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CONTENTS ABSTRATCT 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 EFFECT ON STUDENTS 1.2 INFULENCE OF CELL PHONES 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3. MEHTODOLOGY 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN 3.3 STUDY AREA 3.4 POPULATION OF STUDY 3.5 UNIT OF ANALYSIS 3.6 SAMPLING 3.7 PREPARATION OF INTERVIEW SCHEDULE 3.7.1 PRETESTING 3.7.2 CONDUCTING SURVEY 3.7.3 DATA EDITING 3.7.4 CODING, EDITING AND DATA ENTRY 3.8 DATA ANALYSIS 3.8.1 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS 3.8.2 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION 3.8.3 PERCENTAGE 3.8.4 MEAN 3.9 BIVARIATE ANALYSIS 3.9.1 CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION 3.9.2 GAMMA STATISTICS 3.10 CONCEPUATLIZATION
2 3 8 8 9 10 19 19 19 20 21 21 21 21 22 23 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 28
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 5. SUMMARY 6. SUGGESTION 7. LITERATURE CITED 8. ANNEXEURE
31 75 81 83 89
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ABSTRACT Mobile phones have turned out to be very well known in a brief while among the more youthful eras. PDAs these days have ended up image of freedom for our childhood that cell telephone helps them to build up their own dialect and social gatherings far from according to their guardians. All the phone organizations in Pakistan are putting forth appealing late night call bundles that are very mainstream maybe for the reason that they are simple on the pocket. The utilization of wireless had both positive and negative impacts on youth. The point of the present study to figure out the impacts of long calls free night bundles of cellular telephone on rustic youth in District Faisalabad. Multistage testing method was connected for information gathering. At the first stage one (Tehsil Faisalabad) out of five tehsils was chosen arbitrarily, at the second stage two union boards i.e. UC172 and UC-173 were chosen arbitrarily, at the third stage four towns i.e. Chak No. 115/JB and Chak No. 116/JB from UC-172 and Chak No. 190/RB and Chak No. 191/RB from UC-173 were chosen haphazardly and last stage 120 respondents (30 from every town) were chosen arbitrarily. Data were assembled through very much organized examination device (Interviewing Schedule) which was produced in the light of study targets. To check the precision and suitability of exploration device, 10 respondents were pretested. Subsequent to making vital adjustment in exploration instrument, last information were gathered. At last information were examined through Statistical Package for Social Sciences. A noteworthy extent i.e. 40.0 percent of the respondents were spending up to 2 hours day by day on correspondence on versatile. A huge dominant part of the respondents i.e. 68.3 percent of respondents utilized cell telephone to keep as a part of contact with their loved ones. Minimal under 33% i.e. 31.7 percent of the respondents were having Mobiling SIM, while more than 33% i.e. 35.0 percent of them had Telenor SIM. More than 33% i.e. 35.0 percent of the respondents had information about Mobilink's 'Women first' long call bundle, 33% i.e. 33.3 percent of the respondents had Telenor's 'Talkshawk An one' bundle, 32.5 percent of them had Djuice long call bundle. Long call night bundles had numerous negative impact on youth i.e. Poor resting propensity (35.0%), Less time for instruction (25.8%) and Motivate hazardous sexual conduct (20.8%). It is recommended that all telecom administrators to boycott throughout the night call bundle administrations with quick impact. 2
Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION As indicated by the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2004), cellular telephone is a phone that does not have wires and works by radio that can be conveyed with to utilize all over the place. As indicated by Rich (2003), the cell telephone has in a broad sense influenced our general public, availability, wellbeing, and security, co-appointment of social and business exercises and utilization of open spots. It has recently turned into the piece of society of each district on the planet. As per a celebrated essayist and scientist on cell telephone, Jon (2005), until quite recently, the cellular telephone was costly and the protect of a rich few. Today the PDA is all over thus basic that it goes unnoticed. The cellular telephone, otherwise called phone, has turned into a standout amongst the best creations in the twentieth century. In the late 90s, cell telephones turned into one of the significant specialized gadgets. The main business cell telephone framework began in 1979 in Japan. As indicated by Cellular Online, the worldwide cellular telephone supporters in 2003 are around 1.52 billion, which speaks the truth 20 percent of the present world populace. This figure demonstrated the accomplishment of the cell telephone commercial ventures. In around 20 years' opportunity, this innovation vanquished the worldwide and turned into an interest for the dominant part of individuals on the planet. It gave correspondence to individuals regardless of anyplace and at whatever time (Vodafone, 2004). The development of portable correspondence has been amazingly fast. As indicated by the International Telecommunication Union, in 1998, there were 318 million cellular telephone memberships on the planet. After 10 years (2008), there were 4.1 billion ± out of a world populace of 6.7 million individuals. Cellular telephone utilization crosses national and demographic limits (Ling and Donner 2009), with probably the most quickly developing utilization found in recently creating parts of the world in which routine landlines (and notwithstanding running water) are extravagances.
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Cellular telephone society ventured in the place that is known for Pakistan after 1990s yet cell telephone got its popularity after 1994 after the foundation of some cell systems. Presently, every one individual out of two on the planet and each one individual out of three in Pakistan has a cell telephone. As indicated by the figures from Eurostate, the European Union's in-house factual office the aggregate number of cell telephone endorsers on the planet was evaluated at 2.14 billion in 2005. The supporter number came to 2.7 billion by end of 2006, and 3.3 billion by November 2007, in this way coming to a likeness over a large portion of the planet's populace. Around 80% of the world's populace has admittance to cellular telephone scope, starting 2006. This figure is relied upon to increment to 90% by the year 2010 (Javed et al., 2011). Owning a cell telephone has turned into a viable need, and also a grown-up toy for youngsters who are, as always, pondering the powers of associate weight and similarity. The perspective of portable handsets as a style adornment is very much created in this business sector fragment, maybe to some extent on the grounds that youngsters have a tendency to be early adopters and subsequently more prone to rise above the negligible usefulness of the gadgets they embrace. In addition, a feeling that all is well with the world has gotten to be developed around cell phones, which youth all in all have started to see as a help of sorts to their guardians and companions. Youngsters lean toward cell telephones and 70 for each penny say they stay in contact with loved ones more in the wake of getting a versatile; these clients are additionally more prone to utilize different elements of cellular telephones and redo them to suit their needs. In the wake of this ubiquity, new sites have sprung up. One of them, CellManners.com, tracks episodic/prevalent assessment about the sentiments individuals have toward their cell phones, and about the way they are utilized as a part of open. The social and behavioral parts of cell telephones have been gathering so much consideration as of late that new types of estimation and looking over have started to rise (Selian, 2004). Individuals utilize these gadgets in a mixed bag of connections. While they started as business devices, mobile phones have developed from their unique reason and are presently utilized to a great extent as individual specialized gadgets. As indicated by the ''Cell Device Usage'' review led by 4
the Consumer Electronics Association in October 2001, 57% of mobile phone clients reported utilizing telephones basically for social purposes (Wireless Phone Reliance, 2001). As PDA use develops, so does the dependence on the innovation. The same study discovered a large portion of mobile phone proprietors convey their telephones with all of them the times (Aoki and Downes, 2003). It is a truth generally recognized that the pattern of cell telephone is expanding on the planet at a huge velocity (Rebello, 2010). The ubiquity of cell telephones have expanded in the continuous time. The individuals from all kinds of different backgrounds are valuing its utilization. They think that its exceptionally helpful and simple to handle. A large number of individuals are utilizing PDAs around the world. What's more, the quantity of individuals are expanding quickly consistently (Kelly, 2009; Rebello 2010). Pakistan positions fifth in Asia in cell telephone clients as more than 100 million individuals are utilizing cellular telephones as a part of the nation. As per insights discharged by the PTA, the quantity of cellular telephone clients in Pakistan has come to 131 million. PTA said that the fundamental explanation for the expanding number of cell telephone clients is aggressive inclination and lower calling charges. It said that the utilization of cell telephones has acquired changes the individuals' expectations for everyday comforts, which is likewise why its interest is expanding step by step (PTA, 2011). The utilization of cellular telephone has as of late been expanded by the adolescent of the world on the grounds that they think that its exceptionally helpful and a wellspring of excitement too. The aftereffects of the study directed in Norway demonstrates that the 16 years of age individuals have a 100% cell telephone ownership and in 2001 just 20% of the youngsters fitting in with the age gathering of 16 year old had cellular telephones. Like the wallets phone has turned into an extremely vital thing (Ling, 2001). The clients of PDAs through out the world are expanding both in the urban communities and in addition in the country zones because of the 5
enthusiasm of the endeavors of the administration giving organizations. It has been found that in 2011-2012 the clients have acquired 119.860 million associations (Yasir, 2012). PDAs have gained the state of image for the self-sufficiency of the youthfulness. They assert that mobile phones help them to augment their own particular dialect and public cum social gatherings a long way from according to their guardians. Presently, the utilization of cellular telephone has turned into a grown-up toy. The individuals who use cellular telephones are of the conclusion that the expense, shading, and different elements expand their social and sparing status. They feel pleased over it. The individuals use cell telephones as indicated by their exceptional needs; a few persons use them keeping in mind the end goal to build their business; the adolescent for amusement and tattling with their companions. We are mindful that the PDAs are compulsary for the connection building among the populace of diverse classes fitting in with distinctive strolls of life. To the extent the young is concerned the employments of cell telephone have expanded with them because of the captivating offers of the cellular telephone administration giving organizations. They give free night bundles to them with no interference and the individuals connect with themselves in the long discussions with their companion and the persons they like most. Bed room discussions have turned out to be extremely regular in light of the fact that it give them a chance to chat with their accomplices in complete isolation where they are allowed to talk what they need. It has additionally been noticed that the family ties have likewise been broken because of the expanding pattern of cell telephone utilizations. The individuals like to discover get-togethers far from their relatives. The family air has been broken because of the expanding utilization of cell telephones on the grounds that the individuals think of it as a helpful instrument keeping in mind the end goal to keep up their security. The cell organizations are likewise introducing so as to disturb the circumstance most recent cellular telephone models having Alluring components alongside web office. The young is, presently, occupied in using the administrations of face book and twitter ± the informal organizations for the individuals to share and trade their thoughts and sentiments. Presently, all the relatives have their own cell telephones 6
and the don't permit any one to jab nose with their contraptions. It has turned into an unthinkable to peruse the messages from the inbox of any one. The family size is diminishing and the individuals have no any additional time to sit in the organization of the older folks. The extra time they discover they use it in bantering with their companions. The cell organizations have presented night bundles for the clients and we are mindful that the youngsters stay occupied in conversing with the inverse sex so as to build up their sentimental ties with no trepidation and delay. They keep themselves occupied with sentimental, disgusting, and foul discussion with the female accomplices finishing in masturbation and fingering individually. They squander their time, ruin their wellbeing, and get to be sick and sexual mammoths. They act like the tigers binds to get their own particular shadows with a specific end goal to increase nothing (News, November 02, 2011). The individuals discover these bundles exceptionally valuable in light of the fact that they are extremely sparing and give them simple access to keep themselves connected with their companions with no time limit. The individuals that are working far from their relatives and the spouses that are working far from their companion and kids can converse with them for quite a long time without expending any additional cash. The individuals from diverse strolls of life are raising their voices by means of broad communications and print media so as to stop such sorts of the offers gave by the cell organizations on the grounds that the eventual fate of the young is in question. Since, the young is adopting so as to turn out to be ethically degenerate a gaudy conduct. They need to purchase the most recent models of the mobile phones keeping in mind the end goal to keep up theirThe parents allow their children to have mobile phones without analyzing the situation that either they are in need of the mobile phones or not. They have some vague notions that they can keep their children under custody and they can track their children whenever they want. The results are positive because the children have to respond their parents on the mobile phones. The children have to disclose their real destination due to the fear of their parents. The parents know very well that the coming age is the age of information technology and computer. They
7
know very well that the dependency of the people will increase on the electronic devices with the passages of time.
The Effects on Students: The students can utilize the services of the mobile phones in order to increase their learning. They can share useful information with the fellow students via text messages and long phone calls. They can speak English; learn useful information via internet access without any fear or hesitation. But, the mobile phones are like a double edge weapons if not used properly, can destroy the moral of the students as well (Tracy, 2006). The positive aspects of the mobile phones are listed below: The students can have easy contact with the teachers, contemporaries and parents. They can find out their teachers, classmates for the elucidation of educational tribulations. They can make use of the internet to search out the useful information via websites. They can utilize the mobile as minicomputer: They can consult dictionary and phrase book: They can study news: They can listen F.M radio for amusement: They can enjoy the paraphrase of the versus of Holy Quran: They can prepare photos and movies via using adob Photoshop:
Influence of Cell Phones: Due to the popularity of the mobile phones and the involvement of the youth in it has attracted many researchers to conduct sociological studies. There are some that are related to driving such as (Caird et al., 2008; Horrey & Wickens, 2006; McCartt et al., 2006), cellular phone decorum (Lipscomb et al., 2007), mobile phone cultures and behaviors (Campbell & Park, 2008; Bakke, 2010; Ling, 2004), electronic messaging (Pettigrew, 2009), physical condition risks from mobile phone emission (Anna, Kari, & Anssi, 2006), and mobile phone enslavement (Billieux et al., 2007; Ezoe et al., 2009). 8
Objectives of the Study To study the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. To study the knowledge of the rural youth towards long calls free night packages. To identify the social impacts of mobile phones on rural youth. To identify the effects of long call night packages on rural youth in term of education and health etc.
