microscope, observed his own dental plaque and reported. 'little living ... in low levels in plaque, i.e. 0.00001 to 0.001% of the viable flora. .... radiotherapy.
10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1242 Shankargouda Patil et al REVIEW ARTICLE
Oral Microbial Flora in Health Shankargouda Patil, Roopa S Rao, N Amrutha, DS Sanketh
ABSTRACT
Transient Flora
7KH RUDO ÀRUD FRPSULVHV RI SOHWKRUD RI PLFURRUJDQLVPV ZLWK D SUHGRPLQDQFH RI EDFWHULD7KHVH RUJDQLVPV DUH EHQH¿FLDO ZKHQSUHVHQWLQULJKWQXPEHUV7KHRUDOFDYLW\KDUERUVDYDULHW\ RIKDELWDWVZLWKYDU\LQJHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVPDNLQJWKH VWXG\RIRUDOPLFURELRORJ\FRPSOH[DQGGLI¿FXOW+HQFHDVRXQG NQRZOHGJHRIWKHQRUPDOFRPPHQVDOVRIWKHRUDOFDYLW\LVDQ HVVHQWLDOWRROIRUDFFXUDWHODERUDWRU\GLDJQRVLV7KHREMHFWLYHRI WKLVDUWLFOHLVWREHQH¿WWKHVWXGHQWSRSXODWLRQDVWKHFRQFHSWRI RUDOPLFURELDOÀRUDKDVEHHQSXWIRUZDUGLQDVLPSOL¿HGIRUPDW
7KLVÀRUDFRPSULVHVRIRUJDQLVPVWKDWPD\EHSUHVHQWLQWKH RUDOFDYLW\IRUYHU\VKRUWSHULRGV KRXUVWRGD\V RIWLPH 7KHVH RUJDQLVPV PD\ EH WHPSRUDULO\ HVWDEOLVKHG GXH WR H[RJHQRXVIDFWRUVOLNHIRRGRUGULQNVDQGDUHQRWKDUPIXOWR WKHKRVW7KLVÀRUDPD\ÀRXULVKDQGEHFRPHRSSRUWXQLVWLF LQFRQGLWLRQVZKHUHWKHKRVWLVLPPXQRFRPSURPLVHG
Keywords: 2UDOÀRUD$FTXLVLWLRQ1HRQDWHV$GXOWV
ACQUISITION OF NORMAL ORAL FLORA
How to cite this article: 3DWLO65DR56$PUXWKD16DQNHWK '6 2UDO 0LFURELDO )ORUD LQ +HDOWK :RUOG - 'HQW
7KHRUDOFDYLW\EHIRUHELUWKLVVWHULOH&RORQL]DWLRQEHJLQV DW RU VKRUWO\ DIWHU ELUWK 7KRVH WKDW LQLWLDOO\ FRORQL]H LPPHGLDWHO\ DIWHU ELUWK DUH FDOOHG SLRQHHU VSHFLHV HJ Streptococcus salivarius %\ WKH ¿UVW ELUWKGD\ WKH RUDO FDYLW\ LV LQYDGHG SUHGRPLQDQWO\ E\ DHUREHV DQG PD\ LQFOXGHStreptococcusNeisseriaVeillonellaLactobacillus DQGActinomyces2QFHWRRWKHUXSWLRQVWDUWVQRQVKHGGLQJ VXUIDFHV DUH HVWDEOLVKHG IRU WKHVH RUJDQLVPV WR FRORQL]H $IWHUDOOWHHWKKDYHHUXSWHGPRUHVXUIDFHVDUHHVWDEOLVKHG JLQJLYDO FUHYLFHV GHYHORS IRU FRORQL]DWLRQ RI SHULRGRQWDO PLFURRUJDQLVPV SODTXH DFFXPXODWHV DW GLIIHUHQW VLWHV RQ WKHWRRWKOLNHVPRRWKVXUIDFHVSLWDQG¿VVXUHVIRUGLIIHUHQW PLFURELDOFRORQLHVWREHHVWDEOLVKHG%\WKLVSURFHVVDQG PLFURELDO VXFFHVVLRQ KLJK VSHFLHV GLYHUVLW\ GHYHORSV DQG LVFDOOHGWKHFOLPD[FRPPXQLW\,QROGDJHRQFHDOOWHHWK DUHORVWWKHÀRUDLVVLPLODUWRFKLOGEHIRUHWRRWKHUXSWLRQ1 )ORZ&KDUW
