National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia, and Q fever,. Research Centre for Emerging and ... Pakistan, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Egypt. 2 ...
National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia, and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases,
Pasteur Institute of Iran, Iran 1
Historically, the territory of the Persian Empire encompassed all of today’s Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, Armenia, Turkey, and Syria, as well as parts of Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Egypt.
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The Plague of Justinian (6–8th centuries), resulted in the deaths of an estimated 25 million (at the time of the initial outbreak that was at least 15% of the world's population) to 50 million people (in two centuries of recurrence) 3
In 543 CE, plague reached Iran and infected the Persian imperial army and the population at that time. In 544 CE, the plague infected the army of the Roman Empire and the Persian Empire. In 627-689 CE, large epidemics of plague led to the death of lots of people including 100,000 people in Baghdad. 4
No concrete documentation exists of plague outbreaks and the impact of the plague on Persia between 689 and 1270 CE; it seems, though, that plague continued to spread throughout Persia, remaining endemic. 5
The second (Black Death, 14–17th centuries), estimated 450 million down by the year 1400. 6
Several outbreaks of human plague occurred affecting areas in northern Iran such as Gilan, Tabriz, Qazvin, and Ardabil, Qom and Baghdad.
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19–20th centuries, ultimately more than 12 million people died in India and China, with 10 million people killed in India alone. The pandemic was considered active until 1959. 8
In the epidemics of 1772-1773 CE in Iran, quarantine practices were introduced into the Persian Gulf region for first time. This outbreak is recorded as one of the most severe epidemics of plague, killing an estimated two million people in Persia (Iran) and Persian-controlled lands to the west. 9
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During the nine plague outbreaks in Kurdistan and Azerbaijan between 1947 and 1966, many infected people survived from the disease by the efforts of the teams of Pasteur Institute of Iran. In 1952, the Plague centre was founded in Akanlu village, near the plague foci in Western Iran.
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Dr Y. Karimi
Dr M. Baltazard
Dr M. Bahmanyar
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Turkey, Syria, Iraq ,Yemen, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Burma, Brazil, Zaire, Tanzania …
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1962, 1970
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Due to the presence of the appropriate species of wild rodents and fleas in Kurdistan, this region had become an endemic area for plague. Evidence showed that outbreaks of bubonic plague in this area, where no domestic rodents are present, were due to inter-human transmission by the flea Pulex irritans, starting with rare cases of plague contracted in the fields. 18
A major discovery resulting in Kurdistan was the concept of burrowing plague. The surveillance of plague in Kurdistan revealed that the disease remained silent for a period of between three to five years in its natural foci.
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Enzootic (maintenance) hosts
Meriones libycus M. persicus Epizootic (amplification) host
M. Vinogradovi
M. tristrami
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Xenopsylla astia Xenopsylla buxtoni
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Saudi Arabia (1994) Jordan (1997) Algeria (2003, 2008) Afghanistan (2008) Libya (2009, 2011) 22
EIDs at the Human Animal interface Animal outbreak Human outbreak
Domestic animal Amplification
Number of Cases
Wildlife
Human Amplification
… TIME (days)
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New phase of plague research activities, 2010
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Collecting and examining dead rodents Monitoring activity among plague-susceptible rodents; Trapping rodents for population data, serum, tissue samples and ectoparasite collections
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Map and periodically check the area for visible signs of activity among plague-susceptible rodents, especially in areas where colonies of rodents are abundant and there was recent report of plague in animals.
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Percent trap success
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Removing fleas from captured animals Collection of fleas from barrows
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Specific flea index Total flea index Percentage of hosts infested
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Tularemia Hantavirus Brucellosis Borreliosis Leptospirosis Arenavirus Rabies Parasites (Endoparasites, Ectoparsites) 39
During this study, 245 rodents were trapped. One hundred fiftythree fleas, 37 mites, and 54 ticks were collected on these rodents. The results of tests were negative for plague. Serological tests were positive for tularemia in 4.8% of trapped rodents.
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25 distinct in 18 provinces were investigated. 1.91% of the explored rodents were positive for F. tularensis. 3.92% of the hares were F. tularensispositive. None of the tested animals were positive for Y. pestis.
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In April 2013, a research team was dispatched to explore the possible presence of diseases in rodents displaced by a recent earthquake magnitude 7.7. All the trapped rodents were Tatera indica. Serological results were negative for plague, but the serum agglutination test was positive for tularemia in one of the rodents.
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Studying the infection of rodents and wild animals in 22 provinces. Finding seropositive samples in west of Iran (almost 1/1000 trapped rodents). Successful rate in trapping: 2-10%. Flea index rate differs: 0-10%.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
World Health Organization Pasteur Institute of Madagascar Pasteur institute of Paris University of Oslo, Norway Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Greifswald, Germany Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungary National Museum of Natural History, France Grenoble Alpes University, France Institute of Pathology and biology in France Umeå University, Sweden Kocaeli University, Turkey
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Kurdistan: November 2011 Kurdistan: December 2011 Zabol and Zahedan, October and November 2011 Kurdistan: January 2011 Kurdistan and Kermanshah: February 2012 Bandar Abbas: January 2012
Hamadan: January 2012 Shahroud: October 2013 Sabzevar: March 2013 Bandar Abbas: May 2014 Kerman: July 2014 Bandar Abbas: July 2014 Ilam: January 2014 Mazandaran: July 2015 Kurdistan: February 2016
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Workshops (500 persons from 45 Universities and from 26 countries)
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By collaboration with scholars from Sweden, France, Turkey, and Iran Participants from 9 countries (Sudan, Bulgaria, Pakistan, China, Turkey, Malaysia, Sweden, France and Iran)
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By collaboration of National Museum of Natural History in Paris, France.
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Extending the international collaborations Extending the laboratory capacities and facilities to support other countries in EM region as well.
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Organizers Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Iran Centre for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran Partners World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization, EMRO, Egypt National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Slovenia Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, UMEÅ, Sweden Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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More information: http://akanlu.pasteur.ac.ir/en
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