Petrochemicals

Petrochemicals Afsana Habib1, Saifuddin Molla1, Pamela Chelme-Ayala1, Ahmed G. El-Din2, Mahad Baawain3, Mohamed Gamal El-Din1*

doi:10.2175/106143008X328725

Occurrence

This is a review on literature published in 2007 that covered issues related to the occurrence of petrochemicals

Petrochemicals in

Water. The presence of

in the environment, as well as methods and techniques used

petroleum hydrocarbons in the bottom sediments of

for the detection and chemical analysis of petroleum

Danube and Sava Rivers were investigated by Maljevic and

mixtures, together with the toxicity and impacts of various

Balac

forms of petroleum spills. This review also included

hydrocarbons in dried sediment ranged between 170 and

literature investigating petrochemicals in water and

842 mg/kg for the Sava River and 98 and 1340 mg/kg for

wastewater

the Danube River. The study indicated that in the mouth

and

their

treatment

options

including

biodegradation, advanced oxidation and modeling.

(2007).

The

concentrations

of

petroleum

area of the Sava River, located in lowland on both rivers, petroleum hydrocarbon concentration was higher than the

—————————

target value (50 mg/kg) of the Dutch legislative.

1*

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 3-133

Petroleum pollution in south-eastern Louisiana

Markn/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, University

(USA) coastal sediments was evaluated in 320 locations

of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada; Tel 780-492-

over three consecutive years for polycyclic aromatic

5124; Fax. 780-492-0249; e-mail: [email protected]

hydrocarbons (PAHs), saturated alkanes (n-C9 and n-C35) and petroleum biomarker compounds (hopanes, steranes,

2

Metcalf & Eddy International, Euro Tower, Building 485, Road

pristane, and phytane) by Iqbal et al. (2007). The average

1010, Block 410, Seef, Bahrain; Tel 973-17-556452; Fax. 973-17-

total PAH concentration for 95% of the sites was less than

556457; e-mail: [email protected]

7.5 µg/g, with approximately 90% sites having a total PAH 3

Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Sultan Qaboos

concentration of less than 2.0 µg/g and a total saturated

University, PO Box 33, Alkhoud 123, Sultanate of Oman; Tel 968-

alkane concentration of less than 17 µg/g. Source-

24-142509; Fax. 968-24-141331; e-mail: [email protected]

fingerprint analysis showed petrogenic, pyrogenic and

1510 Water Environment Research, Volume 80, Number 10—Copyright © 2008 Water Environment Federation

natural/biogenic hydrocarbon inputs in ten samples with

seasons was found in the upstream located near the Jilin

notable petroleum contamination.

petrochemical company.

A mixed source of pyrolytic and petrogenic PAHs

The presence of organic compounds in coal bed

in sediments of the Haihe River in Tianjin, China was

natural gas wells in the Powder River Basin, WY, was

investigated (Jiang et al. 2007a). The total PAH

demonstrated in a study (Orem et al. 2007). The results

concentrations ranged from 0.8 to 255.3 µg/g dry weight

showed the presence of phenols, biphenyls, n-, o-, and s-

(dw), with 2-4 rings of PAHs dominating. The study

containing

suggested leakage of gasoline, diesel fuel and fuel oil from

amines, various non-aromatic compounds, and phthalates

vehicle traffic or gas stations as possible sources of

with PAHs dominating in levels of up to 23 µg/L.

petrogenic PAHs, whereas industrial wastewater effluent

Concentrations of total PAHs ranged up to 23 µg/L.

heterocyclic compounds, PAHs, aromatic

and the emission from petrochemical factories were

As part of the National Water-Quality Assessment

possible sources of pyrolytic PAHs. A similar study was

(NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey, more

conducted by Xu et al. (2007) on PAHs contamination of

than fifty Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) were

the Lanzhou Reach of the Yellow River, China, showing

analyzed for their sources, transport, and fate in

both pyrolytic and petrogenic sources. Total concentrations

groundwater from samples collected from 1631 aquifers

of the PAHs ranged from 464 to 2 621 ng/g dw with the

between the years 1996 to 2002 throughout the United

highest PAH level downstream of Lanzhou City, where the

States (Squillace and Moran 2007). Important source

biggest wastewater discharge pipeline from Lanzhou Oil

factors included general land-use activity, septic/sewer

Refinery

Industry

density, and sites where large concentrations of VOCs were

Company was situated. A study by Sha et al. (2007) on the

potentially released. Important transport factors included

Yellow River, China showed the highest concentrations of

well/screen depth, precipitation/groundwater recharge, air

phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in sediment of the Luoyang

temperature, and various soil characteristics. Chloroform,

Petrochemical Channel (331.70 mg/kg).

toluene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and perchloroethene were

Factory

and

Lanzhou

Chemical

Guo et al. (2007b) investigated the spatial and

some of the frequently detected VOCs. Concentrations

temporal distribution of PAHs’ contamination of the

reported were generally less than 1 µg/L.

Songhuajiang River, China during flood season (August,

Petrochemicals in Air. A study was conducted to

2005) and icebound season (December, 2005). The average

predict the emission potential of VOCs from 4 operating

total PAHs concentration were 2 430.37 ng/g and 1 825.60

and 14 newly licensed petroleum refineries in Nigeria

ng/g in August and December, respectively with 4-6 ring

(Sonibare et al. 2007). The no-control-measure option

PAHs dominating. The most contamination for both

estimated 147 212 ton/annum VOCs emission from four existing refineries and predicted a 240% increase with the


commissioning of 14 new refineries. The southern part of

Petrochemicals in Soil.

Soil samples collected

the country was indicated to be at great risk due to VOC

near an important chemical/petrochemical complex in

emission from refineries.

Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain were analyzed for seven

A wide range of VOCs were analyzed for

elements [arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr),

concentration and spatial distributions, diurnal patterns,

mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and vanadium

origin and reactivity in the atmosphere in the Valley of

(V)], as well as for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),

Mexico during the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and PAHs (Nadal et

(MCMA)-2002 and 2003 field campaigns (Velasco et al.

al. 2007). The study showed a significant increase in V

2007). The air sample was dominated by alkanes (60%);

concentration over the entire sampling area and significant

high levels of 1,3-butadiene, benzene, toluene and xylenes

increase in Cd, Pb and naphthalene levels in the

were found and automobile exhaust was indicated as the

petrochemical zone.

main source of VOCs in Mexico City.

