[1]. 1.1. The perovskites as promising solar cells â¦.â¦â¦â¦..â¦.[1]. 1.2. The perovskite material components . .... BCP 1-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)piperidine.
Acknowledgement
Dr. Ibrahim Ahmed Mohamed Abdel-Hamid is thanked for insightful discussion, his helpful supervision and for suggesting this important topic to me to write about. I would like to thank my parents for their inspiration talk and financial support.
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Table of Content Acknowledgement …………………………………………….…....[I] Table of Content …………………………………………….…......[II] List of Figures ………………………………….……...……........[IV] List of Schemes …………………………….…….…….…….…..[VI] list of Tables ……………………………………………...….…..[VII] List of Abbreviations …………………………………….…...…[VIII] Summary ………………………………..…………………………[X]
1. Introduction ……………………………………………….…..[1] 1.1. The perovskites as promising solar cells ….………..….[1] 1.2. The perovskite material components ...…………………[2] 1.3. The efficiency of perovskite solar cells ...………….……[4] 1.4. Manufacturing perovskite solar cells ...………………….[5] 1.5. Some obstacles in the way of progressing PSC ...…….[6] 1.6. Remarkable progress in improving PCEs of PSCs .....[11] 2. Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells .….…[14] 2.1. Synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrid materials ...…...[14] 2.1.1. Gas-assisted preparation of lead iodide perovskite films [17]
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2.2. Fabrication of high-performance PSCs …………….....[18] 2.2.1. Synthesis of ZnGa2O4:Eu3+ ………………………......[19] 2.2.2. PSCs based on ZnO nanostructures …………………..[22] 2.2.3. PSCs based on Al2O3 nanorods ……………………….[23] 2.2.4. The impact of Pd on the light harvesting in PSCs ……..[25]
2.3. Controlled orientation of perovskite films ……………..[26] 2.4. Pursuing of efficiency and stability of PSCs ………….[28] 2.4.1. Improving the electron transportation in the hybrid PSCs[31] 2.4.2. Flexible PSCs with transparent CNT electrode ………..[33]
2.5.Enhancement of Structural and Electrical Properties of PSCs ………………………….…………………………..[34] Conclusion …………………………………………………....….[37] List of references ………………………………………….….….[38] Arabic summery …………………………………………….……[43]
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List of Figures Fig. 1 The increase of power conserving efficiency of different types of solar cells through past few years (1977-2017) ……………….…[1] Fig. 2 The lattice arrangement in the perfect crystal of perovskite ….…[3] Fig. 3 Generic structure of a standard (non-inverted) perovskite solar cell ………………………………………………………………………....[3] Fig. 4 graph describe the absorption of solar radiation by PSC ….……[4] Fig. 5 (a) Flow chart of the fabrication and recycling processes for PVSCs. (b) Schematic illustration of the detailed process of recycling PVSCs via selective dissolution …………..……..……[5] Fig. 6 Electroluminescence versus driving current measured on one of the prepared solar cells …………………………….…………….…[8] Fig. 7 J-V curves of solar cells with and without the PC61BM buffer layer ……………………………………………………………………..…[10] Fig. 8 Post-annealing UV–Visible transmission and reflection spectra for compact and mesoporous TiO2 and WO3 on glass, absorption of CH3NH3IxCl3-x on glass ……………………………………………[12] Fig. 9 SEM images of the top surfaces of CH3NH3PbI3-xClx films (A) prepared at 100 °C for different anneal times in a nitrogen atmosphere. (B) perovskite coverage varying with annealing temperature ………………………….……………………………[15] Fig. 10 (A) Optical microscope images of perovskite films prepared in different humid atmospheres on compact TiO2-coated FTO substrates. (B) Photoluminescence quantum efficiency for perovskite films prepared in different humidities. (C) Timeresolved photoluminescence measured at 785 nm ……..……[16] Fig. 11 Schematic procedure for the gas-assisted spin-coating method progressing from left to right ……………..………………….…[17] IV| P a g e
