Oil Spill Countermeasures for the Beaufort Sea

4 downloads 0 Views 2MB Size Report
Dec 1, 2017 - Final ly, the Westinghouse system APQ97 .... model l ed on an ai rcraft al timeter and operati ng from 420 to 470 MHz i s avai l abl e .... penetration of the atmosphere and yiel ds the h i ghest potenti al oi l /water contrast ( by mi ...
Oil Spill Countermeasures for the Beaufort Sea: Appendix W.J. LOGAN, D.E. THORNTON and S.L. ROSS Technical Report No. 31 b

O I L S P I L L COUNTERMEASURES FOR THE SOUTHERN B EAU FORT S EA :

APPEND I X

W . J . Log a n , D . E . Thornto n and S . L. Ros s Research and Devel opment D i v i s i on Env i ronmenta l Emergency Branc h Env i ronmenta l Protecti on S erv ice Depa rtment of the Env i ronment Burl i ng ton , Onta r i o L 7 R 4A6

B ea u fort S ea Tec hn i ca l Report #3 1 b

Beau fort Sea Proj ec t Dept . o f t h e Env i ronment 5 1 2 Fed era l Bu i l d i ng 1 2 3 0 Government S treet V i ctori a , B . C . V8W l Y4

December 1 97 5

FOREWORD The f i nd i ng s of the E n v i ronment a l Protect i o n Serv ice1s port i on of the Beaufort Sea Pro j ect (Oi l S p i l l Counterme a s u res) are pres ent ed i n two vo l umes - Tec h n i ca l Repo rt s 31 a and 31b . Tec h n i ca l Report 31a cont a i ns t h e s umma ry i nformat i o n . Tec h n i c a l Report 31b cont a i ns the deta i l s of the i nformat i o n present ed i n 31a and s ho u l d be rega rded as t h e appendix to t hat report . The ab st ract pert i nent to the comb i ned report i s as f o l l ows : Thi s repo rt d i sc usses t h e feas i b i l it i es of c ont ro l l i ng and c l ea n i ng u p an o i l s p i l l i n the Beauf o rt Sea as a res u l t of an ex­ p l o ratory wel l b l owout . It i s l i ke l y that , i n wat e rs with u p t o 1 0% ice concent rat i ons , cu rrent l y av a i l ab l e o i l s p i l l c ou nt e rmeas u res eq u i pment a nd tec h n i q u es cou l d be emp l oyed i n s e a cond i t i ons up t o Beaufort 3 . No eq u i pment i s a va i l ab l e for u s e i n h igher s ea condit i ons . If t h e b l owout were t o occu r i n t h e l a ndf a st ice zone , oi l t hat wou l d acc umu l at e at the u nd e r - i c e s u rf ac e d u ri ng wi nter cou l d be i nc i nerated i n p l ace when t h e o i l m i grates to t h e i c e s u rfac e i n the s p ri ngt i me . No v i ab l e t ec h n i q u e s or proven c o u ntermea s u res eq u i pment a re a v a i l ab l e for u s e i n t h e seasona l pac k , s hear zone and the po l a r pac k zone . The c l ea n u p and rest orat i on of o i l cont a­ mi nat ed s ho re l i nes wo u l d b e l i mited t o s a nd beac hes and to a l es s er extent , s h i ng l e beac hes , wh ich toget h er compr i s e 3 7% of the Beaufort Sea s h o re l i ne . Remote s ens i ng of o i l s p i l l s , a l t ho ug h u ntri ed i n the arct ic env i ronment , wo u l d b e l i m ited t o periods of good vi s i b i l ity . In genera l , the l og i st i c a l b a s e req u i red t o s u pport an effect i ve oi l s p i l l cou ntermeas u res o perat i o n i s not ava i l ab l e i n t h e areas adj o i ni ng the B e a ufo rt Sea .

TAB L E OF CONT ENTS Foreword Tab l e of Contents L i s t o f Tab l es

i ii iii

L i s t of F i g ures

iv

1.0

1 1 1 15 19 19 21 22 24 24 27 27 30 30 31 31 32 33 33 40 42 43 52 58 58 63 64 64 66 70

DETE C T I O N AND MON I TOR I NG 1 . 1 Rad i o Frequ enci e s 1 . 1 .1 Pa s s i v e Methods 1 . 1 . 2 Ac t i ve Methods 1 . 2 Opti c a l Freq u enc i es 1 . 2 .1 Spectra l Cons i dera t i o n s 1 . 2 . 2 Pho tometr i c Dev i ces 1 .2 . 3 I ntens i fi ed Pho tometr i c Sys tems 1 . 2 . 4 Therma l Dev i c es 1 . 2 . 5 Env i ronmenta l Con s tra i n t s 1 . 3 Other Detec t i o n Tec h n i q u es 1 . 3 . 1 Underwa ter Sys tems 1 . 3 .2 Aco u s t i cal Tech n i q u e s 1 . 3 . 3 Res i s t i v i ty Mea s urements 1 . 3 . 4 Gas Anal yzers ( S n i ffers ) 1 . 3 . 5 Ma n u a l and Other Tech n i q u es 2 . 0 CONTA I NME NT AND REMOVAL OF O I L 2 . 1 Booms and Barr i er s 2 . 1 . 1 Mecha n i ca l Booms 2 . 1 . 2 Pneuma ti c Barri ers 2 .1 . 3 Chem i c a l Barri ers ( Herders ) 2 . 2 Recovery Equ i pment ( Sk i mmers ) 2 . 3 O i l Sp i l l Trea ti ng Age n ts 2 . 4 Tra n s fer and D i s p o s a l 2 . 4 . 1 P ump i ng 2 . 4 . 2 Ba tchwi s e Tra n s ferral 2 . 4 . 3 Temporary Storage 2 . 4 . 4 Lagoons and P i ts 2 . 4 . 5 Di sposal 3 . 0 S HOREL I NE C L EAN-UP 3 . 1 Eq u i pment 4 . 0 CONC EPTUAL TECH N I QU ES 4 . 1 The Recovery Barge Co ncept 4 . 2 Th e I c e-Retent i o n Boom 4 . 3 Trench i ng Tech n i q u es 4 . 3 .1 Trench i ng Mach i nes 4 . 3 . 2 Cutti ng and Removal o f D i s crete I c e Bl ock s 4 . 3 . 3 L i near Charge B l a s t i ng 4 . 3 . 4 M u l t i p l e Cha rg e De l ay Deck Bl a s t i ng 4 . 3 . 5 C ra ter Bl a s t i ng 4 . 3 . 6 Other Methods 5 . 0 OP ERAT I ONAL CONS I D ERAT I ON S 5 .1 Tra n s po r t Refere nces

70

75 75 77 79 79 83 87 88 89 90 93 93 99

iii L I ST OF F I GURES F I GURE 1 .1 .1

1 .1 .2 1 .1 .3 1 .1 . 4 1 .1 . 5 1 .1 . 6 1 .1 . 7 1 . 2 .1

1 .2 .2

.4 . 2 . 1 5 . 1 .1 5 .1 . 2 5 .1 . 3 5 .1 . 4 5 .1 . 5

PAGE The tota l sky b r i g htne s s tempera ture i nc i dent upon the ice s u rfac e due to atmo s pheric , g a l ac tic and cosmic sources . Ang l e of i nc i denc e i s the parameter . The tra n smi s s i on of rad i ati on thro u g h earth ' s a tmo s p here . S umma ry of rad i owave absorpt i o n i n sea ice Di e l ectric properti es of sea ice near the l owe r wa ter boundary . The Pred ic ted Bri ghtness Tempera ture Change wi th Ice Growth a t 400 MHz wi th and wi thout the Presenc e of O i l . The Pred i c ted Bri g h tne s s Temperature Change wi th Ice Growth a t 12 00 MHz wi th or w i thout the Presenc e of O i l . Apparent Tempera ture a s a Func t i on of O i l Th ick ne s s . Approx i mate probab i l i ty of effec t i veness of Optica l and Therma l tec h n i q u e s by month i n the Beaufort Sea a rea i nc l u d i ng c on s i dera t i ons of amb i en t i l l umi nati on , c l o u d cover , prec i p i ta ti on , fog , b l owi ng snow and i c e cover . Approx i mate probab i l i ty o f effec t i veness of Opt i c a l and Thermal tec h n i q u e s by month i n the Beau fort Sea i nc l u d i ng c on s i derati ons of amb i e n t i l l umi n a t i on , c l o u d cover , p rec i p i ta t i o n , fog and b l owi ng s now ( del eti ng ice cover ) . Theoretical dri l l i ng l ocati ons s howi ng water depth . Loc a t i on P l an Compara t i ve probab i l i ty of f l y i ng VFR M i s s i on s Month l y probab i l i ty of s ucc e s s of a i rborne m i s s i on s from Sac h s Harbour �1o n th l y p rob ab i l i ty of s ucc e s s of a i rborne mi s s i ons from Cape Parry �1onth l y probab i l i ty of s ucc e s s of a i rborne mi s s i on s from I nu v i k

2 3 5 6 9 10 12

26

28 80 94 95 96 97 98

L I ST O F TAB L ES TAB L E 1 .2.1 2.3.1 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.4.7 2.4.8 2.4.9 2 . 4. 1 0 2 . 4. 1 1 2.4. 12 3.1 .1 3. 1 . 2 3.1 .3 3.1 .4 3. 1 . 5 3. 1 . 6 3.1 .7 3.1 .8 '-

3. 1 .9 4.1 .1 4.1 .2 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3

PAG E Compu ted ref1 ectances and contra s t rati o s for o i l and water . Sorbents for Recovery of O i l i n I ce I nfes ted Wa ter . P umps for Hand l i ng H i g h l y V i s c o u s O i l s P umps and V a c u um Sys tem Tec hn i ca l Data S umma ry P umps and Vacuum Sys tems F l ex i b l e O i l Tra n s fer Hose Spec i f i ca t i o n s Bel l V oyageur 004 ACV Col d Weather Capabi l i t i es Bel l Voyageur F l exi b l e S to rage Bags - Techn i ca l Data Propert i e s o f Common l y Used L i n i ng Mater i a l s for Lagoons and P i ts D i s p o s a l by B u rn i ng I nc i nerati on Ba ker/ Z i nc "Maxi -f'1 i n i " Crude O i l Burner * Spec i fi cati o n s F 1 0petro 1 O n e Head Smo ke l es s B u rner * S pec i fi cati on SUlT!mary of S o l i d Haste I nc i nerator Ca terp i l l a r 1 2G Motor Grader S pec i fi cati o n s S pec i fi ca t i o n s for 46 to 56 kW Typ e B u l l dozers Speci fi ca ti o n s of t h e Athey 7 - 1 1 Force- Feed Loader Spec i fi ca t i o n s for the Canada i r C F - 360 Tra c ked Veh i c l e Spec i fi cati o n s for Large Farm C u l t i vati on Mac h i nery Spec i fi ca t i o n s of a Caterpi l l ar 9 5 0 Front- End Loader Spec i fi cati o n s of a Typ i ca l Tandem Ax l e Gravel Tru c k * Speci f i cati o n s of the F l extrac Nodwel 1 Terra T i red Carr i e r Model FN- 300TT Speci f i cati o n s of the I n ternati ona l Harvester Model 41 2 E l evati ng Scraper S umma ry - Costs per Annum O i l Recovery Ves s e l s Costs for O i l Recovery Barge S ummary of I ce Trenc h i ng Tec hn i q u e s L i near C ha rg e Bl a s t Des i gn Parameters for Var i o u s I c e T h i c kn e s s e s wi th t h e Expl o s i ve C harge P l aced a t the I ce/Water I n terface Crater B l a s t Des i g n Parameters for Var i o u s I ce Th i c kn e s s e s

19 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 70 71 71 72 73 73 74 74 76 78 81 88 92

- 1 -

1 .0

DETECT I ON AND MON I TO R I N G

1 .1

Rad i o Frequenc i es

1 .1 .1

Pa s s i ve Method s The rad i a ti on mea s u red by a mi crowa ve rad i ometer comes from s evera l d i fferent s o u rces . The d i rectl y emi tted bl ackbody rad i a ti on of the obj ect or objects i n the fi el d of v i ew u s u a l l y contri b u tes most of the s i g n a l energy . The s e n s o r o u tput then i s rel a ted to the pro pert i es of the emi tti ng med i um . Other u nwa nted components o f the rece i ved energy, s u c h as man made n o i se, rad i a t i on from the s ky, the s u n, or from nea rby natural obj ects may be refl ected from the s o u rce i n to the ma i nf i e l d of v i ew, o r i n to a n tenna " s i del obes " . F u rthermore, the med i um between the s o u rce and the rad i ometer recei ver may a tten u a te by a bs orpti on or sca tteri ng the o r i g i n a l s o u rce s i g n a l , or rad i a te i ts e l f and add to the tota l recei ved s i g n a l a t the rad i ometer . These add i ti o n a l s o u rces of rad i ati on m u s t be i n c l uded i n an a n a l ys i s of s e n s ors a s the frequency ra nge and f i e l d of v i ew parameters of the i n s truments a re often l i m i ted by the c h a racter i s t i cs of the backgro u nd s i gnal . The s um of g a l acti c, s o l a r and natural terrestri a l rad i a ti on, expres sed a s the effec ti ve bl ackbody tempera ture for an equ i va l ent rad i a t i o n power a t the recei ver i s s hown i n F i g u re 1 . 1 . 1 , u s i ng the data or Penz i a s ( 1 968 ) and Pari s ( 1 9 7 1 ) . At freq u en c i es of 200 MHz and l ower, extraterre s tr i a l s o u rces become s i gn i fi ca n tl y strong and care mu s t be taken to avo i d s pecu l ar refl ecti o n s i nto the ma i n f i e l d of v i ew or s trong s i de l obes from these s o u rces . At the h i gher frequen c i es s hown i n F i g u re 1 . 1 . 1 s i g n i fi ca n t attenuati o n i n the a tmo s phere, es peci a l l y i n heavy c l oud o r ra i n i s i mporta nt, and i n s pec i f i c freq uency ranges l a rge effects due to s pectral resonances i n a tmo s p he r i c g a s e s occur; for exampl e, the water vapour absorpt i on near 22 GHz, and the s trong mol ecu l a r oxygen a b s orpt i o n a t a pprox i ma te l y 60 GHz . A t h i gher frequenci es, many a b s orpt i on bands from conden s a t i on and a tmo s pheri c g a s e s occur . The transmi s s i on of rad i ati on from g round l evel vert i ca l l y through the earth ' s a tmo s p here i s s h own i n F i g u re 1 . 1 . 2 i n the pres ence i ce and wa ter c l o u d s ( Moore, 1 970) . No s i g n i fi ca n t a ttenuati on occurs over thi s path for rad i a ti on wa ve l engths g reater than about 1 0 cm (f < 3 GH z ) . For sh orter wavel engths, e s pec i a l l y bel ow 3 cm ( > 1 0 GHz ), severe-a ttenua t i on may be encounte red due to wa ter drop l ets in c l ou d s . The a tten u a t i on i n i ce cl ouds i s l es s s evere . For remo te sen s i ng p rog rams, i n s truments a re genera l l y req u i red to be porta b l e and opera t i o n a l from fi xed w i ng l i g ht a i rcra ft, or hel i copters . S u c h req u i rements a l so set res tri cti o n s on the frequency range avai l ab l e for u s e, p r i ma r i l y due to the a n tenna confi g u ra t i o n s and s i ze for effec ti ve s pa t i a l res o l u t i o n on the ground . The ground res o l u t i o n of a m i c rowave antenna i s g i ven a pp rox i ma te l y b y t h e product of the rad i a t i o n wavel ength and the a l ti tude of the a n tenna above the ground d i v i ded by the l i near d i men s i o n s of the a n tenna . Thus, a t 3 GHz, for exampl e, a n antenna 1 meter wi de a t a n a l t i tude of 1 00 meters h a s a ground res o l u t i on of about 1 0 m . Fi ner s pati a l reso l u ti on can b e obta i ned at s horter wave l engths and wi th l a rger a n tenn a s . However, for the a p p l i ca t i o n s of Arc t i c a i rborne remote s e n s i ng, d u e to s i ze and we i g ht

-2-

1000

Sky B r i ghtness Temperature vs. Frequency

500

e

=

90°

100

-

50

10

5

.I

.5

1.0

5

10

50

Fre quency ( GHz ) The tota l sky bri ghtness temperature i nci dent upon the i ce surfa ce due to atmospheric , galacti c and cosmi c sources. Angle of inci d ence i s ,the parameter. FIG. 1. 1.1

100

-

100

3-

Ie e Clouds I------=��:;::::=====-

80

z 0

CI) CI) :::E_ CI)>Z

-:;

CD LIJ

o

>-

-

.Q 0 .Q 0

. .