Analysis of mineral oil contaminated soil of East

Ozone (O3) formation potential of fifty-two airborne

Ravenna, Italy, after ten years of natural attenuation

VOCs during winter was investigated at two air quality

revealed a complete depletion of linear (n-C9-C24), light

monitoring stations, Daliao and Tzouying, in southern

aromatics (C1 -C3/benzenes) and PAHs (C2/naphthalene,

Taiwan (Chiang et al. 2007). Of the fifty-two VOCs,

C1/phenanthrene),

toluene, propane, isopentane, propene, n-butane, n-pentane

isoprenoids prystane and phytane, branched, and cyclic

and isoprene contributed 78 to 79% in Daliao, while

alkanes with residues of PAHs, terpanes, and steranes

toluene, 1-butene, isopentane, propene, propane, n-

(Gagni and Cam 2007).

and

a

substantial

degradation

of

undecane, and n-butane contributed 71 to 77% in Tzouying.

Soil contamination around six oil-pipeline pumping

The higher toluene concentration in Daliao was linked to

stations located in northern Mexico as well as on two

emissions from a paint plant and a solvent plant in the

sections of an oil pipeline and two pipeline pumping

nearby industrial district.

stations zones, was characterized based on total petroleum

A chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor modeling

hydrocarbons (TPHs) and PAHs level, the extent of vertical

on ambient C2-C9 VOC showed that vehicle exhaust (52%)

and horizontal contamination, area and volume of

was the largest leading source of VOCs in Seoul, Korea

contamination and best remediation techniques (Iturbe et al.

(Na and Kim 2007). Other sources were the use of solvents

2007a; 2007b). The study indicated the presence of TPH in

(26%), gasoline evaporation (15%), the use of liquefied

all locations with PAHs in few areas.

petroleum gas (LPG) (5%), and the use of liquefied natural

Heavy Metals. Characterization of petroleum

gas (LNG) (2%).

contaminated soils in Oman was done in terms of the presence of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbon by


Jamrah et al. (2007). The study revealed that current soil

along the Northern Spanish coast from December 2002 to

remediation practices reduced nickel (Ni) and Cr level, but

December 2003 were investigated for the source of the oil,

increased the concentrations of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), Pb

as well as its weathering at sea after the Prestige heavy oil

and V. Farmland soil analysis in the Niger Delta, where a

spill in November 2002 (Diez et al. 2007). The impact of

major

revealed

the Prestige oil spill was explored by wild yellow-legged

contamination with Zn, Cu, iron (Fe), Hg and Pb, with Hg

gulls fed with heavy fuel oil from the oil spill showing

and Pb above the compliance limit for Nigeria (Achudume

reduced glucose and phosphorus levels in plasma, as well

2007).

as significant reduction on creatinine values (Alonso-

petrochemical

plant

was

located,

Demirel (2007) conducted a study to determine the

Alvarez et al. 2007).

levels of heavy metals in groundwater from the Mersin

Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

aquifer which reported excess concentrations of Fe, Ni,

analysis of whole body tissues of Acanthodactylus

Mn, molybdenum (Mo) and Cu in groundwater. Based on

scutellatus lizards and ants collected from Kuwait's Greater

spatial analysis and integration using MapInfo GIS

Al-Burgan oil field sites was done to determine

software, the reasons for such high level of metals were

contamination of sixteen petroleum PAHs (Al-Hashem et

traced to industrial activities, petroleum pipelines and sea

al. 2007). The study reported 26.5 to 301 ng/g of total

water intrusion.

PAHs in lizards and 6.7 to 82.1 ng/g in ants, indicating

Analysis of particulate matter samples (PM10 and

petroleum contamination, although twelve years have

PM2.5) collected at Puertollano, the largest industrial center

passed since the Kuwait oil spill catastrophe.

in central Spain, revealed high levels of trace elements,

Schafer et al. (2007) tested sub-Antarctic soil

including tin (Sn) and Pb which were linked to local coals,

contaminated

whereas

biogeochemical toxicity end points of Special Antarctic

V

and

Ni

were

associated

with

other

anthropogenic sources (Moreno et al. 2007).

by

petroleum

hydrocarbon

spills

for

Blend (SAB) diesel fuel for twenty-one days. The

A method for direct detection of Cu, Fe and V in

sensitivity of nitrification, denitrification, carbohydrate

petroleum samples using electrothermal atomic absorption

utilization, and total soil respiration to SAB fuel was also

spectrometry was proposed by Brandao et al. (2007). The

assessed. The study called the current cleanup levels too

limits of detection were 10, 200 and 800 pg for Cu, Fe and

liberal for soil contamination in sub-Antarctic islands.

V, respectively. A literature review on atomic spectrometry

Effects of oil spills on marine zooplankton

determination of trace elements in crude oil and its heavy

communities were investigated

on

coastal copepod

fractions was presented by Duyck et al. (2007).

Paracartia (Acartia) grani when these were exposed to

Petroleum Spills. As a part of the Spanish Marine

naphthalene and 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene (Calbet et al.

Safety Agency’s monitoring program, oil samples collected

2007). The study observed the survival, feeding and egg


production rates of the P. grani at acute and sublethal

phase separation by Jiang et al (2007c). A detailed study

conditions. A Messina harbor seawater microcosm was

was done by Merdrignac and Espinat (2007) on

supplemented with nutrients and crude oil and was

physicochemical characterization of high boiling point

observed for viability, specific composition and metabolic

(350°C) petroleum fractions. The study included models on

characteristics to evaluate the response of this natural

asphaltenic

microbial community on an accidental petroleum spill

characterization, and choice of analytical techniques.

structures,

colloidal

and

chemical

(Cappello et al. 2007). Forensic fingerprinting of long-term

Biodetection / Oil sands Analysis. An analytical

hydrocarbon spills in a methanogenic environment was

method was developed by Young et al. (2007) to detect

investigated by Hostettler et al. (2007).

naphthenic acids (NA) in rainbow trout. A mixture of free

Volatility and biodegradation of nitrobenzene (NB)

fatty acids and NA was isolated from a homogenized and

spilled in river water after the November 2005 explosion at

extracted fish sample using strong anion exchange

Jilin Petrochemical Corporation; China was investigated by

chromatography, which was followed by derivatization and

mimicking the contamination with a microcosm and

analysis by

applying a Markov model to predict its fate (Zhu et al.

chromatography. Reconstructed ion chromatograms (m/z =

2007). The results suggested that 82% of the NB was

267) selectively detected NA with a minimum detection

evaporated and that 18% was degraded by microorganisms.

limit of 1 µg/g of fish.

