Original-Review-Letter-Invited Article

Quantum Biosystems | 2017 | Vol 8 | Issue 1 | Page 1- 16 Hans J H Geesink and Dirk K F Meijer

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v Electromagnetic Frequency Patterns that are Crucial for Health and Disease reveal a Generalized Biophysical Principle: the GM scale Hans (J H) Geesink* and Dirk K F Meijer** Abstract

Solitons or polarons, as self-reinforcing solitary waves, interact with complex biological phenomena such as cellular self-organization. Such soliton models are able to describe a spectrum of electromagnetism (EM) modalities, that can be applied to understand the physical principles of biological effects in living cells, as caused by endogenous and exogenous electromagnetic fields, on the basis of quantum coherence. A bio-soliton model was earlier developed by us, that enables to predict which eigen-frequencies of non-thermal EM waves, are life-sustaining and which are, in contrast, detrimental for living cells. The particular effects of the proposed coherent wave pattern are exerted by a range of EM-wave eigen-frequencies of onetenth of a Hertz till Peta Hertz, representing a pattern of twelve bands, that can be positioned on an acoustic frequency scale. The discrete pattern was revealed by a meta-analysis of 219 published papers of biological EM-radiation experiments, in which a spectrum of non-thermal EM fields were exposed to living cells and intact organisms. In follow-up studies, we analyzed 120 articles on cancer-promoting and inhibiting EM fields, of which the frequency patterns fully confirmed the inferred model. Finally we analyzed experimental data out of 27 recent publications on laser mediated radiation therapy, for a spectrum of disorders such as traumatic brain injury, depressive disorders and neurological defects, confirming the general predictive force of our life algorithm. It is postulated that long-distance control of cellular morphology and fine tuning of cellular networks by soliton-waves, is instrumental in providing a morphogenetic field that maintains cellular health. The latter also may have played a role in the initiation of first life in biological evolution. The particular parametric resonance may provide positional information and cues to regulate organism-wide system properties like anatomy, control of reproduction as well as gene expression and repair. In addition, potential damaging effects of nonionizing electromagnetic fields on life systems can be counteracted by dedicated phyllosilicate (clay) nano-materials, that were shown by us to exhibit semiconducting EM field properties. A related protective technology was designed on the principle of toroidal trapping, since torus geometry adequately generates a coherent field of frequencies and thereby induces coherent oscillations of macromolecules. Our papers, collectively, picture the rapidly growing and dynamic field of molecular electromagnetics, that currently shows promising clinical effects in the treatment of various sincere, and often, chronic diseases.

* Previous: Ir, Project leader mineral Nanotechnology, DSMResearch, the Netherlands ** Em. Professor of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Targeting, University of Groningen, the Netherlands Address: Groningen, Parklaan 17, 9724 AN, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected]

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www.quantumbiosystems.org


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The discovered frequency patterns might be interpreted as hidden variables in Bohm’s causal interpretation of quantum mechanics theory. The life algorithm detected and called by us the GM-scale, may highlight a presently unknown biophysical (de)stabilizing principle that underlies (de)coherence of quantum wave oscillations in animate and also some non-animate systems. Key Words: Life algorithm, novel biophysical principle, coherent EM-scale, solitons and polarons, bio-solitons, coherent electromagnetic frequencies, beneficial and detrimental frequencies, meta-analysis of bio-medical literature, phyllosilicates, clay nano-materials, morphogenic resonance, non-thermal EM fields, anti-cancer therapy, first life in biological evolution, quantum entanglement, Fröhlich, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen, Bohm

Introduction We hypothesize that living organisms make use of algorithmic frequencies that unite the first, second and third harmonics of waves, and has an analogy with the science of sound. Our analysis of 240 different frequencies of biological electromagnetic experiments published in more than 300 papers, ranging from less than one Hertz till Peta Hertz, has been recently finalized. Based on this analysis we propose that the same type of intervals as found by Pythagoras can be discovered for living systems, cells and biomolecules, at which the frequency intervals are positioned at 1:2 and closely approaching 2:3. The discovered frequencies are organized in patterns forming a closed system of fifth’s, in which the Pythagorean comma (being the intrinsic difference between twelve just perfect fifths and seven octaves in this classical music theory), has been evenly redistributed over two fifth’s and thereby is virtually removed (see Loy, 2011) The frequencies analyzed for living systems show 12 “fifths” with a mean value of 1.498307, of which 5 fifths are precisely 2:3. Under these conditions a reference scale of 12 typical coherent frequencies can be defined: 256.00, 269.70, 288.00, 303.41, 324.00, 341.33, 362.04, 384.00, 404.54, 432.00, 455.12, 486.00 Hz. Probably a new bio-physical principle has been found, revealing how nature installs coherence in living organisms, cells, and biomolecules, by uniting the first, second and third harmonics of waves. There is abundant scientific literature on the influence of non-thermal electromagnetic radiation and related