_

70

..

-

-

-

• •

.



.

.









• •

Photomet r ic ( h i g h a l t i tu d e )

.

"... -......

.

--- '

- .

. � - ,. -.. . ....-

,

__

"",....,. -"", . " filii" - . _ - -

----

.....



..."",.,:

----

/"-� � "

.

60

50

0 1 L ON

ICE

40

.

30 .

r.-

0..

._

.

' '

.

.

e . _ . .

20

10

.

.. .

0 Sept

Oc t

Nov

Dec

Jan

Fe b

Mar

Apr

M ay

Jun

Jul

Aug

A pprox i mate probab i I i t y of e f f e cti veness o f Opti ca I and T he rm a l techi qu es by month i n t he Beaufort Sea i n c lud i n g , consi derations of am bient i l lum ination ) c l oud cover, p recip­ i t a t i o n , fo g a nd blow i n g snow ( delet i n g ice cove r ) . F I G.1.2.2

- 29 -

i n s u rvei l l a nce or mon i to r i ng bec a u s e of the nece s s i ty for a s up port s h i p ( not to men t i on acces s thro u g h the i ce ) , the o perati o n of Narwa l , a s ubmers i b l e d e s i gned for A rcti c Canad i an Conti nental S he l f Expl orat i o n ( ACCES S ) of Toronto by Perry Oceanograph i c s , s h ou l d be i n vesti g ated s i nce the ve h i c l e i s des i gned s pe c i fi cal l y for operati o n s under arc t i c i ce ( Tri l l s , 1 9 7 5 ) . Unma n ned u nderwa ter veh i c l e s can be con s i de red i n two cate­ gori e s : sea bed veh i c l es and s e l f-prope l l ed s u bmers i b l es wi th a t l ea s t neutra l buoyance . Sea bed veh i c l es have been u s ed ma i n l y for bottom profi l i ng , s u rvey work , photography , and s a l vage work . I n 1969 Tro i k a , an u nmanned towed s l ed d e s i gned by J . Y . Cou s teau , s u c ce s s fu l l y l ocated the wreck of the Caravel l e , a s h i p l o s t i n 7 , 2 1 6 feet of water . Wi th the sea bed rover acti ng a s a base , i t i s p o s s i b l e to en v i s a g e a sys tem composed of a rover and a " da ug hter " veh i c l e . The rover wou l d conta i n the power sys tem , the ma i n propu l s i on u n i t , n a v i gati on and con tro l systems , and the data tran smi s s i on of s torage equ i pmen t . The dau ghter vehi c l e wou l d conta i n the o i l detectors . The daug hter wou l d be rel ea s ed on a tether to perform a s p i ra l s earch pattern contro l l ed by the tether re l ea s e . The i nforma t i o n e i ther wou l d be s to red on the rover o r retra n s ­ mi tted i n s ome form ( e . g . cabl e o r u nderwater tra n smi tter ) . One concept con s i dered , b u t then rej ected , was the rel ease by the rover of a buoyant aeri a l capa b l e of penetra t i ng the i ce and permi tt i ng normal rad i o frequency transmi s s i o n . I n the f i n a l a s s e s sment , whi l e they can carry a vast a rray of i n s truments , the thro u g h - the - i ce penetra t i on requ i red for sea bed rovers makes t hem tota l l y i mpracti c a l . However , there a re s e l f- prope l l ed u nmanned s u bmers i b l es wh i c h may have a rol e i n s u rvei l l ance and mon i tori ng . Some are extreme l y cumbersome and can b e d i s co u n ted i mmed i a tel y . These wou l d i nc l ude ve h i c l es such a s the CURV seri es ( Ca b l e- Con tro l l ed Underwater Recovery Veh i c l e ) d e s i gned fo r the U . S . Navy to recover ordnance a t the i r u nder­ water test ranges . CURV I I I , the l a test mod e l , mea s u res 2m by 5m and . we i g h t s approxi mate l y 2000 k g . On the other hand , the u nmanned s u b ­ mers i b l e veh i c l e ( U . S . V . ) commi s s i oned and u sed by the U n i ted Ki ngdom Mi ni s try of Defence res emb l es a l arge torpedo -4 m i n l ength , 3 3 cm i n d i ameter and we i gh i ng 240 kg . By 1 9 74 , 27 of these veh i c l es had been b u i l t for mi l i ta ry u s es ; ma i n l y as targets . Des i gns have been p roduced for commerc i a l a p p l i cati o n i ncorpora ti ng i n s trument packages s u c h as si de- scan s o na r , p hotogra ph i c s i te i n s pecti on , magnetometry , phys i ochemi c a l ana l ys i s , bottom p rofi l i ng a n d s e i smi c s on a r , a n d tel e v i s i on ( Tri l l s , 1975 ) . A vehi c l e , s uc h a s a U . S . V . , cou l d be emp l oyed for both s u rve i l l a nce and mon i to r i ng when the i ce cover rea ches 10/ 10 . A ho l e of s uffi c i ent s i ze cou l d be a ugered i n the i ce and the U . S . V . l owered thro u g h . I n t h i s ca s e , a veh i cl e , rather than a s h i p , wou l d act as the s u pport ves s e l . The U . S . V . then cou l d be d i rected to the dri l l s i te for i n s pecti o n . I f o i l d i s c h a rg i ng from the a rea was noted , the v e h i c l e cou l d be d i rected to moni tor the a rea l exte n t ( the U . S . V . can operate to depths of 3 6 5 m w i th a range of 22 km ) . I n add i t i on to these ro l es , a U . S . V . cou l d be emp l oyed for regu l a r i n s pec t i o n of the dr i l l s i tes over the l ong w i nter month s .

- 30 -

For the s u rvei l l a nce of s i tes i n the sea s o na l pack a nd po l a r pack zones, a remo te package detec t i o n sy s tem wa s env i saged wh i c h co u l d be mo unted o n the ocean fl oor i n the i mmed i a te v i c i n i ty of a ny d r i l l s i te . Th i s sys tem co u l d be i n s ta l l ed a s the dr i l l i ng season i s draw i ng to a cl o s e and the d r i l l s h i p i s p repar i ng to l eave the s i te . The sys tem wo u l d co n s i s t o f a s i mp l e dev i c e fo r de tec t i ng the presence of o i l ( perhaps some fo rm of turbi d i ty meter ) tra n smi tti ng i nforma t i o n to a comma nd a nd contro l stati o n o n the s hore . Th i s co u l d be a s i mp l e go/no -go detec tor, tr i gg ered by the fi r s t s i g n o f o i l . Once i t had been tri ggered, i t wo u l d have no fu rther rol e to p l ay i n the mon i to r i ng p ha s e . Ca bl e wo u l d be a n ex treme l y expen s i ve commu n i ca t i o n s l i nk but some type o f V L F tra n smi tter to a geophone co u l d be emp l oyed . Thi s wo u l d tra nsm i t a s i g n a l at l ea s t to the l a ndfa s t zone . The rece i ver o n the ocean fl oor co u p l ed wi th a retransmi tter and a n aeri a l thro u g h the i c e wo u l d prov i d e the fi nal l i nk . The a n tenna for tra nsmi s s i on from the rece i v i ng s ta t i o n i n the l a ndfa s t zone to the comma nd and control centre c o u l d be s i m i l ar to the Arcti c Data Buoy des i g ned by the U n i ver s i ty of Wa s h i ng to n ( Tr i l l s, 1 9 7 5 ) . These b uoys co s t appro x i ma tel y $5 , 000 and are d e s i g n ed to be l eft una ttended fo r u p to two yea rs ( e i g h t had been bu i l t by earl y 1 974 ) . Whi l e conceptual i n natu re, the eq u i pment neces sary to a s sembl e s u c h a sys tem i s ava i l a bl e and mi g h t prove to be the l ea s t expe n s i v e sys tem c on s i dered to thi s po i n t . Any n umber o f s e n s ors, i nc l ud i ng a tel ev i s i o n, for s i te i n s pec t i o n a s wel l a s s urve i l l an ce, m i g ht be i ncorpora ted i n to the packag e . 1 .3.2

Aco u s t i ca l Techn iques Duri ng the pa s t year, Bann i s ter P i pel i n es of Edmo nto n, Al berta, tes ted a n echo s o u nder off 8yam Marti n Channel fo r mea s u r i ng the bottom s u rface throu g h the i c e . I n th i s sys tem bei ng i nv e s t i gated by Bann i s ter, the " j u g s ", o r geo p ho n e s, a re pl a ced i n contact wi th the i c e surface . ( Note : i t i s neces s ary to sweep the s now away from the i c e s u rfac e ) . Though not yet p u bl i s hed, the res u l ts apparen t l y e x h i b i t c l o s e correl a t i o n wi th core s ampl e s . One of the a pparent benef i ts, a l tho u g h not yet i n ve s t i g a ted, i s a pro f i l e of the i ce . I f th i s p ro f i l e i s a l tered s i g n i fi ca n tl y by the pre sence of o i l , then the acou s t i cal tec hn i qu e co u l d ho l d promi se for the s u rve i l l ance and mo n i to r i ng o f o i l d i s c ha rg e s from a bove the i c e cover . 1.3.3

Res i s t i v i ty Mea s urements It may be p o s s i bl e that s i mp l e res i s t i v i ty s u rveys, ba s ed on i nd u c t i v e l y- co u p l ed res i s ti v i ty, c o u l d be capabl e o f detecti ng o i l u nder i c e . G i ven i ce appro x i ma te l y 2 metres t h i ck a nd i ce/o i l co nducti v i ty contra s t o f a t l ea s t two orders of ma gn i tude, i t may be po s s i bl e to del i nea te the bo undar i es of contam i n a t i on wi th a reso l u t i o n of a bo u t a metre ( Hu ntec, pr i vate commu n i ca ti o n ) . The method appears prom i s i ng and a more deta i l ed tec h n i cal a s s e s sment s h ou l d be under ta ken, i ncl u d i ng the comp i l a t i o n of i nforma t i o n o n the va r i a t i o n of el ectr i c a l conducti v i ty of s ea i c e w i th age and

- 31 depth . I f the techn i q ue cont i n u e s to appear p romi s i ng on c l oser eva l uati o n, a fi el d tri a l wou l d be des i ra b l e . 1 . 3.4

Gas Ana l yzers ( S n i ffers ) Gas anal yzers operate o n the pri n c i pal of detec ti ng the decrease i n energy i n the i ncom i ng rad i a t i o n due to the presence of an a b s orbi n g target g a s . Barri nger Research of Toronto h a v e devel oped correl a t i on gas anal yzers s u i ta b l e for a i rc raft mount i ng . However, beca u s e of the l ow concentra t i o n s that wou l d be i nvol ved i n t h i s parti c u l a r s i tu a t i o n , a sys tem mou n ted i n a fi xed w i ng a i rcraft does not appear practi c a l . One a l terna t i ve wou l d be to l ower an i ns trument near the i ce s u rface from a h e l i copter a s s um i ng that g a s e s e s c a ped thro u g h crack s or pores i n the i ce to reach the a tmo s phere . The advantage of t h i s tech n i q u e i s t h a t m e n and equ i pment wou l d not h ave t o be tra n s ferred onto the i ce s u rface . The i n s truments a l s o do not rel y o n any amb i ent i l l umi nati o n . NORCOR Eng i neer i ng and Research L im i ted emp l oyed a I I s n i ffe r " on the i ce s u rface d u r i ng thei r 1 974/ 7 5 f i e l d s t ud i es for the Beaufort Sea Proj ect The sys tem a p pa rentl y performed very we l l . A Tec h n i c a l report #27 . IIperson al ll type of s en s or s uc h as t h i s cou l d be con s i dered a s an a l ternati ve to a sys tem o perated from a h e l i copter . Gas a n a l yzers are avai l a b l e commerc i a l l y but the part i c u l a r appl i cati o n we have p o s t u l a ted i n t h i s secti on rema i n s conceptual i n nature . 1.3.5

Man u a l and Other Tech n i ques Perhaps the mos t economi c a l , and certa i n l y the s i mp l e s t, techn i q ue for check i ng the u nders i de of the i ce i s to auger a ho l e thro u g h the i ce man tl e . I t i s e s t i ma ted that a two man crew wi th a porta b l e power head cou l d a uger over 1 0 ho l es per hour through i ce u p to 2 metres th i ck . However, there i s l i ttl e doubt that the techn i q u e i s very l a bour i n ten s i ve and c o n s t i tutes a rather i neffi c i ent IItr i a l and error ll procedure . I n the s urve i l l a nce mode, men and equ i pment wou l d be tra n s ferred "to the i ce s urface i n the v i c i n i ty of the s i te . A predetermi ned search pattern, b a s ed o n the max i mum l i kel i hood o f detect i ng o i l from a d i s c harge g i ven the p l ume c ha racter i s ti c s, c u rrents , and under i ce p ro f i l e, wou l d e s ta b l i s h the l ocat i on s for cori ng . Thi s procedure wou l d be repeated at regu l a r i n te rva l s thro u g h o u t the peri od of s o l i d i ce cover . I n the s e a s o n a l pack and po l a r pack zones, exact determi nati on of the areal extent a n d track i ng wou l d be d i ffi c u l t bec a u s e of the i ce movement . I f o i l i s found i n these reg i on s duri ng the cori ng, a s i mp l e radar refl ector, s uc h a s a c u be or pyram i d mou n ted on a s ta n dard cou l d be i mbedded i n the i ce . These refl ectors c o u l d be i n s ta l l ed over the s i te at reg u l a r i nterva l s . The s p i l l cou l d be tra cked u s i ng the dri ft of these refl ectors . An a l ternati ve wou l d be a s er i es of beacons, or tra n s ponders each wi th thei r own i ntern a l power s o u rce . Thi s wou l d enab l e any a i rcraft to II home II on the s i gnal or i n terrogate the trans ponder rather than l i mi ti ng the track i ng a i rcraft to one equ i p ped wi th s u i ta b l e rada r i n s trumenta t i o n .