GC-MS

using

strong

anion

exchange

Root extracts of Vicia faba grown in crude oil Chemical Analysis

polluted soil were analyzed for hydrocarbons reporting the

Bitumen Analysis. The infrared spectrophotometry

presence of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C22-C36) and three

(IR) technique was employed for functional group analysis

phytoalexins, 2-t-butyl-4-(dimethyl benzyl) phenol, 2, 4-bis

and the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) was

(dimethyl benzyl) phenol and 2,4-bis (dimethyl benzyl)-6-

used for trace metal analysis of Nigerian bitumen

butyl phenol (Rao et al. 2007). No PAHs were detected in

components, namely asphaltene, oil, and resins (Adebiyi

the samples.

and Omode 2007). IR results showed the presence of paraffinic,

aldehydric,

anhydic,

naphthenic,

For characterization of oil sands, naphthenic acids

and

mass spectra was obtained by using a variant of

heteroatomic compounds while AAS results demonstrated

electrospray ionization coupled with a Fourier transform

high concentrations of Zn, Ni, V, and Fe in bitumen

ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer of naphthenic

components.

acids (Headley and Peru 2007). Rapid measurement of

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used for

perchloroethylene (PCE) in oil sample was investigated

characterizing the water-in-diluted-bitumen emulsions and

with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME)

understanding the transient behavior of emulsions during

coupled with GC-MS (Fabbri et al. 2007). The detection


limit for PCE was 0.05 mg/kg, and linearity was

nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO), bisphenol A (BPA)

established up to 25 mg/kg.

and triclosan (TCS) in wastewater and sewage sludge was

An internal standard method for analyzing n-

developed based on bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide

alkanes, steranes and terpanes in oil was established (Wang

(BSTFA) derivatization, sonication, solid-phase extraction

et al. 2007d). The results showed that the relative standard

(SPE) and GC-MS analysis (Gatidou et al. 2007). More

deviation of 32 n-alkanes and 45 biomarkers compound

than 60% recovery was achieved for all the compounds in

were 1.3% to 7.4% and 2.5% to 9.2%, respectively. 73% to

both liquid and solid samples, except for 4-n-NP. The

116% recovery of n-alkanes, and 84% to 106% recovery of

detection limits varied from 0.03 (4-n-NP) to 0.41 µg/L

biomarkers were reported, and detection limits of n-alkanes

(NP2EO) and from 0.04 (4-n-NP) to 0.96 µg/kg (NP2EO)

and biomarkers were 7.0 µg/g and 0.65 µg/g, respectively.

for liquid and solid samples, respectively.

Phenol

Detection.

Direct

and

simultaneous

A

study

showed

tetrachloroethylene

as

an

determination of phenol (Ph), hydroquinone (HQ) and 4-

alternative to Freon 113 in FT-IR determination of oils and

nitrophenol (4-NP) was done using an unmodified boron-

greases in surface and drinking water and suggested

doped diamond (BDD) electrode in acidic conditions (Lei

detection of oil spills at levels > 0.1 mg/L (Farmaki et al.

et al. 2007b). The HS-SPME coupled with GC-MS was

2007). A laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) system was

investigated

extraction

coupled with GC-MS to investigate the presence of

temperature, extraction time, desorption time, salt effect,

phenolic EDCs, namely alkylphenol, chlorinated phenol

and magnetic stirring, and detected 39 organic compounds

and bisphenol A in sewage treatment plant effluent and

including substituted benzenes and substituted phenols in

river water (Ko et al. 2007). Validation of LIF monitoring

water samples from the Chania Municipal Wastewater

was ensured by a correlation between EDCs concentration

Treatment Plant, Crete, Greece (Antoniou et al. 2007).

acquired from GC-MS and fluorescence intensity from LIF.

for

types

of

SPME

fiber,

A mixture of laccase enzyme and ferrocene

VOCs and PAHs. For detecting volatile organic

rnonocarboxylic acid dissolved in phosphate buffer (pH

compounds used as film-forming agents or anti-freeze

6.5) at a glassy carbon working electrode was used as a

agents in water-based paints, flame ionization detection

biosensor for detection of phenol in effluents from coal

(FID-GC) and GC/MS was used on VOCs found in

mining and coal-based power generation plants (Muchindu

commercial water-based paints (Nakashima et al. 2007).

and Ngila 2007). Results showed a detection limit of 1.0

An analytical method based on thermal desorption (TD)

pM, linear range 0.5 to 100 pM and sensitivity of 0.2

coupled to GC-MS was developed to detect a wide range of

µA/pM with an average phenol concentration of 47.7 pM

VOCs in the air including isocyanates, isocyanato- and

Simultaneous determination of 4-n-nonylphenol (4n-NP),

nonylphenol

monoethoxylate

isothiocyanatocyclohexane (Ribes et al. 2007). This TD-

(NP1EO),


GC-MS method was validated and evaluated on several

commercial sodium naphthenate (Na-NA) standard, both

industrial and urban real air samples.

species showed increased incidents of deformity with

The PAHs study on tissues of inter-tidal mussels

increasing NA concentrations (Peters et al. 2007).

found in Guanabara Bay revealed the presence of

However, MLSB surface water showed a consistently

petrogenic

of

higher NA threshold effect for both species. A similar study

dibenzothiophenes (DBT) and phenanthrenes (Francioni et

reported heavy blow fly infestation on oil sands-impacted

al. 2007). The existing petrogenic fingerprint was linked to

wetlands in Alberta, Canada, suggesting a disturbance of

the exposure to oil films of the inter-tidal habitat.

the local ecosystem, including habitat characteristics, blow

PAHs

with

a

high

contribution

fly predators, and host resistance to parasites, due to oil Toxicity

sands mining (Gentes et al. 2007c).

Benzene Toxicity. A study by Lee et al. (2007a)

Endocrine disrupting potential of chemicals in oil

suggested that chronic low-level exposure to benzene could

sands process materials was examined on nestling tree

lead

an

swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) from wetlands partly filled

a

with mine tailings; thyroid hormone concentrations were

petrochemical distillation factory. Another study was done

measured in plasma and thyroid glands in nestlings (Gentes

by Chanvaivit et al. (2007) to assess benzene exposure on

et al. 2007a). Results suggested enhanced hormone

31 laboratory workers at a petrochemical factory and 31

synthesis by the thyroid glands possibly due to the

gasoline service attendants, using biomarkers in blood and

exposure to oil sands associated chemicals, such as PAHs.

urine.