Source of support:1LO &RQÀLFWRILQWHUHVW 1RQHGHFODUHG
INTRODUCTION 2UDOÀRUDKDVDQHFRORJLFDOO\GLYHUVHPLFURELDOSRSXODWLRQ JURXSDQGFRQWDLQVDWOHDVWFXOWLYDEOHVSHFLHV1$VHDUO\ DV$QWRQ\9DQ/HHXZHQKRHNIDWKHURIPRGHUQGD\ PLFURVFRSHREVHUYHGKLVRZQGHQWDOSODTXHDQGUHSRUWHG µOLWWOH OLYLQJ DQLPDOFXOHV SUHWWLO\ PRYLQJ¶2 7KLV ZDV WKH KDOOPDUNIURPZKLFKPDQ\RWKHUVWXGLHVHYROYHGLQUHODWLRQ WRRUDOPLFURÀRUDLQGLVHDVHDQGKHDOWK TYPES OF ORAL FLORA Indigenous Flora ,W UHIHUV WR WKH RUJDQLVPV SUHVHQW LQ JUHDWHU WKDQ RI WKHWRWDOYLDEOHFRXQWLQDSDUWLFXODUVLWHVXFKDVVXUIDFHRI WRQJXHRUVXSUDJLQJLYDOSODTXH7KH\DUHLQDFRPSDWLEOH UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK WKH KRVW DQG GR QRW FRPSURPLVH WKH VXUYLYDO RI WKH KRVW 7KH FRPPRQ LQGLJHQRXV RUJDQLVPV SUHVHQWLQWKHRUDOFDYLW\DUHStreptococcusActinomyces DQGNeisseria Supplemental Flora ,W UHIHUV WR WKH PLFURRUJDQLVPV LGHQWL¿HG LQ D VLJQL¿FDQW DPRXQW OHVV WKDQ LQ FHUWDLQ LQGLYLGXDOV 7KH PRVW FRPPRQ LQFOXGH Lactobacillus 7KH\ DUH LQÀXHQFHG E\ HQYLURQPHQWDOFKDQJHVHJLactobacillusLVQRUPDOO\IRXQG LQORZOHYHOVLQSODTXHLHWRRIWKHYLDEOH ÀRUD,QDFDULRXVOHVLRQDVWKHS+RISODTXHEHFRPHVDFLGLF LactobacillusZKLFKLVDFLGWROHUDQWPXOWLSOLHVDQGEHFRPHV WKHGRPLQDQWPLFURRUJDQLVP
262
ACQUISITION OF MUTANS STREPTOCOCCI IN NEONATES Vertical Transmission 9HUWLFDOWUDQVPLVVLRQLVGH¿QHGDVWKHSDVVLQJRIDPLFUREH IURPWKHSDUHQWWRWKHRIIVSULQJ7KHPDMRUUHVHUYRLUIURP ZKLFKLQIDQWVDFTXLUHPXWDQVVWUHSWRFRFFLDUHWKHLUPRWKHUV 9HUWLFDOWUDQVPLVVLRQRFFXUVGXULQJSDVVDJHRIWKHQHRQDWH WKURXJKWKHELUWKFDQDORUWKURXJKPDWHUQDOPLON Horizontal Transmission +RUL]RQWDOWUDQVPLVVLRQUHIHUVWRWKHSDVVLQJRIPLFUREHV IURPRQHLQGLYLGXDOWRDQRWKHULQWKHVDPHJHQHUDWLRQHLWKHU E\GLUHFWRULQGLUHFWFRQWDFW HJIDPLO\PHPEHUV 0DWWRV*UDQHU DQG FROOHDJXHV LVRODWHG PXWDQV VWUHSWRFRFFLIURPJURXSVRIQXUVHU\VFKRROFKLOGUHQ DJH PRQWKV DQGJHQRW\SHGWKHLVRODWHV7KH\UHSRUWHG
WJD Oral Microbial Flora in Health Flow Chart 1:#ESWKUKVKQPQHPQTOCNQTCNOKETQƀQTCKP phases of life
