Hindawi Publishing Corporation Abstract and Applied Analysis Volume 2013, Article ID 724190, 10 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/724190
Research Article Optimal Control Problems for Nonlinear Variational Evolution Inequalities Eun-Young Ju and Jin-Mun Jeong Department of Applied Mathematics, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea Correspondence should be addressed to Jin-Mun Jeong;
[email protected] Received 12 November 2012; Revised 4 January 2013; Accepted 6 January 2013 Academic Editor: Ryan Loxton Copyright Š 2013 E.-Y. Ju and J.-M. Jeong. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. We deal with optimal control problems governed by semilinear parabolic type equations and in particular described by variational inequalities. We will also characterize the optimal controls by giving necessary conditions for optimality by proving the GËateaux differentiability of solution mapping on control variables.
1. Introduction In this paper, we deal with optimal control problems governed by the following variational inequality in a Hilbert space đť: (đĽó¸ (đĄ) + đ´đĽ (đĄ) , đĽ (đĄ) â đ§) + đ (đĽ (đĄ)) â đ (đ§) ⤠(đ (đĄ, đĽ (đĄ)) + đľđ˘ (đĄ) , đĽ (đĄ) â đ§) , a.e., 0 < đĄ ⤠đ, đ§ â đ,
(1)
đĽ (0) = đĽ0 . Here, đ´ is a continuous linear operator from đ into đâ which is assumed to satisfy GËardingâs inequality, where đ is dense subspace in đť. Let đ : đ â (ââ, +â] be a lower semicontinuous, proper convex function. Let U be a Hilbert space of control variables, and let đľ be a bounded linear operator from U into đż2 (0, đ; đť). Let Uad be a closed convex subset of U, which is called the admissible set. Let đ˝ = đ˝(đŁ) be a given quadratic cost function (see (61) or (103)). Then we will find an element đ˘ â Uad which attains minimum of đ˝(đŁ) over Uad subject to (1). Recently, initial and boundary value problems for permanent magnet technologies have been introduced via variational inequalities in [1, 2] and nonlinear variational inequalities of semilinear parabolic type in [3, 4]. The papers treating the variational inequalities with nonlinear perturbations are
not many. First of all, we deal with the existence and a variation of constant formula for solutions of the nonlinear functional differential equation (1) governed by the variational inequality in Hilbert spaces in Section 2. Based on the regularity results for solution of (1), we intend to establish the optimal control problem for the cost problems in Section 3. For the optimal control problem of systems governed by variational inequalities, see [1, 5]. We refer to [6, 7] to see the applications of nonlinear variational inequalities. Necessary conditions for state constraint optimal control problems governed by semilinear elliptic problems have been obtained by Bonnans and Tiba [8] using methods of convex analysis (see also [9]). Let đĽđ˘ stand for solution of (1) associated with the control đ˘ â U. When the nonlinear mapping đ is Lipschitz continuous from R Ă đ into đť, we will obtain the regularity for solutions of (1) and the norm estimate of a solution of the above nonlinear equation on desired solution space. Consequently, in view of the monotonicity of đđ, we show that the mapping đ˘ ół¨â đĽđ˘ is continuous in order to establish the necessary conditions of optimality of optimal controls for various observation cases. In Section 4, we will characterize the optimal controls by giving necessary conditions for optimality. For this, it is necessary to write down the necessary optimal condition due to the theory of Lions [9]. The most important objective of such a treatment is to derive necessary optimality conditions
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that are able to give complete information on the optimal control. Since the optimal control problems governed by nonlinear equations are nonsmooth and nonconvex, the standard methods of deriving necessary conditions of optimality are inapplicable here. So we approximate the given problem by a family of smooth optimization problems and afterwards tend to consider the limit in the corresponding optimal control problems. An attractive feature of this approach is that it allows the treatment of optimal control problems governed by a large class of nonlinear systems with general cost criteria.
If đť is identified with its dual space we may write đ â đť â đâ densely and the corresponding injections are continuous. The norm on đ, đť, and đâ will be denoted by || â
||, | â
|, and || â
||â , respectively. The duality pairing between the element đŁ1 of đâ and the element đŁ2 of đ is denoted by (đŁ1 , đŁ2 ), which is the ordinary inner product in đť if đŁ1 , đŁ2 â đť. For đ â đâ we denote (đ, đŁ) by the value đ(đŁ) of đ at đŁ â đ. The norm of đ as element of đâ is given by đŁâđ
|(đ, đŁ)| . âđŁâ
(2)
Therefore, we assume that đ has a stronger topology than đť and, for brevity, we may regard that âđ˘ââ ⤠|đ˘| ⤠âđ˘â ,
âđ˘ â đ.
(3)
Let đ(â
, â
) be a bounded sesquilinear form defined in đĂđ and satisfying GËardingâs inequality Re đ (đ˘, đ˘) ⼠đ1 âđ˘â2 â đ2 |đ˘|2 ,
(4)
where đ1 > 0 and đ2 is a real number. Let đ´ be the operator associated with this sesquilinear form: (đ´đ˘, đŁ) = đ (đ˘, đŁ) ,
đ˘, đŁ â đ.
(5)
Then âđ´ is a bounded linear operator from đ to đâ by the Lax-Milgram Theorem. The realization of đ´ in đť which is the restriction of đ´ to đˇ (đ´) = {đ˘ â đ : đ´đ˘ â đť}
(6)
is also denoted by đ´. From the following inequalities đ1 âđ˘â2 ⤠Re đ (đ˘, đ˘) + đ2 |đ˘|2 ⤠đś |đ´đ˘| |đ˘| + đ2 |đ˘|2 ⤠(đś |đ´đ˘| + đ2 |đ˘|) |đ˘| ⤠max {đś, đ2 } âđ˘âđˇ(đ´) |đ˘| , (7)
(10)
where each space is dense in the next one with continuous injection. Lemma 1. With the notations (9) and (10), we have (đ, đâ )1/2,2 = đť, (đˇ(đ´), đť)1/2,2 = đ,
(11)
2 1/2
âđ˘âđˇ(đ´) = (|đ´đ˘| + |đ˘| )
(8)
is the graph norm of đˇ(đ´), it follows that there exists a constant đś0 > 0 such that 1/2 âđ˘â ⤠đś0 âđ˘â1/2 đˇ(đ´) |đ˘| .
It is also well known that đ´ generates an analytic semigroup đ(đĄ) in both đť and đâ . For the sake of simplicity we assume that đ2 = 0 and hence the closed half plane {đ : Re đ ⼠0} is contained in the resolvent set of đ´. If đ is a Banach space, đż2 (0, đ; đ) is the collection of all strongly measurable square integrable functions from (0, đ) into đ and đ1,2 (0, đ; đ) is the set of all absolutely continuous functions on [0, đ] such that their derivative belongs to đż2 (0, đ; đ). đś([0, đ]; đ) will denote the set of all continuously functions from [0, đ] into đ with the supremum norm. If đ and đ are two Banach spaces, L(đ, đ) is the collection of all bounded linear operators from đ into đ, and L(đ, đ) is simply written as L(đ). Here, we note that by using interpolation theory we have đż2 (0, đ; đ) ⊠đ1,2 (0, đ; đâ ) â đś ([0, đ] ; đť) .
(9)
(12)
First of all, consider the following linear system: đĽó¸ (đĄ) + đ´đĽ (đĄ) = đ (đĄ) , đĽ (0) = đĽ0 .