Another study was done on tree swallow nestlings in the

to

acquired

investigation

dyschromatopsia,

done

on

employees

based

on

working

in

The effect of benzene on lipid peroxidaiton was

vicinity of the oil sands to investigate the toxicity of NA

studied in the liver and kidneys of rats for exploring any

(Gentes et al. 2007b). The findings of this study showed

effects of time-dependent toxicity (Rana et al. 2007). Based

that those nestlings were successful in tolerating short-term

on urinary phenol, microsomal malondialdehyde, reduced

exposure to environmentally realistic concentrations of NA.

glutathione

and

cytochroine

P(450)2E1,

significant

Phenol Toxicity. A study done on the ecotoxicity

differences were observed in rats exposed to benzene in the

of intermediates produced over Fenton's oxidation of

morning and the evening.

phenol

in

aqueous

solution

indicated

that

some

Oil Sands Toxicity. In a comparison of the early-

intermediates, mainly hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone,

life stage responses of yellow perch (Perca flavesecens) to

were much more toxic than phenol itself (Zazo et al. 2007).

those of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) when exposed

Acute toxicity of nonylphenol (NP), NP1EO, and NP2EO

to Mildred Lake settling basin (MLSB) surface water

were calculated and their synergistic effect was indicated

containing high levels of naphthenic acids (NA), and a

when these phenols were tested on the freshwater species


Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) and Ceriodaphnia

Toxicity of Other Petrochemicals. Genotoxicity

dubia (TenEyck and Markee 2007).

of sediments in the Japaratuba River and the Jacarecica

The effects of several plasticisers such as phenols

River, Sergipe, Brazil, was investigated by the drosophila

[octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol (NP), tert-octylphenol

melanogaster somatic mutation and recombination test

(tOP)]

(DOP),

(SMART) to assess the contamination with indirect

diisodecylphthalate (DiDP), diisononylphthalate (DiNP)]

discharges from a petrochemical industrial complex

on porcine ovarian granulosa cells were studied based on

(Pantaleao et al. 2007). The results indicated genotoxicity

steroid hormone production (Mlynarcikova et al. 2007).

in both the Japaratuba and Jacarecica Rivers suggesting

Test results suggested inhibitory action on oestradiol

seasonal effect. The most positive responses were detected

production when exposed to both groups.

in the site closest to the alleged pollution source.

and

phthalates

[dioctylphthalate

The effects of 2,4-xylenol, paracresol, and phenol

Toxicity of fourteen different types of gasoline

on green algae (Dunaliella salina) were tested by

formulated from petrochemical waste was explored on

combining any two of the three phenols at different

Tetraselmis chuii (microalgae culture) and Crassostrea

concentration levels (Chen et al. 2007). The results showed

rhizophorae (embryos) by Paixoa et al. (2007). The

growth inhibition effects in the following order: 2,4-xylenol

analysis revealed the most toxic gasoline components:

< paracresol < phenol.

C9DI, a mixture of aromatics of 9 carbon atoms, followed

MTBE Toxicity. Cytotoxic effects of Methyl tert-

by C9S, a mixture of aromatics with 9-11 carbon atoms and

butyl ether (MTBE) were investigated in isolated rat

finally heavy naphtha.

spermatogenic cells revealing a significant decrease in the

A study on the neotropical fish, Prochilodus

viability of the cells and an increase in plasma membrane

lineatus, exposed to diesel water soluble fraction (DWSF)

damage at high doses of MTBE (Li et al. 2007a). Another

using the comet and micronucleus assays, revealed

study was conducted on various plant seedlings to find the

genotoxicity and mutagenicity of DWSF under acute and

combined and separate influence of MTBE and its key

subchronic conditions (Vanzella et al. 2007). Toxicity of

metabolite, tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), on growth inhibition

three

(An and Lee 2007). The study reported adverse effects of

benzo[a]pyrene, was studied on Escherichia coli (Kim et al.

both MTBE and TBA.

2007b). Test results revealed genotoxic effects of

The ability of the gasoline additives, MTBE and

PAHs:

phenanthrene,

naphthalene

and

naphthalene and benzo[a]pyrene, while phenanthrene

tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME), to cause liver damage was

showed no clear effect.

investigated in rats by Elovaara et al (2007). The study

Acute toxicity of wastewater generated in the

reported no marked potentiation of drug/chemical-induced

synthetic rubber industry was evaluated in bioassays using

acute liver damage either by MTBE or by TAME.

Danio rerio (fish), Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Bracionus


calyciflorus (rotifer); the toxicity removal by activated

mm/s, and HRT 15 h, the average removal efficiencies of

sludge was also investigated (Reis et al. 2007). The results

COD and NH4-N were higher than 85 and 99%,

indicated effluents from the liquid polymer unit and the

respectively, and were in compliance with the national

spent caustic butadiene washing stage to be critical in terms

primary discharge standard of P. R. China

of toxicity and persistence of toxicity in bio-treated water.

Optimum conditions for enzymatic treatment of o-,

A genotoxic study of urban air contamination by an

m-, and p-chlorophenols and o-, m-, and p-cresols in

incinerator and a petrochemical plant on Tradescantia

synthetic wastewater were carried out with horseradish

micronucleus (Trad-MCN) and pollen fertility assays with

peroxidase (HRP) and the nonenzymatic radical coupling

wild plants demonstrated no significant effects, indicating

reaction (Yamada et al. 2007). The study indicated that

the success of emission controls in an eastern European city

operating conditions and removal efficiency greatly

(Misik et al. 2007).

depended on the position of substituent groups of chlorophenols and cresols.

Wastewater Treatment

Catalytic wet oxidation (CWO) over activated

Petrochemical Wastewater. Conversion of liquid

carbon (AC) and Fenton runs (FR) was carried out on a

hydrocarbons found in petrochemical wastewater sludge

phenolic mixture containing phenol, o-cresol and p-cresol,

under near-critical and supercritical extraction with toluene

and was investigated in a continuous three-phase reactor

and water was investigated by Gungoren et al. (2007). The

(Santos et al. 2007). The results suggested that Fenton

yields of liquids, noncondensable gases, and residues were

pretreatment before CWO process remarkably improved

determined for each extraction and the results revealed an

the efficiency of the reactor by detoxifying effluents at a

increase in product yield with an increase in temperature.

mild temperature and relatively low catalyst weight to

The liquid yields for water and toluene were in the range of

liquid flow rate ratio. Another study on degradation of

42.0 to 44.4 and 44.9 to 28.5% wt, respectively. The gas

mixture of phenol, omicron-cresol and 2-chlorophenol by

yields were 15.3 to 20.4 and 8.9 to 30.2% wt, for water and

CWO over AC showed strong influence of temperature on

toluene, respectively.

the removal of pollutants, chemical oxygen demand (COD)

Nitrifying treatment of effluent from the Complex

and total organic carbon (TOC) as well as on catalyst

of Qilu Petrochemical Corp. of SINOPEC, Zibo City,

preservation (Suarez-Ojeda et al. 2007).