,WKDVVSHFL¿FDQGQRQVSHFL¿FGHIHQFHIDFWRUVOLNH,J* 1HXWURSKLOVIRXQGLQ*&)DUHLQYROYHGLQSKDJRF\WRVLV Microbial Factors 7KHUH LV FRPSHWLWLRQ IRU UHFHSWRUV DPRQJ GLIIHUHQW PLFUREHVUHVXOWLQJLQSUHYHQWLRQRIDWWDFKPHQWE\µODWH FRPHUV¶ 3URGXFWLRQ RI WR[LQV S. salivarius SURGXFHV HQRFLQWKDWLQKLELWVS. pyogenes 3URGXFWLRQRIPHWDEROLFHQGSURGXFWVE\FHUWDLQEDFWHULD ORZHUWKHS+ 6RPHEDFWHULDXVHWKHPHWDEROLFHQGSURGXFWVRIRWKHU EDFWHULDIRUQXWULWLRQDOSXUSRVHV &RDJJUHJDWLRQRIVDPHRUGLIIHUHQWVSHFLHV HJEDFWHULD FRUQFREIRUPDWLRQ Miscellaneous Factors
WKDW PDQ\ FKLOGUHQ FRQWDLQHG LGHQWLFDO JHQRW\SHV RI PXWDQVVWUHSWRFRFFLVWUDLQVZKLFKLQGLFDWHVWKDWKRUL]RQWDO WUDQVPLVVLRQPD\EHDQRWKHUYHFWRUIRUDFTXLVLWLRQRIWKHVH RUJDQLVPV FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO NORMAL MICROBIAL GROWTH Anatomical $QDWRPLFDO IDFWRUV WKDW UHVXOW LQ EDFWHULDO VWDJQDWLRQ DQG JURZWKDUHDVIROORZV 6KDSHWRSRJUDSK\PDODOLJQPHQWRIWKHWHHWK 3RRUTXDOLW\RIUHVWRUDWLRQV 1RQNHUDWLQL]HGVXOFXODUHSLWKHOLXP Saliva 6DOLYDFRQWULEXWHVWRWKHRUDOHFRV\VWHPLQPDQ\ZD\V $GVRUSWLRQRIVDOLYDU\JO\FRSURWHLQVUHVXOWVLQIRUPDWLRQ RI VDOLYDU\ SHOOLFOH ZKLFK LQ WXUQ IDFLOLWDWHV EDFWHULDO DGKHVLRQ ,WLVDULFKVRXUFHRIIRRGLHFDUERK\GUDWHVDQGSURWHLQV ,WKDVWKHSURSHUW\RIJURZWKLQKLELWLRQRIH[RJHQRXV RUJDQLVPVRZLQJWRWKHSUHVHQFHRIQRQVSHFL¿FGHIHQFH IDFWRUVOLNHO\VR]\PHODFWRIHUULQKLVWDWLQVDQGVSHFL¿F GHIHQFH IDFWRUV OLNH ,J$ VDOLYDU\ OHXNRF\WH SURWHDVH LQKLELWRU 6/3, ,W SOD\V D PDMRU UROH LQ PDLQWHQDQFH RI S+ GXH WR LWV EXIIHULQJ FDSDFLW\$FLGLF VDOLYD SURPRWHV JURZWK RI FDULRJHQLFEDFWHULD
D /RFDOHQYLURQPHQWS+ 7KLV LV UHJXODWHG E\ VDOLYD DQG LW GHSHQGV RQ IUHTXHQF\RIGLHWDU\FDUERK\GUDWHV 0DQ\PLFUREHVIDYRUQHXWUDOS+ZKLOHRWKHUVJURZ ZHOOLQDFLGLFHQYLURQPHQW ODFWREDFLOOL E Oxidation-reduction potential 7KLVYDULHVLQGLIIHUHQW ORFDWLRQV RI PRXWK IDOOV GXULQJ SODTXH GHYHORSPHQW ZKLFKIDYRUVJURZWKRIEDFWHULD F Antimicrobial therapy %URDGVSHFWUXPDQWLELRWLFVZLSH RXWPRVWHQGRJHQRXVÀRUDDQGDOVRIDYRUWKHHPHUJHQFH RI\HDVWVSHFLHV G Diet )HUPHQWDEOHFDUERK\GUDWHVDUHWKHPDMRUVRXUFH RIQXWULHQWVZKLFKSURPRWHDFLGRJHQLFEDFWHULD H Iatrogenic factors 'HQWDOVFDOLQJDOWHUVWKHFRPSRVLWLRQ RISHULRGRQWDOSRFNHWÀRUDRIGLVHDVHGVLWHV I Diurnal variations %DFWHULDO FRXQWV KLJKHVW LQ WKH PRUQLQJGHFUHDVHVGXULQJWKHGD\ J Drugs 0D\ FDXVH GHFUHDVH LQ VDOLYDU\ ÀRZ WKHUHE\ DOORZLQJ WUDQVLHQW PLFURÀRUD WR SUROLIHUDWH DQG FDXVH LPPXQRVXSSUHVVLRQOHDGLQJWRRSSRUWXQLVWLFLQIHFWLRQV HJVWHURLGV K Extraction of teeth /HDGVWRGHFUHDVHLQS. sanguisDQG S. mutans WKDWFRORQL]HRQWHHWK L Intraoral appliance $SSOLDQFHVPD\KHOSLQKDUERULQJS. sanguis DQGS. salivarius )ORZ&KDUWDQG 7DEOH ORAL MICROBIAL FLORA IN NEONATES Mutans Streptococci
Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF)
Controversies related to Mutans Streptococci in Neonates
*&)ÀXVKHVPLFUREHVRXWRIFUHYLFH ,W DOVR DFWV DV D SULPDU\ VRXUFH RI QXWULHQWV WR WKH FUHYLFXODUEDFWHULD 0DLQWDLQVS+RIWKHJLQJLYDOFUHYLFH
(DUOLHU VWXGLHV GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW LQIDQWV DFTXLUH PXWDQV VWUHSWRFRFFL RQO\ DIWHU WKH HUXSWLRQ RI SULPDU\ WHHWK DV PXWDQVVWUHSWRFRFFLUHTXLUHDQRQVKHGGLQJRUDOVXUIDFHIRU LWVSHUVLVWHQWRUDOFRORQL]DWLRQ
World Journal of Dentistry, October-December 2013;4(4):262-266
263
Shankargouda Patil et al Flow Chart 2: (CEVQTUKPƀWGPEKPIVJGQTCNOKETQƀQTC
Table 1:3URVDQGFRQVRIQRUPDOPLFURELDOÀRUD Advantages
Disadvantages
+HOSVLQSUHYHQWLQJGLVHDVH E\EDFWHULDODQWDJRQLVP FRPSHWLWLRQIRUQXWULWLRQ DOWHUDWLRQRIHQYLURQPHQW
6RXUFHRIHQGRJHQRXV LQIHFWLRQZKHQKRVW UHVLVWDQFHGHFUHDVHV
+RVWLPPXQHUHVSRQVH VWLPXODWLRQ
0D\SUHGLVSRVHKRVWWR H[RJHQRXVLQIHFWLRQ
3URYLVLRQRIHVVHQWLDO QXWULWLRQWRWKHKRVW
6HQVLWL]DWLRQRIWKHKRVW WRRUDOPLFURELDODQWLJHQV± DFFHQWXDWHGUHVSRQVHWR VXEVHTXHQWVSHFL¿FDQWLJHQLF HQFRXQWHUV
(QKDQFHPHQWRIUHPRYDO DQGPDWXUDWLRQUDWHVRIRUDO HSLWKHOLXP
5HFHQW VWXGLHV LQGLFDWH WKDW PXWDQV VWUHSWRFRFFL FDQ FRORQL]HWKHPRXWKRISUHGHQWDWHLQIDQWV7KHIXUURZVRIWKH WRQJXHDSSHDUWREHDQLPSRUWDQWHFRORJLFDOQLFKH 7DQQHUHWDOUHSRUWHGWKDWPXWDQVVWUHSWRFRFFLZHUHIRXQG WREHSUHVHQWLQRISODTXHVDPSOHVDQGRIWRQJXH VFUDSLQJVDPSOHVRIFKLOGUHQDJHGWRPRQWKVOLYLQJ LQ 6DLSDQ 7KHVH UHFHQW VWXGLHV RQ DFTXLVLWLRQ RI PXWDQV VWUHSWRFRFFLUDLVHGRXEWVWKDWDQRQVKHGGLQJRUDOVXUIDFHLV UHTXLUHGIRUWKHLURUDOFRORQL]DWLRQ9