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fields on biological systems (Fröhlich, 1975, Belyaev, 2015, Brizhik 2014, Cifra, 2010, Cosic and Lazar, 2015, Muehsam and Ventura, 2014, Sahu, 2013, Lundholm, 2015, Hammerschlag, 2015, Pang, 2016). Constructive interference and quantum coherence have not only been shown for micro-states such as single proteins, but also for macro-processes such as photosynthesis, magnetoreception in birds, the human sense of smell as well as photon effects in vision; all showing a non-trivial role for quantum mechanisms (Davies, 2014) throughout biology (reviewed by Lambert et al 2013, Lloyd, 2014). Lambert favors the idea that both these systems not only contain quantum coherence but also that this is used to gain a biological advantage. These features go beyond trivial quantum effects and may include harnessing quantum coherence on physiologically important timescales (Lambert, 2013; Engel, 2007; Gauger, 2011). In the reviewed studies, it has been shown that phonon-mediated matrix vibrations can facilitate electron/exciton flux, either as such or in the form of phonon quasi-particles such as polarons/solitons (Huelga, 2013; Geesink and Meijer, 2016b). We herewith propose a soliton model that is able to describe a spectrum of electromagnetic soliton frequencies that can be applied to study the physical principles of biological effects in living cells, as caused by endogenous and exogenous electromagnetic fields. Our collective papers should be positioned in the framework of the current developments in Quantum Biology.



1 - The meta-analysis of bio-medical studies of EM-field and quantum information effects on life systems and summary of recent studies of the authors 1.1 Algorithm of life An extensive meta-analysis of published biological/medical studies has been performed by us, in which living material (tissues, cells, and whole animals) was exposed to external electromagnetic (EM) radiation employing a wide spectrum of EM frequencies. In these studies the various effects of the EM fields were reported as to their cell- and lifesustaining effects, as opposed to, detrimental actions. After collecting and scrutinizing these data, a striking coherent pattern of frequency bands was revealed (Figure 1). The particular bands, representing the applied EM field frequencies, showed a discrete distribution pattern, plotted on an acoustic scale, in which the separation of the bands was complete and statistically significant on the 0.01 level. The cell and life stabilizing EM frequencies of the ‘Life algorithm principle’ detected by us (Geesink and Meijer, 2016), might be modelled as spiral information trajectories using a toroidal geometry, as earlier shown in music theory. We consider coherent resonances from the cellular to the organismal level that contains all typical electromagnetic activities, that has been called ”the electrome” by De Loof, (2016). The electrome concept stands for the totality of all types electromagnetic dimensions in an ionic environment of any living entity, from the cellular to the organismal level. We postulate that living cells contain an internal oscillating apparatus, that can

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be excited by internal as well as external EM fields. Through a process of resonance, the various features of the EM field can become expressed in life systems as coherent vibratory patterns that somehow influence the functional structure and/or metabolism of the exposed cell systems. These internal oscillations mirror the typical eigenfrequencies used in a broad coherent frequency range of 0.1 Hertz – PHz, including the spectrum of far infrared wave packages. This resonant coherency is analogues to the principles of Fröhlich-Bose-Einstein condensates as initially postulated by Fröhlich, (1968, 1975) and later elaborated by Davydov, (1977) and Pang, (2006). The collective evidence points at an integral algorithm, and can be regarded as a set of collective Fröhlich condensate frequencies. Of note, the far infrared frequency range we detected, is exactly in between the wave frequency ranges of the photon and the electron and can constitute both standing and longitudinal waves. The internal oscillations are supposed to be carried by solitons, and can actually reabsorb energy in periodic cycles according to an algorithm of stabilizing frequencies within a typical band pattern (see our recent work in ArXiv, Geesink and Meijer, 2016b). 1.2 - EM fields and cancer Physical and biological evidence was found by us for the hypothesis that carcinogenesis fits in a frequency pattern of electromagnetic (EM) waves, in which a gradual loss of cellular organization occurs. We find that cancer can be initiated and promoted at typical frequencies of electromagnetic waves positioned in decoherent soliton frequency zones. In contrast, the generation of cancer