China, was investigated by Wen et al. (2007) in a three-

Coke Wastewater Treatment. Reaction pathways

phase flow airlift loop bioreactor to find the optimum

of thiocyanate (SCN-) degradation during activated sludge

condition in terms of temperature, pH, superficial gas

treatment of coke-ovens wastewater and the effect of

velocity (ug) and hydraulic residence time (HRT). At the

phenol and cyanideon degradation was explored in two

optimum condition of 30 to 35oC, pH 7.0 to 7.5, ug 10

sequencing batch reactors (Staib and Lant 2007). There was


no indication of phenolic inhibition upon thiocyanate

contamination from recycled water used in bitumen

degradation; however, cyanide showed a significant

extraction in Canada (Beier et al. 2007). The study

inhibitory effect and total inhibition when present in excess

suggested that melting was more effective at concentrating

of 1 mg/L.

salts than freezing. The trickle freeze/thaw process showed

The nitrification of cokes wastewater with activated

80% removal of salts after melting 27% of the produced ice

sludge was investigated to observe the effect of temperature

with an initial salt concentration of 20 000 mg NaCl /L.

(Kim et al. 2007a). The batch experiments revealed that the

Phenol Treatment A sequence of anaerobic

nitrification rate was faster at 38°C than at 29°C and the

migrating blanket reactor (AMBR) and completely stirred

toxic effects of cyanide, phenol and thiocyanate on

tank reactor (CSTR) was used for the treatment of p-

nitrification were reduced with increasing temperature.

nitrophenol (p-NP) under increasing organic loadings

Phenol adsorption from coke wastewater was

(Kuscu and Sponza 2007). The results indicated that 79 to

compared within granular activated carbon (GAC) and the

92% of the p-NP transformed into top-amino phenol (p-AP)

resins XAD-2, AP-246 and OC-1074 (Vazquez et al. 2007).

in the anaerobic phase. The complete mineralization of p-

Results showed that the equilibrium data fit Langmuir and

AP was found in the aerobic phase, producing nitrite,

Freundlich models and that kinetic data followed the

nitrate and carbon dioxide (CO2) as end products.

Lagergren equation. The best results were obtained with

The effect of aeration on sequencing batch reactor

GAC characterized by a higher adsorption capacity.

treating synthetic phenolic wastewater with 100 to 1 000

Oil-sands Operation. A paper by Pelley (2007)

mg/L phenol was evaluated and showed no significant

indicated the current and approved withdrawals of river

influence on phenol and COD reduction (Chan and Lim

water by oil sands industries in Alberta, Canada, would put

2007). However, shorter reaction time was required with

the rivers in red zone conditions because of rapid drying up

aeration suggesting better handling of a higher organic

of rivers due to warming temperatures. Another paper by

loading rate.

Conly et al. (2007) presented the results of surveys

A

submerged

fixed-film

reactor

with

pre-

conducted between 1998 and 2000 in the Athabasca River

denitrification system and down-flow-up-flow biofilter was

region near Fort McMurray, Alberta, to understand the

applied to treat industrial wastewater with phenol (1 g/L), a

effect of exposure to natural oil sand deposits on sediments

high nitrogen concentration (0.4 g N/L) at salinity levels of

and water. No indication of any significant increase in

30 g/L (Ramos et al. 2007). The aerobic system removed

metal concentrations in the bed sediments and/or suspended

most of the phenol; however, only 63% nitrogen oxidation

sediments of the rivers was reported.

was achieved.

The

trickle

freeze

separation

process

was

Treatment of phenol and formaldehyde wastewater

investigated for separating and concentrating the salts

(PFW) was through two processes: extraction-oxidation-


adsorption

(EOA)

and

Biodegradation

dilution-biological-disinfection

(DBD) in an industrial effluent containing 6 000 mg/L

Petrochemical

Wastewater.

A

microbial

phenol (Jiang et al. 2007b). DBD process was associated

consortium consisting of three bacteria and yeast collected

with long HRT (72.5 h) and high treatment cost and

from petrochemical waste and sludge from refinery-

investment, whereas EOA was characterized by short HRT

wastewater plants was developed to degrade toxic

(0.73 h), and low treatment and investment cost.

components of oil refinery tank bottom sludge (Gallego et

A treatment option for phenolic wastewater was

al. 2007). The consortia showed a strong impact on

introduced where extraction-evaporation system (EES) was

degradation of linear alkane (100%) cycloalkanes (85%),

used without reverse extraction (Jiang and Guo 2007).

branched alkanes (44%), and aromatic and sulphur-

Based on pilot-plant results, the study suggested a 1%

aromatic compounds (31 to 55%).

increase in average removal efficiency and a 4.6% decrease

Another bacterial strain was developed from

in the treatment for EES over that of liquid-liquid

activated sludge obtained from a Northeastern China

extraction system (LLES). However, the investment cost

treatment facility focusing on degradation of pentyl amine

was reported to be higher for EES than LLES.

and aniline found in oil refinery sludge (Wang et al.

A one-step novel technology for removing phenol

2007a). The isolated strain PN1001 degraded 93% and 88%

and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) from

of the pentyl amine and aniline in the oil sludge at the

wastewater

of

following optimal reactor conditions: 30oC, pH = 7.0,

organobentonite and removal of pollutants by bentonite

reaction time = 24 h and a maximum solution dissolved

occurred simultaneously (Ma and Zhu 2007). The results

oxygen (DO) level of 6 mg O2/L.

was

proposed

where

synthesis

indicated removal of 69%, 92% and 99% for phenol, p-

A pilot-scale study was conducted by delivering

nitrophenol and β-naphthol, respectively.

engineering bacteria into a two-stage anoxic-oxic process

Lei et al. (2007a) proposed a novel technique for the

to bio-augment the biological treatment of petrochemical

removal of p-chlorophenol (4-CP) from wastewater where

wastewater at a low temperature (Zhao et al. 2007). Results

an aqueous pulsed discharge plasma (PDP) process was

showed COD reduction from 370-910 mg/L to 80 mg/L

combined with magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4). Those

and NH4+-N reduction from 10-70 mg/L to 8 mg/L. GC-MS

magnetic particles efficiently degraded 4-CP into more

analysis showed 32 persistent organic pollutants in pilot

active species through the main surface Fenton's reactions

system effluent as compared to 68 pollutants in wastewater

and catalytic decomposition of dissolved ozone.

treatment plant effluent. A bench scale submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) system was used for treating petrochemical effluent where membrane fluxes, HRT and the effect of aeration on


nitrification were investigated (Qin et al. 2007). The results

studied for the optimum operating conditions to remove

showed that the product quality consistently met the

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (TCP) from wastewater (Eker and

discharge requirement, indicating feasibility of this method

Kargi 2007).

in petrochemical effluent treatment.