- 32 CONTAI NMENT AND R EMOVAL O F O I L I t was n oted i n Logan e t a l { 1 976 } that coun termea s u re s to conta i n and remove s p i l l ed o i l fol l owi ng a o ffshore wi l l bl ow- out i n the s o u thern Beaufort Sea can only be a ttemp ted w i th any degree o f s u c ce s s i n two s i tua t i o n s - - o n fi rst year l andfa s t i ce j u s t pri or t o the spri ng break u p and on rea s ona b l y open water d u r i ng the s ummer and early a utumn . The procedures a n d techn i qu e s for countermea s u res opera t i o n s i n these two s i tu at i o n s were descri bed . In add i ti on , the vari o u s gener i c type of equ i pment and materi a l s and thei r appl i cat i o n for open water opera t i o n s were d i s c u s sed . The fo l l owi ng s ec t i o n conta i n s d e s cr i pti o n s of s ome of the ava i l ab l e e q u i pmen t and mater i a l d e s i gned for offsh ore open wa ter cou nterme a s ures . I t i s the res u l t o f a s u rvey of man u fa cturers ' l i terature u n dertaken by Envi ronment Canada to i l l u s trate to poten t i a l u s ers the commerc i a l a pp l i cati on of the methods to conta i n and remove o i l . I t i s not to be con s i dered a n endors ement by E n v i ronment Canada of t h i s equ i pment . The equ i pment i s presented i n the fol l owi ng s u b - secti o n s

2.0

Booms a n d Barri ers Recovery Equ i pment ( Sk i mmers ) O i l S p i l l Trea t i ng Agent s Tran s fer and D i s p o s a l I n e a c h s e ct i on t h e equ i pment i s tabu l ated a l phabeti c a l y by manufacturer . Each tabl e when p o s s i bl e conta i ns man u facturer ' s o r Canad i an agent ' s addre s s, a descri pti on of the eq u i pment and t h e manufacture r ' s operati ng s pec i fi cati o n s .

- 33 2.1

Booms and Barri ers

2. 1. 1

Mechan i ca l Booms

COMPANY Bennett Pol l u t i o n Contro l s , Ltd. , 1 1 9 Charl e s Street , North Vancouver , B. C .

DESCR I PTI O N 3 6 " F i l trati on Boom con s i s t i ng of a fl exi b l e sk i rt-type barri e r for offs hore a ppl i ca t i on

OPERAT I NG S P EC I F I CAT I ONS BOOM L ENGTH DRAFT FRE EBOARD TOTAL H E I GHT FLOTAT ION E L EMENT FLOTAT I ON SHAPE FLOTAT I ON L E NGTH FLOTAT I ON W I DTH OVE RALL WE I GHT STOWAGE ( VOLUME ) CURTA I N MATE R I AL BALLAST TEN S I O N L I NE REPA I RAB I L I TY C L EAN I NG COLOR

1 5m i n terconnecti ng s ec t i o n s . O . 6m ( 1 . 2m a l so ava i l ab l e ) . O. 3m ( O . 6m a l s o avai l a b l e ) . O . 9m ( 1 . 8m a l s o ava i l ab l e ). Dow Etha foam . Cyl i nd r i c a l . 1. 4m . 1 5cm d i ameter. 6 . 7 Kg/m . F i ts i n s pace 1. 5m x O. 46m x O . 9m. Cabl es, post d i v i ders, v i ny l - covered c ha i n l i nk fence , and fi l tra t i on mater i a l . Lead we i g hts on bottom cabl e . 9 . 7mm s teel c a b l e . Ki ts a re a v a i l abl e . I nd u s tr i a l detergents and wa ter b l a s t i n g on s h ore . Yel l ow .

- 34 COMPANY C l ean Water, I nc ., Court Hou se Square, P . O . Box 1 002, Toms R i ver, New Jersey 087 53 U.S.A. DESCRI PT I ON Offs hore boom cons i s t i ng of a seri e s of 3 metre by 0 . 3 metre d i ame ter a i r- i nfl a tab l e chambers and sk i rt fabri ca ted of nyl o n rei nforced rubber for expo s u re s requ i ri ng h i g h abras i on and mechan i ca l i nteg ri ty under advers e cond i ti on s . OPERAT I NG S P E C I F I CAT I ONS BOOM L ENGTH DRAFT FRE E BOARD TOTAL H E I GHT FLOTAT I ON E LEMENT FLOTAT I O N SHAPE FLOTAT I ON L E NGTH FLOTAT I ON W I DTH OV E RALL W E I GHT STOWAGE ( VOLUME ) CURTA I N MAT E R IAL BALLAST TENS I O N L I NE R E PA I RAB I L I TY C L EAN I NG COLOR

1 6 . 7 6m s ec t i o n s i n 3m s egments . 0 . 6m . 0 . 3m . 0 . 9m . Dou b l e c h amber a i r- i nfl atabl e compa rtments . Cyl i ndri c a l wi th s p her i c a l s ha ped ends . Each dou b l e compartment i s 3 . 0m i n l ength . O . 3m max imum . W i th c ha i n b a l l a s t 1 1 . 1 Kg /m wi th cabl e ba l l a s t 9 . 27 Kg/m . 33 . 5m of boom occup i es O . 9m 3 or 1 . 5m x 1 . Om x O . 6m . 1 . 8mm nyl o n - re i nforced o i l res i s tant rubber . 9 . 7mm hot d i p ga l va n i zed s teel cha i n 2 . 2 Kg/m . 6 . 0cm hot d i p g a l va n i zed or 6 . 68 cm g a l vani zed w i th rope . Repa i r k i ts ava i l ab l e from the man u facturer . I nd us tr i a l detergents and water b l a s ti ng . B l a ck w i th 0 . 3m w i de go l d vert i c a l stri pes each 1 . Om .

- 35 COMPANY Hurum S h i pp i ng & Trad i ng Co . , Ltd . , 300 S t . S ac rament S treet , Montrea l , Q uebec .

DESCR I PT I O N F l exy H i g h -S ea boom i s an offs hore conta i nmen t barr i er o f fl exi b l e sk i rt constructi o n . A i r-fi l l ed fl otati o n s u p p l i es s ta b i l i ty for u s e i n moderate s ea s . OPERAT I NG S P EC I F I CAT I ONS BOOM L ENGTH DRAFT FRE EBOARD TOTAL H E I GHT F LOTAT I O N E L EMENT F LOTAT I O N S HAPE F LOTAT I ON L ENGTH FLOTAT I O N W I DTH OVE RALL W E I GHT STOWAGE ( VOLUME ) CURTA I N MATERIAL BALLAST TENS I ON L I N E REPA I RAB I L ITY C L EAN I NG COLOR

1 5m l engths . 1 . 2m . 0 . 6m . 1 . 8m . I nfl a ta b l e p l a s ti c fl otati o n . S p heri c a l . 1 5m . • 0 . 5m d i ameter each s i de of boom sk i rt . 1 4 . 9 Kg/m . 6l m of u na s semb l ed boom o c c up i es 2 . 0 m x 1 . 2 m d i amete r . PVC - i mpregnated nyl on fabri c , 0 . 5 3 Kg /m 3 • l 2 . 7mm s teel c h a i n . 9 . 7mm s te e l c a b l es o n top and b ottom of the sk i rt . Ki ts and i ns t ru c t i o n s s up p l i ed by the man ufacture r . I nd u stri a l detergents a n d wate r . Dry before s torag e . Y e l l ow o r orange .

- 36 COMPANY Kepner P l a s t i c s F a b r i cators , I nc . 4221 S pencer Stree t , Torrance , C a l i forn i a 90503 U . S .A .



DESC R I PT I O N Ocean s e a - curta i n i s the f i rm ' s l arge s t contai nment boom . I t i s cons tructed for the ocean envi ronmen t and des i gned for max imum mech an i c a l res i s ta n ce to wi n d , waves , c u rrents , and tide . OPERAT I NG S P E C I F I CAT I ON S BOOM L E NGTH DRAFT FRE EBOARD TOTAL H E I GHT FLOTAT I O N E L EMENT FLOTAT I ON SHAPE FLOTAT I ON L ENGTH FLOTAT I O N W I DTH OVE RALL W E I GHT STOWAGE ( VOLUME ) CURTA I N MATER IAL BALLAST TENS I O N L I N E REPAI RAB I L I TY C L EAN I NG COLOR

30m common l ength , a l s o a v a i l ab l e from 1 . 2 to 305m . 0 . 6 , 0 . 8 , 0 . 9m and 0 . 9 - l . l m . 0 . 36 , 0 . 36 , 0 . 43m and 0 . 6 - 0 . 7m . 0 . 96 , 1 . 16 , 1 . 33m and 1 . 5 - 1 . 8m . C l o s ed ce l l , pl a s t i c foam . Cyl i nd r i c a l . 3 . 0 to 6 . 1m . 0 . 4 , 0 . 51 and 0 . 7 6m . 1 0 . 6 - 2 1 . 6 Kg/m , 20 . 4 - 28 . 0 Kg/m and 1 6 . 4 26 . 8 Kg/m . 30m o c c u p i es 4 . 8 3 ( 1 . 98 x 1 . 98 x 2 . 44m ) . V i nyl - coated nyl o n fabri c o r pol ye thyl ene mater i a l for c h em i ca l s p i l l s . 4 . 5 - 14 . 9 Kg/m , 8 . 9 - 14 . 9 Kg/m and 8 . 9 14 . 9 Kg/m . S teel cabl es and c h a i n . The product i s read i l y repa i ra b l e . I nd u s tri a l detergent and water . Saturn Y e l l ow ; other col ors opti ona l .

- 37 COMPANY Trel l eborg Rubber Co . , I nc . , 30700 Sol on I nd u s t r i a l Parkway , Sol on , O h i o 44 1 39 U.S.A. DESCRI PT I O N Uni versal o i l boom cons i s ts o f a b a l l a s ted , f l ex i b l e sk i rt and foam fl ota t i on des i g ned for u s e i n heavy seas and w i n d .

OPERAT I NG S P EC I F I CAT I ONS BOOM L E NGTH DRAFT F R E E BOARD TOTAL HE I GHT FLOTAT I ON E L EMENT FLOTAT I ON SHAPE FLOTAT ION L E NGTH FLOTAT ION W I DTH OVERAL L WE I GHT STOWAGE ( VOLUME ) CURTA I N MATER IAL BALLAST . TENS I O N L I NE REPA I RAB I L I TY CL EAN I NG COLOR

3 5m s ec t i on l ength . 0 . 7m . 0 . 35m . 1 . 04m . S tyrofoam f l otati o n encl o s ed i n PVC boom pockets . Rectang u l ar . 36 fl oats per s e c ti o n , each 0 . 9m i n l ength . Data not a v a i l a b l e . 7 . 45 Kg/m- l , o r a pp ro x i ma te l y 340 Kg per s e ct i on l ength . 35m l ength occup i es ( 1 . 2 x 1 . 5 x 1 . 2m ) P o l yu rethane- i mpregnated nyl on woven - fabri c , ( 0 . 56 mm th i ck , 0 . 4 2- Kg/m2 ) . P ock eted sk i rt i ro n - powder b a l l a st , each we i g hi n g 5 . 4 Kg . 1 6 mm pol ypropyl ene l i ne . 0 . 9m panel s a re rep l aceabl e ( requ i ri ng i n - s hop repa i r ) . I nd u s tr i a l detergents and water , o r tri ch l o­ roethyl ene s o l ven t . L i g ht g ray ( s tandard ) ; I nterna ti o n a l Orange ( opti o na l ) .

- 38 COMPANY Uni Roya 1 , I nc . E n g i neered Sys tems Dept . , 3 1 2 North H i l l S treet , Mathawa ka , I nd i ana 46544 U.S.A. DESCRI PT I ON Rou g h water seal ed boom con s i s t s of a fl exi b l e , bal l a s ted sk i rt and seal ed-foam fl otat i on for offshore emergency contai nment of s p i l l ed materi a l s .

OPERA T I N G S P EC I F I CAT I ONS BOOM L E NGTH DRA FT F R E E BOARD TOTAL H E I GHT F LOTA T I O N E L EM E NT

1 2 . 2m s ta nd a rd secti on l en g th s . 1 . 2m . 0 . 6m . 1 0 8m . C l o s ed - ce l l E n s o l i te- foam , enc l o s ed o n each s i de of sk i rt . Trapezo i da l . F LOTATION SHA P E F LOTA T I O N L E NGTH 0 . 7m . Data not a v a i l ab l e . FLOTAT I ON W I DTH OV E RA L L HE I GHT 1 4 . 3 K� /m , 1 74 Kg per secti on l ength . 0 . 1 3 m 1m ( approx i ma te l y ) . STOWAGE ( VOLUME ) CURTA I N MATE R I A L Paracri l -OZO coated fabri c ; res i s tant to oi l , s eawate r , a n d s u n l i g h t . BAL LAST Lead we i g h t s . TENS I ON LI NE None . REPA I RAB I L I TY Repai red o n- s i te , o r by man ufactu rer . C L EA N I NG I nd u s tri a l detergents and wate r , or s team c l ean i ng . COLOR H i g h - v i s i b i l i ty yel l ow . NOTE : The p roduct i s not f i re res i stan t .

- 39 COMPANY V i koma I ntern a t i ona l Ltd . , ( i n Canad a ) Mari ne E q u i pment Ltd . , 1 1 2 L i sgar S t . , Ottawa, Onta r i o . K2P OC2 DESCR I PT I O N V i koma s e a pack, a s e l f-conta i ned tow ves se l conta i n i ng 1 600 · of fl ex i bl e, i nfl ata b l e d ou b l e - c hamber boom w i th a u toma t i c i nfl ati o n a fter l ay i n g of boom . OP E RAT I NG S P EC I F I CAT I ONS BOOM L E NGTH DRAFT FRE EBOARD TOTAL HE I GHT F LOTATI ON E L EM E NT F LOTAT I ON SHAPE FLOTAT I O N L E NGTH FLOTAT ION W I DTH OV E RALL W E I GHT STOWAGE ( VOLUM E ) CURTA I N MATER I AL BALLAST TENS I ON L I NE REPA I RAB I L I TY CLEAN I NG COLOR

488m 0 . 4m O . 7 6m 1 . 1 9m Ai r compartme n t . Cyl i nd r i ca l . E n ti re l en g th o f boom . O . 68m max i mum d i ameter . B oom ( un i n f l a ted ) 4 . 5 Kg/m 244m u n i nfl a ted o c c u p i es 3 . 54 m 3 B utac h l o r - co a ted neoprene/ny l o n / neoprene fabr i c i n the form of a cyl i nd e r . O . 43m d i ameter bottom c hamber f i l l ed wi th s eawa ter . None . Ki ts for o n - s i te repa i r a re ava i l ab l e . I nd u s tr i a l s o l vent and wa ter . B l ack .

- 40 2.1.2

Pneumati c Ba rriers The pneumatic ba rrier consi s ts of a manifo l d pi pe made of steel and s u bmerged a t the requi red depth a n d air s u p p l y umbi lical pipes and compre s sor( s ) fo r providi ng the requi red amo u n t of air at the desired pre s s u re . I nitia l l y, i t wou l d appear that the pneuma ti c ba rrier design wou l d have decided advantages over conventiona l solid wa l l ba rriers fo r o peration i n ice i nfe s ted waters by virtue of the fact that the ai r manifo l d may be p l aced a t s ufficient depth to prevent it being damaged by the pas s age of ice through the contai nment a rea . H oweve r, thi s barrier design h a s n o t been tes ted u nder i c e i nfes ted conditions i n the Arctic and therefore l i ttl e is k nown a bo u t the effects of repea ted p a s sage of ice fl oes through the barrier . I t is pos si b l e that signi ­ ficant q uantities of oi l may b e carried o u tside of t h e contai nment area by such ice moveme n t . A pneumatic ba rrier design h a s been p roposed which i s report­ ed l y capab l e of containing oi l effecti ve l y u nder the fo l l owing environ­ mental condi ti on s : (i ) 64 km/ h wind a t s tandard hei g h t with g u s ts u p to 96 km/ h l a s ting no l onger than 5 s econds each hou r . (ii ) Significant wave h eight - 3m Height of hig hest 1/ 1 0 of waves - 3 . 9 6m Sig ni ficant wave period - 7 . 5 seconds (iii ) Sea Cu rrent - 2 k nots (iv ) No ice p re s en t . The general requi remen t s for a s ui ta b l e ai r ba rrier for thi s purpo s e a re a s fol l ows : (i ) Mani fo l d pipe depth - 7 . 6m ( approx ) (ii ) H o l e s s pacing a l ong manifo l d 2 0-40 per metre of pipe 0 . 7 - 1 . 5mm (iii ) Air fl ow rate - 0 . 9 m 3 per metre of pipe ( produces a s u rface current o f 1 . 5 m/sec . ) (iv ) Power requirement i n the manifo l d ra nges from 12 to 30 kw per metre l ength of pi pe pending u pon the pi pe d epth . ( v ) The pi pe materi a l s hou l d be steel . The a bove mentioned genera l requi rements are fu l fi l l ed, for 64 metre of ba rrier, by the fo l l owing equi pment package s : (i ) A g a s tu rbine-drive ai r compre s s o r s u p p l ying 34, 000m 3 / h air at 2 7 5 k P a a n d requiring 1 680 kw . Compre s s o r package, skid-mo u n ted with crad l e wou l d weigh a pproxima te l y 9 . 5 ton s . (ii ) 64m of 1 00 mm diameter s teel pi pe a t 1 6 kg/m incl u ding c l amps, umbi lical and fl oats , wou l d weigh approximate l y 1025 k g . (iii ) Mooring sys tem incl u ding fou r anchor and mooring l i nes wi l l weigh a p proxima tel y 5400 kg . (iv ) I nfl atabl e rubber fuel tank s ; 450m 3, capacity ( 8 days supply) .