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Figure 1: EM radiation frequencies, that were experimentally applied to living cells in vitro and in vivo as derived from 219 separate biological studies. All of the particular frequencies (green and red dots) were plotted on a logarithmic scale, according to an acoustic algorithm of which the calculated values are depicted on the X-axis. For clarity, points are evenly distributed along the Y-axis. The meta-analysis of the 219 biomedical reports, showed 12 apparent frequency bands of life-sustaining frequencies (148 green points), as opposed to detrimental frequencies (77 dots in red) positioned in between the beneficial frequency bands. The mean values of the green bands differ less than 1 % from the calculated acoustic values derived from the music-theoretical algorithm.

features can be inhibited and retarded by application of coherent soliton frequencies. This concept was revealed by analyzing 200 different EM frequency data in a total of 120 different published biomedical studies. All frequencies, ranging from sub Hz till Peta Hertz, could again be normalized into 12 basic beneficial (anti-cancer) frequencies, and 12 basic detrimental (cancer promoting) frequencies, that exhibit a deviation from coherency and related geometry. The particular beneficial, versus the detrimental EM frequencies zones are likely resonating with oscillations in the intact cell, that are features of a either a healthy state or a corrupted cell state. As depicted by the data of 120 reported cases in Figure 2, the particular soliton wave frequency pattern fully confirmed our previously inferred model. The supposed beneficial effects may include promotion of cell differentiation, anti-tumour signalling path ways and apoptotic cell death, whereas cancer inducing effects may be related to altered expression of pro-cancer genes, oxidative damage and inhibition of cell differentiation. The observed pattern is, to our knowledge, the first that defines the entire EM spectrum related to cancer, and may provide a proper explanation of the many

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current successes, but also failures in EM therapies in clinical oncology. Of note, similar deviations in EM frequencies have been recently demonstrated in Alzheimer disease, bone degeneration and pain perception, indicating that coherent resonance may be central in determining health and disease (see the following). Inhibiting of the cancer process, and even curing of the disease, could be further investigated by exposure to combinations of coherent EM fields. Inhibition and retardation of the cancer process can take place through stabilization of intrinsic eigen-frequencies of the particular type of cancer. Such coherent solitonic frequency zones can also be implemented in manmade therapeutic radiation technology Vadala et al, 2016, (see also later). 1.3- Cognitive function and neurological disorders. We also analyzed the work of Xuan, Vatansever, Cassano, Iosifescu and Hamblin (2012, 2014, 2016) on low-level laser therapy and transcranial photobiomodulation, applied within a frequency band range from 308 till 1600 nm. Also these studies could be positioned at a scale of coherency ranging from coherent till highly coherent frequency bands, that have been addressed to improved cognitive



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Figure 2. Cancer frequencies. EM field frequencies that were experimentally applied to living cells systems, in 120 studies are plotted on a logarithmic acoustic scale, are found to be patterned in 12 apparent frequency bands of coherent frequencies that were reported to inhibit/retard cancer (green points) and decoherent frequencies able to initiate or promote cancer or being measured directly in cancer tissue (red squares), that evidently are positioned between the cell-sustaining coherent frequency bands. Numerical values on the logarithmic X-axis represent frequencies according to the chosen acoustic algorithm as in fig 1.

function, enhanced learning, enhanced memory, restore of neuroprogenitor cells, reducing depressive disorders and neurological defects, (data recently included in Figure 1). 1.4 - General conclusion From the collective data presented here we conclude that the discrete EM frequency bands identified, seem to represent a fundamental property of nature, influencing a broad spectrum of diseases, including the potential for their therapy. Specific EM fields could also exert subtle effects on mental conditions such as awareness, cognitive functions and selfconsciousness (Meijer and Geesink, 2017b, Keppler, 2013). It is of interest that Gramowski et al (2015), reported on the enhancement of cortical network activity, being important for conscious perception, by stimulation with selective EM fields that confirmed the frequency algorithm proposed in our studies on biophysics of consciousness (Geesink and Meijer, 2015, 2016, Meijer and Geesink, 2016 and 2017b). 2 - Further support for an EM field algorithm promoting or endangering life conditions A large variety of scientific observations support this discrete frequency pattern as found by us in the present meta-analysis of biological and clinical literature, as indicated above. In