An investigation of biosorption and biodegradation

Aerobic biodegradation of oily sludge generated by

of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in upflow anaerobic sludge

a flotation-flocculation unit (FFU) of an oil refinery

blanket reactor (UASB) reported 99.5% reduction of PCP

wastewater treatment plant was studied with

four

at HRT of 20 to 22 h and identified biodegradation as the

amendments: sand, matured oil compost, kitchen waste

main mechanism for removal other than volatization or

compost and shredded waste wood (Kriipsalu et al. 2007).

sorption (Ye and Li 2007). Another study was done on

The

biodegradation of catechol through co-metabolism with

results

showed

reduction

in

total

petroleum

hydrocarbons by 62%, 51%, 74% and 49%, respectively

glucose in an UASB reactor (Subramanyam and Mishra

Phenol Biodegradation. Aerobic degradation of

2007).

phenol was studied for three yeast strains (Candida

A novel scheme called immobilized-cell-augmented

tropicalis, C. rugosa, and Pichia membranaefaciens)

activated

isolated from an oil refinery wastewater from the Northeast

bioaugmentation of completely mixed activated sludge

of Brazil (Rocha et al. 2007). The results identified C.

treating a PCP pulse loading (Jittawattanarat et al. 2007).

tropicalis as a good phenol-degrader and biosurfactant-

Results showed 73.1% and 75.1% PCP removal for

producer.

phenol-related

cellulose triacetate (CA) and powder activated carbon,

compounds and petroleum hydrocarbons at a low

combined with CA (PAC-CA), respectively, with ICAAS

temperature by alpine microorganisms was studied by

at 5% volume augmentation.

Biodegradation

of

phenol,

Margesin (2007). Aerobic biodegradation of phenol was carried

out

using

Nocardia

A

sludge

study

(ICAAS)

on

the

was

developed

biodegradation

of

for

2,4-

hydrocarbonoxydans

dichlorophenol in the presence of biogenic VOCs in soils

immobilized over glass beads in a pulsed plate bioreactor

under monoterpene (woodland) and nonmonoterpene

(Shetty et al. 2007). Almost 100% degradation of 300 and

(grassland)-emitting vegetation types demonstrated a

500 mg/L influent phenol was reported at a dilution rate of

higher level of degradation by aged woodland soils

0.4094 h-1.

(Rhodes

Aerobic granules developed by adding glucose as a co-substrate

showed

94%

biodegradation

of

et

al.

2007).

Another

study

investigated

biodegradation of polyethoxylated nonylphenol (NPnEO)

2,4-

by Pseudomonas sp. strain in three aerobic columns packed

dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in a sequencing batch reactor

with silica, granular activated carbon and glass spheres

when the initial 2,4-DCP concentration was 4.8 mg/L

(Bertin et al. 2007).

(Wang et al. 2007c). A rotating brush biofilm reactor was


Petroleum

Oil

Biodegradation.

In

situ

remediation in the presence of NPK (Rosa and Triguis

remediation of mineral oil hydrocarbons from a highly

2007).

contaminated site at Halle/S. (Germany) by BioVersal, a

BTEX

Biodegradation.

Biodegradation

of

surfactant with a structure close to biosurfactants, was

benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), and

investigated (Martienssen and Schirmer 2007). Results

naphtha by mature fine tailings (MFT) from an oil sands

indicated hydrocarbons removal up to 50 g per kg of soil

tailings settling basin was investigated under methanogenic

over a period of 15 months.

conditions (Siddique et al. 2007). GC analysis showed

A study done on the bioremediation of petroleum

BTEX degradation as: toluene > o-xylene > m- plus p-

hydrocarbons by lipophilic fertilizers showed uric acid and

xylene > ethylbenzene > benzene and only 15 to 23%

lecithin to be excellent biostimulant agents as they caused

degradation of naphtha.

rapid and extensive degradation of a saturated fraction of

A study on microbial degradation in unsaturated

the residual oil, as well as increased bacterial growth

Brazilian soil in the presence of BTEX and BTEX-ethanol

(Nikolopoulou et al. 2007).

mixtures

Naphthenic

acids

biodegradation

by

suggested

that

ethanol

delayed

BTEX

biodegradation and that this effect might be compensated

microorganisms from rhizosphere soils was first studied by

by bio-venting (Osterreicher-Cunha et al. 2007).

Biryukova et al. (2007). High performance liquid

In situ bioremediation of BTEX in the groundwater

chromatography (HPLC) and GC-MS analysis revealed a

at the site of a former gasoline station was investigated for

90% decrease in naphthenic acids after 10 days of

efficiency of oxygen release compound (ORC) and showed

incubation. The use of cotton grass fibers in removing

the presence of petroleum constituents beneath the site after

diesel oil from the Baltic Sea was investigated and proved

ORC injection (Kunukcu 2007).

to be an excellent sorbent at a low temperature (Suni et al.

Bioremediation of Soil. A bacterial strain, named

2007). Also, mesocosm experiments showed a significant

P4, isolated from microcosms containing oil-contaminated

improvement in the survival of mussels for cotton grass

soil in Brazil, showed the ability to degrade a wide range of

fibers.

n-alkanes, pristine, phytane, as well as Arabian Light and Enhanced

mudflat

Marlin oils (von der Weid et al. 2007). The presence of

bacteria of low level crude oil spills was observed when a

natural microbes in soil with petrochemical contamination

continuous

and their surfactant activity was explored on Brazilian

input

microbial

of

degradation

nitrogenous

by

fertilizer

(NPK)

components were present (Adoki 2007). A similar study

landfarm soil by Maciel et al. (2007).

was done on bioremediation process on the Brazil shoreline

The

which was simulated in lab-scale and tested for enhanced

Mozambique

sorbent

of

plant

origin,

DULROMABSORB, was investigated for its applicability in absorbing crude oil spills and petroleum products over a


Advanced Oxidation Processes

wide range of temperatures due to its oleophilic and hydrophobic properties (da Konseisao et al. 2007).

Petrochemical Wastewater. Comparison of three

Phytoremediation of weathered hydrocarbon and heavy

treatment techniques: photocatalysis, electro-oxidation and

metal contaminated soil by plant rhizosphere was studied

photoelectrocatalysis, for oilfield produced wastewater was

by Palmroth et al. (2007). The study suggested compost

done in terms of chemical and mutagenicity analysis of

addition for the enhanced removal of hydrocarbons.

treated and raw effluent (Li et al. 2007b). The results of

Nitrogen mineralization and microbial activity in

both analyses indicated photoelectrocatalysis as the most

oil sands reclaimed boreal forest soils in the Athabasca oil

efficient for degradation of oilfield wastewater, whereas

sands region of northeastern Alberta, Canada was explored

photocatalysis was the

by McMillan et al. (2007). Thermal treatment of offshore

mutagenicity.

least effective in

reducing

drilling mud waste generates a mineral by-product, whose

The use of a circulating photocatalytic reactor for

application as a sorbent to low levels of VOCs in municipal

degrading aliphatic and aromatic organic pollutants,

solid waste leachate was investigated by Carignan and Lake

especially benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene, in refinery

(2007).

wastewater was investigated for optimum operating Thermal remediation of contaminated soil from

conditions (Saien and Nejati 2007). The study showed that

accidental spill of oil tankers Erika and Prestige on the

at 318°K and pH of 3, 90% reduction in COD was achieved

Atlantic coast was proposed using a fluidized bed and an

after about 4 h irradiation with 100 mg/L of titanium

industrial scale furnace was designed and compared for

dioxide

operating and investment cost with a conventional rotating

manufacturing wastewater was treated with the electro-

furnace (Alappat et al. 2007). The study showed

Fenton process by Ting et al. (2007) where ferrous ions

satisfactory remediation of the polluted sand at and above

were used as catalyst.