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Chapter-2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE Survey of writing is essential piece of a proposal that intends to build up the extent of the examination. Beside specialized parts like technique and investigation, the survey of writing gives as the reference examination of the significance of exploration study. As indicated by Cooper (1988) a great writing audit is described by: "a sensible stream of thoughts; ebb and flow and significant references with reliable, fitting referencing style; legitimate utilization of phrasing; and a fair and exhaustive perspective of the past examination on the point". In this part, the specialist of the study proposed to relate how an issue/proposition articulation towards an effectively distributed work. Survey of writing of most critical variables is introduced here. Wei and Leung (1999) broke down the effect of the use of the cell telephones on people in general spots. They used a straightforward irregular examining method with a specific end goal to think about the conduct of the individuals through phone. They recommended that there were extremely clear contrasts between the individuals who had a cell telephone set and the person who had not. The persons that had a cellular telephone asserted that we could correspond with their relatives at whatever point and wherever the loved. The respondents additionally guaranteed that they did like to utilize it at general society place, for example, air terminals, railroad stations, transport stands, healing centers, classrooms and in the libraries. Aoki and Downes (2003) found that the phones were a pervasive new correspondence innovation, particularly among undergrads. They inspected that the school students_ wireless utilization from a behavioral and mental viewpoint. Using both subjective (center gatherings) and quantitative (study) approaches, the study recommends these people utilize the gadgets for a mixture of purposes: to help them feel safe, for monetary advantages, to oversee time proficiently, to stay in contact with loved ones individuals, et al. The extent to which the people are subject to the phones and what they see as the negatives of their use are additionally analyzed. The discoveries recommend individuals have different emotions and states of 10
mind toward wireless use. This study serves as an establishment on which future studies will be fabricated. Versatile correspondence innovations are progressing quickly. For instance, PDAs with Internet access and interactive media abilities are getting to be basic in parts of the world, for example, Europe and Asia. With advances in innovation come changes in users_ states of mind toward those advances. These produce new social and social wonders. These social and social wonders may change the way innovation advances. This speaks to social development of innovation. This social development of innovation is found in the cooperative relationship between the clients of the innovation and the innovation itself. Clients, (for example, youngsters) react to the mechanical headway, (for example, PDAs); consequently, the innovation develops in view of users_ requests. To completely comprehend the social and social changes achieved by the innovation, it is imperative to keep examining individuals_ current states of mind and uses toward the innovation. Selian (2004) inferred that a wide mixed bag of data about the qualities and patterns of the adolescent business sector for cellular telephones has been arranged both through broad optional examination and through the execution of a free overview on a little example of 12-29 year old people in their separate periods of secondary school, undergrad and/or graduate training. All things considered, the contrasts between the sexual orientations and their recognitions seem to reflect something of a winding down pattern in the midst of this new era of innovation adopters. Females and guys have numerous observations and propensities in like manner keeping in mind they may contrast on the shading of cell telephone frill they pick or the song of their ringbones they were on a very basic level utilizing their telephones for the same purposes and in comparative ways. The circulation of this review test made it a testing errand to focus the nuanced contrasts between recognized age sections. However there were some noteworthy affiliations that developed general between the propensities specifically of the 18-20 year old gathering as they identify with people in general spaces in which they utilize their cell telephones, the usefulness of their phones, their impression of cellular telephone multitasking (i.e. on account of driving), and the significance of introductory period of use as a marker of future utilization. It is fascinating to note on account of versatile use whilst driving, that while general affirmation it is 11
an awful thought, countless individuals do it .at times. in any case. The predominance of playing recreations on cellular telephones in this example is shocking, given that such results would better portray the young business sector in Japan, over that of the US; by and by, it shows up guys and females alike display this inclination. Generally speaking, it is clear that cellular telephone utilization in the connection of instructive settings (on the East Coast) is going solid, mirroring a higher gathering entrance level than all things considered in the United States. North America is enriched with a vigorous portable youth market with gigantic potential for development, as more youthful youngsters and youngsters join the versatile temporary fad, and follow in the strides of their European and Asian partners. The heading of the development patterns is clear and the utility of such a study lies in distinguishing those parts of versatile use that in conjunction with their pervasive effect on society describe the portable scene. For portable transporters, administration suppliers, content designers, gear makers, and additionally for folks and youngsters alike, it is essential that the key attributes of this innovation be surely known so that the dangers connected with its possibly harming or troublesome viewpoints can be relieved. Moving past business sector size and gauges into the domain of investigating examples of use and the multi-faceted effect of portable innovation on high school social conduct involves a vital piece of this target. Kim (2005) found that the Koreans put high esteem on social association with other individuals for systems administration and achievement in the general public. Subsequently they invest loads of cash and energy to develop their social association with others. Cellular telephone is a need for them to develop such association with companions, relatives, associates and business accomplices. Netsafe (2005) found that the most imperative effect the cell telephone has had, is to associate youngsters and their companion bunch. Indeed, even the utilitarian utilization of the cell telephone is interlaced with the social utilize; that is, it serves to connection peers more nearly to each other considerably more than the settled telephone, as it is done without grownup impedance. In a New Zealand study 56% of secondary school
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understudies reported that the most critical explanation behind utilizing a cell telephone was to talk and content with companions. Campbell (2005) expressed that the appropriation of the cellular telephone by youngsters had been a worldwide marvel as of late. It was currently a necessary part of young people's every day lives and is for the larger part, the most well known type of electronic correspondence. Indeed, the cellular telephone had turned from an innovative apparatus to a social instrument. He investigated the effect of the cell telephone on youth peer connections, on family connections and on the foundation of the school. Youngsters utilized the cellular telephone as a part of positive approaches to sort out and keep up their informal organizations. Nonetheless, there were additionally contrary effects on youthful people groups' associate connections. These could incorporate alienation and digital harassing. Likewise, the cellular telephone had lead to changed motion in the family, with issues of security and observation from a parental viewpoint prompting arranged changing opportunities for youngsters. While utilitarian coordination could be advantageous for the family, different issues could emerge, for example, budgetary challenges, non-custodial guardian access, and also over dependence on the cell telephone for security issues and interruption into youthful people groups' lives. The effect of the cellular telephone on the school as a foundation had not then again, got as much research. Disturbances to lessons, occurrences of conning and harassing were a percentage of the negative effects, while messaging folks of truants is by all accounts the main positive for the school. Further research was required into the outcomes of cell telephone use in schools. Dunstone (2006) found that more than seventy five percent (78%) of 11-17 year-olds say that having a cell telephone gives them a superior social life, on the grounds that they can all the more effortlessly keep up contact with their companions. Among 15-17 year-olds, the extent ascends to 84%. All the more broadly, 70% say their cell telephone has improved their life. This extent shifts little by age or sex. Youngsters are much more probable than their guardians to feel undesirable if their cell telephone neglected to ring throughout the day. 26% of 11-17 year-olds, contrasted and 11% of their guardians, would "feel undesirable if an entire day passed by when my cell telephone did not ring". This inclination is especially broad among 15-17 13
year-old young ladies, 42% of whom concur with the announcement. Almos ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽǁĂnj;ϮϬϬϴͿ͕ŵŽďŝůĞƉŚŽŶĞĂĨĨĞĐƚƐƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůůŝĨĞĂŶĚŚĞĂůƚŚ ŽĨĂůůƐŽĐŝĞƚLJŵĞŵďĞƌƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͘^ŽŵĞĞĨĨĞĐƚƐĂƌĞĂƐ ĨŽůůŽǁƐ͗ a. It is a cause of disturbance to university students when they are busy in their lecture or projects in class rooms or libraries. b. It seems that it may cause increase in decline of moral values. With the use of mobile phone, now students feel no shy to tell a lie. When they are sitting in hotel or park, they tell to their parents or teachers that they are sitting in the library. c. Loss and misplacement of mobile phone is very common. The student who loses his/ her mobile phone also undergoes tension and this affects studies. d. Mobile phone is a source to introduce new culture of co-education in Islamic educational institutions. It is going to become the great tool of free relationship in the young generation. Long conversations on mobile phone lead them to that attitude which is not according to our religious and social acceptability. Their attitude affects their studies greatly. Sometimes they become the victim of emotional, physical and psychological problems. Quraishi (2008) has pointed out another negative effect of cell telephone on VWXGHQWVெ VD\LQJ VR DV WR OHDUQ WKDW WKH JUHDWHU SDUW RI WKH XQGHUVWXGLHV compose the shortenings while informing to others. The same propensity has been created, and they utilize the same contraction in comprehending the papers in the examination lobby. Administrator (2009) expressed that different unique bundles offered by the phone organizations have turned into a wellspring of contamination, which are negative to the fate of youth, while there is a requirement for enactment to control use of the new innovation. This was uncovered in a review led by a gathering of understudies of Edwardes College, Peshawar. The understudies, a press discharge said, were told amid center gathering meetings that the unregulated and heedless utilization of the cellular telephones, other than bringing on ecological contamination, had turned into one of the real wellsprings of street mischances. They were likewise 14
informed that free SMS and free night bundles were ruining the young, particularly the understudies, from multiple points of view. A considerable lot of the interviewees said that dominant part of the understudies used the uncommon bundles late in the night, which influenced their studies, and even at times they couldn't go to their universities and schools in the morning. The understudies additionally held gatherings with the legal counselors, who let them know that so far no enactment had been made to manage the utilization of cellular telephones. Then again, Additional Advocate General Istiaq Ibrahim told the understudies that the legislature was mindful of the pickle and soon an exit from it would be worked out. A few specialists additionally told the understudies that utilization of the cell telephones likewise added to the commotion contamination, other than different negative consequences for the brains of the clients. Waqar (2009) prominent that the by talking entire night with inverse sex, they are getting mentally feeble and compelled. There are numerous other physical bends likewise emerging because of investing the valuable energy which is required obligatory rest, unwinding, help and psychological wellbeing. Because of spending entire evenings the non-attendance is soaring in each calling. They are going far and far from the hold of families. They tell lies and have false correspondence with their guardians. They are deceiving the choices, trust and desires of their guardians. They are voyaging towards the solitary parent family framework in which one is not responsible to anybody and he is the main leader. Such sort of conduct is driving towards the social fracture and horrendous decrease of good values in which regard is center one. They are crossing the restrictions and impediments, exceptionally vital for the all around incorporated society. Because of the counterfeit projection of the organizations their viability and determination is lessening in the event that we put a stealthy look on the diagram of challenges and encourages led against the negative approaches, the proportion of youth' commitment is at minor level and appears to be vanished in light of the fact that they have fascinated in making illicit relationships and spending their potential and vitality to find the suitable bundles. Their mental methodology is spinning around sexual fulfillment. Different feelings and assumptions are pushed obscurity, overlooking there are such a variety of matters that need their kind consideration. They have fixated without conduct and solid mentality to different requirements and 15
needs. It is destroying the mental limit and amassing of the young like maladie. Kumar et al. (2010) proposed that the kids and the persons identified with the instructive division could create fantastic scholarly vocations with the assistance of the most recent elements of the phone gadgets alongside the moderate call bundles. They discovered throughout their exploration that the vast majority of the individuals conceded the truth they had acquired colossal advantages. They additionally asserted that their level of learning had been duplicated with the contribution of these electronic gadgets. Safdar (2010) asserted the understudies that were utilizing the late night offers of the administration giving organizations; they demonstrated poor results in the examinations. The reason was that they spent restless evenings overlooking their studies and the consideration of their also. He likewise called attention to that we needed to take 6-8 hours rest with a specific end goal to keep our body solid and new. Severe chances they would get sleep deprivation. The understudies who utilized the night bundles frequently had seen drowsing in their course of their addresses bearing the insult of their educators and companions. They couldn't have cared less about the general CGPA they had scored in the examinations of their schools and colleges also. The essayist had pointed out that it is up to the understudies how the used the alluring offers gave by the administration giving organizations. As it had been before pointed out that the PDA was twofold edged weapons so it was the need of great importance that we ought to used it painstakingly. Hakoama and Hakoama (2011) researched that the cell telephones were picking up prevalence at a quick speed. Each Tom, Dick, and Harry had a cellular telephone set keeping in mind the end goal to keep up a societal position and with a specific end goal to build their social cooperation. The individuals asserted that their way of life had been enhanced a considerable measure and the connection had additionally expanded a great deal. The specialists had sown in the wake of directing the exploration that greater part of the individuals jumped at the chance to send instant messages, long term calls, and a fever to buy PDAs of the most recent forms and outlines. They arranged a survey and it incorporated 44 inquiries concerning the 16
conduct, , social foundation, instructive foundation, the points of interest they get from the utilization of the cell telephones, the bad marks as indicated by their discernment, and the estimation of the association they were having with their companions and relatives also. They talked with 501 respondents and figured out that 99% of the respondents had their own cellular telephones and 90% of the respondents were utilizing the cellular telephones for over three years. They additionally demonstrated that the use of the cellular telephone changes as per the sexual orientation isolation. Thomee et al. (2011) was of the feeling that the utilization of the cell telephones has changed the correspondence designs and had given the individuals another heading of association too. He led a study so as to explore that whether there had been a nearby relationship between the mental viewpoints and the mental heath of the youthful grown-ups. He attempted to examine the matter from the numerous measurements including the side effects, for example, anxiety, rest, unsettling influences, and sadness in the men and ladies. The respondents who guaranteed that they had been experiencing the maladjustment of the wellbeing including all the essential side effects talked about above. The exorbitant utilization of cell telephone was in charge of the ailments they had been experiencing. Abraham et al. (2011) pointed out that in the late years the utilization of the cellular telephones had expanded at an extremely gigantic rate. The individuals from everywhere throughout the globe thought of it as basic for the correspondence and interactional examples. The utilization of the PDA had created in the individuals a genius social conduct in the individuals. The scientist had set up that the individuals wanted to grow well disposed relations with the always showing signs of change correspondence patters. Javed et al. (2011) found that the cellular telephone society was the most generally utilized term as a part of the present time. Cell telephone had LQIOXHQFHG HDFK ILHOG RI OLIH \HW LWV LPSDFWV RQ VWXGHQWVெ DGDSWLQJ particularly at college level are profound and in multidimensional and diverse. Our youths had been totally entranced and spellbound by this enchanted gadget. Presently it had turned into a key piece of cutting edge life and is assuming an imperative part in diminishing separation and expanding correspondence among individuals. This little gadget had done 17
that work which was not by any means finished by awesome pioneers and even great innovations. It had made the individuals closer and closer step by step. The study was led keeping in mind the end goal to focus the impacts of cellular telephone on the execution of understudies at college level. A little example comprising 390 understudies of The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar Campus, Pakistan was taken by offering representation to every one of the understudies of the considerable number of projects offered in the grounds. A 25 thing survey on five stages scale was managed to the understudies. Information was broke down by utilizing SPSS XIV. The vast majority of the understudies asserted that they can contact with their instructors and cohorts to talk about the instructive matters. They additionally use the cell telephone to impart the helpful data to their class colleagues, to counsel lexicon and thesaurus for instructive purposes. On as opposed to this they are concurred that the cell telephone is VTXDQGHULQJ WKH VWXGHQWVெ YDOXDEOH WLPH DQG FDVK $GGLWLRQDOO\ LW KDV expanded the rate of telling lie among understudies. It has likewise put everlasting effects on our way of life. Gardapee (2012) expressed that the phones were the best approach to stay joined with family and companions, get to the Internet and in a few cases, cause harm. The effect of mobile phones on today's childhood was galactic. All the cool children had a telephone and know how to message speedier than most can sort on a full-estimate console. Notwithstanding, mobile phones had turned into an issue, and there was not a single end to be found. In the event that you had a tyke with a wireless, or one who needs a telephone, they ought to know the impacts of telephones on today's childhood. It was found that the most up to date thing to hit youthful PDA clients today is sexting. Verbal messages, pictures or features could be conveyed to a whole contact list in seconds. Those children that get it thus send it out and inside of 60 minutes, possibly hindering sexual material had been spread to a huge group of onlookers. Numerous children could be harmed if pictures or writings that they believe are heading off to one individual are spread around to others. Nawaz and Ahmad (2012) prominent that in this quick moving world cell telephones and use is an unavoidable piece of life Each and consiste
18
Chapter-3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter describes the methodological aspects of collection and analysis of information. The materials and methods provide a path to researcher how to complete the process of collection, analyzing and LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI GDWD 7KH UHVHDUFK GHVLJQ LV WKH ³EOXHSULQW´ WKDW HQDEOHV the researcher to come up with the solutions to the problems encountered during the research (Nachmias and Nachmias, 1992). It gives the study design, selection criteria for respondents, sampling procedures, sample size and different statistical techniques used for data analysis, such as &URQEDFK¶V $OSKD 5HOLDELOLW\ 7HVW 8QL-variate analysis and Bi-variate analysis. Therefore, the main objective of this chapter is to explain various tools and techniques employed for the data collection, analysis and interpretation of the data. Those are explained in length in this section.