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general, supportive bio-physical evidence can be derived from the following observations: - Cellular functions are sensible to low-level sinusoidal-modulated signals of different frequencies and various pulse modulations. In many biological studies, windowing, both with regard to frequency and amplitude domains, has been found and decoherent modulations of signals have a greater influence on biological properties than unmodulated signals (Belyaev, 2015). - Specific EM frequencies cause vibrational resonance with macromolecules in the cell such as DNA/RNA, ion-channel proteins, microtubular proteins and/or cytosolic proteins, that apart from their chemical signalling may communicate through their vibrational character (Cosic, 1997, 2015). One example of this is the 0.42 eV energy, released under hydrolysis of ATP molecule, as studied by Davydov (1973) and Pang (2001). Solitons have also been suggested to be instrumental in protein folding (Meijer and Geesink, 2017, Melkikh and Meijer, 2017). - Direct experimental evidence has been found for Fröhlich condensation, providing a mechanism for long range quantum coherent states of proteins and DNA in life systems (Lundholm at al., 2015, Nardecchia et al, 2017 ) and several



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Figure 3: Geometric Chladni patterns of water set in motion by sound, induced on a vibrational plate (A); Vibration of a Chladni disk, Matlab., W. Xiao, 2010 (B); Frequency response plot of a Chladni plate (University of Illinois, 2015 (C); Vibrational geometric patterns of sand particles measured by Chladni, 1787 (D)

advanced optical methods are available now for detection of responses and collective modes of such large biomolecules in the terahertz frequency range (Markelz, 2008), including NMR frequencies. - The particular pattern of twelve basic frequency intervals (Figure 1) precisely fitted, and was adequately described by an acoustic algorithm, and in our opinion, can be regarded as a morphogenetic code, accommodating an acoustic scale, indicating a harmonic like vibration modality (Geesink and Meijer, 2016, Meijer and Geesink, 2016). - The EM field eigenvalues over a whole range of Hz to PHz values (see Figure 1) have a relation with the earlier mentioned toroïdal “Neo-Riemannian Tonnetz”, used in music theory (Meijer and Geesink, 2016). In the central cavity of the torus all waves can converge as well as may diverge at discrete frequencies that are experimentally defined. It is possible therefore, that during the entire history of the planet, pre-biotic and real life systems

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have been exposed to a natural tonal set of EM radiation fields, that can be viewed upon as a kind of harmonic- like musical type of excitation. - A part of the EM frequencies at stake, were shown by others to be involved in phonon and soliton- (and thus sound-) mediated steering of cellular functions (Pang, 2016, Davydov, 1973, 1977, Dotta, 2009). It was inferred by us that the discrete frequency bands (also called eigenvalues), as identified in the metaanalysis of the life studies, likely reflect a cellular regulation and communication system that may have an evolutionary origin, realizing that due the composition of our planet, EM fields are basic properties of the planetary environment. This idea is supported by a spectrum of earlier cell studies that are based on the concept of the electromagnetic cell (Sinkala, 2006, Adamatzky, 2013, Brizhik, 2014, Cifra, 2010 and 2011, Pereira, 2011, Levin, 2012, Muehsam, 2014, Hammerschlag, 2015, Cosic, 2016, De Loof, 2016), see Fig. 5.



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Figure 4. Example of phyllosilicate-layers, with tetrahedral and octahedral structures, as present in natural clay material. The material have been shown to act as a semiconductor, that can absorb EM radiation and transmits coherent discrete EM frequency bands. Instrumental in this property are clustered water molecules that provide resonance cavities (left above) and various doped inorganic cations such as Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+ etc.

The importance of EM excitation/resonance of cell components via the detected discrete EM frequency bands are in line with almost identical eigenvalues, calculated by Ritz (1909), of the sound induced geometric/fractal patterns produced by measured sound excitation of vibrating membranes/plates as reported by Chladny (1817) and three subsequent follow up studies from 1950 up to the present (see: Figure 3 and Meijer and Geesink, 2016). - The same discrete coherent frequency patterns are also manifest in other inanimate systems, as already predicted by Fröhlich in 1960 and Davydov in 1973. We found previously that coherent natural and permanently operating wave pattern phenomena are present in typical selected clay minerals, that have semi-conductive like properties (Geesink and Meijer, 2016a, 2016b): identical EM field eigenvalues could be measured in these materials by one of us (HG) (Figure 4). Of note, these types of clay minerals are, apart from being present in soil, also abundantly suspended in the universe, including planet earth (so called cosmic, or extraterrestrial dust) and have