(13)
By virtue of Theorem 3.3 of [11] (or Theorem 3.1 of [12, 13]), we have the following result on the corresponding linear equation of (13). Lemma 2. Suppose that the assumptions for the principal operator đ´ stated above are satisfied. Then the following properties hold. (1) For đĽ0 â đ = (đˇ(đ´), đť)1/2,2 (see Lemma 1) and đ â đż2 (0, đ; đť), đ > 0, there exists a unique solution đĽ of (13) belonging to đż2 (0, đ; đˇ (đ´)) ⊠đ1,2 (0, đ; đť) â đś ([0, đ] ; đ)
(14)
and satisfying óľŠ óľŠ âđĽâđż2 (0,đ;đˇ(đ´))âŠđ1,2 (0,đ;đť) ⤠đś1 (óľŠóľŠóľŠđĽ0 óľŠóľŠóľŠ + âđâđż2 (0,đ;đť) ) ,
where 2
đˇ (đ´) â đ â đť â đâ â đˇ(đ´)â ,
where (đ, đâ )1/2,2 denotes the real interpolation space between đ and đâ (Section 1.3.3 of [10]).
2. Regularity for Solutions
âđââ = sup
Thus we have the following sequence
(15)
where đś1 is a constant depending on đ. (2) Let đĽ0 â đť and đ â đż2 (0, đ; đâ ), đ > 0. Then there exists a unique solution đĽ of (13) belonging to đż2 (0, đ; đ) ⊠đ1,2 (0, đ; đâ ) â đś ([0, đ] ; đť)
(16)
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and satisfying âđĽâđż2 (0,đ;đ)âŠđ1,2 (0,đ;đâ )
(2) We assume the following. óľ¨ óľ¨ â¤ đś1 (óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đĽ0 óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ + âđâđż2 (0,đ;đâ ) ) ,
(17)
where đś1 is a constant depending on đ. Let đ be a nonlinear single valued mapping from [0, â)Ă đ into đť. (F) We assume that óľŠ óľ¨óľ¨ óľ¨ óľŠ óľ¨óľ¨đ (đĄ, đĽ1 ) â đ (đĄ, đĽ2 )óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ ⤠đż óľŠóľŠóľŠđĽ1 â đĽ2 óľŠóľŠóľŠ ,
(18)
(A) đ´ is symmetric and there exists â â đť such that for every đ > 0 and any đŚ â đˇ(đ) đ˝đ (đŚ + đâ) â đˇ (đ) ,
đ (đ˝đ (đŚ + đâ)) ⤠đ (đŚ) ,
(26)
where đ˝đ = (đź + đđ´)â1 . Then for đ˘ â đż2 (0, đ; đ), đľ â L(đ, đť), and đĽ0 â đˇ(đ) ⊠đ (1) has a unique solution đĽ â đż2 (0, đ; đˇ (đ´)) ⊠đ1,2 (0, đ; đť) ⊠đś ([0, đ] ; đť) , (27)
for every đĽ1 , đĽ2 â đ. Let đ be another Hilbert space of control variables and take U = đż2 (0, đ; đ) as stated in the Introduction. Choose a bounded subset đ of đ and call it a control set. Let us define an admissible control Uad as Uad = {đ˘ â đż2 (0, đ; đ) : đ˘ is strongly measurable function satisfying đ˘ (t) â đ for almost all đĄ} . (19) Noting that the subdifferential operator đđ is defined by đđ (đĽ) = {đĽâ â đâ ; đ (đĽ) ⤠đ (đŚ) + (đĽâ , đĽ â đŚ) , đŚ â đ} , (20) the problem (1) is represented by the following nonlinear functional differential problem on đť:
which satisfies óľŠ óľŠ âđĽâđż2 âŠđ1,2 âŠđś ⤠đś2 (1 + óľŠóľŠóľŠđĽ0 óľŠóľŠóľŠ + âđľđ˘âđż2 (0,đ;đť) ) . Remark 4. In terms of Lemma 1, the following inclusion đż2 (0, đ; đ) ⊠đ1,2 (0, đ; đâ ) â đś ([0, đ] ; đť)
The following Lemma is from Br´ezis [14, Lemma A.5]. Lemma 5. Let đ â đż1 (0, đ; R) satisfying đ(đĄ) ⼠0 for all đĄ â (0, đ) and đ ⼠0 be a constant. Let đ be a continuous function on [0, đ] â R satisfying the following inequality: đĄ 1 1 2 đ (đĄ) ⤠đ2 + ⍠đ (đ ) đ (đ ) đđ , 2 2 0
(21)
đĽ (0) = đĽ0 .
(29)
is well known as seen in (9) and is an easy consequence of the definition of real interpolation spaces by the trace method (see [4, 13]).
đĽó¸ (đĄ) + đ´đĽ (đĄ) + đđ (đĽ (đĄ)) â đ (đĄ, đĽ (đĄ)) + đľđ˘ (đĄ) , 0 < đĄ ⤠đ,
(28)
đĄ â [0, đ] .
(30)
Then,
Referring to Theorem 3.1 of [3], we establish the following results on the solvability of (1). Proposition 3. (1) Let the assumption (F) be satisfied. Assume that đ˘ â đż2 (0, đ; đ), đľ â L(đ, đâ ), and đĽ0 â đˇ(đ) where đˇ(đ) is the closure in đť of the set đˇ(đ) = {đ˘ â đ : đ(đ˘) < â}. Then, (1) has a unique solution đĽ â đż2 (0, đ; đ) ⊠đś ([0, đ] ; đť)
(22)
which satisfies 0
đĽó¸ (đĄ) = đľđ˘ (đĄ) â đ´đĽ (đĄ) â (đđ) (đĽ (đĄ)) + đ (đĄ, đĽ (đĄ)) ,
(23)
0
where (đđ) : đť â đť is the minimum element of đđ and there exists a constant đś2 depending on đ such that óľ¨ óľ¨ âđĽâđż2 âŠđś ⤠đś2 (1 + óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đĽ0 óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ + âđľđ˘âđż2 (0,đ;đâ ) ) , (24) where đś2 is some positive constant and đż2 ⊠đś = đż2 (0, đ; đ) ⊠đś([0, đ]; đť). Furthermore, if đľ â L(đ, đť) then the solution đĽ belongs to đ1,2 (0, đ; đť) and satisfies óľ¨ óľ¨ âđĽâđ1,2 (0,đ;đť) ⤠đś2 (1 + óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đĽ0 óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ + âđľđ˘âđż2 (0,đ;đť) ) . (25)
đĄ
|đ (đĄ)| ⤠đ + ⍠đ (đ ) đđ , 0
đĄ â [0, đ] .
(31)
For each (đĽ0 , đ˘) â đť Ă đż2 (0, đ; đ), we can define the continuous solution mapping (đĽ0 , đ˘) ół¨â đĽ. Now, we can state the following theorem. Theorem 6. (1) Let the assumption (F) be satisfied, đĽ0 â đť, and đľ â L(đ, đâ ). Then the solution đĽ of (1) belongs to đĽ â đż2 (0, đ; đ) ⊠đś([0, đ]; đť) and the mapping đť Ă đż2 (0, đ; đ) â (đĽ0 , đ˘) ół¨ół¨â đĽ â đż2 (0, đ; đ) ⊠đś ([0, đ] ; đť)
(32)
is Lipschtz continuous; that is, suppose that (đĽ0đ , đ˘đ ) â đť Ă đż2 (0, đ; đ) and đĽđ be the solution of (1) with (đĽ0đ , đ˘đ ) in place of (đĽ0 , đ˘) for đ = 1, 2, óľŠ óľŠóľŠ óľŠóľŠđĽ1 â đĽ2 óľŠóľŠóľŠđż2 (0,đ;đ)âŠđś([0,đ];đť) óľ¨ óľŠ óľŠ óľ¨ â¤ đś {óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đĽ01 â đĽ02 óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ + óľŠóľŠóľŠđ˘1 â đ˘2 óľŠóľŠóľŠđż2 (0,đ;đ) } , where đś is a constant.