3.2: Research design It is a process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting the data. It enables a researcher to draw logical inferences, concerning casual relationship among the variables under investigation. Research design also determines the domain of generalization (Nachmias and Nachmias, 1992). In present study descriptive and inferential designs were used. It is most commonly used design in social sciences especially when the data are based on survey research. In this design collected data are used for developing casual relationship among the variables (Nachmias and Nachmias, 1992). In order to explore more detailed information and the factors which remain unrevealed during quantitative analysis, qualitative data were also collected. These data/information were collected through key informant interviews technique. It is a useful technique which provides more useful and in-depth knowledge in less time and limited cost. As stated by Strydom, Fouche and Delport (2005), a research design is a plan or blue print of how you intend conducting the research. A research design focuses on the end product, formulates a research problem as a point of departure and focuses on the logic of research. Huysamen (1993) offers a closely related definition of design as the plan or blue print according to which data is collected to investigate the research hypothesis or question in the most economical manner. Other 19
scholars refer to research design as all decisions made in planning the study, including sampling, sources and procedures for collecting data, measurement issues and data analysis plans. Further Strydom, Fouche and Delpot (2005) argue that the research design used differ depending on the purpose and the study, the nature of the research questions and the skills and the resources available to the researcher. However each of the possible designs has its own perspective and procedures, the research process will also reflect the procedures of the chosen design. The qualitative research design is that it does not usually provide the research with a step by step plan or a fixed recipe to follow. In TXDQWLWDWLYH UHVHDUFK WKH GHVLJQ GHWHUPLQHV WKH UHVHDUFKHU¶V FKRLFH DQG DFWLRQZKLOHDTXDOLWDWLYHUHVHDUFKWKHUHVHDUFKHU¶VFKRLFHVDQGDFWLRQVZLOO determine the design or strategy. Put more simply qualitative research will during the research process create the research strategy best suited to the research or even design their whole research around the strategy selected. In selecting the appropriate research design for this study, therefore, the above approaches were taken into consideration. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study was conducted in rural areas of District Faisalabad.
3.3. Study area The present study was conducted in University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Punjab is one of the four provinces of Pakistan, situated in the north east of Pakistan. It shares eastern boarder with India. It is most populous province with population 88,289,000 (Government of Punjab, 2007). It is the home of more than half of Pakistanis. The huge majority of its population is Muslim. Nearly 68% of its population lives in rural area (Government of Punjab, 2007). It is the main agriculture zone as well as industrial region of the country. It is known as the land of five rivers. Punjab has one the best irrigation systems in the world. Its historical roots are found in Indus valley Civilization around 1500 B.C. and commonly spoken langue is Punjabi. Administratively Punjab province is divided into 36 districts which are subdivided into tehsils/towns and towns are further subdivided into union councils (Government of the Punjab, 2007). In present study was conducted at Faisalabad District. 20
Faisalabad, previously called Lyallpur was established in1880 by governor of Punjab Sir Charles James Lyall. Faisalabad is second largest populous city of Pakistan and third largest populous city of Punjab. It is one of the rapidly grown cities of Pakistan. Rural area of Faisalabad district is famous for cotton, wheat, sugarcane, fruits and vegetables, on the other hand, urban area is famous for its cotton, sugar ghee/oil and flour mills. It is commonly regarded as an industrial city. 42.7% of people live in urban area and remaining 57.3% lives in rural area (Government of Punjab, 2007). Literacy rate (estimated for 2008) is 70.1% for males and 64.1% for females (UNESCO, 2004). Administratively district Faisalabad is comprises of eight towns and these towns are further subdivided into 289 union councils.
3.4. Population for the study As the present study has been carried out inUAF, all youth age (2030) living in uaf, constitute the population for the present study.
3.5. Units of analysis As this study is designed to assess the effects of mobile phone free night packages on rural youth, so sampling units or units of analysis or respondents for this study are all male youth age (20-30).
3.6. Sampling According to Strydom, Fouche and Delport (2005), sampling means taking any portion of a population or universe as representative of that population. It is generally stated that the larger the population, the smaller the percentage of that population the sample needs to be and vice versa. If the population itself is relatively small, the sample should comprise a reasonably larger percentage of the population. Large samples enable researchers to draw more representativeness and accurate conclusions and to make more accurate predictions than in smaller samples. Further, Strydom, Fouche and Delport (2005) state that the major reason for sampling is feasibility. A complete coverage of the total population is seldom possible and all the members of a population of interest cannot possibly be reached. Even if it were theoretically possible to identify, contact and study the entire relevant population, time and cost considerations usually make this a prohibitive undertaking. The use of 21
samples may therefore result in more accurate information than might have been obtained if one had studied the entire population. This is so because, with a sample, time, money and effort can be concentrated to produce better quality research, better instruments and more in-depth information. In present study multistage random sampling technique was used, because it is an appropriate technique for drawing sample from large population with limited time and cost. At the first gage out of five faculties of UAF that I have selected faculty of agriculture and faculty of social sciences.
3.7. Preparation of interview schedule For the purpose of quantitative analysis, data were collected through well organized interview schedule consisted of both close end and open ended questions regarding the research objectives (see Appendix 1). The questions of the interview schedule were discussed with supervisor in order to ensure the content validity of the interview schedule. Qualitative interview schedule was planned to explore the effects of long calls free night packages of mobile phone on rural youth in district Faisalabad. ([SHUWV¶YLHZSRLQWUHJDUGLQJWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHHQVXUHV its content validity (Nachmias and Nachmias, 1992). In order to design the questionnaire the two basic principles were kept in mind. First, questions were made by keeping the viewpoint of respondents so that chance of confusion eliminated. Second, during construction of questionnaire some biases were avoided such as jargon, slang, ambiguity, confusion, emotional language, prestige biases, double barreled questions, threatening questions, false premises and double negatives. These principles helped the researcher to motivate the respondents for maximum information (Foddy, 1993). Avoiding sensitive and awkward questions in questionnaire formulation led to win the trust of respondents during interview. In addition, formulating the questionnaire, the major aspects contents, structure, format and sequence were taken into account (Nachmias and Nachmias, 1992).
3.7.1. Pre-testing In order to observe the possible inadequacies of interview schedule, a pretest based on ten respondents was conducted. Pretest was also used to 22
measure the extent of validity and reliability of the interview schedule. Deficiencies observed in interview schedules were removed and mistakes were rectified before preparing final version of the interview schedule. It was found during pre-testing that respondents were reluctant to give information regarding monthly income and negative use of mobile phone. However, indirectly it was introduced in qualitative interview schedule for general discussion.
3.7.2. Conducting survey The survey was conducted during last week of December, 2013. The researcher made his first visit to the study area one week before the data collection in order to select household, respondents and developing rapport with local people. During his first visit researcher selected the faculty of agriculture and also got the verbal consents of respondents. In this regard local leadership and some educated people helped the researcher to a great extent. The own conveyance (car and motorcycle) was arranged for transportation in the study area.
3.7.3:
Data Editing
Every interviewing schedule was checked and edited by the author on the same day at the end of the interview. It was done to see the completeness, accuracy, and uniformity, because it was very difficult to approach any respondent in the latter stage. The researcher carried out the cleaning process for the data by checking against the coding sheet or the original interviewing schedule in order to clean the data from illegal codes, inconsistencies and improbabilities through computer editing. When it was ensured that the data were cleaned and free of errors, it was stored on a hard disk as well as on the USB for further analysis.
3.7.4. Coding, editing and data entry Each interview schedule was checked by the researcher for possible errors and missing entries. Variables and their categories were coded for purpose of analysis. After editing and coding, data were entered in the stat version 7.0 and Microsoft excel version 2013. The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) is computer software designed for analyzing the data regarding social sciences. Various statistical methods can be carried out by
23
using this software. It also assists the researchers to recode variables and compute new variables.
3.8: Data Analysis According to Strydom, Fouche and Delport (2005), data analysis means finding answers by way of interpreting the data and results. To interpret is to explain and find meaning. It is difficult or impossible to explain raw data, one must first describe and analyse the data and then interpret the results of the analysis. Analysis means the categorization, ordering, manipulating and summarizing data to obtain answers to research questions. The purpose of analysis is to reduce data to an intelligible and interpretable form so that the relations of research problems can be studied tested and conclusions drawn. Interpretation takes the results for analysis, makes inferences pertinent to the research relations studied and draws conclusions about these relations. For this study, Data Entry Sheet were developed in Microsoft excel. This applied to the quantitative data collected. The qualitative data was coded and entered into MS Excel .before being transported to SPSS. SPSS Windows Version 15 was used for the analysis.
3.8.1. Descriptive analysis (univariate analysis) At initial stage of data analysis, it was attempted to describe the facts in easy and understandable form. The information was classified into meaningful categories by developing frequency distribution tables. Averages and percentages were calculated for better understanding of facts and figures. The variation within different variable was observed on the basis of standard deviation. In other words, the descriptive analysis was made, to study the socio-cultural and demographic condition of the respondents (youth) living in District Faisalabad.
3.8.2: Frequency Distribution The data that have been coded and prepared for automatic processing are now ready for analysis. The first task is to construct frequency distributions to examine the pattern of the responses to each of the 24
independent and dependent variables under investigation. A frequency distribution of a single variable, sometimes referred to as a uni-variate frequency distribution, is the frequency of observations in each category of a variable. To construct a frequency distribution, the researcher simply lists the categories of the variable and counts the number of observations in each. It gives the standard form of a uni-variate frequency distribution.
3.8.3:
Percentage
Summarizing the data by constructing frequency distributions of single variables is only the first step in data analysis (Nachmias and Nachmias, 1992). In order to bring the data into comparable form, percentages of various categories of data were used in the present study. The percentages were calculated by following formula:
Percentage =
F ---------- x 100 N
Where F
=
Absolute Frequency
N
=
Total Number of items
3.8.4: Mean The mean is the most familiar average. Their number defines it as a value obtains by dividing the sum of all the observations. The mean gives an indication of the magnitude of the observed values. The mean is usually denoted by placing a bar over the symbol used to represent the observations or the variable (Chaudhry, 1984). The mean was calculated with the following formula:-
25
__
X
=
Where: _ X = = X = sample N =
[ ------------N
The sum mean of a sample of size Sum of observation The responses obtained by all the respondents in a Sample size
3.9. Bivariate analysis Bivariate analysis is used to develop the relation between the two variables. This analysis also indicates direction of relation or association between the variables. For testing the association and correlation between variable chi-square and gamma tests were applieG 6WXGHQW¶V W- test and analysis of variance technique were also utilized to test the significant difference between the means of SEI of the categories within variable. For the diagrammatic interpretation of the result, bar charts were drawn. The length of bars represented the level of empowerment of respondents, belonged into particular category. Brief description of statistical methods used in bivariate analysis is given below.
3.9.1. Chi-square distribution Statisticians make a distinction between measures of significance and measures of association. A measure of significance tells whether the relationship between two variables might be the result of chance alone. A measure of association tells how strong the relationship is between two variables. Chi Square is a common measure of significance; it tests the hypothesis that there is no relationship between the columns and rows in a contingency table. Chi Square is reported as both a number and a probability; if the probability is higher than about .05, it generally means that we cannot reject the hypothesis that the two variables are unrelated (ISPSR, 2010).
26
Chi-square test was applied to examine relationship between independent and dependent variables. F2 was computed by following formula: (O - E)2 ---------------E
F2
=
6
O E 6
= = =
Observed values Expected values Total sum
Where:
If the calculated value of chi-square was equal to or higher than the table value at 0.05 level of probability at the given degree of freedom, the relationship was statistically significant. If it is less than the table value (0.01 level of probability) it is termed as highly significant. Where the calculated value is less than the table value at 0.05 level of significance. It is declared as non-significant. The data is statistically analyzed on (PC) using the SPSS software.
3.9.2. Gamma Statistics The value of Gamma showed the strength and direction of the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Calculations were made by using the following formula:
Gamma
=
Ns - Nd -------------------Ns + Nd
Where: Ns = Same order pair Nd = Different order pair
27
3.10 CONCEPTUALIZATION Conceptualization is the application of certain scientific terminologies with a view to clearly communicate the intended outcome of the study. The following concepts were being used in the present investigation.