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been suggested to provide a semiconductive medium that produces selective EM wave patterns following excitation by external energy sources (Adamatzky, 2013). It is of interest also that such silicates have been reported to be candidates for the facilitation of oligonucleotide synthesis in the creation of first life in biological evolution (Hashizume, 2012). The selected silicates act probably as a quantum replicator, specifically emitting EM radiation at coherent frequencies in a surrounding of ordered water molecules. Such silicate quantum replicators, therefore may have been instrumental in the initiation of first replicating life, cells at the edge of prebiotic evolution (see also Melkikh, 2014). - The EM frequencies that were reported to exhibit detrimental instead of favorable effects on life systems are generally located on the normalized acoustic scale, exactly in between the prolife frequencies (see Figure 1, red points, Geesink and Meijer, 2016b). These wave modalities induce de-coherence or, may disturb functional resonance that is instrumental in cellular communication of



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protein vibration networks (Cosic, 1997, 2015, see Figure 5).

Figure 5. The supposed components of the electromagnetic cell structure and potential interactions with external forces and fields as depicted in the various insets

- Recently Henry (2016), derived the characteristic frequencies involving inorganic ions in aqueous solution. This was done on a universal quantummechanical basis, by relating the molecular weight M of any solvent or solute species to a frequency F using the mass-energy equivalence coupled to the Planck-Einstein relationship. Expressed in quantum frequencies, F was transposed to 76 octaves, in order to get a frequency range corresponding to musical sounds. Interestingly, a water molecule was characterized by M=18 g·mol−1, leading to a characteristic frequency F=54 Hz (or according to octave hierarchy: 432 Hz). Consequently, common ions in biology can be related to water from a purely harmonic like viewpoint. The 432 Hz value of water molecule is remarkably similar to the central frequency in our proposed sequence of coherent eigenfrequencies. Quantum states of water dipoles and (in)-organic ions, also related to discrete

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infrared and far-infrared waves, therefore, can be considered as coinstrumental in the fractal and geometric organization of the information flux in living material (Del Giudice et al, 1989, Meijer and Geesink, 2016), and in particular in the astrocyte/glial/neuronal networks that may play a role in cognitive processes (see Pereira and Furlan, 2007). In this respect the inter- and intracellular Ca2+ gradients and ionoscillations may play a pivotal role since Ca2+, due to its outer empty electron shell, can function as an outstanding information carrier (Pereira and Furlan, 2007; Meijer and Geesink, 2016; Meijer, 2015). - Especially, the established spiral wave movements of Ca-ions, called cyclotron modes, are highly promoted by terrestrial magnetic fields (Zioutas, 1996). Cells that are normally rather refractory for external EM wave modalities, become very sensitive to such radiation via


Quantum Biosystems | 2017 | Vol 8 | Issue 1 | Page 1- 16 9 Hans J H Geesink and Dirk K F Meijer

perturbation of cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations. Rotating spiral Ca2+ waves have been reported in many studies (see for references Zioutas, 1996) and photon energy is transformed in kinetic energy of the gyrating ion (gyro-resonance). Calcium ions couple extracellular stimuli to cellular responses (Figure 4) and the generated Ca2+ waves carry encoded photon wave information. This metabolic event is also supposed to be central in the long distance communication of the neuronal network, Meijer, 2015). This is also being supported by Ca2+ waves related to the other cell types and likely includes the generation and flux of biophotons. We hypothesize that, through the toroidal coupling of coherent soliton/phonon/photon wave packages, neuronal activity may be selectively modulated in this manner and thereby provide a fundamental basis for a partially phonon and soliton guided conscious perception (Meijer and Geesink, 2016, Geesink and Meijer, 2015, 2016). Twenty-three studies have shown that voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) may mediate various EMF effects, such that the L-type or other VGCC blockers, greatly lower diverse EMF effects (Pall, 2013).Thus, the voltage-gated properties of these channels clearly provide biophysically plausible mechanisms for EMF biological effects. In addition, 26 different calcium channel blocker studies confirm this idea, since they specifically block EMFs biological effects. This also makes sense looking at a large number of such effects, being produced by known "downstream effects" of VGCC activation. The apparent direct target of the EMFs is what is called the voltage sensor, a part of the VGCC structure that produces its activation to a partial depolarization of the plasma membrane. The voltage sensor is made up of 4 alpha helixes. When electrical changes activate the VGCCs, the 4 helixes pull out into the extracellular space, opening up the channel in the middle of the structure,

