Other ways of knowing: how does photovoice work?

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visual methods of research. PV started ... PV has its roots in two traditions visual research methods. Visual research ... visual data analysis (Transana software).
Other ways of knowing: how does photovoice work? Lilian Magalhães, PhD, OT Reg. (Ont.) School of Occupational Therapy University of Western Ontario, 2010

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summary • roots: participatory traditions and visual methods of research • applications of photovoice • conceptual progress • procedures • examples • criticisms, ethical considerations, limitations, perspectives 2

A picture is worth a thousand words

http://www.michaelnicknichols.com/gallery/photo-display.php?id=44

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Diego had never seen the sea. His father, Santiago Kovadloff, took him to discover it. They went south. The ocean lay beyond high sand dunes, waiting. When the child and his father finally reached the dunes after much walking, the ocean exploded before their eyes. And so immense was the sea and its sparkle that the child was struck dumb by the beauty of it. And when he finally managed to speak, trembling, stuttering, he asked his father: "Help me to see!" The book of embraces, 2001, Eduardo Galeano

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roots: participatory traditions and visual methods of research PV started with the work of Caroline Wang and her colleagues in Berkeley, California, in the mid 90s by definition PV is the use of point-and-shoot cameras in community photography projects (Wang,1999 as cited by Mitchell, 2008) 5

PV has its roots in two traditions visual research methods

l a u Vis h c r a e s e r s d o h t e m

Com par munity ticip ator based y re sea rch

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Visual research methods

• Pictures as a source of evidence • Images as texts

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Community based participatory research • Ensures that community members are involved through the research process to produce data that are authentic to community experience and action • (Hergenrather, Rhodes & Bardoshi, 2009, p. 687)

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how PV fares at the participation level?

Looking at 31 PV studies the authors found that only in 17 the authors shared the last step of data analysis with the participants (member checking) (Hergenrather, Rhodes & Bardoshi, 2009) 9

applications of photovoice To enable people to record and reflect their community’s strengths and concerns To promote critical dialogue and knowledge about important issues through large and small group discussion of photographs To reach policymakers (Wang & Burris, 1997 as cited by Catalani & Minkler, 2009, p.1) 10

Photovoice features User friendly, easy to master Fun, creative, innovative Elicits dialogue, builds trust and rapport Flexible tool for different age groups Bottom-up approach, democratic, provides narrative autonomy Facilitates dissemination of findings Uncovers positive and negative aspects Articulates action plans and facilitates follow up 11

Photovoice features Overcome linguistic barriers or abilities silent tool, that helps even very young children find a voice (Dennis Jr. and col. 2008, 469) • It is culturally flexible and adaptable 12

Facilitates a rereading of time and space Photographs can act as triggers for memory Mnemotechnology (Brunsden & Goatcher, 2007, p. 44)

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Conceptual progress Photovoice, photoelicitation Photonovella, phototalk, video diaries, visual text, PV is considered to be underdeveloped as a new epistemological approach (Mitchell, 2008) How do we come to see what we see? 14

procedures • Identification of community issue • Participant recruitment • Photovoice training • Camera distribution and instruction • Identification of photo assignments • Photo assignment discussion • Data analysis • Presentation of findings • Identification of influential advocates • Creation of plans of action for change (Hergenrather et al. 2009, p.695 15

Showed What do you See here? What is really Happening here? How does this relate to Our lives? Why does this concern, situation, strength exist? How can we become Empowered through our new understanding? What can we do? 16

PHOTO Describe your Picture What is Happening in your picture? Why did you take a picture Of this? What does this picture Tell us about your life? How can this picture provide Opportunities for us to improve life? (Hergenrather et al. 2009, p.687 and 693)17

examples

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criticisms, ethical considerations, limitations, perspectives the underdevelopment of technologies for visual data analysis (Transana software) Is it research or art? Does the camera lie? All photos lie… (Goldstein, 2007, as cited by Mitchell, 2008, p. 376) Methodological adequacy … a photograph must always be considered a selective account of reality (Mitchell, 2008, p.376) 23

There are 2 types of photos: those that provide information, and those that provoke emotional reactions ((Brunsden & Goatcher, 2007, p. 47) The emotional impact of image, which can overwhelm the researcher and the viewer and can even preclude a proper analysis of content . (Mitchell, 2008, 376) 24

Ethical considerations 9Rights for our participants and for ourselves 9Privacy 9Secondary participants 9Population groups unable to give consent

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limitations ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

costs ethics boards publications massive production of data that cannot be processed ƒ technical quality of material 26

perspectives We will certainly benefit from reaching out for alternative frames of interpretation in combination with a truly participatory approach for research

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A picture is worth a thousand words

http://www.michaelnicknichols.com/gallery/photo-display.php?id=44

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references •









Brunsden, V. & Goatcher, J. (2007) Reconfiguring photovoice for psychological research. The Irish Journal of Psychology, Vol 28 No 1-2 pp 43-52 Catalani, C. & Minkler, M. (2009) Photovoice: a review of the literature in Health and Public Health. Journal of Health and Education Behaviour, online first Hergenrather, K.; Rhodes, S. & Bardoshi, G. (2009) Photovoice as Community-based Participatory Research: a qualitative review. Am J Health Behav, 33(6): 686-698 Mitchell, C. (2008) Getting the picture and changing the picture: visual methodologies and educational research in South Africa . South African Journal of Education, Vol 28: 365-383 Riley, R. (2004) The uses of photography in clinical nursing practice and research: a literature review, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(4), 397-405

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