Socio-Economic Characteristics i. Age It is defined as a total number of years completed the respondents since the birth to the time of interview. Age is the important personality factor which contributes significantly to the formation of attitudes. It is fact that as the age level increases the attitude of the people change towards any social process. In the present study age stand for the total number of year lived, so far, since birth by the respondents, the following three age categories were formed. Age categories 1. 19-20 2. 26-35 years 3. Above 35 years ii. Education Education is considered as one of the most important which affects knowledge, attitude and prestige of an individual. It is defined as so that it fits into the prevailing patterns of social inter-action and organizations (Gould and Kolbe, 1956). In this study the education was defined as the number of years of schooling completed by the respondents in an educational institution like school, college or university. Education was categorized as under: Education level of the respondents. 1. Illiterate 2. Primary 3. Middle 4. Matric 5. Intermediate 6. Graduation and above
28
iii. Occupation of the respondents $FFRUGLQJ WR 7HIDFH DQG VKRUWHU ³2FFXSDWLRQ RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWVUHIHUVWRWKHZRUNVWDWXVDQGHQYLURQPHQW´,QWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\ occupation of the respondents parents was categorized as: )DWKHU¶VRFFXSDWLRQ i. Agriculturist ii. Agriculture and farming iii. Labour/private job iv. Business 0RWKHU¶VRFFXSDWLRQ i. House wife ii. Teacher iii. Labour v.
Income Income of the respondents defined as the enumeration received periodically for work or services performed." (Popenoc, 1977). In the present study income means the total gross earnings of the respondents from land, as well as from other subsidiary sources, if any. The monthly family income of the respondents was categorized as follows: Income categories Up to Rs. 12000 Rs. 12001 to 24000 Above Rs. 24000 Type of residence: In this study there are two types of residents of the students 1) Boarder 2) Non.boarder vi. Type of Family The family is a group of intimate people emotionally, involved and related either by blood, marriage or adoption, responsible for the reproduction and rearing of children and living together (Chaudhry, 1988). There are two type of families which as discussed. a. Nuclear family b. Joint family 29
a.
Nuclear Family Ordinarily unclear type of family consists of a parent couple and their children. By nuclear family here the researcher meant husband, wife and their unmarried children living together. b.
Joint Family The joint family consists of nucleus of blood relatives surrounded by a number of married persons and their children, which is also called as consanguine family. In the present study joint family consisted of brothers, cousins, Grand mother and Grand father living in household with their spouses. vii.
Marital Status Marital status has been categorized as under: 1- Married 2- Unmarried
30
Chapter-4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The purpose of this chapter is to present analysis and interpretation of data relating to the research problems under investigation. This chapter has been divided into two parts, Part A and Part B. Part-A (Uni-variate analysis): It is characterized as routines for dissecting information on a solitary variable at once. In univariate investigation, every variable in any information set is investigated independently. It likewise takes a gander at the scope of the qualities yet and in addition the focal propensity measures of the qualities. It portrays the example and pattern of reaction to the variable, additionally depicts the variable naturally. Distinct/univariate insights decipher and condense information furthermore it portrays singular variables. This part manages the investigation of the financial qualities of the respondents and the impacts of cellular telephone free night bundles on country youth in locale Faisalabad. Part-B (Bi-variate analysis): Bivariate examination is connected to see the relationship/relationship between the two variables. It is clarified as it were, the variety which is clarified by one variable is example in such a way, to the point that its change is not arbitrarily conveyed regarding the other variable. This segment bargains the relationship among different financial qualities of the respondents and their recognition about the negative effect of long calls and cellular telephone.
PART-I (UNI-VARIATE ANALYSIS) Table 1:
Distribution of the respondents according to their age
Age of the respondents (Rs.) 19-20 21-22 23-24 Total
Frequency
Percentage
28 70 22 120
23.3 58.3 18.3 100.0
31
Age factor is central variable among various socioeconomic FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDQLQGLYLGXDODVLWLQIOXHQFHVRQH¶VEHKDYLRXUDQGZLGHQV the vision of an individual through experience. It maintains its effects on the decision-making and wise use of available resources (Okorley et al., 2004). Table 1 presents the age distribution of the respondents. Table shows that less than one-fourth i.e. 23.3 percent of the respondents had 16-20 years of age, while a major proportion i.e. 58.3 percent of them had 21-22 years of age and remaining 18.3 percent of the respondents had 23-24 years of age. So majority of the students had 21-22 years of age. Graphical presentation of the respondents according to their age is given below. 70 60
Percentage
50 40 30 20 10 0 19-20
21-22
23-24
Age of the respondents
Fig. 1: their age
Graphical presentation of the respondents according to
Table 2:
Distribution of the respondents according to their sex
Sex Male Female Total
Frequency 76 44 120
32
Percentage 63.3 36.7 100.0
36.7 Male Female 63.3
Fig. 2: their sex
Graphical presentation of the respondents according to
Table 2 indicates that a majority i.e. 63.3 percent of the respondents were male and more than one-third i.e. 36.7 percent of them were females. According to the Iqbal (2010), male had more use of mobile phone as compared to female in Pakistan.it was reported that voice call and SMS usage is more frequent in Pakistani men rather than women. It might be because mobile phone involve financial constrains and in high context societies like Pakistan, women are mostly dependent on men and are restricted to limited use of mobile phone. Table 3: Distribution of the respondents according to their education Education Primary-Middle Matric Intermediate and above Total
Frequency 26 70 24 120
33
Percentage 21.7 58.3 20.0 100.0
70 60
Percentage
50 40 30 20 10 0 Primary-Middle
Matric
Intermediate and above
Education of the respondents
Fig. 3: Graphical presentation of the respondents according to their education Education is also important demographic factor. The development of human resources is also influenced by getting education (Cho and Boland, 2003). The use of technology in education has had a positive impact on the students, educators, as well as the educational system as a whole. Many positive impacts have been observed by officials in the field (Wikipedia, 2011). Table 3 presents the education level of the respondents. Little more than one-fifth i.e. 21.7 percent of the respondents had primary-middle level education, while a major proportion i.e. 58.3 percent of them were matriculated and about one-fifth i.e. 20.0 percent of them had intermediate and above level of education. Table 4:
Distribution of the respondents according to their IDWKHU¶V education
)DWKHU¶VEducation Illiterate Primary-Middle Matric Above matric Total
Frequency 17 29 48 26 120 34
Percentage 14.2 24.2 40.0 21.7 100.0
7DEOHLQGLFDWHVWKDWSHUFHQWRI WKHUHVSRQGHQWV¶IDWKHUVZHUH illiterate, while about one-fourth i.e. 24.2 percent of them had primarymiddle level education, a major proportion i.e. 40.0 percent of UHVSRQGHQWV¶ fathers were matriculated and 21.7 percent of them had above matric level education. According to CIA World Fact Book (2012). The total literacy rate of Pakistan was 54.9 percent and among the male was 68.6%. *UDSKLFDOSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUIDWKHU¶V education is given below. 45 40
Percentage
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Illiterate
Primary-Middle
Matric
Above matric
Father's Education Level
Fig. 4:
Graphical presentation of the respondents according to WKHLUIDWKHU¶VHGXFDWLRQ
Table 5:
'LVWULEXWLRQRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUPRWKHU¶V education
0RWKHU¶V(GXFDWLRQ Illiterate Primary-Middle Matric Above matric Total
Frequency 36 38 30 16 120
Percentage 30.0 31.7 25.0 13.3 100.0
Table 5 indicates that 30.0 SHUFHQWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWV¶ mother were illiterate, while little less than one-third i.e. 31.7 percent of them had 35
primary-middle level education, about one-fourth i.e. 25.0 percent of UHVSRQGHQWV¶mothers were matriculated and only 13.3 percent of them had above matric level education. According to CIA World Fact Book (2012). The total literacy rate of Pakistan was 54.9 percent and among the female was 40.3%. *UDSKLFDOSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUPRWKHU¶V education is given below. 35 30
Percentage
25 20 15 10 5 0 Illiterate
Primary-Middle
Matric
Above matric
Mother's Education Level
Fig. 5:
Graphical presentation of the respondents according to WKHLUPRWKHU¶VHGXFDWLRQ
Table 6: 'LVWULEXWLRQRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUIDWKHU¶V occupation )DWKHU¶VRFFXSDWLRQ Agriculture Business Govt. job Labour Pvt. Job Any others Total
Frequency 43 18 21 18 12 8 120
Percentage 35.8 15.0 17.5 15.0 10.0 6.7 100.0
Table 6 SUHVHQWVWKHRFFXSDWLRQRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWV¶IDWKHUV Slightly more than one-third i.e. 35.8 percent of the respondents¶ father were 36
agriculturist, 15.0 percent of them were businessmen, 17.5 percent of them were doing government jobs and 15.0 percent of them were labourer. About 10.0 SHUFHQW RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV¶ IDWKHUV ZHUH doing private jobs and 6.7 SHUFHQWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWV¶IDWKHUVZHUe belonging to any other occupation. Above results supported by Govt. of Pakistan (2012). Govt. of Pakistan found that 60 percent of the rural population depends upon the agriculture. *UDSKLFDOSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUIDWKHU¶V occupation is given below. 40 35
Percentage
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Agriculture
Business
Govt. job
Labour
Pvt. Job
Any others
)DWKHU¶VRFFXSDWLRQ
Fig. 6:
Graphical presentation of the respondents according to WKHLUIDWKHU¶VRFFXSDWLRQ
Table 7:
Distribution of the respondents according to their monthly income from all sources
Monthly income (Rs.) Up to 10000 10001-20000 Above 20000 Total
Frequency 27 56 37 120
Percentage 22.5 46.7 30.8 100.0
Table 7 shows that 22.5 percent of the respondents had up to Rs. 10000 monthly income, while a major proportion i.e., 46.7 percent of the
37
respondents had Rs. 10001-20000 monthly income and 30.8 percent of them had above Rs. 20000 monthly income. $FFRUGLQJWR:RUOG%DQN PDMRULW\RIWKHZRUOG¶VSRRUOLYHLQ rural areas of developing countries and depend mainly on agriculture and related activities for their livelihood. About Seventy-five percent of the ZRUOG¶VSHRSOHZKROLYHRQRQH86GROODURUOHVVSHUGD\ZRUNDQGOLYHLQ rural areas. They do not earn enough even to cover their food needs. Graphical presentation of the respondents according to their monthly income from all sources is given below. 50 45 40
Percentage
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Up to 10000
10001-20000
Above 20000
Monthly Income (Rs.)
Fig. 7:
Graphical presentation of the respondents according to their monthly income from all sources
Table 8:
Distribution of the respondents according to their marital status
Marital status Married Unmarried Total
Frequency 21 99 120
Percentage 17.5 82.5 100.0
Table 7 reveals that only 17.5 percent sampled youth were married, while a large majority i.e. 82.5 percent of them were unmarried. Graphical presentation of the respondents according to their marital status is given below.
38
17.5
Married Unmarried
82.5
Fig. 8: Graphical presentation of the respondents according to their marital status Table 9:
Age 12-14 years 15-16 years 17-18 years 19-20 years 21-22 years Total
Distribution of the respondents according to their age at the time of begin use of a mobile phone Frequency 8 14 12 54 32 120
Percentage 6.7 11.7 10.0 45.0 26.7 100.0
Table 9 depicts that only 6.7 percent of the respondents reported that they begin use of a mobile phone between the age of 12-14 years, while 11.7 percent of them begin the use of mobile phone between the age of 1516 years and 10.0 percent of them started the use of mobile phone between the age of 17-18 years. A major proportion i.e. 45.0 percent of the respondents were begin the use of mobile between the age of 19-20 years and about one-fourth i.e. 26.7 percent of them started the use of mobile phone between the age of 21-22 years. So majority of the youth were begin the use of mobile phone after the 18 years of age. Graphical presentation of the respondents according to their age at the time of begin use of a mobile phone is given below.