QXPHURXVIDFWRUVVXFKDVWKHSUHVHQFHRIHFRORJLFDOQLFKHV HJQDWXUDODQIUDFWXRVLWLHVRIWKHWHHWK /DFWREDFLOOLZHUHLVRODWHGIURPWKHWRQJXHVXUIDFHDQG JXPVLQVRXQGFKLOGUHQDQGZDVQRWHGWKDWRIWKH ODFWREDFLOOLFDPHIURPWKHWRQJXHDQGIURPWKHJXPV DQGVSHFLHVL. fermentum DQGL. plantarum DUHSUHGRPLQDQW RQWKHWRQJXH L. rhamnosusLVSUHGRPLQDQWRQWKHJXP $PRQJFKLOGUHQWKHSUHVHQFHRIODFWREDFLOOLLQFRURQDO FDULHV LV LQFRQWHVWDEOH$PRQJ DGXOWV Lactobacilli casei Lactobacilli JURXS DUH IRXQG LQ URRW FDULHV ,Q FKLOGUHQ L. casei LV /DFWREDFLOOLDEVHQWIURPWKHRUDOFDYLW\RIQHZERUQVDSSHDU SUHGRPLQDQWEXWLQHDUO\FKLOGKRRGFDULHVL. fermentum GXULQJ WKH ¿UVW \HDU RI OLIH 7KHLU SUHVHQFH GHSHQGV RQ LVWKHPRVWIUHTXHQWO\IRXQGVSHFLHV Flow Chart 3: 9QTMKPIENCUUKſECVKQPQHPQTOCNQTCNƀQTC
264
WJD Oral Microbial Flora in Health
Anaerobes 2EOLJDWHDQDHUREHVVeillonella VSHFLHVDQGWKHPrevotella melaninogenica JURXS RUJDQLVPV DV ZHOO DV IDFXOWDWLYH DQDHUREHV Actinomyces VSHFLHV DUH FRPPRQ VDOLYDU\ ILQGLQJV LQ PRQWK ROG LQIDQWV DQG LQ DGGLWLRQ WKH IUHTXHQF\ RI F. nucleatum Porphyromonas catoniae QRQSLJPHQWHGPrevotella VSHFLHVDQGLeptotrichia VSHFLHV DOVRUHPDUNDEO\LQFUHDVHVEHWZHHQDQGPRQWKVRIDJH P. catoniae ZDV PRUH IUHTXHQW LQ LQIDQWV ZLWK WKH HDUO\ HPHUJHQFHRIWKH¿UVWWRRWK $PRQJ WKH µODWH FRORQL]HUV¶ FRUURGLQJ URGV CapnocytophagaVSHFLHVDQGRWKHUFusobacterium UHDFKHG WKHSUHYDOHQFHRILQLQIDQWVXSWR\HDURIDJH2QFH HVWDEOLVKHGWKHVSHFLHVWHQGWRSHUVLVWLQWKHPRXWK $IWHUWKH¿UVW\HDURIOLIH $ 5HPDUNDEOHLQFUHDVHVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\RIVHYHUDORUDO DQDHURELFJURXSVRFFXU % (DUO\ FRORQL]LQJ VSHFLHV FDQ EH LVRODWHG QHDUO\ IURP HYHU\PRXWK & 7KH µODWH FRORQL]HUV¶ VXFK DV RWKHU IXVREDFWHULD WKDQ F. nucleatumCapnocytophaga VSHFLHVFRUURGLQJURGV Selenomonas VSHFLHV DQG WKH Prevotella intermedia JURXSRUJDQLVPVDUHIUHTXHQWO\SUHVHQWLQWKHRUDOFDYLW\ EHIRUH\HDUVRIDJH $PRQJWKHP. intermedia JURXSPrevotella nigrescens DQG Prevotella pallens DUHFRPPRQFRORQL]HUVGXULQJFKLOGKRRG ,QGHHG FKLOGUHQ ZLWK GHFLGXRXV GHQWLWLRQ DOUHDG\ KDUERU D PXOWLIRUP RUDO DQDHURELF PLFURÀRUD +RZHYHU WKH WUDQVLWLRQ WR PDWXUH RUDO PLFURÀRUD FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR WKDW RI DGXOWV SUREDEO\ GRHV QRW WDNH SODFH XQWLO SXEHUW\ DQG WKH FRORQL]DWLRQ RI PDLQ SHULRGRQWDO SDWKRJHQV UDUHO\ WDNHV SODFH LQ HDUO\ FKLOGKRRG HJ Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Porphyromonas gingivalis DQG Bacteroides forsythus 11 ORAL MICROBIAL FLORA IN ADULTS (TABLE 2) Table 2:2UDOPLFURELDOÀRUDLQDGXOWV Bacteria Microorganism