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allowing calcium ions, chelated to 4 different glutamate side chains, to rush into the cell (personal communication dr. Pall). Interestingly, some very low frequencies, mostly down below 10 Hz, seem to stabilize the VGCCs, making them less susceptible to activation. From our meta-analysis we detected some activating frequencies related to Cachannels from five different studies (Rao et al, 2008, Lisi et al, 2006 and 2008, Yao et al, 2008 and Kumar et al 2016): 7 Hz, 50 Hz, 1Hz pulsed 10 MHz, 800 MHz, 400 Hz modulated 2.45 GHz. According to our mathematical analyses, all these frequencies are coherent (see the green points in the graphs), implying that they are biologically activating and depending upon the exposed energy, were defined by us as stabilising and/or beneficial. 3 - Potential mechanisms for cell and life disturbing effects of specific EM radiation frequencies How can one explain the observed intermediate EM frequencies that were associated with adverse and detrimental effects on living matter (red points in Figure 1, 2 ). If this pattern also should be regarded as an evolutionary element that is build into cells, the following question is evident: why should evolution conserve an ability to sense life damaging wave/radiation modalities? First of all, one may realize that the “negative effects” may be a part of a regulatory mechanism of life protective and life damaging effects in which the “negative” aspects are possible and that the natural coherent balance was thereby disturbed. For instance the process of apoptotic cell death can be conceived as a destructive process, yet rather offers the opportunity for the organism to remove dysfunctional, damaged or even dangerous cells, thereby allowing the formation of new cells in organs where necessary. Alternatively, from a more mathematical point of view, apart from ordering living cells in a coherent way, cells can also be steered temporarily in an non-coherent way, due to the fact that



beneficial (coherent) and detrimental (non-coherent) frequencies could succeed each other in an alternate fashion (see Figure 1.). It is worthwhile to mention that much of the man-made radiation to which we are exposed on a daily basis in our high tech society, can also produces non-coherent EM effects. Another important point is that in biological evolution living matter was also exposed to coherent as well as incoherent EM fields, that were partly in the polarized form, due to scattering effects in the atmosphere (Panagopoulos et al, 2015). Consequently, it is not excluded that the cells of our organism, in principle, have the property to be sensitive to non-coherent radiation. Yet, a minimal damaging influence is only reached if the dose of radiation exceeds a certain critical value. Among others, such exposure to radiation can result in irregular gating of electro-sensitive ionchannels in cell membranes, being coupled to a plethora of metabolic processes (Panagopoulos et al, 2015) and influences on mesenchymal stem cells and DNA repair foci in cells (Belyaev, 2015). It is further considered that Bohm’s quantum potential (Bohm, 1952), has an analogy with the concept of rational control of shape by soliton-waves and to the proposed “coherent wave pattern” observed in physical and biological experiments, as related to electromagnetic waves and quantum resonances. It is envisaged that the discovered “coherent wave pattern” and the “twelve eigenfrequency functions” may represent “hidden variables” in Bohm’s causal interpretation of quantum mechanics. It is presently also considered by us that the EPR (Einstein-PodolskyRosen, 1935) argument may fit in the proposed eigenfrequency functions concerning the measurements centred around the testing of Bell’s theorem (Bell, 1964, Reid, 2009). 4 - A mathematical calculation of a biological verified 12-number scale

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In our most recent paper (Geesink and Meijer, 2017c), adequate arithmetical expressions for the earlier detected discrete patterns of electromagnetic frequencies are derived based on a modified interpretation of tone scale’s and number theory, from which the total spectrum of discrete EM frequencies can be directly calculated. The particular arithmetical scale uses 12number sequences of unique products of integer powers of 2, 3 and a factor √2. This Hertz-scale was coined by us the GM-scale (generalized electromagnetic scale of Geesink and Meijer, 2017 in the press). Interestingly, these coherent patterns of numbers were also reported for 1) resonances of nucleotides in aqueous solution, 2) a candidate RNAcatalyst, 3) sound-induced vibrations evoked in thin vibrating membranes, and 4) colours expressed in nanometre wavelengths. The collective evidence thus points at an integral universal algorithm, that is a novel concept in biophysics. As mentioned earlier, the confirmed number theory also bears a close relation with a resonance system that has been described by soliton waves (selfreinforcing solitary waves) and a tonenetwork called Tonnetz. We propose that the coherent waves interact with complex biological phenomena, such as resonant selforganisation and coherent wave condensates that are instrumental in the intra- and intercellular signalling and communication (see Figure 5). 5 - Potential counter measures against damaging effects of EM radiation In relation to the potential problems of environmental radiation (Salford et al, 2017), it is envisioned by us that semiconducting nanomaterials, will become available in the near future to produce discrete stabilizing EM eigenfrequencies, characteristic of well functional cells. Such nano-materials may prevent the potential disturbing EM influences by converting the non-