39
50 45 40
Percentage
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 12-14 years
15-16 years
17-18 years
19-20 years
21-22 years
Age at the time of begin use of a mobile phone
Fig. 9:
Graphical presentation of the respondents according to their age at the time of begin use of a mobile phone
Table 10:
Distribution of the respondents according to their average time spends on communication on mobile daily
Time spend on communication daily (hours) Up to 2 hours 2-3 hours 3-4 hours 4-5 hours 5-6 hours Total
Frequency
Percentage
48 30 10 14 18 120
40.0 25.0 8.3 11.7 15.0 100.0
40
45 40
Percentage
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Up to 2 hours
2-3 hours
3-4 hours
4-5 hours
5-6 hours
Time spend on communication daily (hours)
Fig. 10:
Graphical presentation of the respondents according to their average time spends on communication on mobile daily Table 10 reveals that a major proportion i.e. 40.0 percent of the respondents were spending up to 2 hours daily on communication on mobile, while about one-fourth i.e. 25.0 percent of the respondents were spending 2-3 hours per day, 8.3 percent of them were spending 3-4 hours per day, 11.7 percent of them were spending 4-5 hours per day and 15.0 percent of them were spending 5-6 hours per day on communication on mobile. So majority of the students were spending less than 3 hours per day on communication on mobile phone. Table 11: Distribution of the respondents according to the longest period they were without credit in their mobile Longest period without Frequency Percentage credit (in days) 1-2 days 40 33.3 2-3 days 22 18.3 3-4 days 10 8.3 4-5 days 20 16.7 5-6 days 28 23.3 Total 120 100.0 Table 11 indicates that about one-third i.e. 33.3 percent of the respondents reported that longest period without credit was 1-2 days, while 18.3 percent of them told that their longest period without credit was 2-3 days and 8.3 percent of them said that their longest period without mobile 41
credit was 3-4 days. Whereas 16.7 percent of them had 4-5 days period and 23.3 percent of them had 5-6 days period without credit of mobile. 35 30
Percentage
25 20 15 10 5 0 1-2 days
2-3 days
3-4 days
4-5 days
5-6 days
Longest period without credit (in days)
Fig. 11:
Distribution of the respondents according to the longest period they were without credit in their mobile Table 12: Distribution of the respondents according to their purpose of mobile using Purpose of mobile Frequency Percentage I use my mobile phone to keep in contact with 82 68.3 my friends and family I use my mobile phone to be in contact with my classmates and 14 11.7 discuss work related to study I use my mobile phone to be in contact with my teachers and 4 3.3 discuss work related to study Use my mobile phone 10 8.3 to be contact with girls. Use mobile for business and other 10 8.3 purposes Total 120 100.0 42
Table 12 presents the purpose of mobile use. A large majority of the respondents i.e. 68.3 percent of respondents used mobile phone to keep in contact with their friends and family, while 11.7 percent of them used the mobile phone to be in contact with their classmates and discuss work related to study and only 3.3 percent of them told that they used mobile phone to be in contact with my teachers and discuss work related to study. About 8.3 percent of the respondents used their mobile phone to be contact with girls and another 8.3 percent of them used mobile for business and other purposes. So majority of the students used mobile phone to contact with their family, friends and classmates. Above results were supported by Selian (2004). He found that the young people prefer mobile phones and 70 per cent say they stay in touch with friends and family more after getting a mobile; these users are also more likely to use various features of mobile phones and customize them to suit their needs. Table 13:
Distribution services Telecommunication company Mobilink Telenore Ufone Warid Zong
of the respondents according to their mobile Yes F. 38 42 27 18 17
No % 31.7 35.0 22.5 15.0 14.2
F. 82 78 93 102 103
Total % 68.3 65.0 77.5 85.0 85.8
F. 120 120 120 120 120
% 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Table 13 indicates that little less than one-third i.e. 31.7 percent of the respondents were having Mobiling SIM, while more than one-third i.e. 35.0 percent of them had Telenor SIM, 22.5 percent of them were having Ufone connection, 15.0 percent of them had Warid and 14.2 percent of them had Zong connection. So Mobilink and Telenor telecommunication companies were more famous among rural youth. Similar figures were presented by Tribune (2012). The report puts Mobilink as the market leader with 34.70 million subscribers. Telenor, with 28.47 million is now in second position, followed by Ufone (22.02 million subscribers), Warid (14.99 million subscribers) and Zong in last position 43
with 14.42 million subscribers. Ufone had the most subscription gains in the month, followed by Zong and Mobilink. Table 14:
Distribution of the respondents according to no. of SIM cards they having No. of SIM cards they Frequency Percentage having (Nos.) 1 62 51.7 2 28 23.3 3 15 12.5 4 9 7.5 5 6 5.0 Total 120 100.0 Table 14 shows that about a half i.e. 51.7 percent of the respondents were having one SIM, while 23.3 percent of them had two SIMs, 12.5 percent of them had three, 7.5 percent of them had four and 5.0 percent of them had Five SIMs. Table 15: Distribution of the respondents according to their knowledge about long call packages Knowledge about long Frequency Percentage call packages To a great extent 39 32.5 To some extent 48 40.0 Not at all 33 27.5 Total 120 100.0 Table 15 depicts that about one-third i.e. 32.5 percent of the respondents were having knowledge to a great extent about the long call packages, a major proportion i.e. 40.0 percent of the respondents were having knowledge to some extent and 27.5 percent of the respondents reported that they had no knowledge about long call packages. According to Aijaz (2008), now a days the mobile phone service providing companies are offering attractive sms (short message services),mms(multimedia services), internet and packages on tremendous discounts and the youth including male and females are using them without any fear or hesitation remaining busy in having conversations beyond moral. Now, video calls, easy internet access and lower rates of GPRS have 44
made the people crazy about the attractive offers provided by the cellular companies. So most of the youth had knowledge about the long call packages. Table 16: Distribution of the respondents according to their knowledge about long call packages Telecommunication Yes No Total company F. % F. % F. % Mobilink Ladies first 42 120 100.0 ϳϴ 35.0 65.0 Happy hours 27 120 100.0 ϵϯ 22.5 77.5 Ufone Public demand 22 120 100.0 ϵϴ 18.3 81.7 Prepay life 17 14.2 103 85.8 120 100.0 panch ka pandra U circle 19 15.8 101 84.2 120 100.0 Telenor Talkshawk Aone 40 33.3 80 66.7 120 100.0 Djuice 39 32.5 81 67.5 120 100.0 Warid Zem series 22 18.3 98 81.7 120 100.0 Zong =RQJ¶VOLIH 19 15.8 101 84.2 120 100.0 package Table 16 indicates that 35.0 percent of the respondents had NQRZOHGJH DERXW 0RELOLQN¶V µ/DGLHV ILUVW¶ ORQJ FDOO SDFNDJH while 22.5 SHUFHQWRIWKHPKDGµ+DSS\KRXU¶ORQJFDOOSDFNDJH$ERXWSHUFHQWRI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV KDG NQRZOHGJH DERXW 8IRQH¶V µSXEOLF GHPDQG¶ SDFNDJH SHUFHQWRIWKHPKDGµSUHSD\OLIHSDQFKNDSDQGUD¶DQGSHUFHQWRI WKHPKDGµ8FLUFOH¶ORQJFDll night package. About one-WKLUG LH SHUFHQW RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV KDG 7HOHQRU¶V µ7DONVKDZN $-RQH¶ SDFNDJH SHUFHQW RI WKHP KDG 'MXLFH ORQJ FDOO package. $ERXWSHUFHQWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVKDG:DULG¶Vµ=HPVHULHV¶ORQJ call package and 15.8 SHUFHQWRIWKHPKDG=RQJ¶Vµ=RQJ¶VOLIHSDFNDJH¶. So Ladies, First, happy hour, Talkshawk A-one and Djuice. Waqar (2009) stated that the telecommunication companies in our country have been inclined towards introducing new and attractive packages for youth like Mobilink (ladies first, happy hours), Warid (zem series), Ufone (public demand, prepay life panch ka pandra, u circle) 7HOHQRU WDONVKDZN $RQH GMXLFH DQG =RQJ¶V OLIH SDFNDJH 7KH TXHVWLRQ arises why these companies are introducing these packages without the 45
social mobilization to check the mindset of the youth. Are they trying to facilitate the common man or only youth? I think except on very urgent occasions ordinarily no one would like to talk after midnight, Table 17:
Distribution of the respondents according to using any long call package Using long call Frequency Percentage package Yes 54 45.0 No 66 55.0 Total 120 100.0 Table 17 shows that 45.0 percent of the respondents reported they were using long call packages, while 55.0 percent of them were replied negatively. Table 18: Distribution of the respondents according to their perception about the bad effects of long packages N = 120 Bad effects Agree Neutral Disagree NA F. % F. % F. % F. % Bad effects on 12 10.0 17 14.2 25 20.8 66 55.0 health Less time for 23 19.2 18 15.0 13 10.8 66 55.0 physical activities Depression 7 5.8 19 15.8 28 23.3 66 55.0 Eating 11 9.2 12 10.0 31 25.8 66 55.0 disorder Motivate risky 25 20.8 21 17.5 8 6.7 66 55.0 sexual behavior Poor sleeping 42 35.0 5 4.2 7 5.8 66 55.0 habit Less time for 31 25.8 14 11.7 9 7.5 66 55.0 education Absent in 13 10.8 13 10.8 28 23.3 66 55.0 class
46
Table 18 indicates that 10.0 percent of the respondents were agreed and 14.2 percent of them were neutral that long call packages had bad effects on health, whereas 20.8 percent of them were disagreed that long call packages had bad effects on health. Little less than one-fifth i.e. 19.2 percent of the respondents were agreed and 15.0 percent of them were neutral that youth had less time for physical activities due to long call packages, whereas 10.8 percent of them were disagreed that with this statement. Only 5.8 percent of the respondents were agreed and 15.8 percent of them were neutral that youth involved in depression due to long call packages, whereas 23.3 percent of them were disagreed that with this statement. Almost 9.2 percent of the respondents were agreed and 10.0 percent of them were neutral that youth were suffering eating disorder due to long call packages, whereas 25.8 percent of them were disagreed that with this statement. About one-fifth i.e. 20.8 percent of the respondents were agreed and 17.5 percent of them were neutral that youth were motivated risky sexual behaviour due to long call night packages, whereas 6.7 percent of them were disagreed that with this opinion. More than one-third i.e. 35.0 percent of the respondents were agreed and 4.2 percent of them were neutral that youth involved in poor sleeping habit due to long call night packages, whereas 5.8 percent of them were disagreed that with this opinion. About one-fourth i.e. 25.8 percent of the respondents were agreed and 11.7 percent of them were neutral that youth had less time for education due to long call night packages, whereas 7.5 percent of them were disagreed that with this opinion. About 10.8 percent of the respondents were agreed and another 10.8 percent of them were neutral that the students were absent in their classes due to long call night packages, whereas 23.3 percent of them were disagreed that with this opinion.
47
Table 19: Distribution of the respondents according to their perception about the good effects of long packages N = 120 Good effects Agree Neutral Disagree NA F. % F. % F. % F. % Better 27 22.5 16 13.3 11 9.2 66 55.0 communication with relatives Better 38 31.7 10 8.3 6 5.0 66 55.0 communication with friends Way of low 22 18.3 25 20.8 7 5.8 66 55.0 expenditures Table 19 shows that 22.5 percent of the respondents were agreed and 13.3 percent of them were neutral that they had better communication with relatives due to long call night mobile packages, whereas 9.2 percent of the respondents were disagreed with this effect. Little less than one-third i.e. 31.7 percent of the respondents were agreed and 8.3 percent of them were neutral that they had better communication with friends due to long call night mobile packages. About 18.3 percent of the respondents were agreed and 20.8 percent of them were neutral that the long call night mobile packages is a way of low expenditures, whereas 5.8 percent of the respondents were disagreed with this effect. Table 20: Distribution of the respondents according to their opinion DERXW WKH VWDWHPHQW ³WKH youth feel proud of having a mobile SKRQH´ 5HVSRQGHQWV¶RSLQLRQ Frequency Percentage about the statement ³WKHyouth feel proud of KDYLQJDPRELOHSKRQH´ Strongly agreed 38 31.7 Agreed 62 51.7 Neither agreed or disagree Disagreed 16 13.3 Strongly disagreed 4 3.3 Total 120 100.0 48
Table 20 indicates that less than one-third i.e. 31.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and little more than a half i.e. 51.7 SHUFHQW RI WKHP ZHUH DJUHHG ZLWK WKH VWDWHPHQW ³WKH youth feel proud of KDYLQJDPRELOHSKRQH´ZKHUHDVSHUFHQWRIWKHPZHUHGLVDJUHHGDQG 3.3 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this statement. So majority of the respondents feel proud of having a mobile phone. Table 21: Distribution of the respondents according to their opinion DERXW WKH VWDWHPHQW ³The Mobile phone is wastage of time for students´ 5HVSRQGHQWV¶RSLQLRQ Frequency Percentage about the statement ³The Mobile phone is wastage of time for students´ Strongly agreed 26 21.7 Agreed 48 40.0 Neither agreed or 28 23.3 disagree Disagreed 8 6.7 Strongly disagreed 10 8.3 Total 120 100.0 Table 21 reveals that about one-fifth i.e. 21.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and a major proportion i.e. 40.0 percent RI WKHP ZHUH DJUHHG ZLWK WKH VWDWHPHQW ³Whe Mobile phone is wastage of time for students´ZKLOHSHUFHQWRIWKHPneither agreed or disagreed, 6.7 percent of them disagreed and 8.3 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this statement. So majority of the students had opinion that the mobile phone is wastage of time for students.
49
Table 22:
Distribution of the respondents according to their opinion DERXW WKH VWDWHPHQW ³The mobile phone culture has increased the rate of telling a lie among students´
5HVSRQGHQWV¶RSLQLRQ DERXWWKHVWDWHPHQW³ The mobile phone culture has increased the rate of telling a lie among students´ Strongly agreed Agreed Neither agreed or disagree Disagree d Strongly disagreed Total
Frequency
Percentage
34 48
28.3 40.0
20
16.7
16 2 120
13.3 1.7 100.0
Table 22 shows that more than one-fourth i.e. 28.3 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and a major proportion i.e. 40.0 percent RI WKHP ZHUH DJUHHG ZLWK WKH VWDWHPHQW ³Whe mobile phone culture has increased the rate of telling a lie among students´ ZKLOH SHUFHQW RI them neither agreed or disagreed, 13.3 percent of them disagreed and only 1.7 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this statement. Its clear from the above findings that majority of the students felt that the mobile phone culture has increased the rate of telling a lie among students. Table 23:
Distribution of the respondents according to their thinking that mobile communication is too cheep in Pakistan
5HVSRQGHQWV¶WKLQNLQJ that mobile communication is too cheep in Pakistan Strongly agreed Agreed
Frequency
Percentage
50 40
41.7 33.3
50
Neither agreed or disagree Disagree d Strongly disagreed Total
12
10.0
12 6 120
10.0 5.0 100.0
Table 23 indicates that a major proportion i.e. 41.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and about one-third i.e. 33.3 percent of them were agreed with the opinion that the mobile communication is too cheep in Pakistan, while 10.0 percent of the respondents were neither agreed or disagreed, another 10.0 percent of them were disagreed and only 5.0 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this opinion. Its clear from the above results that majority of the students had thinking that the mobile communication is too cheep in Pakistan. Table 24: Distribution of the respondents according to their thinking that mobile SKRQH KDV SXW QHJDWLYH LPSDFW RQ VWXGHQW¶V value 5HVSRQGHQWV¶WKLQNLQJ Frequency Percentage that mobile phone has put negative impact on VWXGHQW¶VYDOXH Strongly agreed 32 26.7 Agreed 44 36.7 Neither agreed or 12 10.0 disagree Disagree d 20 16.7 Strongly disagreed 12 10.0 Total 120 100.0 Table 24 shows that little more than one-fourth i.e. 26.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and more than one-third i.e. 36.7 percent of them were agreed with the opinion that the mobile phone has put QHJDWLYHLPSDFWRQ VWXGHQW¶V YDOXH, while 10.0 percent of the respondents were neither agreed or disagreed, 16.7 percent of them were disagreed and 10.0 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this opinion. So a major proportion of the students had thinking that mobile phone has put negative LPSDFWRQVWXGHQW¶VYDOXH 51
Table 25:
Distribution of the respondents according to their thinking that the student send missed calls to class fellows to disturb attending classes
5HVSRQGHQWV¶WKLQNLQJ that the student send missed calls to class fellows to disturb attending classes Strongly agreed Agreed Neither agreed or disagree Disagree d Strongly disagreed Total
Frequency
Percentage
24 56
20.0 46.7
16
13.3
14 10 120
11.7 8.3 100.0
Table 25 indicates that about one-fifth i.e. 20.0 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and most of them i.e. 46.7 percent were agreed with the opinion that the students send missed calls to class fellows to disturb attending classes, while 13.3 percent of the respondents were neither agreed or disagreed, 11.7 percent of them were disagreed and 8.3 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this opinion. So the mobile phone should be bane in class rooms.
