OLIVE GROVES, TRADITION, OLIVE OIL & QUALITY
Hairi Ismaili Agricultural University of Tirana Albania Gene Bank Tirana Albanie
29-31 July 2015
Abstract
The situation of the olive groves in areas of center of Albania and steps to be taken for the improvement of the olives quality. Offering expertize on agronomic services to the culture of olive (conduction of training on the theory and demonstration on practice of the agronomic services of olive. Conduction of the training according to the topics below: How to create new plantations of olive. Selection of the new variety. Ways of pruning and stage of production. Rehabilitation from the frost, age and infections. Methods and time of harvesting, wais of packaging and transportation. Demonstration on practice of the agronomic services. How to produce good quality of olive oil.
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Main problems in the olive groves
Today o o o o o o o
Incorrect choice of varieties The olive grove badly maintained The trees badly formed Errors in pruning The old trees no regenerate Badly damaged by pathogens Time and method of harvesting is wrong 3
Why and how should created olive groves?
o The environment terrain study and climate
o Variety : Resistance, morphological and chemical haracteristics o
Technological system: The density, forming, maintenance
Higher profitability Low periodicity Long exploitation period High quantity & quality of oil 4
Analysis of errors
Col. Varietall
Bad terrain
The biggest density
Variety
Bad terrain
[email protected]
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Ulliri: Prodhimtari, Biodiversitet & qendrueshmeri
General findings : Drying of new trees Long non-productive period Major infections diseases, falling of leaves Damage from cold
Table
Oil production constant % Oil & Quality Resistant of Cycloc
Resistant of Cycloc & Bractocera 6
UB U. Z Perper MICK
In the Hill - local cv - Mick, U.bardhe, Freng, Lundra, UZ, UK, Boç, Kaninjot, Perk
Boç Gjykats
Kryps E
In low areas: Lecino, Frantoio, Koroneiki, Cunatis, Roxhanela, Itrana, Marksi
Freng
Perk
Information on cultivars that have good suitability in the area
Lundra
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while the varieties : Most important element should be under the full responsibility of the specialist
Observations Sapling 3-4-6 years have been planted, many adults; But Long trunks, burning from the sun, frost, small vegetation Low resistance & suitability The drying big percentage, Not entered into production recommendations: is selected varieties Age of saplings 0.5 – 2 year On dependencies of planting time
For saplings should be known…the age…standard … the links with the type of soil…. .climate … planting time…, destination and irrigation
The formation of new tree
Density: 4 to 8 m (ambient, Cultivar) should: Cheaper form of the crown/ conical , policonical, vases No more than three main branches, 3 II, and 3-III. tronc 50-80cm Little or no cutting of the tree new 1- 5 years 9
Pruning in the production phase: Were observed severe cutting Reduced production of the following year Pruning carried out in December-February, unacceptable It should be removed annually 5-10% of the tree, for renovation. Each 5-6 years should be reduced branch III / III, Pruning time March 1 to 30 10
Century trees
should Of wood reduction to 90% ... nitrogen compounds ….. vegetation management…. regeneration… make the……… prolongation of life 11
1. Very degraded of centuries tree Cutting in the trunk. Reduced to 90% of wood, The crown sits on the trunk, are regenerated ramule. Trees produce in the fourth years
2. Centuries tree for regeneration Cutting over three sceletal branches, reduced to 70% of wood, low crown, new ramule are regenerated, the tree produces in the year III
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Regenerated trees with pruning The wood reduce 70-90% Food with nitrogen Added production capacity of 5-8 times
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New formative pruning:
New tree degraded From – malformation infections competition, polarity
Trees 3 years later 14
Immediately reformation of new trees From this tree 18 years, 3.2 m³ firewood
Pruning regulates: Fisiological Ec (C/N) 1-1 Wood / Vegetation 0.3 -0.7 sprig renovation 90% 15
Reformated trees by specialists in the IP-Vlore, Shtyllas Fier
Trunk is made 60 cm Homogenised varieties in 12% (grafting) The crown type vase
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Frost
Tuberkulozi
Frost
Pseudomonas
Age
Age
Rehabilitation from frost, age and infections
Fire 17
AGRONOMY Information about phenology Soil fertility, The relief Characteristics of varieties in production Organic material (intercalar and organic fertilizer) Mineral manures, Nitrogen, new trees added to 100 g / year. Tree production 3-6kg /tree Time: one or two doses according to ability irrigation. (February + april)
mulching
Ugar
Intercalary Soils inclined: should the meadow interkalar culture october to april Time and schemes. Irrigation: June, July, August Norm: by age
Agronomy – Phenological stage Without knowing the stages of development not be used nitrogen + water
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pathogens and protection
Pests of first order :
Bractocera, Cycloconium, Prays, Cocenilie
With two mineral oil treatments in July and August waned 58% of number of larvae and the end of November 3 times less. Bacillus thuringiensis.
