar, (1997) had recorded a minimum protein content of 7.50% for the Bombay duck, Harpodon nehereus. Such lower values were not recorded for any of fish species examined in the East Coast of India (Palanikumar et al., 2014). The highest protein content (13.33gms) was found in the species, Triacanthus biaculeatus as agreed by (Gopakumar, 1997) in Eel, Muraenesox spp 13.50gms. D. Lipid: Lipid was found more or less similar in all fish groups. The moderate amount of lipid was found in piscivorous fish. Lipid composition and distribution between and within tissue in fish vary from species to species and are influenced by seasonal dietary variations (Ackman, 1980; Henderson and Tocher, 1987). The lipid content and fatty acid composition of Indian marine


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fish species has been previously reported (Nair and Gopakumar, 1978). The range of lipid content in edible parts is approximately 0.5 to 18%. This depends on seasonal variation in feeding habits and regional differences in basic foods and nutrients (Bulliyya et al., 1997). Anney (1988) reported lower values of fat in the carnivorous fish, low fat content of muscle is recognised due to their carnivorous feeding nature. This result was similar to our present result. E. Carbohydrate: Carbohydrate formed a minor percentage of the total composition of the muscle. Carbohydrate was slightly high in carnivorous fish Sardinella albella as opined by Nargis (2006) in Anabas testudineus. The low values of carbohydrates recorded in the present study supports the view that carbohydrate plays an insignificant role as energy reserve in aquatic animals (Love, 1970). Selvaraj (1984) also reported maximum concentration of carbohydrate in the liver (2.0 - 2.25%) and minimum content in the muscle (0.2 - 0.5 %). F. Moisture: The recorded level of moisture ranged from 53.28% to 95.52%. The total average percentage of moisture was 79.1%, thus the similar value obtained in Traiacanthus bioculeatus which is a piscivorous fish. The results of the present study revealed that changes in moisture content in the muscle of Siganus canaliculatus, Sphyraena obtusata, Gerres erythrourus could be attributed to changes in lipid level directly and to spawning and feeding intensity indirectly. Majumdar and Basu (2009) obtained a value of - 0.987 for the correlation coefficient (r) between moisture and fat content indicating an inverse relationship existing between the two in Indian shad, Tenualosa ilisha. Hanna (1984) reported that generally there was an increase in fat and less water content in flesh with increasing size (i.e., increasing age) in Variola louti. G. Amino Acid: The amino acids results are presented in Table.2. All the 20 amino acids are present in our selected fish groups. Among these aspartic acid was present in high amount. The amino acid like isoleucine was very low. The maximum concentration of total amino acids was present in Upeneus tragula. Highest amino acid was found in Upeneus trgula (21.5004g/100g) while lowest in Siganus canaliculatus (5.921g/100g). The essential amino acids were found highest in Triacanthus biaculeatus (8.8415g/100g) and least in Siganus canaliculatus (1.7311g/100g) (Fig.1). The non- essential amino acids was found highest in Upeneus tragula (7.9697g/100g) and lowest in Siganus canaliculatus (2.8469g/100g) respectively (Fig.2). H. Fatty Acids: There are seven fatty acids namely palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, alpha-linoleic acid and morotic acid were noticed presently. Out of seven fatty acids, margaric acid was found highest (Table. 3). All the three important fatty acids such as saturated fatty acids, mono unsaturated fatty acids and poly unsaturated fatty acids were recorded presents. Out of the three types, only saturated fatty acids was found in highest amount (Fig. 3). Among these, stearic acid (18:0, 26.051g), palmitic acid (16:0, 24.014g), oleic acid (18:1, 21.108g), and linoleic acid (18.48g) were found to be high. Table – 2 Amino acids composition (g/ 100g) of the fishes collected from Mimisal, Southeast coast of India. Species Aminoacid (g/100g) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Aspartic acid 1.004 0.405 1.980 0.676 1.345 0.675 1.045 1.004 Glutamic acid 0.899 0.119 2.770 0.045 0.994 0.899 0.889 0.119 Asparagine 0.495 0.304 0.963 0.788 1.034 1.035 0.303 0.963 Serine 0.225 0.193 0.789 1.034 0.335 0.394 0.289 1.034 Glutamine 0.304 0.229 0.934 0.796 0.893 0.119 0.134 0.134 Glycine 0.205 0.405 0.783 0.904 0.934 0.405 0.190 0.405 Threonine 0.405 0.119 1.334 1.345 1.935 0.234 0.124 1.935 Arginine 1.045 0.394 1.049 0.796 2.045 0.985 0.494 0.899 Alanine 0.993 0.402 0.293 0.904 1.135 0.354 0.348 0.304 Cystiene 0.003 0.193 0.594 1.089 0.784 1.034 0.393 0.789 Tyrosine 0.889 0.889 0.783 0.984 0.665 0.554 0.314 0.796 Histidine 0.405 0.203 1.034 1.084 1.035 0.007 0.434 0.190 Valine 0.223 0.504 0.784 0.993 0.998 0.834 0.383 0.234 Methionine 0.993 0.193 1.034 0.987 1.343 0.334 0.134 2.045 Isoleucine 0.224 0.201 0.993 0.459 0.983 0.219 0.184 0.495 Phenylalanine 0.194 0.214 1.045 0.968 1.343 0.493 1.034 0.193 Leucine 0.334 0.304 1.113 0.783 0.983 0.783 0.284 0.934 Lysine 0.193 0.193 0.896 1.089 1.343 0.993 0.454 0.904 Proline 0.403 0.339 0.993 0.959 0.935 0.112 0.893 0.124 Tryptophan 0.989 0.110 1.334 1.034 1.224 0.203 0.765 0.985