Fig. 12 (a) TEM image of ZnGa2O4:Eu3+ nanophosphor; FESEM images of mesoporous TiO2layer (b) without and (c) with ZnGa2O4:Eu3+ (8 mg ml); (d) FESEM image of cuboid perovskite layer on (c) ………………………………………………………………………[21] Fig. 13 The schematic diagram for the unit PSCs based on Al2O3 nanorods: the 3D structure for optical model ……………….…[24] Fig. 14 (a) X‒ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of fabricated perovskite films composed of (MAPbI3)1‒x(CsPbBr3)x with x ranging from 0 to 0.2. (b) Rocking curve measurement of (224)/ (400) diffraction peaks for x=0 and 0.1. (c) Schematic illustrations of (110), (002), (112), and (200) crystal planes from a perpendicular view ……….…[28] Fig.15 Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technique …………………[29] Fig. 16 Chemical vapour deposition technique to fabricate CH3NH3PbI3 ………………………………………..……………………………[30] Fig. 17 Schematic representation of a HTM free thin-film perovskite solar cell layers and optical processes during the device operation [31] Fig. 18 Recombination processes in semiconductor materials …….…[32] Fig. 19 cross-sectional morphology of perovskite/TiO2 nanotubes/Ti electrode ………………………………………………………..[33] Fig. 20 (a) UV-Vis absorption spectra of P3HT (black) and P3HT/PPs blend (blue). (b) Difference between UV-Vis spectra of P3HT with and without perovskite NPs ………………..…………..…[35]
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List of Schemes
Scheme. 1 Preparation of ZnGa2O4:Eu3+nanophosphor using hydrothermal method …………………………………………….[20] Scheme. 2 The schematic of types of devices contained in the architecture ………………………………………………....[25]
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list of Tables
Table. 1 Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite of the composition ABX3 [1] Table. 2 Comparison of the physical properties of TiO2 and ZnO ...….[22] Table. 3 Summary of evolution in PSCs through the last few years …[30]
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List of Abbreviations PVSC Photovoltaic solar cell SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy FESEM Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy ETL Electron Transport Layer HTL Hole Transporting Layer ETM Electron Transport Materials HTM Hole Transport Material EQE External Quantum Efficiency PSC Perovskite solar cells PCE Power Conversion Efficiency P3HT poly (3-hexylthiophene) PCBM [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester NC Nanocrystal ITO Indium Tin Oxide OPV Organic Photovoltaics MAPbI3 methylammonium lead iodide FTO Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry PEDOT:PSS poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrene-sulfonate) KPFM Exploiting Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy KPFM Exploiting Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy spiro-MeOTAD
XRD X-Ray Diffraction IoT Internet of Things DFT Density Functional Theory XPS X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy PDOS Projected Density of State VBM Valence Band Maximum FWHM Full Width at Half Maximum ECM Electron Conducting Material HCM Hole Conducting Material DSSC Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells FAPbBr3 formamidinium lead tribromide BCP 1-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)piperidine MAI methylamine iodide CVD Chemical Vapour Deposition CBM Conduction Band Minimum CNT carbon Nanotubes NPs Nanoparticles PNPs Perovskite Nanoparticles HOIP Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskite TNTs Titanium (Ti) foil/TiO2 Nanotubes
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Summary
Through the last few years there has been a huge growth of interest in hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite materials as promising material to develop the solar cells because of its advantageous optical and electrical properties and that describes the reason of focusing on perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in this research. the first chapter is an introduction and shows the composition of the perovskite material, describes why the perovskites are promising solar cells, overview of growing the efficiencies of perovskite solar cells through the last few years and the manufacturing process of PSCs. The second chapter shows how to synthesize the hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite materials, Fabrication of high-performance PSCs through involving different types of elements in fabrication in nano-scale, shows the impact of these introduced elements on the light harvesting ability of PSCs, describes method to control the orientation of perovskite films, ways to Improve the electron transportation in the hybrid perovskite solar cells, production of flexible PSCs and how to Enhance the Structural and Electrical Properties of PSCs.