By two treatments
Bractocera
Reduces the quantity of oil to 50% and Increases the acidity of the oil The pitfalls 5x20 cm with ammonium carbonate (nourishing attractive for Bractocera) and sexual pheromone capsule Flies come into contact with the insecticide (Deltametrine) and die. It determines the dynamics of flight and estimated damage threshold
Control by chemical means
Touchwood treatments protein localized in the southern part of the tree, each 5 tree 1 -2 m² and each month. July, August, September. Reducing insect biological basis
chemical treatments : When the number of the butterfly captured is on three during the three observations. : Dimethon, Aragol, Rogor, Lejbacid, Kohinor, etj
Method and time of harvesting, The quality and quantity of oil: production periodicity Practical methods: (i) the color indicator (COI), (ii) visual.
Scientific Method: The maximum weight of the fruit - the corresponding percentage of oil
Vitamine E
At this stage index, fruits contain the maximum quantity Omega 3 and omega 6
Oleuropeina dhe Flavonoidet
form the pigments responsible to change the color of the fruit
Exerts protective action
antibactérial dhe antiviral.
Tree: The more leaves the more resistant to diseases.
C16:0 C16:1 C16:1 C17:0 C17:1 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 C18:1 C20:1 C22:0 C24:0 C20:0
ω9 ω7 ω8 ω9 ω6 ω3 ω7 ω9
Acide palmitik………………………… 11,8 Acidi hypogéik……………………… 0,12 Acidi palmitoléik……………………. 0,81 Acidi margarik……………………….. 0,08 Acidi margaroléik…………………… 0,15 Acidi stéarik ………………………….. 2,2 Acidi oleik ……………………………...72,6 Acidi linoléik…………………………... 7,9 Acidi linolénik………………………… 0,65 Acidi cis-vaccénik……………………. 2,3 Acidi gondoïk…………………………. 0,28 Acidi béhénik…………………………. 0,11 Acidi lignocérik ………………………. 0,05 Acidi arachidik………………………….. 0,37
ACIDET qe kane intéres te veçante
Acidi oléik
ω3
Acidi cis-vaccénik
Ac.ruménik
Acidi linoléik (CLA)
Anti Cancer
No
Yes
The harvesting is permitted or prohibited
METHOD The tree ... the fruits are clean ... but .. they break down the method of harvesting ...... .. ...... .. transport packaging. Fruits should be harvested from the tree clean and undamaged
The harvesting only with nets
When the color is such
It must be packaged in crates .... And immediately transported to the factory
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before harvest: Cleanse place under crown, emplace nets, fruit for the table manually, not shake off the rod ….
Vjelje nga pema me dore
Por paraprakishte Pergatitet vendi
arrange fruit in crates ... dirt, transporting produce to the factory immediately!!
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Transported directly to the factory
Wash fruits with clean water ... remove leaves ... stones, ... clay etc ... Grind to 45 degrees
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B.GJ
L’Olivicoltura è un Patrimonio Naturale per il sistema agricolo di Scutari…
elemento di Paesaggio …. per il singolarissimo Alimento che fornisce….“l’Olio Buono”…. , è esempio di Esclusività Alimentare, di Tradizione, di Intelligenza e di Cultura.
A. Cimato, H. Ismaili