(33)
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Abstract and Applied Analysis
(2) Let the assumptions (A) and (F) be satisfied and let đľ â L(đ, đť) and đĽ0 â đˇ(đ) ⊠đ. Then đĽ â đż2 (0, đ; đˇ(đ´)) ⊠đ1,2 (0, đ; đť), and the mapping
integrating the above inequality over (0, đĄ), we have đĄ
đâ2đ2 đĄ ⍠|đ(đ )|2 đđ 0
đ Ă đż2 (0, đ; đ) â (đĽ0 , đ˘) 2
1,2
ół¨ół¨â đĽ â đż (0, đ; đˇ (đ´)) ⊠đ
(0, đ; đť)
đĄ đ 1óľ¨ óľ¨2 ⤠2 ⍠đâ2đ2 đ { óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đĽ01 â đĽ02 óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ + ⍠đť (đ ) đđ } đđ 2 0 0
(34)
is continuous. Proof. (1) Due to Proposition 3, we can infer that (1) possesses a unique solution đĽ â đż2 (0, đ; đ) ⊠đś([0, đ]; đť) with the data condition (đĽ0 , đ˘) â đť Ă đż2 (0, đ; đ). Now, we will prove the inequality (33). For that purpose, we denote đĽ1 â đĽ2 by đ. Then
+ đľ (đ˘1 (đĄ) â đ˘2 (đĄ)) ,
0 < đĄ ⤠đ,
đĄ đĄ 1 â đâ2đ2 đĄ óľ¨óľ¨ óľ¨2 â2đ đ óľ¨óľ¨đĽ01 â đĽ02 óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ + 2 ⍠⍠đ 2 đđđť (đ ) đđ 2đ2 0 đ
=
1 â đâ2đ2 đĄ óľ¨óľ¨ óľ¨2 óľ¨đĽ â đĽ02 óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ 2đ2 óľ¨ 01 1 đĄ â2đ2 đ â2đ2 đĄ âđ ) đť (đ ) đđ . ⍠(đ đ2 0
+
đó¸ (đĄ) + đ´đ (đĄ) + đđ (đĽ1 (đĄ)) â đđ (đĽ2 (đĄ)) â đ (đĄ, đĽ1 (đĄ)) â đ (đĄ, đĽ2 (đĄ))
=
(35)
Thus, we get
đ (0) = đĽ01 â đĽ02 .
đĄ
đ2 ⍠|đ(đ )|2 đđ â¤
Multiplying on the above equation by đ(đĄ), we have
0
đĄ
1 đ |đ (đĄ)|2 + đ1 âđ (đĄ)â2 2 đđĄ
2đ2 (đĄâđ )
+ ⍠(đ 0
⤠đ2 |đ (đĄ)|2 óľ¨ óľ¨ óľ¨ óľ¨ + {óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đ (đĄ, đĽ1 (đĄ)) â đ (đĄ, đĽ2 (đĄ))óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ + óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đľ (đ˘1 (đĄ) â đ˘2 (đĄ))óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨} Ă |đ (đĄ)| . (36)
1 2đ2 đĄ óľ¨ óľ¨2 â 1) óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đĽ01 â đĽ02 óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ (đ 2
(41)
â 1) đť (đ ) đđ .
Combining this with (38) it holds that đĄ 1 1 óľ¨ óľ¨2 |đ (đĄ)|2 + đ1 ⍠âđ (đ )â2 đđ ⤠đ2đ2 đĄ óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đĽ01 â đĽ02 óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ 2 2 0 đĄ
2đ2 (đĄâđ )
+⍠đ
Put óľ¨ óľ¨ đť (đĄ) = (đż âđ (đĄ)â + óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đľ (đ˘1 (đĄ) â đ˘2 (đĄ))óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨) |đ (đĄ)| .
(40)
0
(42)
đť (đ ) đđ .
(37) By Lemma 5, the following inequality
By integrating the above inequality over [0, đĄ], we have đĄ 2 1 âđ2 đĄ (đ |đ (đĄ)|) + đ1 đâ2đ2 đĄ ⍠âđ(đ )â2 đđ 2 0
đĄ 1 |đ(đĄ)|2 + đ1 ⍠âđ (đ )â2 đđ 2 0 đĄ đĄ 1óľ¨ óľ¨2 ⤠óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đĽ01 â đĽ02 óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ + đ2 ⍠|đ (đ )|2 đđ + ⍠đť (đ ) đđ . 2 0 0
1óľ¨ óľ¨2 ⤠óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đĽ01 â đĽ02 óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ 2 (38)
đĄ
óľ¨ óľ¨ + ⍠đâđ2 đ (đż âđ (đ )â + óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đľ (đ˘1 (đ ) â đ˘2 (đ ))óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨) đâđ2 đ |đ (đ )| đđ 0
Note that đ â2đ2 đĄ đĄ {đ ⍠|đ (đ )|2 đđ } đđĄ 0
(43)
implies that
đĄ 1 ⤠2đâ2đ2 đĄ { |đ (đĄ)|2 â đ2 ⍠|đ (đ )|2 đđ } 2 0 đĄ
1óľ¨ óľ¨2 ⤠2đâ2đ2 đĄ { óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đĽ01 â đĽ02 óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ + ⍠đť (đ ) đđ } , 2 0
(39)
óľ¨ óľ¨ đâđ2 đĄ |đ (đĄ)| ⤠óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đĽ01 â đĽ02 óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ đĄ
âđ2 đ
+⍠đ 0
óľ¨ óľ¨ (đż âđ (đ )â + óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đľ (đ˘1 (đ ) â đ˘2 (đ ))óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨) đđ .
(44)
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From (42) and (44) it follows that đĄ
1 1 óľ¨ óľ¨2 |đ(đĄ)|2 + đ1 ⍠âđ(đ )â2 đđ ⤠đ2đ2 đĄ óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đĽ01 â đĽ02 óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ 2 2 0 đĄ
óľ¨ óľ¨ + ⍠đ2đ2 (đĄâđ ) (đż âđ (đ )â + óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đľ (đ˘1 (đ ) â đ˘2 (đ ))óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨) đđ2 đ 0
óľ¨ óľ¨ Ă óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đĽ01 â đĽ02 óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ đđ đĄ
2đ2 (đĄâđ )
+⍠đ 0
óľ¨ óľ¨ (đż âđ (đ )â + óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đľ (đ˘1 (đ ) â đ˘2 (đ ))óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨)
(45)
đ
óľ¨ óľ¨ Ă âŤ đđ2 (đ âđ) (đż âđ (đ)â + óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đľ (đ˘1 (đ) â đ˘2 (đ))óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨) đđđđ 0
= đź + đźđź + đźđźđź. Putting óľ¨ óľ¨ đş (đ ) = âđ (đ )â + óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đľ (đ˘1 (đ ) â đ˘2 (đ ))óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ .
(46)
The third term of the right hand side of (45) is estimated as đĄ
đ
= đż2 đ2đ2 đĄ âŤ
đĄ
0
đĽ1 (đĄ) â đĽ2 (đĄ) = đĽ01 â đĽ02 + ⍠(đĽ1Ě (đ ) â đĽ2Ě (đ )) đđ ,
0
0
2 đ 1 đ {⍠đâđ2 đ âđş(đ)â đđ} đđ 2 đđ 0
1 2 2đ2 đĄ đĄ âđ2 đ đż đ {⍠đ âđş(đ)â đđ} 2 0
â¤
1 2 2đ2 đĄ 1 â đâ2đ2 đĄ đĄ đżđ ⍠âđş (đ)â2 đđ 2 2đ2 0
= â¤
+
óľŠ óľŠ1/2 ⤠đś0 óľŠóľŠóľŠđĽ1 â đĽ2 óľŠóľŠóľŠđż2 (0,đ;đˇ(đ´))
đĄ
óľ¨2 óľ¨ âŤ (âđ (đ )â2 + óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đľ (đ˘1 (đ ) â đ˘2 (đ ))óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ ) đđ . 0
(47)
The second term of the right hand side of (45) is estimated as đĄ
óľ¨ óľ¨ đźđź = đ2đ2 đĄ ⍠đâđ2 đ (đż âđ (đ )â + óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đľ (đ˘1 (đ ) â đ˘2 (đ ))óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨) đđ 0
1 2đ2 đĄ 2 đĄ óľ¨2 óľ¨ đ đż ⍠(âđ (đ )â2 + óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đľ (đ˘1 (đ ) â đ˘2 (đ ))óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ ) đđ 2 0
(48)
1 óľ¨ óľ¨2 + đ2đ2 đĄ óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đĽ01 â đĽ02 óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ . 2 Thus, from (47) and (48), we apply Gronwallâs inequality to (15), and we arrive at đĄ 1 |đ (đĄ)|2 + đ1 ⍠âđ (đ )â2 đđ 2 0 đ1
đ 1/2 óľŠ óľŠ óľŠ1/2 óľŠ1/2 Ă {đ1/4 óľŠóľŠóľŠđĽ01 â đĽ02 óľŠóľŠóľŠ + ( ) óľŠóľŠóľŠđĽ1 â đĽ2 óľŠóľŠóľŠđ1,2 (0,đ;đť) } â2 óľŠ óľŠ1/2 óľŠ óľŠ1/2 ⤠đś0 đ1/4 óľŠóľŠóľŠđĽ01 â đĽ02 óľŠóľŠóľŠ óľŠóľŠóľŠđĽ1 â đĽ2 óľŠóľŠóľŠđż2 (0,đ;đˇ(đ´)) đ 1/2 óľŠóľŠ óľŠ ) óľŠóľŠđĽ1 â đĽ2 óľŠóľŠóľŠđż2 (0,đ;đˇ(đ´))âŠđ1,2 (0,đ;đť) â2 óľŠ óľŠ â¤ 2â7/4 đś0 óľŠóľŠóľŠđĽ01 â đĽ02 óľŠóľŠóľŠ + đś0 (
óľ¨ óľ¨ Ă óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đĽ01 â đĽ02 óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ â¤
(52)
óľŠóľŠ óľŠ óľŠ óľŠ1/2 óľŠ óľŠ1/2 óľŠóľŠđĽ1 â đĽ2 óľŠóľŠóľŠđż2 (0,đ;đ) ⤠đś0 óľŠóľŠóľŠđĽ1 â đĽ2 óľŠóľŠóľŠđż2 (0,đ;đˇ(đ´)) óľŠóľŠóľŠđĽ1 â đĽ2 óľŠóľŠóľŠđż2 (0,đ;đť)
đż (đ2đ2 đĄ â 1) ⍠âđş (đ )â2 đđ 4đ2 0 2đ2
đ óľŠóľŠ óľŠ óľŠđĽ â đĽ2 óľŠóľŠóľŠđ1,2 (0,đ;đť) . â2 óľŠ 1
Hence arguing as in (9) we get
đĄ
đż2 (đ2đ2 đĄ â 1)
(51)
we get, noting that | â
| ⤠|| â
||, óľŠ óľŠ óľŠ óľŠóľŠ óľŠóľŠđĽ1 â đĽ2 óľŠóľŠóľŠđż2 (0,đ;đť) ⤠âđ óľŠóľŠóľŠđĽ01 â đĽ02 óľŠóľŠóľŠ
2
=
2
Since đĄ
đźđźđź = đż2 đ2đ2 đĄ ⍠đâđ2 đ âđş (đ )â ⍠đâđ2 đ âđş (đ)â đđđđ 0
where đś > 0 is a constant. Suppose (đĽ0đ , đ˘đ ) â (đĽ0 , đ˘) in đťĂ đż2 (0, đ; đ), and let đĽđ and đĽ be the solutions (1) with (đĽ0đ , đ˘đ ) and (đĽ0 , đ˘), respectively. Then, by virtue of (49), we see that đĽđ â đĽ in đż2 (0, đ, đ) ⊠đś([0, đ]; đť). (2) It is easy to show that if đĽ0 â đ and đľ â L(đ, đť), then đĽ belongs to đż2 (0, đ; đˇ(đ´))âŠđ1,2 (0, đ; đť). Let (đĽ0đ , đ˘đ ) â đ Ă đż2 (0, đ; đť), and đĽđ be the solution of (1) with (đĽ0đ , đ˘đ ) in place of (đĽ0 , đ˘) for đ = 1, 2. Then in view of Lemma 2 and assumption (F), we have óľŠ óľŠóľŠ óľŠóľŠđĽ1 â đĽ2 óľŠóľŠóľŠđż2 (0,đ;đˇ(đ´))âŠđ1,2 (0,đ;đť) óľŠ óľŠ óľŠ óľŠ â¤ đś1 {óľŠóľŠóľŠđĽ01 â đĽ02 óľŠóľŠóľŠ + óľŠóľŠóľŠđ (â
, đĽ1 ) â đ(â
, đĽ2 )óľŠóľŠóľŠđż2 (0,đ;đť) óľŠ óľŠ +óľŠóľŠóľŠđľ (đ˘1 â đ˘2 )óľŠóľŠóľŠđż2 (0,đ;đť) } (50) óľŠ óľŠ óľŠ óľŠ â¤ đś1 {óľŠóľŠóľŠđĽ01 â đĽ02 óľŠóľŠóľŠ + óľŠóľŠóľŠđľ (đ˘1 â đ˘2 )óľŠóľŠóľŠđż2 (0,đ;đť) óľŠ óľŠ +đżóľŠóľŠóľŠđĽ1 â đĽ2 óľŠóľŠóľŠđż2 (0,đ:đ) } .
óľ¨2 óľ¨ óľ¨ óľ¨2 ⤠đś (óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đĽ01 â đĽ02 óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ + ⍠óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đľ (đ˘1 (đ ) â đ˘2 (đ ))óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ đđ ) , 0 (49)
+ 2đś0 (
đ 1/2 óľŠóľŠ óľŠ ) óľŠóľŠđĽ1 â đĽ2 óľŠóľŠóľŠđż2 (0,đ;đˇ(đ´))âŠđ1,2 (0,đ;đť) . â2
Combining (50) and (53) we obtain óľŠóľŠóľŠđĽ1 â đĽ2 óľŠóľŠóľŠ 2 óľŠ óľŠđż (0,đ;đˇ(đ´))âŠđ1,2 (0,đ;đť) óľŠ óľŠ óľŠ óľŠ â¤ đś1 {óľŠóľŠóľŠđĽ01 â đĽ02 óľŠóľŠóľŠ} + óľŠóľŠóľŠđľđ˘1 â đľđ˘2 óľŠóľŠóľŠđż2 (0,đ;đť) óľŠ óľŠ + 2â7/4 đś0 đś1 đż óľŠóľŠóľŠđĽ01 â đĽ02 óľŠóľŠóľŠ + 2đś0 đś1 (
đ 1/2 óľŠóľŠ óľŠ ) đżóľŠóľŠđĽ1 â đĽ2 óľŠóľŠóľŠđż2 (0,đ;đˇ(đ´))âŠđ1,2 (0,đ;đť) . â2
(53)
(54)
6
Abstract and Applied Analysis
Suppose that (đĽ0đ , đ˘đ ) ół¨ół¨â (đĽ0 , đ˘) â đ Ă đż2 (0, đ; đ) ,
(55)
and let đĽđ and đĽ be the solutions (1) with (đĽ0đ , đ˘đ ) and (đĽ0 , đ˘), respectively. Let 0 < đ1 ⤠đ be such that 2đś0 đś1 (
đ1 1/2 ) đż < 1. â2
(56)
Then by virtue of (54) with đ replaced by đ1 we see that đĽđ ół¨â đĽ â đż2 (0, đ1 ; đˇ (đ´)) ⊠đ1,2 (0, đ1 ; đť) .