1.H. lutkei, 2. S. canaliculatus 3. U. tragula, 4. S.albella, 5. S. obtusata, 6. P. indicus, 7. G.erythrourus, 8. T. biaculeatus Table - 3


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Fatty acids composition (g/ 100g) of commercial edible fishes collected from Mimisal, Southeast coast of India Fatty acids g/100g Palmitic acid Margaric acid Stearic acid Oleic acid Linolenic acid Alpha- linolenic acid Morotic acid

1 0.114 0.084 0.134 0.204 0.113 0.293 0.104

2 0.204 0.119 0.293 0.114 0.405 0.193 0.004

3 3.440 0.560 2.330 1.980 0.984 3.450 0.293

Species 4 5 3.510 4.340 0.889 5.560 2.890 3.560 2.440 4.360 1.098 7.460 4.040 1.940 0.119 0.334

6 7.845 0.995 7.734 5.450 4.980 10.450 0.876

7 4.560 2.930 9.110 6.560 3.440 9.360 0.335

8 0.114 0.119 2.330 2.440 3.440 10.450 0.334

1.H. lutkei, 2. S. canaliculatus 3. U. tragula, 4. S.albella, 5. S. obtusata, 6. P. indicus, 7. G.erythrourus, 8. T. biaculeatus

Fig. 1: Concentration of essential amino acids noticed in selected fish species

Fig. 2: Concentration of non- essential amino acids recorded in selected fish species

Fig. 3: Comparisons of SFA, MUFA, PUFA reported in common edible fishes collected from Mimisal coast.

IV. CONCLUSION In the current findings it can be concluded that marine fishes are the good source of amino acids and fatty acids as well as proteins. It is well understood from the current investigation that each fishes has its own nutritional value with respect to their different food preferences. Therefore it can be concluded that the piscivorous fish has its high biological value when compared to herbivorous and carnivorous. This fish is the most preferable food for human consumption because of its relatively high value of protein, amino acids and fatty acids content in the flesh. Therefore the piscivorous family viz Platycephalidae, Gerridae and Triacanthidae is an ideal dietic food for human beings.


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