Table 26:
Distribution of the respondents according to their thinking that the female student does not feel hesitation to give her mobile number to male classmate
5HVSRQGHQWV¶WKLQNLQJ that the female student does not feel hesitation to give her mobile number to male classmate Strongly agreed
Frequency
Percentage
14
11.7
52
Agreed Neither agreed or disagree Disagreed Strongly disagreed Total
26
21.7
22
18.3
32 26 120
26.7 21.7 100.0
Table 26 shows that only 11.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and 21.7 percent were agreed with the opinion that the female student does not feel hesitation to give her mobile number to male classmate, while 18.3 percent of the respondents were neither agreed or disagreed, more than one-fourth i.e. 26.7 percent of them were disagreed and 21.7 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this opinion. So the female students never agreed to give her mobile number to male classmate. Table 27: Distribution of the respondents according to their opinion the VWDWHPHQW ³Mobile phone is a cause of disturbance to university students when they are busy in their lecture or project LQFODVVURRPVRUOLEUDULHV´ 5HVSRQGHQWV¶opinion WKHVWDWHPHQW³Mobile phone is a cause of disturbance to university students when they are busy in their lecture or project in class rooms or OLEUDULHV´ Strongly agreed Agreed Neither agreed or disagree Disagree d Strongly disagreed Total
Frequency
Percentage
34 58
28.3 48.3
6
5.0
16 6 120
13.3 5.0 100.0
53
Table 27 reveals that more than one-fourth i.e. 28.3 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and little less than a half i.e. 48.3 percent of them were agreed with the VWDWHPHQW ³Mobile phone is a cause of disturbance to university students when they are busy in their lecture or project in class rooms or libraries´ while only 5.0 percent of the respondents were neither agreed or disagreed, 13.3 percent of them were disagreed and remaining 5.0 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this opinion. So the mobile phone is a cause of disturbance to university students when they are busy in their lecturer or project in class rooms or libraries. Table 28:
Distribution of the respondents according to their thinking the excessive use of mobile phone cause many diseases
5HVSRQGHQWV¶thinking the excessive use of mobile phone cause many diseases Strongly agreed Agreed Neither agreed or disagree Disagree d Strongly disagreed Total
Frequency
Percentage
24 58
20.0 48.3
32
26.7
2 4 120
1.7 3.3 100.0
Table 28 shows about one-fifth i.e. 20.0 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and little less than a half i.e. 48.3 percent of them ZHUHDJUHHGZLWKWKHRSLQLRQ³WKHH[HFXWLYHXVHRIPRELOH phone cause of PDQ\GLVHDVHV´while 26.7 percent of the respondents were neither agreed or disagreed, 1.7 percent of them were disagreed and remaining 3.3 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this opinion. So above results shows that the excessive use of mobile phone cause of many diseases
54
Table 29:
Distribution of the respondents according to their thinking the SMS are destroying our writing skills 5HVSRQGHQWV¶WKLQNLQJ Frequency Percentage the SMS are destroying our writing skills Strongly agreed 44 36.7 Agreed 42 35.0 Neither agreed or 16 13.3 disagree Disagree d 14 11.7 Strongly disagreed 4 3.3 Total 120 100.0 Table 29 indicates that more than one-third i.e. 36.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and 35.0 percent of them were agreed ZLWK WKH RSLQLRQ ³WKH 606 DUH GHVWUR\LQJ RXU ZULWLQJ VNLOOV´ ZKLOH percent of the respondents were neither agreed or disagreed, 11.7 percent of them were disagreed and remaining 3.3 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this opinion. Its clear from the above findings that the SMS are destroying our wiring skills. Table 30:
Distribution of the respondents according to their thinking the executive use of mobile phone, students weak economically and included different types of crime 5HVSRQGHQWV¶WKLQNLQJ Frequency Percentage the executive use of mobile phone, students weak economically and included different types of crime Strongly agreed 44 36.7 Agreed 58 48.3 Neither agreed or 6 5.0 disagree Disagreed 10 8.3 Strongly disagreed 2 1.7 Total 120 100.0 55
Table 30 reveals that more than one-third i.e. 36.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and a major proportion i.e. 48.3 percent of them were agreed ZLWK WKH RSLQLRQ ³executive use of mobile phone, students weak economically and included different types of crime´ ZKLOH 5.0 percent of the respondents were neither agreed or disagreed, 8.3 percent of them were disagreed and only 1.7 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this opinion. So executive use of mobile phone, students weak economically and included different types of crime. Table 31:
Distribution of the respondents according to their thinking the free calls packages and long calls packages is a main reason dropping the results of students
5HVSRQGHQWV¶WKLQNLQJ the free calls packages and long calls packages is a main reason dropping the results of students Strongly agreed Agreed Neither agreed or disagree Disagreed Strongly disagreed Total
Frequency
Percentage
48 50
40.0 41.7
6
5.0
12 4 120
10.0 3.3 100.0
Table 31 presents that 40.0 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and a major proportion i.e. 41.7 percent of them were agreed with WKH RSLQLRQ ³WKH IUHH FDOOV SDFNDJHV Dnd long calls packages is a main reason dropping the results of students, while 5.0 percent of the respondents were neither agreed or disagreed, 10.0 percent of them were disagreed and only 3.3 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this opinion. So the government should bane free and long calls packages for students.
56
Table 32:
Distribution of the respondents according to their opinion about the night call packages are destroying our young generation
5HVSRQGHQWV¶RSLQLRQ Frequency Percentage about the night call packages are destroying our young generation Strongly agreed 58 48.3 Agreed 50 41.7 Neither agreed or 4 3.3 disagree Disagreed 6 5.0 Strongly disagreed 2 1.7 Total 120 100.0 Table 32 shows that slightly less than a half i.e. 48.3 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and 41.7 percent of them were agreed ZLWK WKH RSLQLRQ ³WKH QLJKW FDOO SDFNDJHV DUH GHVWUR\LQJ our young generation, while 3.3 percent of the respondents were neither agreed or disagreed, 5.0 percent of them were disagreed and only 1.7 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this opinion. Its clear from the above findings that the night call packages are destroying our young generation, so government and university management authorities should take action against the night call packages. Table 33: Distribution of the respondents according to their thinking that the students feel proud of having costly mobile phone 5HVSRQGHQWV¶WKLQNLQJ Frequency Percentage that the students feel proud of having costly mobile phone Strongly agreed 78 65.0 Agreed 36 30.0 Neither agreed or 4 3.3 disagree Disagreed 2 1.7 Strongly disagreed Total 120 100.0 57
Table 33 depicts that a majority i.e. 65.0 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and 30.0 percent of them were agreed with the RSLQLRQ³WKHVWXGHQWVIHHOSURXGRIKDYLQJFRVWO\PRELOHSKRQHZKLOH percent of the respondents were neither agreed or disagreed and 1.7 percent of them were disagreed with this opinion. A huge majority of the respondents were agreed that the students feel proud of having costly mobile phone. So university management authorities should be bane costly mobile phone in the campus. Table 34:
Distribution of the respondents according to their thinking that they would feel unwanted if a whole day went by when my mobile phone did not ring
5HVSRQGHQWV¶WKLQNLQJ that they would feel unwanted if a whole day went by when my mobile phone did not ring Strongly agreed Agreed Neither agreed or disagree Disagreed Strongly disagreed Total
Frequency
Percentage
26 46
21.7 38.3
34
28.3
6 8 120
5.0 6.7 100.0
Table 34 shows that slightly more than one-fifth i.e. 21.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and 38.3 percent of them were agreed with the opinion that ³they would feel unwanted if a whole day went by ZKHQP\PRELOHSKRQHGLGQRWULQJ´, while 28.3 percent of the respondents were neither agreed or disagreed, 5.0 percent of them were disagreed and only 6.7 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this opinion.
58
Table 35:
Distribution of the respondents according to their thinking that long night call packages had a bad effect on their health
5HVSRQGHQWV¶WKLQNLQJ that long night call packages had a bad effect on their health Strongly agreed Agreed Neither agreed or disagree Disagreed Strongly disagreed Total
Frequency
Percentage
32 58
26.7 48.3
16
13.3
8 6 120
6.7 5.0 100.0
Table 35 indicates that slightly more than one-fourth i.e. 26.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and a major proportion i.e. 48.3 SHUFHQW RI WKHP ZHUH DJUHHG ZLWK WKLQNLQJ WKDW WKH ³ORQJ QLJKW FDOOV SDFNDJHV KDG D EDG HIIHFW RQ WKHLU KHDOWK´ ZKLOH SHUFHQW RI WKH respondents were neither agreed or disagreed, 6.7 percent of them were disagreed and only 5.0 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this opinion. So long call packages should be bane at university or college level. Table 36: Distribution of the respondents according to their thinking that having a mobile phone become a fashion 5HVSRQGHQWV¶WKLQNLQJ Frequency Percentage that having a mobile phone become a fashion Strongly agreed 52 43.3 Agreed 54 45.0 Neither agreed or 2 1.7 disagree Disagreed 8 6.7 Strongly disagreed 4 3.3 Total 120 100.0
59
Table 36 reveals that 43.3 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and a major proportion i.e. 45.0 percent of them were agreed with WKLQNLQJWKDW³KDYLQJDPRELOHSKRQHEHFRPHDIDVKLRQ´ZKLOHSHUFHQW of the respondents were neither agreed or disagreed, 6.7 percent of them were disagreed and only 3.3 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this opinion. So having a mobile phone become a fashion among the students. Table 37:
Distribution of the respondents according to their opinion that due to mobile phone male and female students involves in bad activities
5HVSRQGHQWV¶RSLQLRQ that due to mobile phone male and female students involves in bad activities Strongly agreed Agreed Neither agreed or disagree Disagreed Strongly disagreed Total
Frequency
Percentage
52 46
43.3 38.3
2
1.7
8 12 120
6.7 10.0 100.0
Table 37 reveals that a major proportion i.e. 43.3 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and 38.3 percent of them were agreed ZLWK WKH RSLQLRQ WKDW ³GXH WR PRELOH SKRQH PDOH DQG IHPDOH VWXGHQWV LQYROYHV LQ EDG DFWLYLWLHV´ ZKLOH SHUFHQt of the respondents were neither agreed or disagreed, 6.7 percent of them were disagreed and 10.0 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this opinion.
60
Table 38:
Distribution of the respondents according to their thinking that free calls packages are wastage of time
5HVSRQGHQWV¶WKLQNLQJ that free calls packages are wastage of time Strongly agreed Agreed Neither agreed or disagree Disagreed Strongly disagreed Total
Frequency
Percentage
62 38
51.7 31.7
2
1.7
12 6 120
10.0 5.0 100.0
Table 38 shows that more than a half i.e. 51.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and 31.7 percent of them were agreed ZLWK WKLQNLQJ WKDW ³IUHH FODVV SDFNDJHV DUH ZDVWLQJ RI WLPH´ ZKLOH percent of the respondents were neither agreed or disagreed, 10.0 percent of them were disagreed and only 5.0 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this opinion. So free and long call packages should be bane at university or college level. Table 39:
Distribution of the respondents according to believe that there are many negative medial side effects of mobile usage
5HVSRQGHQWV¶WKLQNLQJ that there are many negative medical side effects of mobile usage Strongly agreed Agreed Neither agreed or disagree Disagreed Strongly disagreed Total
Frequency
Percentage
28 60
23.3 50.0
20
16.7
8 4 120
6.7 3.3 100.0
61
Table 39 depicts that 23.3 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and about a half i.e. 50.0 percent of them were agreed with thinking WKDW³there are many negative medical side effects of mobile usage´ZKLOH 16.7 percent of the respondents were neither agreed or disagreed, 6.7 percent of them were disagreed and only 3.3 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this opinion. So more use of mobile phone is dangerous for human health, we should minimize the use of mobile phone in our life. Table 40:
Distribution of the respondents according to their thinking that cell phones are a necessary piece of technology in WRGD\¶VDJH
5HVSRQGHQWV¶thinking that cell phones are a necessary piece of tHFKQRORJ\LQWRGD\¶V age Strongly agreed Agreed Neither agreed or disagree Disagreed Strongly disagreed Total
Frequency
Percentage
54 44
45.0 36.7
14
11.7
2 6 120
1.7 5.0 100.0
Table 40 indicates that a major proportion i.e. 45.0 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and more than one-third i.e. 36.7 percent RIWKHPZHUHDJUHHGZLWKWKLQNLQJWKDW³FHOOSKRQHVDUHDQHFHVVDU\SLHFH RIWHFKQRORJ\LQWRGD\¶VDJH´ZKLOHSHUFHQWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVZHUH neither agreed or disagreed, 1.7 percent of them were disagreed and just 5.0 percent of them were strongly disagreed with this opinion.