(57)
This implies that (đĽđ (đ1 ), (đĽđ )đ1 ) ół¨â (đĽ(đ1 ), đĽđ1 ) in đ Ă đż2 (0, đ; đˇ(đ´)). Hence the same argument shows that đĽđ ół¨â đĽ in đż2 (đ1 , min {2đ1 , đ} ; đˇ (đ´)) ⊠đ1,2 (đ1 , min {2đ1 , đ} ; đť) . (58) Repeating this process we conclude that đĽđ đż2 (0, đ; đˇ(đ´)) ⊠đ1,2 (0, đ; đť).
ół¨â
đĽ in
In this section we study the optimal control problems for the quadratic cost function in the framework of Lions [9]. In what follows we assume that the embedding đˇ(đ´) â đ â đť is compact. Let đ be another Hilbert space of control variables, and đľ be a bounded linear operator from đ into đť; that is, (59)
which is called a controller. By virtue of Theorem 6, we can define uniquely the solution map đ˘ ół¨â đĽ(đ˘) of đż2 (0, đ; đ) into đż2 (0, đ; đ) ⊠đś([0, đ]; đť). We will call the solution đĽ(đ˘) the state of the control system (1). Let đ be a Hilbert space of observation variables. The observation of state is assumed to be given by đ§ (đ˘) = đşđĽ (đ˘) ,
â
đş â L (đś (0, đ; đ ) , đ) ,
(60)
where đş is an operator called the observer. The quadratic cost function associated with the control system (1) is given by óľŠ2 óľŠ đ˝ (đŁ) = óľŠóľŠóľŠđşđĽ (đŁ) â đ§đ óľŠóľŠóľŠđ + (đ
đŁ, đŁ)đż2 (0,đ;đ)
for đŁ â đż2 (0, đ; đ) ,
(61)
where đ§đ â đ is a desire value of đĽ(đŁ) and đ
â L(đż2 (0, đ; đ)) is symmetric and positive; that is, (đ
đŁ, đŁ)đż2 (0,đ;đ) = (đŁ, đ
đŁ)đż2 (0,đ;đ) âĽ
đâđŁâ2đż2 (0,đ;đ)
W = đż2 (0, đ; đ) ⊠đ1,2 (0, đ; đâ ) â đś ([0, đ] ; đť)
(63)
endowed with the norm ââ
âW = max {ââ
âđż2 (0,đ;đ) , ââ
âđ1,2 (0,đ;đâ ) } .
(64)
Let Ί be an open bounded and connected set of Rđ with smooth boundary. We consider the observation đş of distributive and terminal values (see [15, 16]). (1) We take đ = đż2 ((0, đ)ĂΊ)Ăđż2 (Ί) and đş â L(W, đ) and observe đ§ (đŁ) = đşđĽ (đŁ) = (đĽ (đŁ; â
) , đĽ (đŁ, đ)) â đż2 ((0, đ) à Ί) Ă đż2 (Ί) .
(65)
(2) We take đ = đż2 ((0, đ) à Ί) and đş â L(W, đ) and observe đ§ (đŁ) = đşđĽ (đŁ) = đŚó¸ (đŁ; â
) â đż2 ((0, đ) à Ί) .
(66)
The above observations are meaningful in view of the regularity of (1) by Proposition 3.
3. Optimal Control Problems
đľ â L (đ, đť) ,
Remark 7. The solution space W of strong solutions of (1) is defined by
(62)
for some đ > 0. Let Uad be a closed convex subset of đż2 (0, đ; đ), which is called the admissible set. An element đ˘ â Uad which attains minimum of đ˝(đŁ) over Uad is called an optimal control for the cost function (61).
Theorem 8. (1) Let the assumption (F) be satisfied. Assume that đľ â L(đ, đâ ) and đĽ0 â đˇ(đ). Let đĽ(đ˘) be the solution of (1) corresponding to đ˘. Then the mapping đ˘ ół¨â đĽ(đ˘) is compact from đż2 (0, đ; đ) to đż2 (0, đ; đť). (2) Let the assumptions (A) and (F) be satisfied. If đľ â L(đ, đť) and đĽ0 â đˇ(đ) ⊠đ, then the mapping đ˘ ół¨â đĽ(đ˘) is compact from đż2 (0, đ; đ) to đż2 (0, đ; đ). Proof. (1) We define the solution mapping đ from đż2 (0, đ; đ) to đż2 (0, đ; đť) by đđ˘ = đĽ (đ˘) ,
đ˘ â đż2 (0, đ; đ) .
(67)
In virtue of Lemma 2, we have âđđ˘âđż2 (0,đ;đ)âŠđ1,2 (0,đ;đâ ) óľ¨ óľ¨ = âđĽ (đ˘)â ⤠đś1 {óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨đĽ0 óľ¨óľ¨óľ¨ + âđľđ˘âđż2 (0,đ;đâ ) } .
(68)
Hence if đ˘ is bounded in đż2 (0, đ; đ), then so is đĽ(đ˘) in đż2 (0, đ; đ) ⊠đ1,2 (0, đ; đâ ). Since đ is compactly embedded in đť by assumption, the embedding đż2 (0, đ; đ) ⊠đ1,2 (0, đ; đâ ) â đż2 (0, đ; đť) is also compact in view of Theorem 2 of Aubin [17]. Hence, the mapping đ˘ ół¨â đđ˘ = đĽ(đ˘) is compact from đż2 (0, đ; đ) to đż2 (0, đ; đť). (2) If đˇ(đ´) is compactly embedded in đ by assumption, the embedding đż2 (0, đ; đˇ (đ´)) ⊠đ1,2 (0, đ; đť) â đż2 (0, đ; đ)
(69)
is compact. Hence, the proof of (2) is complete. As indicated in the Introduction we need to show the existence of an optimal control and to give the characterizations of them. The existence of an optimal control đ˘ for the cost function (61) can be stated by the following theorem.
Abstract and Applied Analysis
7
Theorem 9. Let the assumptions (A) and (F) be satisfied and đĽ0 â đˇ(đ) ⊠đ. Then there exists at least one optimal control đ˘ for the control problem (1) associated with the cost function (61); that is, there exists đ˘ â Uad such that đ˝ (đ˘) = inf đ˝ (đŁ) := đ˝.
đĽó¸ (đĄ) + đ´đĽ (đĄ) + đđ (đĽ (đĄ)) â đ (đĄ, đĽ (đĄ)) + đľđ˘ (đĄ) ,
(70)
đŁâUad
Proof. Since Uad is nonempty, there is a sequence {đ˘đ } â Uad such that minimizing sequence for the problem (70) satisfies inf đ˝ (đŁ) = lim đ˝ (đ˘đ ) = đ. đââ
đŁâUad
Thus we have proved that đĽ(đĄ) satisfies a.e. on (0, đ) the following equation:
(71)
Obviously, {đ˝(đ˘đ )} is bounded. Hence by (62) there is a positive constant đž0 such that óľŠ óľŠ2 đóľŠóľŠóľŠđ˘đ óľŠóľŠóľŠ ⤠(đ
đ˘đ , đ˘đ ) ⤠đ˝ (đ˘đ ) ⤠đž0 .
đĽđó¸ (đĄ) + đ´đĽđ (đĄ) + đđ (đĽđ (đĄ)) â đ (đĄ, đĽđ (đĄ)) + đľđ˘đ (đĄ) , 0 < đĄ ⤠đ, (73) đĽđ (0) = đĽ0 .
(80)
đĽ (0) = đĽ0 . Since đş is continuous and || â
||đ is lower semicontinuous, it holds that óľŠóľŠóľŠđşđĽ(đ˘) â đ§đ óľŠóľŠóľŠ ⤠lim inf óľŠóľŠóľŠđşđĽ (đ˘đ ) â đ§đ óľŠóľŠóľŠ . (81) óľŠđ óľŠđ óľŠ đââ óľŠ It is also clear from lim inf đ â â âđ
1/2 đ˘đ âđż2 (0,đ;đ) âđ
1/2 đ˘âđż2 (0,đ;đ) that
(72)
This shows that {đ˘đ } is bounded in Uad . So we can extract a subsequence (denoted again by {đ˘đ }) of {đ˘đ } and find a đ˘ â Uad such that đ¤ â lim đ˘đ = đ˘ in đ. Let đĽđ = đĽ(đ˘đ ) be the solution of the following equation corresponding to đ˘đ :
a.e., 0 < đĄ ⤠đ,
âĽ
lim inf (đ
đ˘đ , đ˘đ )đż2 (0,đ;đ) ⼠(đ
đ˘, đ˘)đż2 (0,đ;đ) .