- 41 The tota l weight of the sys tem wi l l be approximately 1 6 , 3 00 kg and wi l l require th ree C - 1 30 ( Herc u l es ) ai rcraft to tra n s port each 60m modu l e of bubbl e barrier . I t can be concl uded that the pneumatic con tai nment barrier i s u n s uita b l e fo r u se a s a con tainment meas u re i n the Bea u fort Sea for the fo l l owing rea son s : (i ) The tec hnique has not been tes ted for its a p p l i c a bi l i ty i n ice infested wate r . (ii ) Power and fuel req uirements are too hig h a n d wou l d therefore be extreme l y cos t l y . (iii ) S u p po rt sys tems are too h eavy to be easi l y depl oyed and recovered i n remote a reas and i n the pre s ence of ice fl oes .

- 42 2. l . 3



Chemi ca l Barr i ers ( Herders )

COMPANY S he l l O i l Company ( i n Canada ) Shel l Canada Ltd . DESCR I PT I ON S h e l l O i l Herder i s a water i n s o l u b l e c o l l ecti ng agent whi c h competes wi th o i l for water s u rfa ce . I t h a s a s p rea d i ng fo rce that i s g reater than the s pread i ng force of o i l . OPERAT I NG CHARACT E R I ST I CS Compati b i l i ty wi th other Agents - The mater i a l i s water i n s o l u b l e , b u t i s compat i bl e w i th mos t hydrocarbo n s . Depl oyment - F rom workboats , hand - s p rayers , h e l i copter-mo u n ted but i s compati bl e wi th mos t hydrocarbo n s . Compa t i b i l i ty wi th Equ i pment - The p rodu c t conta i n s no org an i c hal i des , heavy meta l s or other c hemi c a l s known to be harmfu l s pray u n i ts , etc . Appl i ca t i on Rate - E . P . A . recommended rate i s 4 . 7 l /km but not more than 3 appl i ca t i o n s i n a ny 24 hour peri od . Recovery - S tandard recovery o f col l ected o i l s . S P E C I F I CAT I ONS 0 Den s i ty - 860 kg/m 3 a t 2 5 C Coverage - 4 . 7 l i tres per k i l ometre ( O i l Herder i s effec t i ve i n conta i n i ng o i l s p i l l s a s a fi l m one mol ecu l e th i ck . One l i tre wi l l cover 2 . 8 hectares of water w i th a monomo l e cu l ar fi l m ) . Performance - Product h a s u ndergone exten s i ve te s ts , h a s been commerc i a l l y avai l a bl e s i nce October 1 9 7 1 and has been found effect i ve a t a n umber of s p i l l s i tes . In the conta i nment of crude o i l s , heavy fuel s o i l s , l u bri ca t i ng o i l and #2 fuel o i l s , O i l Herder funct i o n s o n both s a l t and fre s h wate r .

- 43 2.2

Recovery Equ i pment ( Sk i mmers)

COMPANY Bennett Pol l u ti o n Contro l s Ltd . , 1 1 9 Charl es S treet , North Vancouver , B . C . DESCR I PT I O N T h e Bennett Mk I V i s a i nverted endl es s s queeze bel t-we i r-type , manned s e l f-prope l l ed ves s e l type sk i mmer . OPERAT I NG CHARACTE R I ST I CS Depl oyment - U n i t can be l au n c hed . D ra ft/Freeboard , Empty - 1 0 . 6m Draft/ F reeboard , Loaded - P oontoo n s o n 2 . 1 m , off 1 . Om Mounted/Sta t i onary - Used i n sweep i ng o pe ra t i o n s . Vel oc i ty ( Max . ) i n Rel at i on to Water - 7 knots . OPERAT I NG S P EC I F I CAT I ONS Overa l l D i men s i o n s - 1 2 . 3m l ong x 3 . 6m wi de x 3 . 2m s h i p p i n g hei g h t We i g ht - 1 5 . 4 ton M00ri ng Power Requ i rements - Two GM 6V53 prod u c i ng 1 79 k � a t 2 200 RPM propu l s i on a n d s teeri ng by two S c hottel 360 dri v e s P ump Type a n d Capac i ty - Moyno p ro g re s s i ve cav i ty . Pump Rate Sunct i on Hose D i s c h a rge Hose Col l ector S torage Capa c i ty Compati b i l i ty w i th Materi a l Col l ected - Al umi n i um H u l l ; P o l yester/ wool bel t . Sweep W i dth - 1 . 2m wi thout boom a ttached . Mec han i ca l Repa i ra b i l i ty Ma i ntenance -

- 44 COMPANY J FB S C i enti fi c Corpora t i on 2 Ray Aven u e Burl i ngton , Ma s s a c h u s etts 0 1803 DESC R I PT I ON The J B F D I P 3001 model ( Dynami c I n cl i ned P l ane ) i s an i n verted end l e s s - be l t , manned , s e l f-powered ves s e l type sk i mmer . OPERAT I NG CHARACTER I S T I CS Draft/ Freeboard , Empty - 0 . 89m draft ; 0 . 5 1m freeboard . Dep l oyment - U n i t can be l au nc hed or depl oyed u s i ng a crane of s u i ta b l e l i ft capac i ty . Draft/ Freeboard , Loaded - l . l m draft ; 0 . 3m freeboard . Mounted/Sta ti onary - The u n i t may be u s ed s tati onary or mov i ng . Vel o c i ty ( Max . ) i n Re l at i on to Water - 0 - 3 knots max i mum effecti venes s . OPERAT I NG S P EC I F I CAT I ONS Overa l l D i men s i o n s - 7 . 62m l ong x 1 . 14m wi de x 1 . 4m h i g h . We i g ht - 6340kg . Moor i ng - Moored u s i ng s tandard anchor i ng dev i ces . Power Req u i rements - Power i s prov i ded by a rad i a tor-coo l ed di e s e l wh i c h a l � o d r i ves t h e hydra u l i c d i s tr i bu t i on sys tem . Pump Type and Capac i ty - Pos i t i ve d i s p l acemen t , progres s i veca vi ty pump . Pump Rate - 0 . 23m 3/ h a t 1034 . 2k Pa . S u cti on Hose - 50 . 8m D i s charge Hoe - 50 . 8m Col l ector S torage Capac i ty - 5 . 3m 3 ( 3 . 7 9 i n hu l l tank s , 1 . 5 i n col l ect i on wel l ) . Compati b i l i ty wi th Materi a l Col l ected - Mari ne a l umi n um hu l l ; p o l y ( - u rethane or - v i nyl c h l o r i de ) bel t . Sweep W i dth - 1 . 2m wi thout sweep s , 4 . 6m wi th sweeps . Effi c i ency - 80% recovery a t s peeds o r cu rrents u p to 1 . 0 knots . Mechan i ca l Repa i ra b i l i ty - Good . Sta ndard hand tool s req u i red for u n i t repa i r . Mai ntenance - Genera l c l ean i ng and l ub r i cati o n . Hatc hes prov i de i n tern a l u n i t acces s .

- 45 COMPANY E s s o Research Cen tre ( E ng l a nd ) ( i n Canada ) John Mi s ener Marine Equi pment Ltd . P . O . Box 278 Port Col borne, Ontari o . DESCR I PT I O N S l urp skimmer i s a non - s e l ective, h i g h - v o l ume, fl oating, portab l e a u toma t i c hydro a dj u s ting we i r- type sk i mme r . OP E RAT I NG CHARACT E R I S T I C S Draft/ F reeboa rd, Empty - N o t a p p l i ca b l e . Depl oyment - Two men a re requi red to depl oy a n d p l ace i n operation . Draft/ F reeboard, Loaded - Not a pp l i ca b l e Mounted/Sta t i onary - The u n i t h a s been deve l oped for s ta t i o n a ry a p p l i ca t i o n s . V e l oc i ty ( Max . ) i n Rel a t i on to Water - Not a p p l i ca b l e . OPERAT I NG S P E C I F I CAT I ONS Overa l l Dime n s i o n s - O . 93m O . A . L . ; O . 62m O . A . W . ; O .42m O . A . D . ; sk i mming head o n l y . We i g ht - 27kg ( sk i mming head o n l y ) . Moo r i ng - S ta ndard anc hori n g dev i ces a s requ i red . Power Requirements - 2 . 2 kW 4-cyc l e Bri g g s a n d S tratton g a so l i ne engine i s s u pp l i ed wi th each u n i t . Pump Type a n d Capaci ty - 38mm s e l f-pri m i n g centr i fugal pump . Maximum capac i ty ( dependent on pump ) 7 . 57m 3/ h , P ump Ra te Sucti on Hose - 38mm 1 . 0 . ; 1 0m l ength i s s u p p l i ed , l Okg . Di s c h a rge Hose - 38mm 1 . 0 . d i s ch a rge hose . Col l ector S torage Capac i ty - None . Compa t i b i l i ty wit h Materi a l C o l l ec ted - Not a p p l i ca b l e . Sweep Width - O . 6 2m c o l l ecti o n wi dth . E ffi ciency - Data not a v a i l ab l e . Mecha n i c a l Repa i ra bi l i ty - Sk i mm i ng head h a s n o moving p a rts ; eng i ne req u i res s tandard hand too l s for repa i r . M a i ntenance - Ma i ntenance typ i ca l o f sma l l eng i nes ; u n i t c l ean i ng a fter u se .

- 46 COMPANY Lock heed M i s s i l es & Space Co . , I n c . Ocean Sys tems Marketi ng Dept . 1 5 . 50 , Bl dg . 1 5 0 P . O . Box 504 S u n nyva l e , C a l i fornia 94088 DES C R I PT I ON The Lock heed " C l ean Sweep " mode l R2003 i s a fl o a t i ng , o l eo p h i l i c ­ d i s c sk i mmer that c a n be mounted i n a frame for fi xed i n s t a l l ati o n . OPERAT I NG CHARACT E R I S T I C S Draft/ F reeboard , Empty - 0 . 45m draft o n foam-fi l l ed fl otati on . Depl oyment - By truck , then towed to s p i l l s i te , or by ocea n work boat . I t can a l s o be perma nentl y mounted i n an effl uent channel , s ettl i ng tank , or pon d . Draft/ F reeboa rd , Loaded - 1 00% reserve buoyancy . Mou n ted/Sta t i onary - I t may be u s ed s ta t i onary . Vel oc i ty ( Max . ) i n Rel a t i o n to Water - Des i gned to sk i m a t s peeds to 5 k nots i n s ta te 4 s ea s . OPERAT I NG S P EC I F I CAT I ON S Overa l l D i men s i on s - 7 . 3m l on g x 6 . 7m w i de x 4 . 3 h i g h . We i g ht - 590 kg . Moor i ng - The u n i t creates i ts own cu rren t and may be moored for s t i l l water appl i ca t i o n s . Power Requ i rements - The u n i t i s Di e s e l powered i n cl u di ng p ro pu l sion . P ump Type and Capac i ty - 50 . 8mm po s i t i ve d i s p l acemen t , d i s c harge pump . Nomi n a l recovery rate i s 47 . 7m 3 / h P ump Rate - 4 5 . 4m 3 / h S u c tion Hose - None . Di s c harge Hose - 1 0 1 . 4mm Col l ector S torage Capacity - 0 . 7 6m 3 on board . A 9 . 46m 3 fl oati ng s torage bag i s ava i l ab l e a s an o pt i on . Compati bi l i ty wi t h materi a l col l ected - Compati b l e wi th mo s t s u b s tances over a w i de pH rang e . Sweep Width - 2 . 1 3m Effi c i ency - Oi l recovery rate 45 . 4m 3/ h . Les s than 2 % water i n recovered o i l . Mecha n i c a l Repa i ra b i l i ty - Conven t i ona l hand tool s are req u i red . Two o pe rat i ng and ma i ntenance manu a l s s u p p l i ed . M a i ntenance - S tandard ma i ntenance and c l ean i ng a s req u i red . The d i s c w i pers can be repl a ced i n one hou r .

- 47 COMPANY Marco Pol l u t i on Control Corp . ( i n Canada ) Dynami c E n v i ronmental E q u i pment 566 Cardero St . Vancouver, B . C . DESC R I PT I ON The Marco C l a s s I I I i s a 1 7 . 5m s e l f- prope l l ed v e s s e l type , o l eoph i l i c - be l t sk i mmer . The twi n h u l l de s i gned u n i t i s capab l e of operati o n s i n harbors or offs hore cond i t i on s . OPERAT I NG CHARACTE RI STI CS Draft/ Freeboa rd, Empty - 1 . 47m draft . Depl oyment - The v e s s e l i s depl oyed u s i ng s h i pya rd cranes of s u i ta b l e l i ft capac i ty (mi n i mum 50 tons ) . Draft/ Freeboa rd, Loaded - 1 . 7 5m Mou n ted/Stat i onary - Ves s e l c a n be u s e d s tati onary . ( I nd uced fl ow from bow radi u s ) . Vel oc i ty ( Max . ) i n Re l at i o n to Water - 3 knots effecti ve recovery . OPERAT I NG S P EC I F I CAT I ONS Overa l l D i men s i on s - 1 7 . 5m overa l l l ength ; 7 . 1 6m beam . We i g ht - 50 ton s d i s p l a cement, ready for s e a cond i ti on . Moo r i ng - Moo red u s i ng s ta ndard a n c h or i ng devi c e s . Power Requ i rements - Pro pu l sors, twi n CAT 3 1 6 0 d i e s e l s ( ra ted 1 5 6 kW eac h ) w i th Hami l to n 1 3 1 2 j ets . Pump Type and Capac i ty - Twi n deck moun ted wet s ump tra s h hand l i ng 101 . 6mm pumps . Pump Rate - 7 9 . 5m 3 / h a t 38m TDH Sucti on Hose - 101 . 6mm Di s c harge Hose - 1 0 1 . 6mm Col l ector S torage Capa c i ty - 14 . 3m 3 o n - board s torag e . Compati b i l i ty wi th Materi a l Col l ected - The u n i t i s compa t i bl e wi th petrol eum p rodu c t s a n d fl o a t i ng debri s . Sweep W i dth - 4 . 88m v e s s e l o n l y . May be i ncreased to 1 0 . Om wi th water s p ray booms . Eff i c i ency - I n a 2 5mm s l i ck of AP I #30 o i l , the u n i t 1 s recove ry rate i s appro x i ma tel y 7 9 . 5m 3 / h Mecha n i c a l Repa i ra b i l i ty - S ta ndard hand too l s are requ i red for u n i t repa i r . Ma i ntenance - Un i t l ubri cat i o n and c l ean i ng a s req u i red .

