ehp
http://www.ehponline.org
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES
Perinatal Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Autism Spectrum Disorders Tong Gong, Christina Dalman, Susanne Wicks, Henrik Dal, Cecilia Magnusson, Cecilia Lundholm, Catarina Almqvist, and Göran Pershagen http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP118 Received: 16 March 2016 Revised: 23 June 2016 Accepted: 12 July 2016 Published: 5 August 2016
Note to readers with disabilities: EHP will provide a 508-conformant version of this article upon final publication. If you require a 508-conformant version before then, please contact
[email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days.
Environ Health Perspect DOI: 10.1289/EHP118
Perinatal Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Autism Spectrum Disorders Tong Gong1, Christina Dalman2,3, Susanne Wicks2,3, Henrik Dal2,3, Cecilia Magnusson2, Cecilia Lundholm1, Catarina Almqvist1,4,and Göran Pershagen5,6 1 Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet 2 Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet 3 Center for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council 4 Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital 5 Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet 6 Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council Stockholm, Sweden
Corresponding author: Tong Gong Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden T. +46 8 524 84450 Email.
[email protected] Running title: Exposure to air pollution and autism spectrum disorders Acknowledgements: Financial support was provided through the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (FORTE 2012-0573 and 2015-00289), the Swedish Research Council (VR) 2011-3060, VR in partnership with FORTE, FORMAS and VINNOVA [Cross-disciplinary research program concerning children’s and young people’s mental health], VR through the Swedish Initiative for Research on Microdata in the Social And Medical Sciences (SIMSAM) framework grant 340-2013-5867, HKH Kronprinsessan Lovisas förening för barnasjukvård, and the Strategic Research Program in Epidemiology at Karolinska Institutet. Conflict of interestion: None.
1
Environ Health Perspect DOI: 10.1289/EHP118
Abstract Background: Studies from the United States indicate that exposure to air pollution in early life is associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in children, but the evidence is not consistent with European data. Method: Children born and residing in Stockholm during 1993-2007 with an ASD diagnosis were identified through multiple health registers and classified as cases (n=5,136). A randomly selected sample of 18,237 children from the same study base constituted controls. Levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter with diameters