(82)
đ = lim đ˝ (đ˘đ ) ⼠đ˝ (đ˘) .
(83)
đââ
Thus, đââ
But since đ˝(đ˘) ⼠đ by definition, we conclude đ˘ â Uad is a desired optimal control.
4. Necessary Conditions for Optimality
By (15) and (17) we know that {đĽđ } and {đĽđó¸ } are bounded in đż2 (0, đ; đ) and đż2 (0, đ; đâ ), respectively. Therefore, by the extraction theorem of Rellichâs, we can find a subsequence of {đĽđ }, say again {đĽđ }, and find đĽ such that 2
đĽđ (â
) ół¨â đĽ (â
) weakly in đż (0, đ; đ) ⊠đś ([0, đ] ; đť) , đĽđó¸ ół¨â đĽó¸ , weakly in đż2 (0, đ; đâ ) .
(74)
However, by Theorem 8, we know that đĽđ (â
) ół¨â đĽ (â
) , strongly in đż2 (0, đ; đ) .
(75)
(76)
By the boundedness of đ´ we have đ´đĽđ ół¨â đ´đĽ, strongly in đż2 (0, đ; đâ ) .
(77)
Since đđ(đĽđ ) are uniformly bounded from (73)â(77) it follows that đđ (đĽđ ) ół¨â đ (â
, đĽ) + đľđ˘ â đĽó¸ â đ´đĽ, weakly in đż2 (0, đ; đâ ) ,
(78)
and noting that đđ is demiclosed, we have that đ (â
, đĽ) + đľđ˘ â đĽó¸ â đ´đĽ â đđ (đĽ) in đż2 (0, đ; đâ ) .
đˇđ˝ (đ˘) (đŁ â đ˘) ⼠0,
đŁ â Uad
(84)
and to analyze (84) in view of the proper adjoint state system, where đˇđ˝(đ˘) denote the GËateaux derivative of đ˝(đŁ) at đŁ = đ˘. Therefore, we have to prove that the solution mapping đŁ ół¨â đĽ(đŁ) is GËateaux differentiable at đŁ = đ˘. Here we note that from Theorem 6 it follows immediately that lim đĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤)
đâ0
= đĽ (đ˘) , strongly in đż2 (0, đ; đ) ⊠đś ([0, đ] ; đť) .
From (F) it follows that đ (â
, đĽđ ) ół¨â đ (â
, đĽ) , strongly in đż2 (0, đ; đť) .
In this section we will characterize the optimal controls by giving necessary conditions for optimality. For this it is necessary to write down the necessary optimal condition
(79)
(85)
The solution map đŁ ół¨â đĽ(đŁ) of đż2 (0, đ; đ) into đż2 (0, đ; đ) ⊠đś([0, đ]; đť) is said to be GËateaux differentiable at đŁ = đ˘ if for any đ¤ â đż2 (0, đ; đ) there exists a đˇđĽ(đ˘) â L(đż2 (0, đ; đ), đż2 (0, đ; đ) ⊠đś([0, đ]; đť) such that óľŠóľŠ 1 óľŠ óľŠóľŠ (đĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤) â đĽ (đ˘)) â đˇđĽ (đ˘) đ¤óľŠóľŠóľŠ ół¨â 0 óľŠóľŠ óľŠóľŠ óľŠđ óľŠ
as đ ół¨â 0. (86)
The operator đˇđĽ(đ˘) denotes the GËateaux derivative of đĽ(đ˘) at đŁ = đ˘ and the function đˇđĽ(đ˘)đ¤ â đż2 (0, đ; đ)âŠđś([0, đ]; đť)) is called the GËateaux derivative in the direction đ¤ â đż2 (0, đ; đ), which plays an important part in the nonlinear optimal control problems. First, as is seen in Corollary 2.2 of Chapter II of [18], let us introduce the regularization of đ as follows.
8
Abstract and Applied Analysis
Lemma 10. For every đ > 0, define
and, by the relation (12),
óľŠóľŠ óľŠ2 óľŠđĽ â đ˝đ đĽóľŠóľŠóľŠâ + đ (đ˝đ đĽ) : âđ > 0, đĽ â đť} , đđ (đĽ) = { óľŠ 2đ
(87)
where đ˝đ = (đź + đđ)â1 . Then the function đđ is Fr´echet differentiable on đť and its Fre´chet differential đđđ is Lipschitz continuous on đť with Lipschitz constant đâ1 . In addition, lim đđ (đĽ) = đ (đĽ) ,
âđĽ â đť,
đâ0
đ (đ˝đ đĽ) ⤠đđ (đĽ) ⤠đ (đĽ) , 0
lim đ đđ (đĽ) = (đđ) (đĽ) ,
(88)
âđĽ â đť,
where (đđ)0 (đĽ) is the element of minimum norm in the set đđ(đĽ). Now, we introduce the smoothing system corresponding to (1) as follows. đĽó¸ (đĄ) + đ´đĽ (đĄ) + đđđ (đĽ (đĄ)) = đ (đĄ, đĽ (đĄ)) + đľđ˘ (đĄ) ,
0 < đĄ ⤠đ,
(89)
đĽ (0) = đĽ0 . Lemma 11. Let the assumption (F) be satisfied. Then the solution map đŁ ół¨â đĽ(đŁ) of đż2 (0, đ; đ) into đż2 (0, đ; đ)âŠđś([0, đ]; đť) is Lipschtz continuous. Moreover, let us assume the condition (A) in Proposition 3. Then the map đŁ ół¨â đđđ (đĽ(đŁ)) of đż2 (0, đ; đ) into đż2 (0, đ; đť) ⊠đś([0, đ]; đâ ) is also Lipschtz continuous. Proof. We set đ¤ = đŁ â đ˘. From Theorem 6, it follows immediately that âđĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤) â đĽ (đ˘)âđś([0,đ];đť) ⤠const. |đ| âđ¤âđż2 (0,đ;đ) , 2
(90)
2
so the solution map đŁ ół¨â đĽ(đŁ) of đż (0, đ; đ) into đż (0, đ; đ) ⊠đś([0, đ]; đť) is Lipschtz continuous. Moreover, since đđđ (đĽ (đ˘; đĄ)) â đđđ (đĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤; đĄ)) = đĽó¸ (đ˘ + đđ¤; đĄ) â đĽó¸ (đ˘; đĄ) + đ´ (đĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤; đĄ) â đĽ (đ˘; đĄ)) â {đ (đĄ, đĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤; đĄ)) â đ (đĄ, đĽ (đ˘; đĄ))} â đđľđ¤ (đĄ) , (91) by the assumption (A) and (2) of Theorem 6, it holds óľŠóľŠóľŠđđđ (đĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤)) â đđđ (đĽ (đ˘))óľŠóľŠóľŠ 2 óľŠ óľŠđż (0,đ;đť) óľŠ óľŠóľŠ ó¸ ⤠óľŠóľŠóľŠđĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤) â đĽó¸ (đ˘)óľŠóľŠóľŠóľŠđż2 (0,đ;đť) + âđĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤) â đĽ (đ˘)âđż2 (0,đ;đˇ(đ´)) + đżâđĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤) â đĽ (đ˘)âđż2 (0,đ;đ) + |đ|âđľââđ¤âđż2 (0,đ;đ) ⤠const. |đ|âđ¤âđż2 (0,đ;đ)
+ âđ´âL(đ,đâ ) â(đĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤; đĄ) â đĽ (đ˘; đĄ))â
(93)
+ đż âđĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤; đĄ) â đĽ (đ˘; đĄ)â + |đ| âđľâ|đ¤ (đĄ)| ⤠const. |đ|âđ¤âđż2 (0,đ;đ) .