- 48 COMPANY Neurpic , I n c . 3 1 5 Park Avenue , New York , New York 1 0022 DESCRI PT I ON Cyc l onet 1 00 i s a vortex wei r ( hydrocyc l one ) device which o perates by movement through wa ter . OPERAT I NG CHARACTE R I ST I CS Draft/ F reebo a rd , Empty - 1 . 46m average draft ; 0 . 49m board . Depl oyment - Man u a l depl oymen t . The u nit i s moun ted o n the side of a ves se l ( e . g . , trawl e r ) and require s 1 5 min utes to pl ace i n opera tion . Draft/ F reeboa rd , Loaded - Same a s empty . Mou n ted/Stationary - Moun ted i n a fixed posi tion . Vel oci ty ( ma x . ) i n Rel a tion to Water - 7 k no t s maximum vel o city . OPERAT I NG S P EC I F I CAT IONS Overa l l Dimensions - 3 . 0m l ong , 1 . Om wide x 1 . 95m hig h . Weight - 906 Kg . Mooring - The u ni t i s not moored . Power Requirements - Power for p umping u nit o n l y . P ump Type a n d Capacity - Two centrifugal pumps . P ump Rate - 0 . 23m 3/ h . Suction Hose - None . Di scharge Hose - 300mm Col l ector Sto rage Capaci ty - 1 2 1 m 3 towa bl e ; col l a p si b l e tanker can be p rovided . Compati bi l i ty wit h Materia l Col l ected - Dependent on ma teri a l s s e l ected for cons truction . Sweep Width - Ves s e l width pl u s 1 . Om per u ni t . Two u nits are recommended , one on each side of the v e s s e l . E fficiency - E fficiency from 9 0% depending on s l i ck thi ck nes s , and operating s peed . Mec hanical Repairabi l i ty - S tanda rd hand too l s are required for u nit repai r . Mai ntenance - S tandard maintenance and c l eaning u sing i n d u s trial detergents , s o l vents , or s team .

- 49 COMPANY O i l Mop Pol l u t i on Contro l s Ltd . M i s s i s sa uga , Ontari o . DESCR I PTI ON O i l Mop products cover a wi de range of o l eop h i l i c rope equ i pment . OPERAT I NG CHARACT E R I ST I CS Draft/ F reeboard , Empty - Not applica b l e . Depl oyment - Depend s o n u n i t size . Vari es from man ua l l y portabl e equ i pment to l arge sea g o i ng u n i ts . Mounted/Sta t i onary - Depend i ng o n s i ze . May be mou n ted o n a n open top drum , tra i l er , barge , boat , o r stati onary o n s hore . Draft/ F reeboa rd , Loaded - Not a pp l i ca b l e . Ve l oc i ty ( Max . ) i n Rel a t i on to Water - Mop speeds from 3 . 0 to 45m per m i n u te and may be vectored for near zero rel a t i ve ve l oc i ty . OPERAT I NG S P EC I F I CAT I ONS Overa l l D i men s i o n s - Va r i es wi th mode l from smal l man u a l l y tra n s ported u n i ts to s e a - g o i ng u nits . We i g ht - Vari es with model from 68Kg to 8 ton s . Moori ng - Anchors , sma l l boats , " dead men " a n chors , d r i ven s take s o r dead-we i ght a nchors . Power requ i rements - Man ua l l y cranked , el ectric , g a s o l i ne , or d i esel s e l f- powered . Pump Type and Capac i ty - The Mark 1 1 -4 seri e s u s ua l l y wi thout pumps ; o n o t her model s , pumps v a ry , 50m to 1 00mm d i s c ha rge . P ump Ra te - U s u a l l y adequate for rec l amat i on rates of each u n i t ; s omet i me s a u x i l i a ry pumps a re requ i red . Sucti o n Hose - None . Dis c harge Hose - From 50mm d i ameter to l OOmm diameter o i l - res i s tant d i s c harge hose . Col l ector S torage Capaci ty - Depending o n model , from . 1 6m 3 to 1 6m 3 Compati b i l i ty wi th Materi a l Col l ected - Exce l l ent . Sweep W i dth - Vari es wi t h machine s e l ected ; u p to 6 1 0m . Effi c i ency - Capac i t i e s and effi ciency are a fu nct i o n o f tempe rature , materi a l v i s c os i ty . Mecha n i ca l Repai ra b i l i ty - Standard hand too l s u s ed for mop eng i nes . Ma i ntenance - Mop s are cl eaned wi th any petro l eum s o l vent or detergen t . When detergent i s u s ed , extens i ve r i n s i ng i s required . Traces of res i du a l detergent reduce s orpti o n capac i ty .

- 50 -

COMPANY R . B . H . Cybernet i cs ( 1 9 7 0) Ltd . P . O . Box 4205 , P o s ta l Stati o n " A " V i ctori a , B . C . DES CR I PT I ON The S l i ck l i cker i s a v e s s e l -mo u n ted o l eophi l i c bel t sk i mmer and s queeze rol l recovery . OPERAT I NG CHARACTER I ST I CS Draft/ F reeboard , Empty - Not a p p l i ca b l e . Depl oyment - Man u a l depl oyment . Draft/ F reeboard , Loaded - Not a pp l i ca b l e . Moun ted/Sta t i o nary - V e s s e l i s moun ted a n d u s e i n swee p i n g opera t i on s . Ve l oc i ty ( Ma x . ) i n Rel at i o n to Water - 1 knot or l es s . O P E RAT I NG S P EC I F I CATI ONS Overa l l D i men s i on s - U n i t d i men s i on s : 1 . 83m 1 . 83m bas e ; 1 . 83m h i g h frame , 3 . 35m a n d 4 . 57 boom l en g th s . We i g ht - 680 Kg . Moori ng - Not a p p l i ca b l e . Power Requ i rements - 4 . 5 Kw d i e s e l eng i ne ( S tandard) 6 Kw o r 6 . 7 Kw g a s o l i ne , or 3 . 7 Kw e l ectr i c motor . ( op t i o na l ) . Pump Type a n d Capa c i ty - A pump i s not s u pp l i ed on the s tandard S l i ck l i cker . P ump Rate - Recommended pump ra te , 0 . 23m 3 /H mi n i mum . S u c t i o n Hose - None . D i s charge Hose - 300mm n i pp l e beh i nd a n d be l ow the s q u eeze rol l er . C o l l ector S torage Capac i ty - 1 5m 3 ; 9 . 46 m 3 recommended . Compa t i b i l i ty wi th Ma teri a l C o l l e cted - Not a p p l i ca b l e . Sweep W i dth - 0 . 9m wi thout booms o r g u i de fl oats . Effi c i ency - Data not ava i l a b l e . Mechan i ca l Repa i ra b i l i ty - S tandard hand too l s req u i red for repa i r . Ma i ntenance - C l ea n a fter u s e w i t h a ny i nd u s tr i a l deterg ent .

- 51 COMPANY V i k oma I n ternat i ona l Ltd . ( i n Canada ) Mari n e Eq u i pment Ltd . 1 1 2 L i sgar St. Ottawa , Ontari o . K2P OC2 DESCRI PT I ON V i koma Seas k i mmer i s a o l eoph il i c d i s c s k i mmer . OPERAT I NG CHARACTE R I ST I CS Draft/ F reeboard , Empty - 0 . 7 6m . Depl oyment - F rom dec k o f workboat , by derr i c k, o r from derr i c k o n p a l l et . Draft/ F reeboard , Loaded - Contro l l ed pneumati c a l l y a t opera t i ng l evel . Mou n ted/Sta t i onary - Not s e l f propel l ed . Rel a t i on to Water - Not a p p l i cab l e . OPERAT I NG S P E C I F I CAT I ONS Overa l l D i me n s i on s - Overa l l h e i g h t 2 . 54m , 00 3 . 28m We i g ht - 928 Kg . Moori ng - L i ne v i a derr i c k to workboat . Power Req u i rements - Power pack 1 8 . 6 Kw d i esel eng i ne - - hydrau l i c d r i ves to p umps and d i s c s . Pump Type and C a pa c i ty - Centr i fugal 408m 3 / h . Pump Rate 90 . 7m 3 h max imum . S u c t i o n Hose - Not a p p l i cab l e . D i s charge Hose - 2 00mm d i ameter v i ny l -covered nyl on rei nforced fl a t h os e . Col l ector S torage Capac i ty - Not a pp l i cab l e . Compati b i l i ty w i th Mater i a l Col l ected - Not a ffected ( GRP con­ tructi o n ) . Sweep W i dth - Torro i da l s hape - - 3 . 28m d i ameter wi th fender i nfl a ted . E ff i c i ency - Norma l l y l es s than 5 percent free wa ter c a rryover i n recovered o i l . Mecha n i c a l Repa i rab i l i ty - S EAS KH1r1ER repa i rs very q u i c k l y effected by u s e of recommended GRP s pares and repl aceab l e s na p - i n p l a s t i c d i sc s . Ma i n tenance - Mi n i ma l .

- 52 2.3

O i l Spi l l Treat i ng Agents .

COMPANY Conwed Corporati on ( i n Canada ) CIl Branches Acro s s Canada DESCRI PTION Conwed i s a v a i l a bl e a s water-re s i s ta n t, petroph i l i c vegeta b l e f i ber bl ankets , pads, sweeps, and s tr i ps . OPERAT I NG CHARACT E R I S T I C S Depl oyment - U s u a l l y depl oyed manua l l y . Compati b i l i ty - Standard prod ucts cannot be retri eved by sk i mme rs o r s eparators . Recovery - Recove red man u a l l y . OPERAT I NG S P EC I F I CAT I ONS S i ze - B l ankets : 0 . 89m x 6 l m x 6 . 4mm . Pads : 0 . 44m x 0 . 44m x 6 . 4mm . Sweeps : 0 . 44m x 0 . 44m x 6 . 4mm . Stri p s : 0 . 07m x 0 . 66m x 6 . 4mm Dens i ty - 5 1 Kg/m3 Absorp t i on - Dependent u pon hydrocarbon . S orbent p i ck s u p and ho l ds 1 5 t i mes i ts own we i g h t of l i g hter fue l s s u c h as g a s o l i ne and j et fuel ; 20 t i me s o r more of h i gher v i s co s i ty products s uc h a s #6 fuel o i l . Coverage - The ma teri al mu s t be i n contact wi th o i l . One carton of pad s wi l l p i ck up one barrel of o i l . Effi c i ency - Extreme l y rap i d ( 22 times t he i r we i g ht of No . 2 D i e s e l fuel i n 1 8 seconds, and No . 6 fuel o i l i n 30 seconds ) .

- 53 -

COMPANY O i l Mop Pol l u t i on Contro l s Ltd . M i s s i s sauga, Ontari o . DESCR I PT I O N O i l MOP i s a ma nua l l y or mecha n i cal l y- powered ( and depl oyed ) conti n u o u s rope mop of o l eophi l i c hydropho b i c f i bers or r i bbo n s woven i nto a rope . Man u a l mops ( s i mi l ar to o rd i n a ry k i tchen mops ) a re ava i l ab l e for hand o perati o n s . OPERAT I NG CHARACTE R I S T I CS Depl oyment - O i l Mop s may be man ua l l y depl oyed a n d u s ed a s s orbents or barri e r s, or u s ed w i th ma n u facture r ' s wri nger u n i ts . Compl ete sys tem can be tra n s ported by truck or ves se l and req u i res s e vera l men for i n i t i a l s e t- u p . Compati b i l i ty - Not a pp l i ca b l e . Recovery - O i l Mops a re a u tomat i ca l l y recovered and pa s s ed thro u g h mec ha n i c a l wri ngers . OPERAT I NG S P EC I F I CAT I ONS S i ze - Rope s i zes vary from 9 . 6mm to 1 9mm . A 9 . 6mm rope has m i n i mum fi ber l engths of 1 00mm ; a 1 9mm rope has max i mum fi ber l engths of 0 . 9m . Den s i ty - 6 5 0 to 920 Kg/m 3 Absorpti on - Absorpt i on l i mi ts of the o i l /wa ter rati o i n p i ck - u p i s g ood w i th l ong l i ft ti mes, a n d l i ttl e or n o water i s recovered . S peed of opera t i o n reduces effi c i e n cy . Coverage - Not a pp l i ca b l e . Effi c i ency - Var i e s w i th o i l v i s c os i ty and s peed of recovery . V i scos i ty of 1 50 SUS o i l and a l i ft- t i me of 1 0 seconds wi l l recover 1 5 . 9m 3 / h . A v i s c o s i ty of 900 SUS a t a 1 0- second l i ft t i me wi l l recover 3 1 . 8m 3/ h .

- 54 COMPANY Parker Sys tems, I nc . P . O . Box 1 65 2 Norfo l k, V i rg i n i a 23501 DESCR I PT I ON O i l Snare con s i s t s of fl at fi bers of o l eoph i l i c / hydrophobi c b u nd l es of p o l ypropyl ene r i bbon yard . OPERAT I NG CHARACTERI STI CS Dep l oyment - S pread by hand . Recovery - Recovered w i th a rake , p i tchfork , boat- hook or other s u i ta b l e tool . Mater i a l i s moved vert i cal l y through the o i l , not from s i de to s i de . Compa ti b i l i ty - The product i s best u s e d for fi n a l c l eanup a fter sk i mmers have removed the b u l k of the o i l and are no l onger effecti ve . Al s o u sed i n s ha l l ow water , d i tches , etc . OPERAT I NG S P EC I F I CAT I ONS S i ze - A 6 . BKg ca rton conta i n s 30 Oi l Snares ( ea c h we i g h i ng about 0 . 2 3 Kg ) . The carton s i ze i s 0 . 6 1 x 0 . 4 1 x 0 . 46m . Den s i ty - 5 1 Kg/m 3 Abs orpt i on - T h i s ma teri a l i s a d s orbent and i ts pe rformance i s dependent o n o i l v i s co s i ty . Coverage - A s requ i red . Effi c i ency - Typ i ca l p i c � u p rates ( Kg of o i l per Kg of O i l Snare ) : o # 6 o i l - 2 9 Kg @ 1 . 7 C ( 1 4 . 5 Kg l bs . @ 2 1 C ) ; # 5 o i l - 0 1 0 . 9 Kg a t 2 1 C ( 7 . 3 Kg @ 2 6 . B C ) ; #4 o i l - - B . 2 Kg a t l B . 3 C Al a skan Crude l BKg @ - 1 . 1 C .

- 55 COMPANY R . B . H . Cyberneti c s ( 1 970 ), Ltd . P . O . Box 4205, Postal S ta ti on " A " V i ctor i a, B . C . DES C R I PT I O N Grabo i l i s a pol yurethane foam treated to i ncreas e o l eoph i l i c propert i es a n d hydrophob i c properti e s . OPERAT I NG CHARACTER I ST I CS Depl oymen t - The ma teri a l i s workboats, etc . Compa t i b i l i ty - Des i g ned for Cy berneti c s sk i mmer ) o r be s qu eezed o u t b y hand Recovery - By S l i ck l i cker o r

depl oyed by hand from p i ers, u s e w i th S l i ck l i cker ( an R . B . H . other s q ueeze rol l e rs, but c a n q u i te effect i ve l y . hand tool s .

OPERAT I NG S P EC I F I CAT I ON S S i ze - Batts O . 6m x 0 . 3m x 2 . 5mm ; a l s o i n 0 . 1 5m x 1 . 8m x 1 5 . 2m booms . Den s i ty - 2 1 Kg/m3 Absorpt i o n - Up to 20 t i me s i ts own wei g h t under opera t i ona l cond i t i on s . I n l a b condi t i on s i t can take u p to 30 t i mes i ts own we i gh t . Coverage - Depend i ng o n the t h i ck nes s o f the s l i ck . Effi c i ency - G i ves very c l ean p i ck u p and ho l ds o i l for an i ndefi n i te per i od ( up to t h ree month s u n der l ab c on d i t i o n s ) .