coherent frequencies to more lifecompatible values. In potential, the present man-made electromagnetic technologies could be further improved in this manner, by which the adverse anharmonic radiation is suppressed to obtain a more bio-compatible radiation spectrum. Such a technology can be based, for instance, on the principle of toroidal trapping, by which detrimental EM frequencies of man-made electromagnetic signals can be overall converted to rather beneficial radiation modes. The latter developments can potentially make use of our toroidal model for phonon/bio-soliton guided biology, as proposed in more detail recently (Meijer and Geesink, 2016, Geesink and Meijer, 2016). The concept of EM sensitive life processes, including brain function (Meijer and Geesink, 2017b), partly being guided by discrete coherent electromagnetic waves, is fully in line with the current spectrum of pre-clinical and clinical studies on the application of EM radiation, as adequately reviewed earlier (among others: Brizhik, 2014; Pereira, 2011; Levin, 2012; Muehsam and Ventura, 2014; Hammerschlag, 2015; De Loof, 2016; Fröhlich F, 2014; Sahu and Bandyopadhyay, 2013, 2014 and Persinger, 2015). Our papers, collectively, picture the rapidly growing and dynamic discipline of electromics, that shows promising preclinical and clinical effects in the treatment of various sincere and often chronic diseases, and should be seen in the framework of the current developments in quantum biology. The broad scientific material analyzed, provides a generalized electromagnetic field model for health and disease on the basis of a bio-solitonic algorithm of discrete EM frequency bands, that invites further studies on improved therapeutic measures and advanced nanotechnological protective materials. 6 Potential biophysical mechanism for the proposed Life algorithm

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The mechanisms behind the lifesustaining and life-disturbing field effects of the spectrum of externally applied EM frequencies (including some directly measured values in normal and diseased tissues), as reported in the biomedical publications analyzed by us, can in principle be described on the basis of current biophysics: 1. The particular EM frequencies resonate with discrete vibratory macromolecules in the cell, producing domains of coherent wave patterns in proteins, cell water and/or DNA (Del Giudice et al, 1989; Fröhlich, 1968; Pang et al.; Meijer and Geesink, 2016, 2017a; Melkikh and Meijer, 2017). Coherence is a fundamental property of quantum mechanics and can be defined as the physical congruence of wave properties within wave packets and is a property of stationary waves (i.e. temporally and spatially constant) that enables a type of wave interference, known as constructive. This can lead to stabilizing internal vibratory patterns crucial for life conditions, as may have also been selected in biological evolution. Thereby, these waves are instrumental in beneficial influences on cell metabolism, intercellular information transfer and morphogenetic stimuli. The detrimental frequencies, detected by us, may cause decoherent resonance by destructive resonant interference. It should be stipulated here that the life disturbing frequencies found were called by us decoherent or non-coherent, yet this should not be confused with the term decoherence as the loss of quantum coherence due to interaction with the environment. The supposed coherent wave patterns (see Fröhlich, 1968), and dual (symmetric) wave/matrix interactions (see Pang et al., 2016) have been demonstrated by spectroscopic methods among others in proteins (Lundholm, 2015; Bandyopadhyay, 2014). Such coherent vibration patterns can explain the long-range interactions



