Petroleum Refining Overview

Petroleum Refining Overview

Topics Energy consumption & petroleum’s place  Size of U.S. industry  Major refiners

Petroleum products Basic petroleum economics  Trends for crude oil & gasoline prices  When do refiners make money?

Generalized Petroleum Refinery

Updated: July 5, 2017 Copyright © 2017 John Jechura ([email protected])

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Energy consumption in the U.S. & petroleum’s contribution


Energy Markets Are Interconnected

https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/commodities/energy


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Energy Markets Are Interconnected

https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/commodities/energy


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World & U.S. Refining Capacity

“Asia‐Pacific refining primed for capacity growth”, Oil & Gas Journal, pp 34‐45, Dec. 1, 2014

EIA, Jan. 1, 2017 database, published June 2017 http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/refinerycapacity/


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Number & Capacity of World & U.S. Refineries

“Asia‐Pacific refining primed for capacity growth”, Oil & Gas Journal, pp 34‐45, Dec. 1, 2014 Source: EIA, Jan. 1, 2016 database, published June 2016 http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pnp_cap1_dcu_nus_a.htm


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Locations of U.S. Refineries

http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=7170


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Individual U.S. Refinery Sizes – 10 Largest & 10 Smallest

EIA, Jan. 1, 2017 database, published June 2017 http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/refinerycapacity/


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World’s Largest Refineries

“Asia‐Pacific refining primed for capacity growth”, Oil & Gas Journal, pp 34‐45, Dec. 1, 2014


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Recent changes to the slate of US refineries Motiva completed $10 billion JV expansion in 2013  Increased to 600,000 bpd capacity, now largest in US • Operating problems caused near immediate shut down of new crude distillation train

 Plan to export refined products

Changes in operations  Tesoro to shut down Carson, CA’s FCCU in 2017 & integrate into adjacent Wilmington refinery


Changes in ownership  PBF Energy purchased two ExxonMobil refineries • Chalmette, LA, 189,00 bpd refinery (from ExxonMobil / PdVSA, November 2015) • Torrance, CA, 155,00 bpd refinery (June 2016)

 Tesoro buying Dakota Prairie Refining (June 2016)  Par Pacific Holdings purchased Wyoming Refining Co (July 2016)  Tesoro bought Western Refining (June 2017) & will be known as Andeavor (August 2017)

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New Grass‐Roots Refineries in U.S.? Year Built

First Operated

Location

Original Owner

Original Capacity Current Owner Bbl/cd

2014 Capacity Type Bbl/cd

2014

2015

Dickinson, ND

Dakota Prairie

19,000

Dakota Prairie Refining

19,000

Simple

2014 2008 1998 1993 1991 1986 1985 1981 1979 1978 1978 1978 1977 1976 1976 1975

2015 2008 1998 1993 1992 1987 1986 1982 1980 1979 1979 1978 1978 1977 1977 1975

Galena Park, TX Douglas, WY Atmore, AL Valdez, AK Ely, NV North Pole, AK Prudhoe Bay, AK Thomas, OK Wilmington, CA Vicksburg, MS North Slope, AK North Pole, AK Lake Charles, LA Garyville, LA Krotz Springs, LA Corpus Christi, TX

Kinder Morgan Interline Resources Goodway Petro Star Petro Source Petro Star ARCO OK Refining Huntway Ergon ARCO Earth Resources Calcasieu Marathon Gold King Saber

43,000 3,000 4,100 26,300 7,000 6,700 12,000 10,700 5,400 10,000 13,000 22,600 6,500 200,000 5,000 15,000

Kinder Morgan Antelope Refining Goodway Petro Star Foreland Petro Star ConocoPhillips Ventura Valero Ergon BP Exp AK Flint Hills Calcasieu Marathon Alon Valero

43,000 3,800 4,100 55,000 2,000 19,700 15,000 12,000 6,300 23,000 10,500 126,535 78,000 522,000 80,000 200,000

Simple Simple Simple Simple Simple Simple Simple Simple Simple Simple Simple Simple Simple Complex Complex Complex

http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=29&t=6, updated January 26, 2016


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New Grass‐Roots Refineries in U.S.? Simple refineries near oil production  Kinder Morgan, Galena Park, TX – 50,000 bpd (condensate splitter)  Dakota Prairie Refinery – 20,000 bpd Bakken crude topping unit with diesel hydrotreating  MHA Clean Fuels Refinery, 15,000 bpd refinery on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation near Makoti, ND • Ground broken May 2013. Phase I construction underway as of May 2015.