- 56 COMPANY 3M Company ( i n Canada ) 3M London , Onta ri o . DESCR I PT I ON 3M o i l s orbent i s a mi crofi brous ( 1 00% syntheti c p o l ymeri c f i ber ) o l eoph i l i c , hydrophob i c o i l s orben t . Ava i l ab l e a s rol l s , swee p s , s heets , parti cu l a te , p i l l ow , a n d booms ( See a l s o booms ) . OPERAT I NG CHARACT E R I ST I CS Depl oyment - The part i c u l ate i s d i s tri b u ted by hand or by b l ower . Other types a re hand dep l oyed . Compat i b i l i ty - Compa t i b l e w i th retri eval equ i pment ( parti c u l a te ) . Recovery - Part i c u l ate by s creen s coop , s e i ne , sk i mmer , a n d pump . Other types retri eved man ua l l y o r l i ft by s creen s coop . OPERAT I NG S P EC I F I CAT I ON S S i ze - Rol l s : 0 . 9m x 45 . 7m x 9 . 6mm ; sweep s : 0 . 56m x 30 . 5m x 9 . 6mm ; s heets ; 0 . 46m x 0 . 46m x 9 . 6mm a n d p i l l ows : 1 27mm x 0 . 36m x 0 . 6m . Part i c u l a te i n 2 3 k g b a l es . Den s i ty - 48- 64 Kg/m 3 Absorpt i on - 1 0 to 24 t i mes i ts own we i g h t depend i ng upon materi a l a b sorbed , tempera ture , a n d v i s co s i ty . Coverage - Dependent o n s p i l l a n d water cond i t i on s . Effi c i ency - Effi c i ency i s good ; cost-effec t i ven e s s i s a functi o n o f the extent t o w h i c h materi a l s c a n b e reu s e d .

- 57

-

TABL E 2 . 3- 1 Sorbents for Recovery o f Oi l i n I ce I nfes ted Water genera l l y effi ciency of oi l pic k - u p and retention increa s e s with increasing oi l vi scosi ty . however g reater mixing en ergy i s requi red to achieve good s orption a t l ow temperature s ( for polyurethane foam )

(1)

S peed and efficiency

(2)

Cost

(3)

Tota l Capacity

pol yurethane foam = 2 1 . 6 kg oi l / kg sorbent ; s traw = 2 . 3 kg oi l / kg s t raw

(4 )

Weight, Size ; P ower S u p p l y

68- 136 kg of pol yurethane foam required for 299 m 3 / day non-emu l si fied oi l ( foam i s reu s e d ) ; 8 ton s / day required wi thout reu se ; 70 ton/day of s t raw required to do s ame j ob .

(5)

Compl exity of S et- u p a n d Opera tion

req ui res a certain amo u n t of mixing energy to ens ure efficient sorption ; the amou nt of energy required to en s u re efficient pic k - u p of hig h l y vi s c o u s oi l may b e prohi bitive l y l arge ; mu s t be mechani ca l l y or man ua l l y recovered and mec ha n ­ ica l l y sq u eezed f o r recyc l e . E ffects of ice on these operations is u n known .

( 6 ).

Applicabi li ty i n Arctic

mixed o pi nions a s to a p p l i c a bi l ity of s orbents in ice i nfes ted Arc tic waters ; l i ttl e actual testing h a s been done, however, indications are that it wi l l wo rk on oi l of u p to a certain vi scosity ( a s yet u n known ) .

p o l y u rethane reu s e d 100 times = $80/day ; 60 times $ 1 3 5/ day ; n o reu s e = $8, 1 50/day ( a s s ume s non emu l sified oil ) ; for s traw - 78 tons /day i s requi red @ $ 30/ton - $2, 300/day

=

( 7 ) Avai l abi l i ty of Equi pment

materi a l i s readi l y avai l a b l e, however, c o n sider­ a b l e q u a n tity wou l d have to be s tockpi l ed i n area in p reparation for a s pi l l . Delivery time i s u n ­ known .

(8)

reas o na b l y versati l e a l though it is not known what a ffect ice wou l d have on pe rformance of sorbent ; wou l d tend to work better i n sma l l ice pockets, etc . where other equipment can not reac h a n d the s orbents s hou l d b e eval uated for their u s efu l n e s s for thi s purpo s e .

Versati l i ty

2.4

Tra n s fer and 0 1 s oo s a l

2.4. 1

Pumpi..!!.9. TABLE 2 . 4- 1 Pumps for H a n d l i ng H i g h l y V -i s C Q U S O i l s Max . V i s c o s i ty i t c a n pump

Max . Capac i ty a t 2 5 0 , 000 S S U

SSU

M3/h

Noync

5 , 000 , 000

1 3 . 63

Any mater i a l Hard c h rome p l a t i n q #31 6SS

S i er - B a t h

5 , 000 , 000 30 , 00 0 , 00 0 a l s o

20 . 45

H i g h g l"ade c a s t i ron s c rew s td . Al l m a te r i a l s

Pump Name

a va i l ab l e

C o n s t ru c t i on Ma teri a l

S team J a c k e t i ng

Type of Pump

P.,-'ma r k s

Screw Conveyor

Can h a n d l e s o l i d p a r t i c l e s H o p per i n ­ up to 25 mn : . t a k e and a u g e l-

Ava i l a b l e

Dou b l e ­ s c rew exte rna l gear a n d bea r i ng

Hopper type i n ta ke a n d h a r d - fa c ed s c rews a va i l ­ abl e . Pumps co l d o i l a t 300 , 000 S S U . U n e x c e l l ed for B u n k e r C

I nterna l ro t a ry

a v a i l a b1 e

Roto-Ki ng ( V i k i ng )

S ta n d a rd u p to

I ron a n d s tee 1

S tandard

250 , 000

4 5 . 43 4 5 kW req u i red to produce 345kPa

Wavkesha

700 , 000

34 . :;2

W a v ke s ha or 3 1 6SS or rubber i mp e l l e r

J a c k e ted c o v e r Twi n - b l a d e a va i l ab l e me ta l rotor or Dua l obe rubber rotor

B l a c kmer

Quoted no l i m i t . S ta n da rd u p to

H a rd c h rome p l a t i n g and h a rd ened i ron

Ava i l 3 b l e

2 , 000 , 000

1 00 , 000

gear

Vane

S pa te

1 0 , 000

1 1 . 36

A l um i num

I nd u ced fl ow

Meg a t o r

1 0 , 000

1 3 . 63

S teel

S l i d i n g S hoe

3 3 2 S er i e s

CTl 0)

Abra s i v e n o t recommended

Ha n d l e s abra s i v e such as s l urri es . E a s y to re p l a c e w o r n parts . Rel a t i v e l y s ma l l capac i ty . I ne x pe n s i v e ,

l i g h twe i g h t ;

I ne x pe n s i v e ; por t a b l e

l i ghtwe i g h t

porta b l e p r o v e n re l i a b i l i ty i n s p i l l s i tuati ons

- 59 TAB L E 2 . 4- 2 P umps a n d Vacuum Sys tem Tec h n i c a l Data Mega to r 1 Pump

Spate P ump

1 3 . 63

1 1 . 36

45 .43

7.0

6. 1

4.9

D i scharg e Head ( m )

30 . 5

30 . 5

I n l et S i ze ( mm )

75

75

1 00

Outl et S i ze ( mm )

75

75

1 00

Max . V i scos i ty ( SSU )

1 0, 000

1 0 , 000

Dri ver

D i e se l

Di e s e l

Diesel

Power (kW )

5

5

32

Total We i g ht (kg )

90 . 6

90 . 6

2265

Length x W i dth x He i g ht ( m )

1 . 04 x 0 . 36 x 0 . 65

x

0 . 81 x 0 . 6 1 0 . 61

x

Porta b i l i ty

Hel i copter Tra n s porta b l e

Hel icopter Tra n s porta b l e

Helicopter Trans portabl e

Type

S l i d i n g Shoe

I nduced F l ow

Ava i 1 a b i l i ty

Commerc i a l l y Ava i l abl e

Commercia l l y Ava i l a b l e

Commercia l l y Avai l a b l e

Al umi n um Body

Steel

$2, 000

$33 , 000

P ump i ng Rate ( m 3/ h ) S u c t i on L i fe ( m )

Mater i a l Approx i mate Cost l.

2.

3.

*

$ 2, 000

2

Tra n s 3 Vac

35

0 . 30 x 0 . 1 8 0. 1 8

Mega tor Pump - S u p p l i er Hewco Equ i pment Ltd . , Mon trea l , Quebec S pa te P ump - S u p p l i er Peacock B rothers, LaSal l e, Quebec . Tra n s Vac - S u pp l i er I nd u s tr i a l P l a s t i c s Canada Ltd . , Fort Eri e, Ontari o We i g ht for an a l l s teel mod u l e, a l umi n um modu l e i s pre s entl y bei ng eval ua ted by the s up p l i er .

- 60 TABL E 2 . 4 - 3 S ummary - P umps and Vacu um Sys tems

Pump Type

Advantages

Di s advantages

Mega tor Pump

M i n i mum o f s hear i mparted to f l u i d

Not tested u nder severe Arc t i c opera t i n g con­ d i t i on s .

Can be u s e d wi th s i ng l e or mu l t i p l e sk i mmer head s . E a s i l y carri ed over s hort d i s tances by two men . Low cost ( $ 2000 ) . S pa te Pump

S ame a s a bove .

Same a s a bove .

Used to recover s p i l l ed o i l t h i ckened to a g rea s e - l i ke con s i s te n cy o n the wes tern beaches of Quern s ey , E ng l and . Trans Vac

M i n i mum o f s hear i mpa rted to f l u i d . Can be u s e d wi th u p to t hree sk i mmer head s .

S teel cons truc t i on not s u i ta b l e for sea wa ter s e rv i ce ( un i t constructed of a l umi n um i s presently under eva l u a t i o n ) .

100 k Pa a i r avai l a bl e for bl owi ng out s uc t i o n l i ne .

H i g h cost $33 , 000 for s teel constructi on ) .

Proven s ucces s f u l i n o i l s p i l l c l ean u p o n S t . Lawrence Ri ve r s pri ng 1 974 ; a b l e to p a s s twi g s u p to 2 50 mm l ong , 9 . 6 mm d i ameter

Not tested under Arc t i c opera t i ng cond i t i on s .

No mov i ng parts come i n contact wi th recovered o i l or debri s .

Too heavy to enabl e i t to be tra n s po rted ea s i l y .

- 61 Tab l e 2 . 4- 4 presents i nformat i o n o n fl exi b l e o i l tra n s fer hose s u i ta b l e for u s e a t l ow temperature s . TABL E 2 . 4-4 F l ex i b l e O i l Tra n s fer Hose Wt per m (kg )

Work i ng Pre s s u re ( k Pa )

S i ze ( mm )

Approx 0 0 ( mm )

31 . 8

48 . 5

1 . 54

1 035

15

38 . 0

29. 5

1 . 77

1 035

203

50 . 5

42

2 . 23

1 035

229

63 . 5

82 . 5

2 . 95

1 03 5

305

76 . 2

95. 25

3 . 77

1 03 5

308

1 01 . 6

1 20 . 6

5. 1 5

1 035

457

1 27 . 0

1 46 . 0

6 . 92

690

760

1 52 . 4

1 71 . 5

8 . 63

51 7

91 4

203 . 2

2 25 . 4

1 3 . 09

345

1 2 20

Bend i ng Rad i u s (mm )

- 62 2 .4 . 2

Batchwi s e Tra n s ferral The batchw i s e tra n s ferral of l arge q u a n t i ti e s ( up to 25 tons ) of recovered o i l o r e q u i pment to s h o re l i ne recovery teams may be achi eved by mea n s of an a i r c u s h i on v e h i c l e ( s ) ( ACV ) or s u i ta b l e hel i copter . ACV ' s are capa b l e of carryi ng heavy var i ed l oads over s now- covered i ce and terra i n wh i ch i s i nacces s i bl e to other forms of s u rface tra n s porta t i on fo r pro l onged per i ods , prov i d i ng certa i n mi nor mod i fi cati o n s are made . One mac h i ne of t h i s type , the Bel l V oyageur h a s been eval u a ted for i ts performa nce under col d wea ther opera t i ng condi t i o n s . Tab l e presents parti c u l ars o n the Bel l V oyageur Seri a l No . 004 . An earl i er mode l of th i s mach i ne h a s u ndergone recent exten s i ve co l d weather eva l uati o n s i n the Arct i c . T h i s part i c u l ar c ra ft 0 B e ra ted on the Lower North S ho re of Quebec i n tempe ratures a s l ow a s -40 C . TABL E 2 . 4 . 5 Spec i fi ca t i o n s Bel l V oyageur 004 ACV D i me n s i on s Length ( Overa l l ) Beam ( Overa l l ) H e i ght ( Overa l l ) We i g ht empty Max i mum permi s s i b l e g ro s s wt Power p l ants Prope l l ers L i ft Fans F u e l Sys tem Capac i ty : Cargo Deck Length Cargo Deck W i dth Cargo Deck H e i g h t ( off c u s h i on ) C o s t - Lease - Purchase

Spe c i f i cati o n 20m 11.2 m 6.7 m 1 6 , 298 kg 4 1 , 1 1 5 kg Two UACL ST6T- 7 5 Twi n - Pac mari n e g a s turb i nes ( rated a t 969 kw con t i nuous per un i t ) Two Ham i l ton S tandard three - b l ade va r i a b l e- p i tch 2 . 7m d i ameter Two B e l l /BHC centri fugal 2 . 1 m d i ameter 9 , 000 l i tres 12.2 m 10. 1 m 1 02 m $ 1 00 , 000 per month $ 2 . 5 mi l l i on

- 63 Tabl e 2 . 4 . 6 i s i ntended to present a n i nd i ca ti on of the overa l l capabi l i ti es of a n ACV of th i s type for opera t i on i n the Arcti c . Severa l rel a t i vel y mi nor des i gn mod i fi ca t i o n s wo u l d be req u i red before the mach i ne cou l d be put i n to l ong term servi ce i n the Bea u fort Sea . TAB L E 2 . 4 . 6 Col d Weather Capa b i l i t i es B e l l Voyageur 1.

Over s n ow-covered smooth i ce, a max i mum s peed of nearl y 9 7 km/ h was a tta i n a b l e .

2.

An average s peed of 6 4 km/ h coul d be ma i ntai ned comfortabl y over the r i ver routes i n the Macken z i e De l ta .

3.

4.

5.

6.

Loads of u p to 22, 680 kg cou l d be carr i ed .

7.

I ncrea s i ng the l oa d had o n l y a mi nor effect o n cra ft performance .

8.

Deck eq u i pment was requ i red to s up p l ement fork l i fts when hand­ l i ng mo s t of the l oa d s carri ed .

The c ra ft was c a pa b l e o f o pera t i ng over s now- covered tundra of 9 . the k i nd found i n the Mackenz i e Del ta, p rov i d i ng care wa s taken to a vo i d s teep s l opes . 1 0. Rou g h i ce c ou l d be traversed s a fe l y, pro v i ded that i ce b l ock s o f more than 1 . 0 m i n hei g ht were a v o i ded . 11. Snow bank s of u p to 1 . 2 to 1 . 5 m cou l d be cro s sed but there was ri sk of damage to the s ta b i l i ty bags a n d keel .

A porta bl e, hea ted s hel ter wa s needed for pro l onged servi c i ng and repa i rs . Obstac l es of more than 1 . Om i n he i g ht may c a u s e damage to the sk i rt, s ta b i l i ty bags or keel . The eng i nes s tarted at temperature s down t o -40 0 C .