âđ > 0, đĽ â đť,
đâ0
óľŠ óľŠóľŠ óľŠóľŠđđđ (đĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤; đĄ)) â đđđ (đĽ (đ˘; đĄ))óľŠóľŠóľŠâ óľŠ óľŠ â¤ óľŠóľŠóľŠóľŠđĽó¸ (đ˘ + đđ¤; đĄ) â đĽó¸ (đ˘; đĄ)óľŠóľŠóľŠóľŠâ
So we know that the map đŁ ół¨â đđđ (đĽ(đŁ)) of đż2 (0, đ; đ) into đż2 (0, đ; đť) ⊠đś([0, đ]; đâ ) is also Lipschtz continuous. Let the solution space W1 of (1) of strong solutions is defined by W1 = đż2 (0, đ; đˇ (đ´)) ⊠đ1,2 (0, đ; đť)
(94)
as stated in Remark 7. In order to obtain the optimality conditions, we require the following assumptions. (F1) The GËateaux derivative đ2 đ(đĄ, đĽ) in the second argument for (đĄ, đĽ) â (0, đ) Ă đ is measurable in đĄ â (0, đ) for đĽ â đ and continuous in đĽ â đ for a.e. đĄ â (0, đ), and there exist functions đ1 , đ2 â đż2 (R+ ; R) such that óľŠóľŠ óľŠ óľŠóľŠđ2 đ (đĄ, đĽ)óľŠóľŠóľŠâ ⤠đ1 (đĄ) + đ2 (âđĽâ) , â (đĄ, đĽ) â (0, đ) Ă đ.
(95)
(F2) The map đĽ â đđđ (đĽ) is GËateaux differentiable, and the value đˇđđđ (đĽ)đˇđĽ(đ˘) is the GËateaux derivative of đđđ (đĽ)đĽ(đ˘) at đ˘ â đż2 (0, đ; đ) such that there exist functions đ3 , đ4 â đż2 (R+ ; R) such that óľŠ óľŠóľŠ óľŠóľŠđˇđđđ (đĽ) đˇđĽ (đ˘)óľŠóľŠóľŠâ ⤠đ3 (đĄ) + đ4 (âđ˘âđż2 (0,đ;đ) ) ,
âđ˘ â đż2 (0, đ; đ) .
(96)
Theorem 12. Let the assumptions (A), (F1), and (F2) be satisfied. Let đ˘ â Uad be an optimal control for the cost function đ˝ in (61). Then the following inequality holds: (đśâ Î đ (đśđĽ (đ˘) â đ§đ ) , đŚ)W1 + (đ
đ˘, đŁ â đ˘)đż2 (0,đ;đ) ⼠0,
âđŁ â Uad ,
(97)
where đŚ = đˇđĽ(đ˘)(đŁ â đ˘) â đś([0, đ]; đâ ) is a unique solution of the following equation: 0
đŚó¸ (đĄ) + đ´đŚ (đĄ) + đˇ(đđ) (đĽ) (đŚ (đĄ)) = đ2 đ (đĄ, đĽ) đŚ (đĄ) + đľđ¤ (đĄ) , (92)
0 < đĄ ⤠đ,
(98)
đŚ (0) = 0. Proof. We set đ¤ = đŁ â đ˘. Let đ â (â1, 1), đ ≠ 0. We set đŚ = lim đâ1 (đĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤) â đĽ (đ˘)) = đˇđĽ (đ˘) đ¤. đâ0
(99)
Abstract and Applied Analysis
9 Proof. Let đĽ(đĄ) = đĽ0 (đĄ) be a solution of (1) associated with the control 0. Then it holds that
From (89), we have ó¸
ó¸
đĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤) â đĽ (đ˘) + đ´ (đĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤) â đĽ (đ˘)) + đđđ (đĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤)) â đđđ (đĽ (đ˘))
(100)
= đ (â
, đĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤)) â đ (â
, đĽ (đ˘)) + đđľđ¤.
đ
đ
óľŠ2 óľŠ = ⍠óľŠóľŠóľŠđś (đĽđŁ (đĄ) â đĽ (đĄ)) + đśđĽ (đĄ) â đ§đ (đĄ)óľŠóľŠóľŠđ đđĄ 0
Then as an immediate consequence of Lemma 11 one obtains lim
1
đâ0đ
{đđđ (đĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤; đĄ)) â đđđ (đĽ (đ˘; đĄ))} = đˇđđđ (đĽ) đŚ (đĄ) ,
đ
+ ⍠(đ
đŁ (đĄ) , đŁ (đĄ)) đđĄ 0
1 {đ (đĄ, đĽ (đ˘ + đđ¤; đĄ)) â đ (đĄ, đĽ (đ˘; đĄ))} = đ2 đ (đĄ, đĽ)đŚ (đĄ) , đâ0đ (101) lim
thus, in the sense of (F2), we have that đŚ = đˇđĽ(đ˘)(đŁ â đ˘) satisfies (98) and the cost đ˝(đŁ) is GËateaux differentiable at đ˘ in the direction đ¤ = đŁ â đ˘. The optimal condition (84) is rewritten as (đśđĽ (đ˘) â đ§đ , đŚ)đ + (đ
đ˘, đŁ â đ˘)đż2 (0,đ;đ) = (đśâ Î đ (đśđĽ (đ˘) â đ§đ ) , đŚ)W1 + (đ
đ˘, đŁ â đ˘)đż2 (0,đ;đ) ⼠0,
đ
óľŠ óľŠ2 đ˝1 (đŁ) = ⍠óľŠóľŠóľŠđśđĽđŁ (đĄ) â đ§đ (đĄ)óľŠóľŠóľŠđ đđĄ + ⍠(đ
đŁ (đĄ) , đŁ (đĄ)) đđĄ 0 0
đ
óľŠ2 óľŠ = đ (đŁ, đŁ) â 2đż (đŁ) + ⍠óľŠóľŠóľŠđ§đ (đĄ) â đśđĽ (đĄ)óľŠóľŠóľŠđ đđĄ, 0
(108)
where đ
đ (đ˘, đŁ) = ⍠(đś (đĽđ˘ (đĄ) â đĽ (đĄ)) , đś (đĽđŁ (đĄ) â đĽ (đĄ)))đ đđĄ 0
(102)
đ
+ ⍠(đ
đ˘ (đĄ) , đŁ (đĄ)) đđĄ,
âđŁ â Uad .
0
đ
With every control đ˘ â đż2 (0, đ; đ), we consider the following distributional cost function expressed by đ
0
(109)
đ
óľŠ2 óľŠ đ˝1 (đ˘) = ⍠óľŠóľŠóľŠđśđĽđ˘ (đĄ) â đ§đ (đĄ)óľŠóľŠóľŠđ đđĄ + ⍠(đ
đ˘ (đĄ) , đ˘ (đĄ)) đđĄ, 0 0 (103) where the operator đś is bounded from đť to another Hilbert space đ and đ§đ â đż2 (0, đ; đ). Finally we are given that đ
is a self adjoint and positive definite: đ
â L (đ) ,
đż (đŁ) = ⍠(đ§đ (đĄ) â đśđĽ (đĄ) , đś (đĽđŁ (đĄ) â đĽ (đĄ)))đ đđĄ.
(đ
đ˘, đ˘) ⼠đ âđ˘â ,
đ > 0.
(104)
Let đĽđ˘ (đĄ) stand for solution of (1) associated with the control đ˘ â đż2 (0, đ; đ). Let Uad be a closed convex subset of đż2 (0, đ; đ). Theorem 13. Let the assumptions in Theorem 12 be satisfied and let the operators đś and đ satisfy the conditions mentioned above. Then there exists an element đ˘ â Uad such that đ˝1 (đ˘) = inf đ˝1 (đŁ) .