700ºC by fluidized bed combustion, with a cost of only 80

(TiO2).

Bio-effluent

of

petrochemical

The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) promoted catalytic

EURO/t of polluted waste.

wet air oxidation (PP-CWAO) process was coupled with

Mesocosm studies and pilot biopile experiments

activated carbon (AC) to increase the biodegradability of

suggested that a constant heating of sub Antarctic soil

phenolic mixture o-cresol, p-nitrophenol and phenol

could speed up the bioremediation process of diesel-

(Rubalcaba et al. 2007). The treatment was performed in a

contaminated soil by indigenous microorganisms and that

trickle bed reactor and showed higher removal efficiency

the

and higher mineralization due to the presence of H2O2.

microbial

response

was

always

increased

by

complementary fertilizer addition (Delille et al. 2007).

Bioaugmentation of a lab-scale reactor treating refinery wastewater with a consortium was studied and showed


Modeling and Analysis

improved biodegradation due to catabolic loci in active biomass (Domde et al. 2007).

Oil Sands.

A conceptual system dynamics

Advanced Oxidation of Phenol. Kinetic analysis

watershed (SDW) model was developed for simulating

of the photochemical degradation of phenol in terms of

various hydrological processes such as soil moisture,

TOC, toxicity of the treated water (TU), and oxidant

evapo-transpiration and runoff, as well as for assessing the

concentration H2O2 was carried out by Primo et al. (2007).

performance of reconstructed watersheds disturbed by the

The results of TOC followed first order kinetics whereas

oil

zero order kinetics was found to describe hydroxyl radical

(Elshorbagy et al. 2007).

evolution.

sands

operation

in

northern

Alberta,

Canada

An alternative probabilistic approach was proposed

Photocatalysis of the mixture of phenol and p-

to assess the hydrological performance of reclamation

nitrophenol (PNP) with solar UV/TiO2 followed by

mining areas in oil sands sites in Canada (Elshorbagy and

biodegradation of remaining pollutants and photocatalytic

Barbour 2007). A field-calibrated water balance model was

products under photosynthetic aeration with Chlorella

used to estimate the maximum soil moisture deficit along

vulgaris was investigated for reaction kinetics and

with the historical meteorological data and climatic

pathways (Essam et al. 2007). Photocatalytic degradation

variability.

of phenol and PNP followed pseudo-first order kinetics;

Petroleum Spills.

A simplified method for

hydroquinone, nitrate and catechol were identified as PNP

modeling surface spreading behavior of gasoline was

photocatalytic products and catechol and hydroquinone as

developed by grouping similar-property constituents of

phenol photocatalytic products. Complete detoxification

gasoline into eight fractions and measuring the adsorption

was observed during biodegradation with C. vulgaris.

and migration of each fraction in the aqueous and gaseous

Ozonation of phenol coupled with activated carbon

phases (Fagerlund and Niemi 2007). The method was used

fiber (ACF) in a fluid bed reactor showed improved

for the modeling tanker oil spill in northern Sweden and

removal efficiency and indicated efficient regeneration of

compared with a fully coupled multi-phase, multi-

ACF in situ in the reactor (Qu et al. 2007). Use of the

constituent numerical simulator.

Fenton and photo-Fenton processes in removing phenolic

The Gulf of Kachchh, a rich marine ecosystem

compounds from wastewater from the alkydic resin

along the northwest Indian coast, is always at risk of oil

manufacturing industry was studied by de Oliveira et al.

spills from crude oil and petroleum facilities during

(2007). The study reported 95% removal of total phenols

transfer, piping, and loading of petroleum products, mainly

using the photo-Fenton process assisted with artificial

Arabian

irradiation.

modeling approach was applied to find the probable oil

crude. An

integrated

numerical simulation

route and fate in that area and the results were integrated


into geographic information systems (GIS) to identify the

were reported and verified by Mondal et al. (2007). At

resources at risk (Kankara and Subramanian 2007).

28°C the optimum process parameters were adsorbent dose

The fluidization behavior of oil-polluted particles of

= 10 g/L, GAC particle size = 2 to 4 mm and pH = 6.24.

sand was investigated in a transparent glass column by

For 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) adsorption from water, a hyper-

Hartman et al. (2007). Modeling and experimental

cross-linked

determination of density and speed of sound at the range of

developed

benzene,

2-

Amberlite XAD-4 and granular activated carbon GAC-1

fluorotoluene and chlorobenzene was carried out by

(Pan et al. 2007). Results in pilot and industrial scale

Iglesias et al. (2007). The Mchaweh-Nasrifar-Moshfeghian

showed the complete removal of 4-NP by NDA-701, with

model, based on the generalized Van der Waals theory and

no capacity loss.

toluene,

ethylbenzene,

fluorobenzene,

the Staverman-Guggenheim combinatorial term of lattice

polymeric

adsorbent

(NDA-701)

was

and compared with polymeric adsorbent

VOC Modeling.

Receptor modeling (positive

statistics, as well as the Free Length theory, showed a

matrix factorization) was used to estimate the contribution

satisfactory response in the studied conditions.

of specific source types to ambient concentrations of 60

Phenol Adsorption. A mathematical model of

VOCs in air samples collected in Izmir, Turkey at two

horseradish peroxidase treatment of phenol in wastewater

(suburban and urban) sites (Elbir et al. 2007). On average,

was developed by Ghasempur et al. (2007) for process

urban air VOCs level were about four times higher than

optimization based on response surface methodology

those at the suburban site. Source factors included

(RSM) and central composite design (CCD). The model

automobile

indicated that for minimum enzyme concentration of 0.26

production/application, degreasing and dry cleaning.

unit/mL, optimum conditions were as follows: pH = 7.12,

investigation

of

adsorption

residential

heating,

paint

A similar study was done on source apportionments

H2O2 concentration = 1.72 mM, and 10°C. An

exhaust,

of VOCs using positive matrix factorization (PMF) on air equilibrium

samples in Beijing (Song et al. 2007). Eight sources for

isotherms and kinetics for phenol adsorption by three

total ambient VOCs were indicated in the study: gasoline-

carbonaceous materials: AC, bagasse ash (BA) and wood

related emissions (52%), petrochemicals (20%), and

charcoal (WC), revealed 98%, 90% and 90% removal

liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (11%), natural gas (5%),

efficiencies for phenol-AC, phenol-WC and phenol-BA

painting (5%), diesel vehicles (3%), and biogenic emissions

adsorption systems, respectively (Mukherjee et al. 2007).