Al though the ACV h a s s hown a c a p a b i l i ty fo r opera ti ng i n the Arcti c the u s e of s u c h a v e h i c l e has deci ded d i s advantages . Among these i s the fac t that such a v e h i c l e i s i n con s ta n t contact wi th the ground or i n t h i s ca s e i ce s u rface and i s therefore partl y dependent on the na ture of that s u rface for i ts eff i c i e n t a n d ma i ntenance free operati on . I t i s envi s aged that there w i l l be many s i tua t i o n s and l ocati o n s i n the Bea u fort Sea where the o perat i on o f a n ACV i s made d i ffi c u l t or i mpos s i b l e by the presence of rou g h o r b roken i ce . I n a dd i t i on ACV · s a re not a v a i l a bl e on s hort n ot i ce a s a genera l r u l e . Howeve r d u e to the l arge payl oad c a p a b i l i ti es of these mac h i nes t hey a re con s i dered to be best s u i ted for tra n s port i ng the l a rge earth­ movi ng equ i pment nece s s a ry for beach c l ean up operati o n s . Shou l d a u n i t be p u rc ha s ed ( at a c o s t o f a pprox i ma t e l y $ 2 . 5 mi l l i on ) i t wou l d have to be p u t to u s e d u r i ng the peri o d s when not i nv o l ved i n o i l recovery wo rk i n o rder to j u s t i fy s uc h a l arge c a p i ta l expend i tu re . For these rea s o n s i t i s fel t t h a t the p u r c h a s e of a n A C V a s p a rt of t h e o i l s p i l l conti ngen cy p l a n equ i pment s tock p i l e i s o n l y j us t i fi a b l e a s part of a centra l i zed res ervo i r o f e q u i pment , o r i n conj u n c t i o n wi th other appl i cati o n s for

- 64 the craft . However, s hou l d one become a v a i l ab l e for u s e a t the t i me of a s p i l l i t may be u t i l i zed to i ts best advan tage i n offs hore areas or as nece s s ary for beach c l ean u p work . Hel i copter trans port of conta i ned o i l and equ i pment i s an effi c i ent method of transferr i ng the s e com p onents i n otherwi s e i na cces s i b l e a reas of the Arcti c . However l oad, ra nge and cost con s i derati o n s l i m i t the u s efu l n e s s of th i s method to rel ati v e l y l ow payl oads (2, 2 68 kg ) thereby exempt i ng them from u s e i n tra n sporti ng th e l arge equ i pment mod u l es req u i red for beach c l ean u p operat ions . 2.4.3 Temporary Storage Ta bl e 2 . 4 . 7 s hows the ranges o f s i ze s and capaci ti es of fl ex i b l e tanks s u i ta b l e for tra n s port by a medi um l i ft hel i copter ( 2, 265 kg capaci ty for s l u n g l oa d s ) or by ACV . S torage conta i ners up to approx i ma tel y 1 0 9m 3 capac i ty a re hel i copter tra n s porta b l e u s i ng med i um l i ft h e l i copters . TAB L E 2 . 4 . 7 F l ex i b l e S to rage B a g s - Techn i ca l Data Capaci ty ( m 3 )

0. 2

0 . 95

1.4

1.9

3.8

We i g ht empty (kg ) ful l (kg ) P hys i ca l d i mens i on s ( m ) Mode of Tra n s port Materi a l of con s tru c t i o n

2 2 . 65 199 0 . 9xO . 6 hel i copter

1 1 3 . 25 906 1 . 5xO . 9 h e l i copter

56 . 63 1359 1 . 8x l . 2 hel i c o pter

129 1812 1 . 5xl . 2 hel i copter

35 3624 3 . 0x2 . 4 ACV

neoprene

neo prene

neoprene

neoprene

Tempera ture range ( o C ) range of u s e

- 34 to 74

- 34 to 74

- 34 to 74

- 34 to 74

nyl on / polyu re thane - 5 1 to 74

Conven t i onal s teel tank s a r e ava i l ab l e i n s i zes ran g i ng u p t o 3 1, 240 m 3 • T h e l arger s i zes a re genera l l y fabr i c ated and s i zed for l an d based s torage . Sma l l er s ho p fa b r i cated tank s may be i n stal l ed o n board a recovery barge . An o bv i o u s advantage a s s oc i a ted wi th the u se of s teel tank s i s the i r a b i l i ty to be hea ted . However they a re con s i dera b l y heav i e r a n d more b u l ky than fl ex i b l e ru bber s torage conta i ners . Sma l l e r, 1 5 to 7 6 m 3 capac i ty metal conta i ners a re genera l l y u s e d a s debr i s boxes . S teel drums have been u sed q u i te commo n l y throughout the Arcti c to sto re and tra n s port fuel . Lagoons and P i ts Lagoon p i ts and contai nme n t dyk e s have been used o n l an d i n the Arc t i c a s a s afety mea s u re to conta i n o i l s p i l l s from tank fa rms . I n genera l , there i s n o s tanda rd approach to the con s tructi on of the s e p i ts ; however, i t h a s been recommended that due t o t h e re l a t i ve s carc i ty of cl ays or other i mpermea b l e s o i l s i n the n orth, a synthet i c i mpermea bl e barr i er s hou l d be u s e d . The p l a s t i c s u sed a s i mpermea b l e fi l ms i nc l u d e pol yv i nyl c h l ori de ( PVC ) , o i l PVC, P o l yethyl ene ( P E ), Ch l or i n a ted Pol yethyl e n e ( C PE ), C h l oros u l phated P o l ythene ( COSE ) U rethane and B utyl rubber . T h e propert i e s of l i ner materi a l s a re s hown i n Tab l e 2 . 4 . 5 .

2.4.4

TAB L E 2 . 4 . 8 P ro p e r t i e s o f Commo n l y U s e d L i n i n g M a t e r i a l s f o r L a g o o n s a n d P i t s

lJeTIi:,v l en e

P rope rty

Spe c i f i c g ra t i vy Ten s i l e k P a E l o n g a t i on S h o l'e " A. " h a r d n e s s O p e r a t i n g tempera t u re r a n g e , c: Res i s ta n ce to a c i d s Res i s ta n c e to ba s e s Res i s ta n c e t o oxyg e n a t e d s o l v e n t s Res i s ta n ce to a roma t i c a n d ha l o g e n a ted sol vents Res i s t a n c e to a l i p h a t i c ( pe t ro l eum ) s o l v e n t s W a t e r v a p o u r p e rme­ a b i l i ty , perm mi l s l4e a th e r a b i 1 i ty T i me to c ra c K , h T i me

to

c ha l k , h

T i me to f a d e ,

h

Po Low D en s i ty

H i g h D e n s i ty

Po-l yv i ny l C h l o r i de

C h l o r i n a ted P o l ye t hy l e n e

P o l ypropy l e n e

Ny l o n

0 . 9 2 - 0 . 94 8900- 1 7 2 00 2 0 0 - 80 0

0 . 94 - 0 . 96 1 6 5 0 0 - 3 3000 1 0- 6 5 0

1 . 20 - 1 . 5 2 4 1 00- 68900 6 0 - 200

1 . 35 - 1 . 39 1 2400 m i n . 375- 575

0 . 9-0 . 91 2 7 5 00- 2 2 0 00 0 40- 400

1 . 08 - 1 . 4 62000 - 7 5800 250- 550

-57 to 82

- 5 7 to 1 1 6

-51

- 4 0 to 93

-s 1 to 1 04

-51

P-G G-E

G G-E

G-E G-E

G-E G-E

G-E G-E

P

P-G

P-G

G

P

F

F

G

P

G

G

P

P

F

P-F

F-G

G

G

G

E

P

P

G

1 . 8- 2 . 2

3- 1 8 G

0 . 040- 0 . 048

0. 25-1 P 1 00

0 . 09-1 . 0 F 1 , 200

0. 1 5

D i tto

600

D i t to

900

No effect ti 1 1 2 , 50 0 h 200

3- 1 4 P

p

300

900

No e f f e c t ti 1 1 2 , 500 300

No c r a c k

600

ti l l 2 , 5 00 h r 300

300

1 00

G - Good E - Excel l ent

to 1 92

Natu ral Rubber

0 . 92-1 . ?S 6900 - 2 7 4 0 0

0 . 9 ": - 1 . 2 5 6 9 0 0 - 2 4 1 00

b-90 - .1 6 to 1 6 =,

2 0 - 1 00 - 5 7 to 1 2 1

Hy p a l on

6 900- 1 2 7 0 0 55-95 - 4 :; to 1 1 6 G G- E

E

G

E No e f f e c t to 4 , 000 h r

n

Note:-[jafanoTshown�i�er-e unavail a b l e to t h e a u t ho r s

P - Poor F - Fa i r

to 9 "

Butyl R u b b e l'

S o u rc e :

G

2.0 F

E

K i m , B . C . S u p p o r t Sy s tems �o Del i v e r and Ma i n ta i n O i l Re c o v e ry S y s tems a n d D i s po s e of Rec o v e r e d O i l . Dep t . of T r a n s p o r t , U . S . Coa s t G u a rd . J a n u a ry 1 9 7 4 .

0'> O �,.

135 I

/

/

/

/ /

SCALE o

80

200km

/ FIG. 5 . 1 . 1

1300

I�OO I

-95-

100

90 - _. _ • • •

- I N U V IK CAPE

80

/.

P AR R Y

• • • • • • • • • • • SACHS

.

HARBOUR

70

rn rn w 0 0

:

.

80

;:)

rn

� 0

50

a;

40

> � :::;

« III 0 a: a..

I

.

\,

. '\

30

. . . •. .

,

".

. . . .

.

. .

e

•. .

.. .

...

\. \

\

.

•..

\

.

· 0 0



· 0

..

'.

. : •

,

.

. .o •• ..

20

.�

.

.

.... . . . - . . . ,

,. • .. . I.•• ..o. i

\

.

I

/' .. ••" ••

.

I ..0-

o

..

.."" '/

. . . ", ,

o .

10

o

SEP

OCT

NOV

COM P A R ATIVE

DEC

JAN

FEB

P R O BABILITY

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUl

O F FLYING VTR MISS I O N S

FIG. 5. 1 . 2

AUG

-9 6-

IFR .. . . . .

. . ..

FLYING

VHF

FLYING

LOW

LEVEL

MEDIUM HIGH

OPTICAL

LEVEL

LEVEL

RECONNAIS S A N C E ( B E L O W

OP T I C AL

OPTICAL

R E C O N N A I S S AN CE

RECONNAIS S A NCE

SOD HI

( B E LO W

(ABOVE

1 0 0 0 FTl

CLOUOSI

100

90

80

." • •• .



70 CI) CI) w 0 0 ::l CI) &I.. 0



o

80

...

. ..

50

:J

iii

4( CD

.



40

30

20

"

10

0

....

.

SEP

-



•.

D.

.

A'

:f'

--

.

.

• .. .

. .. ,, . " , '0. ,

_' '\ \._- -- '

. .. "I." '...

_ ."

-

. OCT

� "�"

.

.

-:

D •

\"

o .

I .";.. .I l:

, . •

. .

.. DEC

.-,.

JAN

, ,.

" - , ,,

.

. ..... .

NOV

.

\. ...

1 '1 '" .. " I

. .

=-

.

\\\

/., ·7

:. ,

//1 I... .1/

o

",," \', \ . ... . -� / , ' . .' . . .. \ . , .. /, .... -\ \.

:li : ,'I -' :/1 • r r'-"'

..

•. . , •0 . . '\ .,.",. . . •0 , , '\ .. .

-,,



:0.1/.�.

•.

•. .

,/

. .

_. _ . �

#'

·7

.

: -' ,

.

0

a: Q.

l



>

...

0··

..

0

o

.'

.." 0

. ..

'.

,

'

.

\

; FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

MONTHL V PROBABILI TV O F S U C C ESS OF A I R B O R NE MISSI O N S FROM SACHS ( FROM

10

YR.

AVERA GES)

F I G. 5 . 1 . 3

\,

HAR _ BOUR

AUG

-97 -

IFR • • .

• •



.



• .

_ . _ . _.

FLY ING

VFR

FLYING

LOW

LEVEL

MED I U M

---- --.

HIGH 100

OPTICAL

LEVEL

LEVEL

R E C ON N A IS S A N C E

OPTICAL

O PTICAL

I BELOW

R E CO N N AIS S A N C E

R EC O N N A I S S AN C E

500FT!

( B ELOW

( A B OVE

1 0 0 0 FT I

CLOUDS I

90

80

en en w 0 0

;:)

en

u.. 0

70

..'

50

>

!::

..J

iii c a:I 0 cr Q.

40

eo

..

. .•

••• "'.

30

20

.



60

'.°

:

0

.

,. , '. "

10

,

. . '0.

......

0 SEP

.!



" .0

.... •

OCT

..-

......

NOV

.

.

. . -- -

JAN

.,,/ ,

' ",,- .,�'_ _ - - _J'

,

.-

O F AIRBORNE A:

,

MAR

MISSIONS 10

YR.



"

\ "

'.

APR

" '. ,

' ,' .

\

..

. .....

MAY

/' " ', .'.

/

. . . ",•. JUN

O F SUCC E S S

FROM CAPE A V E RAGES I

F I G. S . 1 .4

\

,

" ," .

• • •

\.

\

.

Ii' //

FEB

\. \.

, \ \ \

. ��� .'""-.

P ROBABI L I T Y � ( FR - OM

.

\\ "

\\

..

� M ONTHL Y



-I'" , ,

-

DEC

.�

.,�

. .

.1

....

"'

. . .

"

• '1' .'



.....

.

� '

: /' ./ / !// f

0 .

.�••••• •••• •-'J'�J.'�. ..... - - -.. .. . . . . :.. .. .

,,

,



.

'"..

'.... .

:t;' :

.

. .

'.

·0 :00

° .0 0

·.

.

.'

. ... . . ..

PARRY

" "

,

.

JUL

AUG

.

-9 8-

IFR

FLYING

••• • • • • • • •

VFR

FLYING

- . _ --

LOW

LEVEL

- - - - -- _

100

...

_

... -

M E D IU M HIGH

OPTICAL

LEVEL

LEVEL

R E CO N N A I S S A N C E

OPTICAL

OPTICAL

R ECONNAIS S A N C E

..

80

•e

:

40

30

20

..

:

80

::; iii 4( III 0 a: 0.

."

: :

50

.

\ eo

• ·0 eo •• ' • . • \eo .. \ 1ft • ·0 . \ \ '\ \ '\ , '\ \ '\ ' '\ "

0" 0 : 0°

-.. 0

eo

�-0

.

.

.• .

/ /



" .. "" ""jI . _ . . . _ . .'

,� -0• •• 'I , .

00

... h . 0 �'/

/'

.

.

.

.

' r---� . ,/ I ,\

0.

.

.

\ . \\ \

/ /' , I / , . /



. •

, .

\\ \. \\

I

' ,/ i,," , ,,

" \

\\

/I/ I',' •

"

.,

/,'

II '

..

•.

C L OUOSI

/"

'I

/, / •.. ,/ / .. ././ : � .. /./ 0 ."/ ... // 0 ./ ,1

\'- ___ ...... .. , ,.. . 0. _ . � .... . '\;� eo ,\;, .

10

..

..



....

.:

/

(ABOVE

1 0 0 0 FTI

r ----\

o

II.

> ...

. .

.• ..

.

• ••

70

0

500 FYI

R ECONNAISSANCE t B E L O W

10

0) 0) III 0 0 � 0)

tBELOW

,.. .-_ . . . ,

..



,

-.

'�;"".,

.

/

/- . .

.

'

.-

,','/

--., . . .

....... .

'.