Habitat
Most common species
Streptococcus
2UDOÀRUDJLQJLYDO DQGVXSUDJLQJLYDO SODTXHWRQJXH DQGVDOLYD
Mutans salivarius anginosus DQG mitis JURXS
Stomatococcus mucilaginosus
0DLQO\WRQJXHDQG JLQJLYDOFUHYLFH
1RVSHFLHVW\SHV
6WDSK\ORFRFFL
+XPDQVDOLYD
S. aureus, S. epidermidis DQG S. saprophyticus Contd...
World Journal of Dentistry, October-December 2013;4(4):262-266
Actinomyces
0LQRUFRPSRQHQW RIKHDOWK\JLQJLYDO ÀRUD
A. israelii A. gerencseriae A. odontolyticus A. naeslundii
Lactobacillus
RIWKHRUDO ÀRUD
L. casei L. fermentum L. acidophilus
Eubacterium
'HQWDOSODTXHDQG FDOFXOXV
E. brachy, E. timidum, E. nodatum, E. saphenum
Propionibacterium
'HQWDOSODTXH
E. brachy E. timidum E. nodatum
Neisseria
7RQJXHVDOLYD RUDOPXFRVDDQG HDUO\SODTXH
1VXEÀDYD N. mucosa N. sicca
Veillonella
7RQJXHVDOLYDDQG GHQWDOSODTXH
V. parvula, V. dispar, V. atypia
Hemophilus
'HQWDOSODTXH VDOLYDDQG PXFRVDH
H. SDUDLQÀXHQ]DH H. segnis, H. aphrophilus
Actinobacillus
3HULRGRQWDOSRFNHW
A. actinomycetemcomitans VHURW\SHDH
Eikenella
'HQWDOSODTXH GHQWRDOYHRODU DEVFHVV
E. corrodens
Capnocytophaga
'HQWDOSODTXH PXFRVDVDOLYD
&JLQJLYDOLV C. sputigena, C. ochracea
Porphyromonas
*LQJLYDOFUHYLFH DQGVXEJLQJLYDO SODTXH
P. gingivalis, P. endodontalis
Prevotella
3HULRGRQWDO SRFNHWGHQWDO SODTXH
P. intermedia, P. nigrescens, P. loescheii
Fusobacterium
1RUPDOJLQJLYDO FUHYLFH
F. nucleatum, F. alocis, F. sulci
Leptotrichia
'HQWDOSODTXH
L. buccalis
Wolinella
*LQJLYDOFUHYLFH
W. succinogenes
Treponema
*LQJLYDOFUHYLFH
T. denticola, T. macrodentium
Entamoeba gingivalis
3HULRGRQWDO WLVVXHHVSHFLDOO\ LQSDWLHQWV ZKRUHFHLYHG UDGLRWKHUDS\
E. gingivalis
Trichomonas tenax
*LQJLYDOFUHYLFH
T. tenax
&DQGLGDVSHFLHV
6XEJLQJLYDOÀRUD SHULRGRQWLWLV
Fungi C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. tropicalis
265
Shankargouda Patil et al
REFERENCES
ABOUT THE AUTHORS 6DPDUQD\DNH /3 -RQHV %0 (VVHQWLDO PLFURELRORJ\ IRU Shankargouda Patil (Corresponding Author) GHQWLVWU\UGHG8. &KXUFKLOO/LYLQJVWRQH,QF(OVHYLHU 'REHOO&$QWKRQ\YDQ/HHXZHQKRHNDQG+LVµ/LWWOH$QLPDOV¶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
266
6HQLRU /HFWXUHU 'HSDUWPHQW RI 2UDO 3DWKRORJ\ 06 5DPDLDK 'HQWDO&ROOHJHDQG+RVSLWDO1HZ%HO5RDG%HQJDOXUX.DUQDWDND ,QGLD3KRQH HPDLO GUUDYLSDWLO#JPDLOFRP
Roopa S Rao 3URIHVVRU DQG +HDG 'HSDUWPHQW RI 2UDO 3DWKRORJ\ 06 5DPDLDK 'HQWDO&ROOHJHDQG+RVSLWDO%HQJDOXUX.DUQDWDND,QGLD
N Amrutha 3RVWJUDGXDWH6WXGHQW'HSDUWPHQWRI2UDO3DWKRORJ\065DPDLDK 'HQWDO&ROOHJHDQG+RVSLWDO%HQJDOXUX.DUQDWDND,QGLD
DS Sanketh 3RVWJUDGXDWH6WXGHQW'HSDUWPHQWRI2UDO3DWKRORJ\065DPDLDK 'HQWDO&ROOHJHDQG+RVSLWDO%HQJDOXUX.DUQDWDND,QGLD