0
đŁ â đż2 (0, đ; đ) .
(110)
If đ˘ is an optimal control, similarly for (97), (84) is equivalent to đ
⍠(đśâ Î đ (đśđĽđ˘ (đĄ) â đ§đ (đĄ)) , đŚ (đĄ)) đđĄ 0
(111)
đ
+ ⍠(đ
đ˘ (đĄ) , (đŁ â đ˘) (đĄ)) đđĄ ⼠0. 0
Now we formulate the adjoint system to describe the optimal condition:
Furthermore, the following inequality holds: đ
đ (đŁ, đŁ) ⼠đâđŁâ2 ,
(105)
đŁâUad
â ⍠(Îâ1 đ đľ đđ˘ (đĄ) + đ
đ˘ (đĄ) , (đŁ â đ˘) (đĄ)) đđĄ ⼠0,
The form đ(đ˘, đŁ) is a continuous form in đż2 (0, đ; đ) Ă đż2 (0, đ; đ) and from assumption of the positive definite of the operator đ
, we have
âđŁ â Uad , (106) â
holds, where Î đ is the canonical isomorphism đ onto đ and đđ˘ satisfies the following equation:
đđ˘ó¸ (đĄ) â đ´â đđ˘ (đĄ) â đˇđđđ (đĽ)â đđ˘ (đĄ) + đ2 đ(đĄ, đĽ)â đđ˘ (đĄ) = â (đśâ Î đ đśđĽđ˘ (đĄ) â đ§đ (đĄ)) ,
for 0 < đĄ ⤠đ,
(112)
đđ˘ (đ) = 0.
0
đđ˘ó¸ (đĄ) â đ´â đđ˘ (đĄ) â đˇ(đđ) (đĽ)â đđ˘ (đĄ) + đ2 đ(đĄ, đĽ)â đđ˘ (đĄ) â
= âđś Î đ (đśđĽđ˘ (đĄ) â đ§đ (đĄ)) ,
for 0 < đĄ ⤠đ,
đđ˘ (đ) = 0. (107)
Taking into account the regularity result of Proposition 3 and the observation conditions, we can assert that (112) admits a unique weak solution đđ˘ reversing the direction of time đĄ â đ â đĄ by referring to the well-posedness result of Dautray and Lions [19, pages 558â570].
10
Abstract and Applied Analysis
We multiply both sides of (112) by đŚ(đĄ) of (98) and integrate it over [0, đ]. Then we have đ
⍠(đśâ Î đ (đśđĽđ˘ (đĄ) â đ§đ (đĄ)) , đŚ (đĄ)) đđĄ 0
đ
đ
0
0
= â ⍠(đđ˘ó¸ (đĄ) , đŚ (đĄ)) đđĄ + ⍠(đ´â đđ˘ (đĄ) , đŚ (đĄ)) đđĄ đ
(113)
â
+ ⍠(đˇđđđ (đĽ) đđ˘ (đĄ) , đŚ (đĄ)) đđĄ 0
đ
â ⍠(đ2 đ(đĄ, đĽ)â đđ˘ (đĄ) , đŚ (đĄ)) đđĄ. 0
By the initial value condition of đŚ and the terminal value condition of đđ˘ , the left hand side of (113) yields â (đđ˘ (đ) , đŚ (đ)) + (đđ˘ (0) , đŚ (0)) đ
đ
0
0
+ ⍠(đđ˘ (đĄ) , đŚó¸ (đĄ)) đđĄ + ⍠(đđ˘ (đĄ) , đ´đŚ (đĄ)) đđĄ đ
+ ⍠(đđ˘ (đĄ) , đˇđđđ (đĽ) đŚ (đĄ)) đđĄ 0
(114)
đ
â ⍠(đđ˘ (đĄ) , đ2 đ (đĄ, đĽ) đŚ (đĄ)) đđĄ 0
đ
= ⍠(đđ˘ (đĄ) , đľ (đŁ â đ˘) (đĄ)) đđĄ. 0
Let đ˘ be the optimal control subject to (103). Then (111) is represented by đ
⍠(đđ˘ (đĄ) , đľ (đŁ â đ˘) (đĄ)) đđĄ + ⍠(đ
đ˘ (đĄ) , (đŁ â đ˘) (đĄ)) đđĄ ⼠0, Ί
0
(115)
which is rewritten by (106). Note that đśâ â đľ(đâ , đť) and for đ and đ in đť we have (đśâ Î đ đśđ, đ) = â¨đśđ, đśđâŠđ , where duality pairing is also denoted by (â
, â
). Remark 14. Identifying the antidual đ with đ we need not use the canonical isomorphism Î đ . However, in case where đ â đâ this leads to difficulties since đť has already been identified with its dual.
Acknowledgment This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012-0007560).
References [1] V. Barbu, Analysis and Control of Nonlinear Infinite-Dimensional Systems, vol. 190, Academic Press, Boston, Mass, USA, 1993. [2] G. Bertotti and I. Mayergoyz, The Science of Hysteresis, Academic Press, Elsevier, 2006.
[3] J.-M. Jeong and J.-Y. Park, âNonlinear variational inequalities of semilinear parabolic type,â Journal of Inequalities and Applications, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 227â245, 2001. [4] J.-L. Lions, âQuelques probl`emes de la th´eorie des e´quations non lin´eaires dâ´evolution,â in Problems in Non-Linear Analysis, pp. 189â342, Edizioni Cremonese, Rome, Italy, 1971. [5] V. Barbu, Optimal Control of Variational Inequalities, vol. 100 of Research Notes in Mathematics, Pitman, Boston, Mass, USA, 1984. [6] D. Kinderlehrer and G. Stampacchia, An Introduction to Variational Inequalities and Their Applications, vol. 88, Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 1980. [7] M. Shillor, Recent Advances in Contact Mechanics, Pergamon Press, 1998. [8] J. F. Bonnans and D. Tiba, âPontryaginâs principle in the control of semilinear elliptic variational inequalities,â Applied Mathematics and Optimization, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 299â312, 1991. [9] J.-L. Lions, Optimal Control of Systems Governed by Partial Differential Equations, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 1971. [10] H. Triebel, Interpolation Theory, Function Spaces, Differential Operators, vol. 18 of North-Holland Mathematical Library, North-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1978. [11] G. Di Blasio, K. Kunisch, and E. Sinestrari, âđż2 -regularity for parabolic partial integro-differential equations with delay in the highest-order derivatives,â Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 38â57, 1984. [12] J. M. Jeong, Y. C. Kwun, and J. Y. Park, âApproximate controllability for semilinear retarded functional-differential equations,â Journal of Dynamical and Control Systems, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 329â 346, 1999. [13] H. Tanabe, Equations of Evolution, vol. 6 of Monographs and Studies in Mathematics, Pitman, Boston, Mass, USA, 1979. [14] H. Br´ezis, Op´erateurs Maximaux Monotones et Semigroupes de Contractions dans un Espace de Hilbert, North Holland, 1973. [15] J. Hwang and S. Nakagiri, âOptimal control problems for the equation of motion of membrane with strong viscosity,â Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 321, no. 1, pp. 327â342, 2006. [16] J. Hwang and S. Nakagiri, âOptimal control problems for Kirchhoff type equation with a damping term,â Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications, vol. 72, no. 3-4, pp. 1621â1631, 2010. [17] J.-P. Aubin, âUn th´eor`eme de compacit´e,â Comptes Rendus de lâAcad´emie des Sciences, vol. 256, pp. 5042â5044, 1963. [18] V. Barbu, Nonlinear Semigroups and Differential Equations in Banach Spaces, Nordhoff, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1976. [19] R. Dautray and J. L. Lions, âMathematical analysis and numerical methods for science and technology,â in Evolution Problems, vol. 5, Springer, 1992.
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