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Table 41:
Distribution of the respondents according to their parents look through the text messages and pictures on their mobile phone
Parents look through the text messages and pictures on their mobile phone Yes always Often Somehow No Never Total
Frequency
Percentage
30 26 10 40 14 120
25.0 21.7 8.3 33.3 11.7 100.0
Table 41 indicates that about one-fourth i.e. 25.0 percent of the respondents reported that their parents always look through the text message and pictures on their mobile phone, while 8.3 percent of them told that their parents somehow look through the text messages and pictures on their mobile phone, whereas about one-third i.e. 33.3 percent said no and 11.7 percent of them told that their parents never look through the text message and pictures on their mobile phone. Parents should look through the mobile phone of their children. Table 42:
Distribution of the respondents according to talk on mobile phone during drive
Talk on mobile phone during drive Yes always Often Somehow No Never Total
Frequency
Percentage
12 28 34 32 14 120
10.0 23.3 28.3 26.7 11.7 100.0
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Table 42 shows that only 10.0 percent of the respondents reported that they always talk on mobile phone during drive, while 23.3 percent of them oftenly talk and 28.3 percent of them some time talk on mobile phone during drive. Whereas 26.7 percent of the respondents had no talk and 11.7 percent of them never talk on mobile phone during drive. Talking during drive is dangerous and against the traffic rules so we should avoid talking on mobile phone during drive. Table 43: Distribution of the respondents according to if they have not a cell phone, can they live without it If they have not a cell phone, can they live without it Yes always Often Somehow No Never Total
Frequency
Percentage
40 20 20 24 16 120
33.3 16.7 16.7 20.0 13.3 100.0
Table 43 shows that about one-third i.e. 33.3 percent of the respondents reported that they can always live without mobile phone, while 16.7 percent of them told that they can live oftenly without mobile phone and another 16.7 percent of them said that they can live somehow without a mobile phone. While 33.3 percent of the respondents never can live without mobile phone. Table 44:
Distribution of the respondents according to have daily study routine Having daily study Frequency Percentage routine Yes always 30 25.0 Often 38 31.7 Somehow 14 11.7 No 32 26.7 Never 6 5.0 Total 120 100.0 64
Table 44 indicates that about one-fourth i.e. 25.0 percent of the respondents reported that they have always daily study routine, while 31.7 percent of them told that they having often study routine and 11.7 percent of them having somehow study routine, while 31.7 percent of the respondents reported that they had no study routine Table 45:
Distribution of the respondents according to their longest call they ever made
5HVSRQGHQWV¶ORQJHVW Frequency Percentage call they ever made 1 hour 48 40.0 2 hours 32 26.7 3 hours 6 5.0 4 hours 16 13.3 5 hours 18 15.0 Total 120 100.0 Table 45 indicates that a major proportion i.e. 40.0 percent of the respondents reported that their ever longest call had one hour duration, while little more than one-fourth i.e. 26.7 percent of them told that their ever longest call had two hours duration and only 5.0 percent of them said that their longest call had three hours duration. About 13.3 percent of the 5respondents told that their ever longest call had four hours duration and 15.0 percent of them reported that their ever longest call had five hours duration. Table 46: Distribution of the respondents according to the use of textmessaging on their cell phone Use of text-messaging Frequency Percentage on their cell phone Multiple times per day 54 45.0 Only when it is an 40 33.3 emergency Fixed time in a day 4 3.3 Never 2 1.7 'RQ¶WUHPHPEHU 20 16.7 Total 120 100.0 65
Table 46 indicates that a major of the respondents i.e. 45.0 percent had multiple times per day for text messaging, while 33.3 percent of them used text when it is an emergency, 3.3 percent of them used text messaging in fixed time in a day, 1.7 percent of them never used text messaging and 16.7 percent of them told that they did not remember time for text messaging.
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PART-II (BI-VARIATE ANALYSIS) TESTING OF HYPOTHESES Hypothesis 1: Higher the age of the respondents, higher will be the perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone Table 47:
Association between age of the respondents and their perception about the negative impact of mobile phone
5HVSRQGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQabout the negative impact of long and calls and mobile phone Low Medium High 8 8 12 28.6% 28.6% 42.9% 21-22 12 32 26 17.1% 45.7% 37.1% 23-24 4 12 6 18.2% 54.5% 27.3% Total 24 52 44 20.0% 43.3% 36.7% Chi-square = 4.31 d.f. = 4 Significance = .385NS Gamma = -.045 Age of the respondents (in years) 19-20
Total
28 100.0% 70 100.0% 22 100.0% 120 100.0%
NS = Non-Significant Table 47 presents the association between age of the respondents and their perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone. Chi-square value shows a non-significant association between age of the respondents and their perception about negative impact of long calls and mobile phone. Gamma value also shows no relationship between the variables. Selected students had no a considerable difference between their ages so the association is in-significant6RWKHK\SRWKHVLV³Higher the age of the respondents, higher will be the perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone´LVrejected.
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5HVSRQGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQDERXWWKHQHJDWLYH impact of long and calls and mobile phone
100% 90% 80% 70% 60%
High Medium Low
50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 19-20
21-22
23-24
Age of the respondents (in years)
Fig. 12:
Association between age of the respondents and their perception about the negative impact of mobile phone
Hypothesis 2: Female students had more perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone as compared to male students Table 48:
Association between sex of the respondents and their perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone
5HVSRQGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQDERXWWKHQHJDWLYH Total impact of long calls and mobile phone Low Medium High Male 18 36 22 76 23.7% 47.4% 28.9% 100.0% Female 6 16 22 44 13.6% 36.4% 50.0% 100.0% Total 24 52 44 120 20.0% 43.3% 36.7% 100.0% Chi-square = 6.55 d.f. = 2 Significance = .05* Gamma = -.345 * = Significant Sex of the respondents
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Table 48 presents the association between sex of the respondents and their perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone. Chi-square value shows a significant association between sex of the respondents and their perception about negative impact of long calls and mobile phone. Gamma value also shows negative relationship between the variables. It means female respondents had more perception about the Female students had more perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone as compared to male students´LVaccepted.
5HVSRQGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQDERXWWKHQHJDWLYHLPSDFWRI long and calls and mobile phone
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% High Medium Low
50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Male
Female Sex of the respondents
Fig. 13: Association between sex of the respondents and their perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone
69
Hypothesis 3: Higher the education of the respondents, higher will be the perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone Table 49:
Association between education of the respondents and their perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone
Education of the respondents PrimaryMiddle
5HVSRQGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQDERXWWKHQHJDWLYH impact of mobile phone Low Medium High 16 6 4 61.5% 23.1% 15.4%
Matric
4 5.7% Above matric 4 16.7% Total 24 20.0% Chi-square = 37.35d.f. = 4 Gamma =.426
36 30 51.4% 42.9% 10 10 41.7% 41.7% 52 44 43.3% 36.7% Significance = .000**
Total
26 100.0% 70 100.0% 24 100.0% 120 100.0%
** = Highly-Significant Table 49 presents the association between education of the respondents and their perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone. Chi-square value shows a highly-significant association between education of the respondents and their perception about negative impact of long calls and mobile phone. Gamma value also shows strong positive relationship between the variables. It means education of the respondents is positively associated with their perception about the negative impact long calls and of mobile phone. 6R WKH K\SRWKHVLV ³+LJKHU WKH education of the respondents, higher will be the perception about the negative impact of long calls and PRELOHSKRQH´LVaccepted.
70
5HVSRQGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQDERXWWKHQHJDWLYH impact of long and calls and mobile phone
100% 90% 80% 70% 60%
High Medium Low
50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Primary-Middle
Matric
Above matric
Education of the respondents
Fig. 14:
Association between education of the respondents and their perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone
Hypothesis 4: Higher the income of the respondents, higher will be the perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone Table 50:
Association between family income of the respondents and their perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone
Family income 5HVSRQGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQDERXWWKHQHJDWLYH impact of long calls and mobile phone of the respondents Low Medium High Up to 10000 12 8 7 44.4% 29.6% 25.9% 10001-20000 7 37 12 12.5% 66.1% 21.4% Above 20000 5 7 25 13.5% 18.9% 67.6% Total 24 52 44 20.0% 43.3% 36.7% 71
Total
27 100.0% 56 100.0% 37 100.0% 120 100.0%
Chi-square = 37.39
d.f. = 4 Significance = .000**
Gamma =.495
5HVSRQGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQDERXWWKHQHJDWLYH impact of long and calls and mobile phone
** = Highly-Significant 100% 90% 80% 70% 60%
High Medium Low
50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Up to 10000
10001-20000
Above 20000
Income (Rs.)
Fig. 15:
Association between family income of the respondents and their perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone
Table 50 presents the association between family income of the respondents and their perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone. Chi-square value shows a highly-significant association between family income of the respondents and their perception about negative impact of long calls and mobile phone. Gamma value also shows strong relationship between the variables. It means family income of the respondents had impact on their perception about the negative impact of long calls and PRELOHSKRQH6RWKHK\SRWKHVLV³+LJKHUWKH income of the respondents, higher will be the perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobiOHSKRQH´LVaccepted. Hypothesis 4: Higher the knowledge about long call night packages, higher will be the perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone 72
Table 51:
Association between knowledge about long call night packages of the respondents and their perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone
Knowledge 5HVSRQGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQDERXWWKHQHJDWLYH about long call impact of long calls and mobile phone night packages Low Medium High To a great 5 14 20 extent 12.8% 35.9% 51.3% To some 8 26 14 extent 16.7% 54.2% 29.2% Not at all 11 12 10 33.3% 36.4% 30.3% Total 24 52 44 20.0% 43.3% 36.7% Chi-square = 9.76 d.f. = 4 Significance = .045* Gamma =.301
Total
39 100.0% 48 100.0% 33 100.0% 120 100.0%
* = Significant Table 51 presents the association between knowledge about long call night packages of the respondents and their perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone. Chi-square value shows a significant association between knowledge about long call night packages of the respondents and their perception about negative impact of long calls and mobile phone. Gamma value also shows strong relationship between the variables. It means if the respondents had more knowledge about call night packages then they had more perception about the negative impact of ORQJ FDOOV DQG PRELOH SKRQH 6R WKH K\SRWKHVLV ³Higher the knowledge about long call night packages, higher will be the perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone´LVDFFHSWHG
73
5HVSRQGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQDERXWWKHQHJDWLYH impact of long and calls and mobile phone
100% 90% 80% 70% 60%
High Medium Low
50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% To a great extent
To some extent
Not at all
Knowledge about long call night packages
Fig. 16:
Association between knowledge about long call night packages of the respondents and their perception about the negative impact of long calls and mobile phone
74
CHAPTER- 5 SUMMARY Cell telephone society ventured in the place that is known for Pakistan after 1990s however cellular telephone got its notoriety after 1994 after the foundation of some cell systems. Presently, every one individual out of two on the planet and each one individual out of three in Pakistan has a cell telephone. As indicated by the figures from Eurostate, the European Union's in-house factual office the aggregate number of cell telephone endorsers on the planet was evaluated at 2.14 billion in 2005. The supporter number came to 2.7 billion by end of 2006, and 3.3 billion by November 2007, in this manner coming to a likeness over a large portion of the planet's populace. Around 80% of the world's populace has entry to cell telephone scope, starting 2006. This figure is required to increment to 90% by the year 2010. Owning a cellular telephone has turned into a viable need, and a materialistic trifle for youngsters who are, as constantly, pondering the strengths of companion weight and congruity. The perspective of portable handsets as a design frill is all around created in this business fragment, maybe to some degree on the grounds that youngsters have a tendency to be early adopters and consequently more prone to rise above the minor usefulness of the gadgets they embrace. PDAs have turned out to be very well known in a brief while among the more youthful eras. PDAs these days have ended up image of autonomy for our childhood that cell telephone helps them to add to their own dialect and social gatherings far from according to their guardians. All the phone organizations in Pakistan are putting forth appealing late night call bundles that are entirely mainstream maybe for the reason that they are simple on the pocket. The utilization of phone had both positive and negative consequences for youth. The point of the present study to figure out the impacts of long calls free night bundles of cell telephone on provincial youth in District Faisalabad. Multistage examining system was connected for information gathering. At the first gage on (Tehsil Faisalabad) out of five tehsils was chosen haphazardly, at the second stage two union chambers i.e. UC-172 and UC-173 were chosen arbitrarily, at the third stage four towns i.e. Chak No. 115/JB and Chak No. 116/JB from UC-172 75
and Chak No. 190/RB and Chak No. 193/RB from UC-173 were chosen arbitrarily and last stage 120 respondents (30 from every town) were chosen purposively. Data were accumulated through very much organized examination device (Interviewing Schedule) which was created in the light of study goals. To check the exactness and suitability of exploration apparatus, 10 respondents were pretested. In the wake of making essential redress in examination instrument, last information were gathered. At long last information were dissected through Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Illustrative and inferential measurements were connected for information investigation. Taking after discoveries were found.