 Plans near Bakken production

Complex refineries – 2 planned in mid 2000s no longer active projects  Hyperion Energy Center, $10 billion, 400,000 bpd refinery near Union County, SD • Would have included Petcoke IGCC for power & hydrogen • Air permit applications expired March 2013 & released options on land May 2013

 Arizona Clean Fuels Yuma, LLC, 150,000 bpd refinery near Yuma, AZ • No press releases since March 2009

• Quantum Energy & Native Son Holdings planning 40,000 bpd refinery near Berthold, ND • Meridian Energy Group planning 55,000 bpd refinery near Belfield, ND – expected 2018 startup – may operate on midstream tolling concept Updated: July 5, 2017 Copyright © 2017 John Jechura ([email protected])

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Nelson’s Complexity Factor EDC: Equivalent Distillation Capacity  Measure of downstream conversion capacity to the initial distillation  Developed by Nelson (1960) to quantify relative costs of refining processes • Reflects complexity of ISBL, no OSBL considerations

Refineries to process heavy sour crudes typically have higher complexity factors

Ref: http://www.ril.com/downloads/pdf/business_petroleum_refiningmktg_lc_ncf.pdf


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Petroleum products


Petroleum Products  There are specifications for over 2,000 individual refinery products  Intermediate feedstocks can be routed to various units to produce different blend stocks • Highly dependent on economics specific to that refinery & contractual limitations

Ref: Unknown origin. Possibly Socony‐Vacuum Oil Company, Inc. (1943)


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U.S. Refinery & Blender Net Production

1.6 ratio of gasoline & naphtha to middle distillates

EIA, refinery yield – updated April 7, 2017 http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pnp_pct_dc_nus_pct_m.htm


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Basic petroleum economics


Refinery Economics When do refiners make money?  High crude oil prices?  Low crude oil prices?

It depends!  Difference between the sale price of the products & purchase price of the crude oil  Operating costs cut into this spread

Typical prices  What is the price of crude oil? • Depends on location, quality, …

 What are the product prices?


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Product Economics — Crack Spread Estimates the value added by refining as an industry 4 standard spreads  5‐3‐2 • 5 bbl crude  3 bbls gasoline + 2 bbls heating oil/diesel

 3‐2‐1 • 3 bbl crude  2 bbls gasoline + 1 bbls heating oil/diesel

 2‐1‐1 • 2 bbl crude  1 bbls gasoline + 1 bbls heating oil/diesel

 6‐3‐2‐1 • 6 bbl crude  3 bbls gasoline + 2 bbls heating oil/diesel + 1 bbl residual fuel oil

Rule of thumb for profitable operating environment  Long held view – greater than $4 per bbl as strongly profitable  Current view – should be greater than $9 per bbl to be profitable


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Crack Spread Calculation Example — Bloomberg, 7/5/2017  Prices • WTI Cushing Spot • Brent • RBOB Gasoline • Heating Oil

$45.39 per bbl $48.08 per bbl $1.5121 per gal $1.4851 per gal

 5‐3‐2 Spreads • WTI: 42   3  1.5121  2  1.4851   45.39  $17.66 per bbl 5

• Brent: 42   3  1.5121  2  1.4851   48.08  $14.97 per bbl 5

http://www.bloomberg.com/energy/


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Prices Are Crude Specific

Ref: Statistics, Oil & Gas Journal, April 10, 2017


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Prices Are Crude Specific

EIA published monthly production data – updated July 5, 2017 http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_spt_s1_m.htm http://tonto.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=IMX2810004&f=M


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Historical Crude Prices & Crack Spreads

Updated April 7, 2017 Source: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_spt_s1_d.htm


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Historical Crude Prices & Crack Spreads

Updated April 7, 2017 Source: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_spt_s1_d.htm


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Gasoline & Diesel Retail vs. Wholesale Prices Retail Price

Gasoline Retail Cost Contributions Per Gallon Per Barrel $2.39 $100.38

Taxes Distribution & Marketing Refining Crude Oil

19% 17% 16% 48%

Refinery Costs / Wholesale Price

Retail Price

$0.45 $0.41 $0.38 $1.15

$19.07 $17.06 $16.06 $48.18

$1.53

$64.24

Diesel Retail Cost Contributions Per Gallon Per Barrel $2.56 $107.52

Taxes Distribution & Marketing Refining Crude Oil

20% 21% 14% 45%

Refinery Costs / Wholesale Price

$0.51 $0.54 $0.36 $1.15

$21.50 $22.58 $15.05 $48.38

$1.51

$63.44

Source: http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/gasdiesel/ Updated July 5, 2017


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How do energy prices compare?