between distant cell groups, as reviewed by Cifra (2010). 2. The experimentally applied EM fields may mimic naturally occurring, terrestrial electro-magnetic patterns of the atmosphere and typical minerals present in the top-layer of the earth, probably including pre-mordial modalities, that have influenced the informational and structural organization of pre-biotic and first life cells as well as in in present life organisms (Melkikh and Meijer, 2017, Melkikh, 2014). As discussed in the present paper, especially polarized and cyclotron-like waves can directly perturb ion-channel proteins as demonstrated for Ca2+, an ion that is central in cell regulation (see section 4.2.2). 3. The particular wave modalities could both have a quantum and classical character, the latter if sufficient cellular energy is supplied (Nardecchia et al, 2017). Potential quantum coherence in life cells can occur if the quantum process is sufficiently shielded from decoherence in the complex environment of the cell, an aspect that was intensively debated (Tegmark, 2014; Hagan et al. 2002; Kauffman, 2010). Yet more recent studies in quantum biology clearly indicate that such coherent processes can in principle occur in warm and wet systems (reviewed by Lambert, 2013; Lloyd, 2014; Huelga, 2013). At this time, the most promising candidates for function quantum biology are photosynthetic units and magnetoreception (see Lambert, 2013. Lloyd,2014). In the latter reviews, it has been shown that phonon-mediated matrix vibrations can facilitate electron/exciton flux, either as such or in the form of phonon quasi-particles such as polarons/solitons (Huelga et al. 2013; Meijer and Geesink, 2016). Schrödinger suggested that coherent interaction of waves is coupled to entanglement as “the characteristic aspect of quantum mechanics” and that “eigenstates”, also called “preferred

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states”, are able to survive interaction with the environment. EinsteinPodolsky and Rosen (EPR) discovered in 1935 the nonlocal correlations in quantum phenomena. The related particle positions in these quantum phenomena are determined by inherent information correlation, They can, tentatively, be interpreted by the so called “hidden variables” in the Bohm’s causal interpretation of the quantum mechanics, as earlier conceptualized by Louis de Broglie. The particle positions that play a role in the Bohm’s theory are conceptually independent of their intrinsic wave function and have their own pilot wave steered dynamical motion (Singh, 2008). It is considered in our papers that the discovered “coherent wave pattern” with the twelve “eigenfrequency functions” could represent the “hidden variables” in Bohm’s causal interpretation of the quantum mechanics (Bohm, 1952, see also point 5). 4. In addition, EM effects could be envisioned as mimicking quantum fieldmediated processes (Vitiello et al. 2001). Coherent behavior in the meaning of quantum field theory (QFT) and, specifically quantum electrodynamics coherent behavior, is a collective emerging phenomenon occurring under specific conditions, whose happening and permanence, however, is not obvious a priori. In quantum field theory, quantum mechanical interactions among particles, are described by interaction terms among the corresponding underlying quantum fields. Dirac described the quantization of the electromagnetic field as an ensemble of harmonic oscillators. Yet, the “twelve eigenfrequency functions”, identified by us, rather seem an ensemble of oscillators with harmonic, nonharmonic and also irrational parameters. 5. It has been proposed that life systems potentially can select appropriate information frequencies through resonance with the zero point energy field, leading to phase-locked cellular information attractors, functionally



separated by non-coherent wave activity (Keppler, 2013; Meijer and Geesink, 2017b). The latter could explain the function of “coherent”, balanced by “noncoherent” EM/quantum values in a sort of regulatory cycling process. Bohm in his “quantum equilibrium” hypothesis, on the ensemble of particle trajectories and pilot waves, according to his ontological and causal interpretation of QM, envisioned a holographic interference of supposed implicate and explicate orders (space-time domains). In this theory, the wave function provides a partial description of the system and a specification of the actual positions of the particles. The latter evolve according to the “guiding equation”, which expresses the configuration of a system of particles evolves via a deterministic motion, choreographed by the wave function including the velocities. Bohm makes use of the term quantum potential that is an informational effect shared by the surroundings particles/waves that depends on its form/shape and this quantum potential, that is derived from the ψ-field (Bohm, 1952; Peat, 1997). As mentioned above, in this respect the discrete EM frequency bands, inferred by us, might be interpreted as hidden variables that have a pilot function in nature References Adamatzky A. (2013) Game of Life on Phyllosilicates: Gliders, Oscillators and Still Life. Physics Letters; 377: 1597-1605. Bell J. (1964) On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox. Physics. 1 (3): 195–200. Belyaev I. (2015) Biophysical Mechanisms for Nonthermal Microwave Effects. In: Electromagnetic Fields in Biology and Medicine. pp 49-67. Bohm D. (1952) A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of 'Hidden Variables' I. Physical Review. 85 (2): 166– 179; doi:10.1103/PhysRev.85.166. Brizhik L. (2014) Biological effects of pulsating magnetic fields: role of solitons. arXiv:1411.6576 [physics.bio-ph]. Cassano P, Petrie SR, Hamblin MR, Henderson TA, Iosifescuh DV. (2016) Review of transcranial photobiomodulation for major

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