(2%).

All three adsorptions followed first order kinetics and fit

A study was conducted on 248 C1-C8 VOCs in air

the Freundlich isotherm model. Optimum

conditions

from urban and rural areas in Hong Kong (Guo et al. for

the

simultaneous

2007a). The principal component analysis (PCA) with

adsorption biodegradation (SAB) of resorcinol and phenol

absolute principal component scores (APCS) technique was


applied to the VOC data for source analysis. The results

polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorophenols, perchlorates,

indicated that vehicular emission was the major contributor

dichloroethanes,

to non-methane VOCs. Other sources such as petrol

diphenyl ethers, was investigated with simulated and real

evaporation, industrial emissions, solvent usage, and

contaminated water samples using two methods, Fenton

biomass/biofuel burning were also indicated.

reaction with UV and dehalogenation in the presence of

A mathematical model was developed to predict

vinyl

chloride

and

polybrominated

zero-valent iron-Pd/Fe (Kastanek et al. 2007).

venting of VOC from soil and the results from that model

Electron beam irradiation (EBI) treatment was

were verified using a lab-scale column venting experiment

applied on surfactants found in the effluent of a sewage

(Brusturean et al. 2007).

treatment plant, such as alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) and their biotransformation products, linear alkylbenzene

Miscellaneous Photolytic,

sulfonates (LAS), alkyl sulfates (AS), alkylether sulfates photocatalytic

and

microbiological

(AES),

coconut diethanol amides (CDEA), alcohol

degradation of MTBE was studied in the presence of

ethoxylates (AEO) and polyethylene glycols (PEGs)

Pseudomonas strain CY (Kuburovic et al. 2007). The

(Petrovic et al. 2007). The study showed the efficient

results indicated a 99.55% decrease in MTBE when

decomposition of all alkylphenolic compounds and

Pseudomonas strain CY was added after 4 h of light

elimination of 94% longer ethoxy chain nonylphenol

treatment with a sodium lamp (SONT UV 400).

ethoxylates

Pseudomonas strain CY alone was able to degrade MTBE

chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis also

to 93.6% in 12 hours.

suggested the mechanism of EBI degradation of APEOs.

at

a

3

kGy

radiation

dose.

Liquid

PAHs emission from stack flue gas and their

The presence of triclosan in activated sludge in a

removal efficiencies were studied by a wet electrostatic

U.S. sewage treatment plant was explored using a mass

precipitator (WESP) and a wet scrubber (WSB) in a

balance approach in conjunction with isotope dilution

petrochemical plant (Wang et al. 2007b). The total-PAH

liquid

emission factors of the WESP, WSB and stack flue gas

spectrometry (Heidler and Halden 2007). The study showed

were reported as 78.9, 95.7 and 30 900 µg/L wastewater,

that overall, 50 ± 19% (1640 ± 610 g/d) of triclosan

respectively. Removal efficiencies were 0.254% and

entering the plant (3240 ± 1860 g/d) remained detectable in

0.309% for WESP and WSB, suggesting that 99.4% of

sludge, and 48 ± 19% was biotransformed or lost to other

total-PAHs was directly emitted to the ambient air through

mechanisms.

the stack flue gas.

chromatography

electrospray

ionization

mass

Ozonation of triclosan found in two conventional

The feasibility of degrading halogenated organic

wastewater treatment effluents was studied for oxidation

substances found in groundwater and wastewater, namely

reaction kinetics and pathways (Suarez et al. 2007). The


results suggested that triclosan oxidation was primarily due

An extensive comparison between MBR and

to the direct triclosan-O3 reaction, which followed second-

conventional activated sludge (CAS) on their efficacy in

order kinetics; nearly 100% triclosan depletion was

removing alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEO) and their

reported for a 4 mg/L ozone dose to wastewater containing

degradation products (alkylphenols and alkylphenoxy

7.5 mg/L of DOC.

carboxylates), as well as linear alkylbenzene sulfonates

Enzymatic oxidation of Steroid estrogens, estrone -

(LAS) and coconut diethanol amides (CDEA), was studied

E1; 17 β-estradiol - E2; estriol - E3 and 17 α-

in a pilot plant scale (Gonzalez et al. 2007). The study

ethinylestradiol - EE2 by horseradish peroxidase (HRP)

indicated MBR’s superiority in terms of effluent COD,

and hydrogen peroxide was studied by Auriol et al. (2007).

total suspended solids (TSS) and NH4+ level.

A study by Spring et al. (2007) showed that an application

Lee et al. (2007b) focused their study on adsorption

of membrane bioreactors (MBRs) prior to disinfection

equilibrium,

could remove estrone, 17 α-ethynylestradiol, and bisphenol

trinitrotoluene (TNT) on heterogeneous activated carbon.

A, as well as more than 96% of the influent cholesterol,

The influence of temperature, pH, concentration, flow rate,

coprostanol, and stigmastanol from municipal wastewaters.

and column length on adsorption breakthrough curves was

However, disinfection of MBR effluent with chlorine,

investigated in the study and an adsorption model was

chloramines, chlorine dioxide and UV provided no

formulated.

significant additional removal of the target EDCs.

kinetics,

and

column

dynamics

of

A novel consortium of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus

Efficient removal bisphenol A (BPA), octylphenol

and

Pantoea

agglomerans

was

applied

for

the

(OP), nonylphenol (NP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and

biodegradation of linear alkylbenzosulfonate (LAS) and

17 β-estradiol from water was observed by Portulaca

sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); the optimum conditions

oleracea, a garden plant prevalent from spring to autumn in

were explored in terms of supplement addition (Abboud et

Japan (Imai et al. 2007). The plant was able to treat all the

al. 2007).

pollutants individually as well as in mixture and especially

The effect of current, pH, reaction time, and

BPA over a wide range of pH, temperatures and

pollutant flow rate on anodic degradation of benzoquinone

concentrations.

(BQ) was explored by Yoon et al. (2007). HPLC and

Adsorption of 4-nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs),

inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer

onto chitosan beads with three different cyclodextrin

analysis showed a 99.23% reduction of BQ into low

moieties prepared

molecular weight aliphatic acids and CO2 when the applied

from poly-carboxymethylated was

investigated by Aoki et al. (2007). The results identified β-

current was 175 mA in 12 hr electrolysis.

cyclodextrin beads to be the most suitable for phenol adsorption.


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