MAIN FINDINGS ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
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A major proportion i.e. 58.3 percent of the selected youth had 21-22 years of age. A majority i.e. 63.3 percent of the respondents were male. A major proportion i.e. 58.3 percent of the respondents were matriculated. About one-fourth i.e. 24.2 percent of them had primary-middle level education, a major proportion i.e. 40.0 percent of respondeQWV¶ fathers were matriculated Little less than one-third i.e. 31.7 percent of them had primarymiddle level education, about one-fourth i.e. 25.0 percent of UHVSRQGHQWV¶PRWKHUVZHUHPDWULFXODWHG Slightly more than one-third i.e. 35.8 percent of the respRQGHQWV¶ father were agriculturist. A major proportion i.e., 46.7 percent of the respondents had Rs. 10001-20000 monthly income and 30.8 percent of them had above Rs. 20000 monthly income. Only 17.5 percent sampled youth were married, while a large majority i.e. 82.5 percent of them were unmarried. A major proportion i.e. 45.0 percent of the respondents were begin the use of mobile between the age of 19-20 years and about onefourth i.e. 26.7 percent of them started the use of mobile phone between the age of 21-22 years. A major proportion i.e. 40.0 percent of the respondents were spending up to 2 hours daily on communication on mobile, while
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about one-fourth i.e. 25.0 percent of the respondents were spending 2-3 hours per day. One-third i.e. 33.3 percent of the respondents reported that longest period without credit was 1-2 days. A large majority of the respondents i.e. 68.3 percent of respondents used mobile phone to keep in contact with their friends and family. Little less than one-third i.e. 31.7 percent of the respondents were having Mobiling SIM, while more than one-third i.e. 35.0 percent of them had Telenor SIM. About a half i.e. 51.7 percent of the respondents were having one SIM. About one-third i.e. 32.5 percent of the respondents were having knowledge to a great extent about the long call packages, a major proportion i.e. 40.0 percent of the respondents were having knowledge to some extent. More than one-third i.e. 35.0 percent of the respondents had NQRZOHGJH DERXW 0RELOLQN¶V µ/DGLHV ILUVW¶ ORQJ call package, oneWKLUG LH SHUFHQW RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWVKDG 7HOHQRU¶V µ7DONVKDZN A-RQH¶SDFNDJHSHUFHQWRIWKHPKDG'MXLFHORQJFDOOSDFNDJH Little less than one-fifth i.e. 19.2 percent of the respondents were agreed and 15.0 percent of them were neutral that youth had less time for physical activities due to long call packages. About one-fifth i.e. 20.8 percent of the respondents were agreed and 17.5 percent of them were neutral that youth were motivated risky sexual behaviour due to long call night packages. More than one-third i.e. 35.0 percent of the respondents were agreed and 4.2 percent of them were neutral that youth involved in poor sleeping habit due to long call night packages. About one-fourth i.e. 25.8 percent of the respondents were agreed and 11.7 percent of them were neutral that youth had less time for education due to long call night packages. About 22.5 percent of the respondents were agreed and 13.3 percent of them were neutral that they had better communication with relatives due to long call night mobile packages. Little less than one-third i.e. 31.7 percent of the respondents were agreed and 8.3 percent of them were neutral that they had better communication with friends due to long call night mobile packages. 77
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About 18.3 percent of the respondents were agreed and 20.8 percent of them were neutral that the long call night mobile packages is a way of low expenditures. Less than one-third i.e. 31.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and little more than a half i.e. 51.7 percent of them were DJUHHGZLWKWKHVWDWHPHQW³WKH\RXWKIHHOSURXGRIKDYLQJDPRELOH SKRQH´ About one-fifth i.e. 21.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and a major proportion i.e. 40.0 percent of them were agreed ZLWK WKH VWDWHPHQW ³the Mobile phone is wastage of time for students´ More than one-fourth i.e. 28.3 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and a major proportion i.e. 40.0 percent of them were DJUHHG ZLWK WKH VWDWHPHQW ³Whe mobile phone culture has increased the rate of telling a lie among students´ A major proportion i.e. 41.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and about one-third i.e. 33.3 percent of them were agreed with the opinion that the mobile communication is too cheep in Pakistan. Little more than one-fourth i.e. 26.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and more than one-third i.e. 36.7 percent of them were agreed with the opinion that the mobile phone has put negative LPSDFWRQVWXGHQW¶VYDOXH About one-fifth i.e. 20.0 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and most of them i.e. 46.7 percent were agreed with the opinion that the students send missed calls to class fellows to disturb attending classes. Majority of the female students never agreed to give her mobile number to male classmate. More than one-fourth i.e. 28.3 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and little less than a half i.e. 48.3 percent of them ZHUH DJUHHG ZLWK WKH VWDWHPHQW ³Mobile phone is a cause of disturbance to university students when they are busy in their lecture or project in class rooms or libraries´ One-fifth i.e. 20.0 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and little less than a half i.e. 48.3 percent of them were agreed with
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WKH RSLQLRQ ³WKH H[HFXWLYH XVH RI PRELOH SKRQH FDuse of many GLVHDVHV´ More than one-third i.e. 36.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and 35.0 percent of them were agreed with the RSLQLRQ³WKH606DUHGHVWUR\LQJRXUZULWLQJVNLOOV´ About 40.0 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and a major proportion i.e. 41.7 percent of them were agreed with the RSLQLRQ ³WKH IUHH FDOOV SDFNDJHV DQG ORQJ FDOOV SDFNDJHV LV D PDLQ reason dropping the results of students. Slightly less than a half i.e. 48.3 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and 41.7 percent of them were agreed with the RSLQLRQ ³WKH QLJKW FDOO SDFNDJHV DUH GHVWUR\LQJ RXU \RXQJ generation. A majority i.e. 65.0 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed DQGSHUFHQWRIWKHPZHUHDJUHHGZLWKWKHRSLQLRQ³WKHVWXdents feel proud of having costly mobile phone. Slightly more than one-fifth i.e. 21.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and 38.3 percent of them were agreed with the RSLQLRQWKDW³WKH\ZRXOGIHHOXQZDQWHGLIDZKROHGD\ZHQWE\ZKHQ my mobilHSKRQHGLGQRWULQJ´ Slightly more than one-fourth i.e. 26.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and a major proportion i.e. 48.3 percent of them ZHUHDJUHHGZLWKWKLQNLQJWKDWWKH³ORQJQLJKWFDOOVSDFNDJHVKDGD EDGHIIHFWRQWKHLUKHDOWK´ About 43.3 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and a major proportion i.e. 45.0 percent of them were agreed with thinking WKDW³KDYLQJDPRELOHSKRQHEHFRPHDIDVKLRQ´ A major proportion i.e. 43.3 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and 38.3 percent of them were agreed with the opinion that ³GXH WR PRELOH SKRQH PDOH DQG IHPDOH VWXGHQWV LQYROYHV LQ EDG DFWLYLWLHV´ More than a half i.e. 51.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and 31.7 percent of them were agreed with thLQNLQJWKDW³IUHH FODVVSDFNDJHVDUHZDVWLQJRIWLPH´ Less than one-fourth i.e. 23.3 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and about a half i.e. 50.0 percent of them were
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DJUHHG ZLWK WKLQNLQJ WKDW ³WKHUH DUH PDQ\ QHJDWLYH PHGLFDO VLGH effects of PRELOHXVDJH´ A major proportion i.e. 45.0 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and more than one-third i.e. 36.7 percent of them were agreed ZLWKWKLQNLQJWKDW³FHOOSKRQHVDUHDQHFHVVDU\SLHFHRIWHFKQRORJ\LQ WRGD\¶VDJH´ About one-fourth i.e. 25.0 percent of the respondents reported that their parents always look through the text message and pictures on their mobile phone. About 23.3 percent of them oftenly talk and 28.3 percent of them some time talk on mobile phone during drive. About one-third i.e. 33.3 percent of the respondents reported that they can always live without mobile phone. About one-fourth i.e. 25.0 percent of the respondents reported that they have always daily study routine, while 31.7 percent of them told that they having often study routine. A major proportion i.e. 40.0 percent of the respondents reported that their ever longest call had one hour duration, while little more than one-fourth i.e. 26.7 percent of them told that their ever longest call had two hours duration. A major of the respondents i.e. 45.0 percent had multiple times per day for text messaging, while 33.3 percent of them used text when it is an emergency. A non-significant association was found between age of the respondents and their perception about negative impact of long calls and mobile phone. A significant association was concluded between sex of the respondents and their perception about negative impact of long calls and mobile phone. A highly-significant association between education of the respondents and their perception about negative impact of long calls and mobile phone was found It was concluded that a highly-significant association between family income of the respondents and their perception about negative impact of long calls and mobile phone.
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A significant association was found between knowledge about long call night packages of the respondents and their perception about negative impact of long calls and mobile phone.
SUGGESTIONS Social analysts rightly brought up the way the calling bundles are advertised as making impelling in youth to utilize the administration contrarily. Especially, the young people abuse it administration and waste their valuable time on their contraptions instead of studies. Talking late night on telephones for quite a long time has likewise negative intention and is additionally viewed as shameless in our general public. Gigantic publicizing rushes proceed unabated in all the press and electronic media that entice the youthful mind and make the buck roll. Tunes, dialogs, and circumstances are intended to impact adolescents. The component of sentiment is depicted viably to advance the night call bundles in ads.,W LV VXJJHVWHG WKDW PRELOH RSHUDWRUV¶ DGYHUWLVHPHQWV FRXOG have effective contents and messages for their customers instead of smiling faces of girls and boys. ¾ The telecom regulator, PTA, has been silent on the issue when it is raised with the excuse of limited powers, saying the domain to check the content of advertisements is related to Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA). ¾ But it issued instructions to all telecom operators to ban all night call package services with immediate effect. ¾ Besides, PEMRA should open its eyes and ban all sorts of advertisement that set negative trends in the society after all it is matter of our young generation, which is the future of the nation. ¾ It is suggested that the parents should monitoring their children at night and finish their privacy.
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LITERATURE CITED Abraham, A.T., A. Pocheptsova and R. Ferraro. 2011. The effect of mobile phone use on prosaically behavior. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland. Admin. 2009. Late Night Packages Have Negative Effects: Survey. Propakistani: Pakistani Telecom and IT News, April 2, 2009. Aijaz, O. 2008. Late night calling packages and Pakistan youth-1. 3DNLVWDQ¶V SLRQHHU WHOHFRPH DQG WHFKQRORJ\ EORJ 'HFHPEHU 15, 2008. Available at: http://telecompk.net/2008/12/15/latenight-calling-packages-and-pakistani-youth-1/ Anna, L., T. Kari., and A. Anssi. 2006. Meta-analysis of mobile phone use and intracranial tumors. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 32, 171-177. Anonymous, 2008. News on Cellphone and Phone cards. Top calling News, Saturday Ansari, R. (2007). Harms of mobile phone. In Afkar-i-Mualim May 2007. Lahore: Tanzeem-i-asatiza. Ansari, R. 2007. Harms of mobile phone. In Afkar-i-Mualim May 2007. Lahore: Tanzeem- I-asatiza. $RNL.DQG(-'RZQHV$QDQDO\VLVRI\RXQJSHRSOH¶VXVHRIDQG attitudes toward cell phones. Telematics and Informatics 20 (2003) 349±364. Awaz, C.D.S. 2008. Harms of mobile phone towers. Multan: Awaz CDs. Awaz, CDS. 2008. Harms of mobile phone towers. Multan: Awaz CDs. Bakke, E. 2010. A model and measure of mobile communication competence. Human Communication Research, 36, 348-371. Billieux, J., M. Linden, M. Dacremont, G. Ceschi and A. Zermatten. 2007. Does impulsivity relate to perceived dependence on and actual use of mobile phone? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21, 527537. 82
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ANNEXURE EFFECTS OF MOBILE PHONE FREE NIGHT PACKAGES ON RURAL YOUTH IN DISTRICT FAISALABAD Name: _____________________ 1. Age: _______________________ 2.Sex:______________________ 3.Education: __________________ 4. Father education:____________ 5.Mother education:_____________ 6. Father Occupation:___________ 7. 8. 9.
Family Monthly income: __________ Rs. Marital Status: 1. Married ______ ii. Unmarried _____ At what age did you begin using a mobile phone? a) 12_____14 b) 14_____18 c) 18_____22 d) 22______24 10. How much time do you spend on communication monthly? (In hours) a) 1______2 b) 2______3 c) 3______4 d) 4________5 11. What was the longest period you were without credit? (In days) a) 1-2 b) 2-3 c) 3-4 d) 4-5 12. For what purpose do you use mobile phone? Please rate the following. Statements: A) I use my mobile phone to keep in contact with my friends and family B) I use my mobile phone for business purposes. C) I use my mobile phone to be in contact with my classmates and discuss work related to university. D) I use my mobile phone to be in contact with my professors and discuss work related to university. E) I use my mobile phone to be contact with girls. 13. Which services of mobile do you use? Telecommunication company Yes No Mobilink Ufone Telenor Warid 89
Zong 14.
How many SIM cards do you own? ____________
15.
Do you have knowledge long call packages? i. To a great extent ___ ii. To some extent ___ iii. Not at all _____
90
16.
If having knowledge, please tell me about the knowledge about the following long call packages. Telecommunication company Yes No Mobilink Ladies first Happy hours Ufone Public demand Prepay life panch ka pandra U circle Telenor Talkshawk Aone Djuice Warid Zem series Zong =RQJ¶VOLIHSDFNDJH 17. Are you using any long call package? i. Yes _____ ii. No _____ 18. If yes, how many hours do you spend weekly with these packages? _______ hrs. 19.
If yes, what effect of these packages Agree Bad effects 19.1 Bad effects on health 19.2 Less time for physical activities 19.4 Depression 19.5 Eating disorder 19.6 Motivate risky sexual behaviour 19.7 Poor sleeping habit 19.8 Less time for education 19.9 Absent in classes Good effects 19.10 Better communication with relatives 19.11 Better communication with friends 19.12 Way of low expenditures
91
Neutral Disagree
Q. No.
20 21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Stron gly Agre ed The youth feels proud of having a Mobile phone? The Mobile phone is wastage of time for students The mobile phone culture has increased the rate of telling a lie among students Do you think that mobile communication is too cheap in Pakistan? Is Mobile phone has put negative impact on VWXGHQW¶VYDOXHV" The student send missed calls to class fellows to disturb attending classes The female student does not feel hesitation to give her Mobile number to male classmate. Mobile phone is a cause of disturbance to university students when they are busy in their lecture or project in class rooms or libraries. Excessive use of mobile phone cause many diseases. SMS are destroying our 92
Agr eed
Neither agreed nor disagree d
Disag Stron reed gly disag reed
30
31
32
33
34
35
36 37
38 39
40
writing skills. Excessive use of mobile phone, students weak economically and included different types of crimes. Free calls packages and long calls packages is a main reason dropping the results of students. Night call packages are destroying our young generation. The students feel proud of having costly mobile phone. Would you feel unwanted if a whole day went by when my mobile phone did not ring? Do you think that long night call packages had a bad effect on your health Having a mobile phone become a fashion. Due to mobile phone male and female students involve in bad activities. Free call packages is wastage of time Do you believe there are many negative medical side effects of mobile usage Do you think cell phones are a necessary piece of 93
41
42
43
44 45
46
47
WHFKQRORJ\LQWRGD\¶V age? Would you let your Yes parents look through Alwa your text messages and ys pictures on your mobile phone? Do you ever talk on your mobile phone while drive? If you have not a cell phone, can you live without it? Do you have daily study routine? Do you get airtime /minutes from family and friends? When were you longest call you ever made? Which the following describe your income or pocket money
4000 to 8000
Ofte someho n w
No
Neve r
800 12000 to 0 16000 to12 000
1600 0 t0 2000 0
2000 0 to 2400 0
48. How often do you use text-messaging on your cell phone? a) Multiple times per day b) Only when it is an emergency c) Fixed time in a day d) Never e) 'RQ¶WUHPHPEHU
94