,

•••

,

",

"'l" ��__�____L-__�____�__�____�__�__, �� o L-__wa�u.���� SEP

OCT

NOV

OEC

M O NTHLY

JAN

MAR

FEB

P R O B ABILITY

O F AI R B O R N E tFROM

M I S SI O N S 10

Y R,

FIG,5 . 1 . 5

APR

OF

MAY

JUN

S U CC E S S

F RO M I N U V IK

A V E RA G E S)

JUL

AUG

- 99 REFERENCES Abel , J . F . , 1 96 1 , Under- I ce M i n i ng Tec hn i ques , Tec hn i ca l Report No . 7 2 , U . s . Army Snow , I ce and Permafro s t Research E s ta b l i s hment , W i l mette , I l l i no i s , J a n ua ry . AOSS , 1 97 3 , "Ai rborne Oi l Survei l l ance Sys tem " , p repared for DOT , US Coast Gu ard Report , #CG- D - 45-74 . As s u r , A . , 1 9 58 , " Compo s i ti on of Sea I ce and I ts Ten s i l e Stren gth " , Arcti c Sea I ce , #598 . Aukl and , J . C . and Conway , W . H . , 1 969 , " Detec t i o n of O i l S l i c k Pol l u t i on On Water S u rfaces w i th Mi crowave Rad i ometer Sys tems " , Proc . S i xth I n t l l Symp . o n Remote Sen s i ng of the Env i ronmen t , Uni vers i ty of M i c h i gan , P . 789 . Bashari nov , A . E . , Gurv i tch , A . S . , and I gorov , S . T . , " Fea tu res of Mi crowave P a s s i ve Remote Sens i ng " , Proc . of Seventh I ntl l l sympo s i um o n Remote Sen s i ng of the Envi ronmen t , U n i vers i ty of M i ch i gan , p . 1 1 9 . Bogorod s k i i , V . V . and Tri pol l n i kov , V . P . , 1 974 , " Radar Sou ndi ng of Sea I ce " , Zhurnal Te khn i ches k o i F i z i k i 44 , p . 6 6 0 . Brown i ng , J . A . , a n d Ordway , J . F . , 1 963 , T h e U s e of I n tern a l Burners for the Wor k i ng of Perma fro s t and I ce , I n ternati o n a l Conference on Permafros t , Purdue U n i vers i ty , Lafayette , I nd i ana , November . Brown i ng , J . A . , 1 974 , Personal Commu n i cati on , December . B u rn s , B . M . , 1 973- 4 , "The Cl i ma te o f the Macken z i e Val l ey - Bea u fort Sea " , Vol . I , I I , AES , I nforma t i on Canada , Ca t . No . En57- 7 / 24- l . Caru so , P . J . and O i s ter , G . K . , 1 97 3 , "Al l -weather Detec ti on and I dent i fi ca t i on of O i l Sp i l l s " , Spectran I ntern a t i onal Report . Chen , E . C . , 1 97 2 , "Arcti c W i nter O i l Spi l l Tes t " , I n l and Waters D i rectora te , DOE Techn i ca l B u l l eti n #68 . Chudobi a k , W . J . , Gray , R . B . , Ram s e i er , R . O . , M a k i o s , V . , Van t , M . , Dav i s , J . L . and Kats u be , J . 1 974 , " Radar Remote Sen s ors for I ce T h i c kn e s s and Soi l Mo i s tu re Mea s u remen ts " , C RC Report . Cummi ng , W . A . 1 9 52 , "The D i el ectri c Properti es of I ce and Snow a t . 3 . 2 centi meters " , J . Appl . Phys . 23 . de V i l l i ers , J . N . , 1 973 , "Ai rborne Detecti on and Mapp i n g of Oi l Spi l l s Gra n d Bahama s , Feb . 7 3 " , Data Acqu i s i t i on D i v . , C . C . R . S . , Dept . of E . M . R . , Report 73- 7 , Ottawa . Edgerton , A . T . , et a l . 1 970 , " Ra d i ometri c Detecti on of Oi l S l i c ks " . Con tract #DOT - CG-93- 288-A , USCG Appl . Tech , Di v . Edgerton , A . T . , B omma r i to , J . J . , Schwan tj e , R . S . , Mee ks D . C . 1 9 7 5 , " Devel opment of a Prototype O i l Surve i l l ance Sys tem " , F i n a l report , U . S . Coa s t Guard Tec hn i ca l rep . n o . CG-D-90- 7 5 . Engs trom , R . W . , Rodgers , L . R . , 1 97 1 , " C amera Tubes for N i ght V i s i on " Opt i ca l Spectra , Feb . ; 26- 32 , 1 . Fantas i a , J . F . , Hard , T . M . , I ng rao ,-H . C . , 1 97 1 , "An I nves t i gati on of O i l Fl uores cence a s a Techn i q ue for Remote Sen s i ng of Oi l Spi l l s " , Report #DOT #TS E-USCG- 7 l - 7 , Tran s . Sys t . Cen tre , Dept . of Tra n s port , Cambri dge , Mas s . F i n ke l l s h teyn , M . I . , Gl u s h n ew , V . G . , Petrov , A . N . and I va s hcen ko , V . Y . , 1 97 0 , "An i sotro p i c Attenu a t i on of Rad i o Waves i n Sea I ce " . I zv . Atmo s . and Ocea n i c P hys . �, #3 .

- 1 00 Gl aeser , J . L . and Vance , G . P . , 1 97 1 , "A Study of the Behavi or of Oi 1 Sp i l l s i n the Arct i c " , US Coa st Guard Report , Proj ect #7 1 41 08jAj001 , 002 . Grew , G . W . , 1 973 , " S i gnatu re Ana l ys i s of Refl ectance Spec tra of P hyto p l an kton i n I n l and Waters " , Second Ann u a l Remote Sen s i ng of Earth Res o u rces Con f . Proc . , F. S hahro k i Ed . , Vol . 2 , UTS I , Tu l l a h oma , Tennes see . G u i nard , N . W . and P u rve s , C . G . , 1 970 , "The Remote Sen s i ng of Oi l Sl i c k s by Radar " , N R L Report 5270- 1 9 1 , p u b l . USCG . Horste i n , B . , 1 97 2 , "The Appearance and V i s i b i l i ty of Thi n O i l Fi l ms on Water " , Program E l ement l B3041 , U . S . Envi ronmental Protecti o n Agency . Howa rd - l oc k , H . , 1 9 7 5 , Dept . of E l ectr i c a l E n g i neeri ng , McMa s te r U n i vers i ty , personnel commu n i cati o n . , Jean B . R . , R i chers o n , J . A . and Rou s e , J . W . J r . , 1 97 1 , " Experi menta l M i c rowave Mea s u rements o f Control l ed S urface s " , Proc . of Seventh I n t l l Symp . o n Remote Sens i ng of the Env i ronmen t , Uni vers i ty of M i ch i ga n , p . 1 847 . Jeffers , S . , 1 974 , " Ev a l u a t i on of an I nten s i fi er Opt i c a l Mu l ti channe l ­ Ana l ys e r for Remote Sen s i ng " , Report s u bmi tted to Dept . of E . M . & R . March , 1 97 4 , C RESS , York U n i vers i ty , Toronto . Kenn edy , J . M . , S a kan i oto , R . T . , R i c ketts , W . B . , Ros s , J . S . , Man e l l , R . M . and Chal fi n , G . T . , 1 965 , " P a s s i ve M i c rowave Mea s u rements of Snow " , Tech . Report No . NR 4767 ( 00 ) 387- 033 , ONR . Koopma n s , B . N . , 1 97 5 , "Vari a b l e Fl i g h t Parameters for S LAR " , Photo­ g rammetri c E n g i neeri ng and Remote Sens i n g , Vol . 4 1 No . 3 , p . 299 . Lecourt , E . J . , and Voel ker , R . P . , 1 974 , " Eva l uati o n of Mechan i ca l I ce C u tter Concept for U s e i n Domes ti c I ce b rea k i ng Serv i ce " , Report No . CG- D-59- 74 , Offi ce of Res earch and Deve l opmen t , Uni ted States Coast Guard , Wa s h i ngton , D . C . 20590 , J a n u a ry . Loga n , W . J . , Thornto n , D . E . and Ros s , S . L . , 1 97 6 , "Beaufort Sea Tec h n i ca 1 " Report 3 1 A , Dept . of the Envi ronment , V i ctori a , B . C . McNe i l , W . R . , 1 9 7 5 , " S tudy and Eva l u a t i on of Ai rborne Spectro s co p i c r�ea s u rements i n Water Qua l i ty S urve i l l a nce " , Fi n a l Report DSS Contact 1 2SQ , KL -4- 0082 , for Canada C en tre for I n l and Waters , W . R . McNe i l & A s s oc i a te s I nc . , Toron to . Mea s u res , R . M . , H o u s ton , W . R . , Stephe n s o n , D . G . , 1 97 4 , "Opti cal E n g i neeri ng , Nov . - Dec . ( 1 974 ) " , 494- 5 0 l . Mee k s , D . C . , W i l l i ams , D . P . , W i l cox , R . M . and Edgerto n , A . T . , 1 971 , "Mi crowave Rad i ometri c Detecti o n of O i l S l i c k s " , Report No . 1 33 5 - 2 , Mi crowave D i v i s i on , Aeroj et-General Corp . Mel l o r , M . and S e l l man , P . V . , 1 970 , " Experimental B l a s t i ng i n Frozen Gro u nd " , Operati o n a l Report , U . S . Army Col d Reg i o n s Research E s t a b l i s hment Labora tory , Hanover , New Hamp s h i re , Feb ruary . Mel l or , M . , and Kova c s , A . , 1 97 2 , " B rea kage of F l oa t i ng I ce by Compre s sed Gas B l a s t i ng " , Spec i a l Report 1 84 , U . S . Army Co l d Reg i on s Research E s ta b l i s hment Laboratory , Hanover , New Hamps h i re , December . Mel l o r , M . , 1 97 2A , "Jet Cutti n g i n Frozen Ground " , 1 s t I nterna ti onal Sympo s i um on Jet Cutt i ng Tec hno l ogy , B ri t . Hydromec h . Res . Assoc . , Coventry , Eng l an d , Apri l .

- 1 01 Mel l or , M . , 1 974A , " Cutti ng I ce wi th Conti n u o u s Jets " , 2nd I nterna t i onal Sympos i um o n I ce Cu tti ng Techno l ogy , Bri t . Mel l or , M . , 1 974B , Personal Commu n i cati o n , Decembe r . Moore , R . K . , 1 97 0 , " Radar and M i c rowave Reg i ometry " , i n Earth Res o u rces Su rvey Systems , p . 283 . NORCOR E n g i neeri ng and Research Ltd . , 1 9 75 , " Beaufort Sea Project " , Study G2 Tec hn i ca l Report . Page , D . F . and Rams e i e r , R . O . , 1 974 , "Appl i ca t i o n of Act i ve Radar Tec hn i qu e s to the Study of I ce and S n ow " , p res ented at Sympos i um on Remote Sen s i ng i n Gl a c i o l ogy , Scott Pol a r Research I ns t i tu te , Cambri dge . Pari s , J . F . , 1 97 1 , "Tra n s fer of Therma l M i crowaves i n the Atmo s phere " , Report , Texas A & M U n i vers i ty , Department of Meteorol ogy . Para s ha r , S . K . , B i gg s , A . W . an d Moore , R . K . , 1 97 4 , " I nves t i gati on of Radar D i s c r i m i nat i o n of Sea I ce " , P roc . N i nth Symp . on Remote Sens i ng of the Envi ronment , U n i vers i ty of Mi c h i gan . Pel l e ti e r , G . A . and Adey , A . W . , 1 973 , "The Radar Bri g htness Temperature of Sea I ce " . CRC Report . Penz i a s , A . A . , 1 968 , "Mea s u rement of Cosmi c �1i crowave Background Radi a t i on " , I E E E Tra n s ac t i o n s MTT , p . 6 08 . Peter , K . , 1 97 5 , Personal Commun i cati on w i th a repres entat i ve of Konrad Peter Company I nc . , J a n u a ry . The Pol l u t i on Cont i ngency P l an , 1 974 , " J o i nt U . S . - Canad i a n O i l and Hazardou s Mater i a l s Pol l u t i o n Conti ngency P l a n for Great Lakes Reg i o n " , I n formati o n Canada Cat . No . T26-257 l . Ramse i er , R . O . , Vant , M . R . , Mee k s , D . C . and Gray , R . B . , 1 974 , " P hys i ca l a n d E l ectri cal Gro u n d Truth Prog ram for AI DJ EX - 1 9 7 5 Remote Sens i ng Mi s s i on s " . Roba r , J . D . and Wood , H . C . , 1 974a , "Ana l yt i cal Study of the Appl i ca t i on of U H F Rad i ometry to the Determi n a t i o n of Water Sal i n i ty " , Bedford I n s t i tute of Oceanography report , p re se n ted a t CAS I Confe rence , H a l i fax , 1 97 5 . Roba r , J . D . a n d Wood , H . C . , 1 974b , "Theo ret i ca l a n d I n s trumentati o n Stu d i e s i n Rad i o - Freq uency Rad i ometry f o r Remote S e a I ce Th i c k nes s Mea s u rement " , MOT/TDA Report No . 4P50 . Rodgers , R . L . , 1 97 3 , "A Rev i ew of I mag i ng Dev i ces " , Opti cal S pectra , P . 3 5- 39 , Aug . 73 Rou s e , J . W . J r . , 1 96 9 , "Arct i c I ce Type I denti fi cat i on by Rada r " , Proc . I E E E 57 No . 4 , p . 605 . Sergeev , A . I . , 1 95 6 , Razrabotka Merz 1 y k k Gru ntov ( D i g g i ng Fro zen Ground ) , Mek h a n i zats i i a Stro i tel ' s tva , Vol . 1 3 , U . S . Army S now , I ce and Permafro s t Research E s tab l i s hment , W i l mette , I l l i no i s , Trans l at i on 65. Shva i s htei n , Z . I . , 1 973 , " C u tt i ng I ce wi th a Con t i n u o u s H i g h - P re s s ure Water J e t " , Draft Tran s l a t i o n 3 9 7 , U . S . A rmy Co l d Reg i on s Res earch and E n g i neeri ng Laboratory , Hanover , New Hamps h i re , Aug u s t . Stogryn , A . , 1 970 , "The Bri g h tne s s Tempera ture o f a Vert i ca l l y Structured Med i um " , Rad i o S c i . , 5 , 1 397 . Swaby , L . G . a n d Forz i ati , A . F . , 1 970 ,-II Remote Sens i n g of Oi l S l i c ks " , Report of Federal Water Pol l u t i o n Q u a l i ty Adm i n i s trati on . Thoms o n , K . P . B . , 1 97 5 , " Remote Sen s i ng of Oi l S p i l l s " , Canada Center for I n l a n d Waters Report .

- 1 02 Tr i l l s , R . L . ( ed . ) , 1 97 5 , "Jane 1 s , Ocean Technol ogy , 1 974-5 11 , Jane ' s Yearboo ks , London , Engl and . U . S . C o a s t Guard Report , " Devel o pment of a Prototype A i rborne O i l S u rve i l l ance System " , V o l . I , Sys tem Defi n i t i on Stud i es , Report #CG-D-45 - 74 , p A - l ff , J u ne 1 97 3 . Van der Kl ey , I r . J . , 1 965 , "The U s e of Expl o s i ves for C l ea r i n g I ce , R i j k swaters taat Commu n i cati o n , Nr . F 1 96 5 , 5 5 p . Waterhou s e , R . W . , 1 96 0 , " Cut-and-Cover Tre n c h i ng i n S n ow " , Tec h n i cal Report No . 7 6 , U . S . Army Snow , I ce and Permafro s t Res earch E s ta b l i s hment , W i l mette , I l l i no i s , J u l y . Wo l fe , L . S . , Hou l t , D . P . , 1 972 " Effects o f O i l Under S ea I ce " , U . S . Coa s t Guard Report , Contract DOT - C 6 - l 2438-A .