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Generalized Petroleum Refinery


Early History Commerical oil well of "Colonel" Edwin L. Drake  August 1859, Oil Creek in northwestern Pennsylvania  First refineries built up around Pennsylvania oil wells. Batch distillation to recover kerosene. • First U.S. refinery in Pittsburgh, PA, in 1853 • Kerosene viewed as a superior replacement to whale oil for lamp oil.

Standard Oil Trust  John D. Rockefeller acquired petroleum interests during the late 1800s. Organized as the Standard Oil Trust in 1882.  U.S. Supreme Court dissolved in 1911. 34 companies spun off.

Change in product demand  In 1911, nation's kerosene output eclipsed for the 1st time by a discarded byproduct ‐ gasoline


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Implementation of Technologies Year 1862

Process name Atmospheric distillation

1870

Vacuum distillation

1913 1916 1930 1932 1932 1933 1935 1935 1937 1939 1940 1940 1942 1950 1952 1954 1956 1957 1960 1974 1975

Thermal cracking Sweetening Thermal reforming Hydrogenation Coking Solvent extraction Solvent dewaxing Cat. polymerization Catalytic cracking Visbreaking Alkylation Isomerization Fluid catalytic cracking Deasphalting Catalytic reforming Hydrodesulfurization Inhibitor sweetening Catalytic isomerization Hydrocracking Catalytic dewaxing Residual hydrocracking

Purpose Produce kerosene Lubricants (original) Cracking feedstocks (1930's) Increase gasoline Reduce sulfur & odor Improve octane number Remove sulfur Produce gasoline basestocks Improve lubricant viscosity index Improve pour point Improve gasoline yield & octane number Higher octane gasoline Reduce viscosity Increase gasoline octane & yield Produce alkylation feedstock Increase gasoline yield & octane Increase cracking feedstock Convert low‐quality naphtha Remove sulfur Remove mercaptan Convert to molecules with high octane number Improve quality and reduce sulfur Improve pour point Increase gasoline yield from residual

By‐products, etc. Naphtha, tar, etc. Asphalt, residual coker feedstocks Residual, bunker fuel Sulfur Residual Sulfur Coke Aromatics Waxes Petrochemical feedstocks Petrochemical feedstocks Increased distillate, tar High‐octane aviation gasoline Naphtha Petrochemical feedstocks Asphalt Aromatics Sulfur Disulfides Alkylation feedstocks Alkylation feedstocks Wax Heavy residuals

Ref: http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.html


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Description of Petroleum Refinery Manages hydrocarbon molecules Organized & coordinated arrangement of manufacturing processes  Provide physical & chemical change of crude oil  Salable products with specifications & volumes as demanded by the marketplace

Complete refinery will include:  Conversion units  Tankage for storage • Typically 28 to 32 days of storage

   

Dependable source for electric power Waste disposal & treatment facilities Product blending facilities Around the clock operations


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Petroleum Refinery Block Flow Diagram

Raw Materials


Products

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Petroleum Refinery Block Flow Diagram Gases

Sulfur Plant

Polymerization Sat Gas Plant

Gas

LPG

Fuel Gas

Alkyl Feed

Gas Separation & Stabilizer

Sulfur

LPG

Butanes

Alkylation

Isomerization

Polymerization Naphtha

Light Naphtha Alkylate

Aviation Gasoline Automotive Gasoline

Isomerate

Reformate

Naphtha Hydrotreating

Heavy Naphtha

Solvents

Naphtha Reforming

Naphtha

Atmospheric Distillation Jet Fuels Crude Oil

Kerosene

Desalter

Cat Naphtha

Distillate

AGO

Hydrocracking

LVGO

Kerosene

Fluidized Catalytic Cracking

Gas Oil Hydrotreating

Vacuum Distillation

Solvents

Distillate Hydrotreating

Treating & Blending

Heating Oils Diesel

Cat Distillates

Fuel Oil Cycle Oils

HVGO

Residual Fuel Oils

DAO

Solvent Deasphalting

Visbreaking Vacuum Residuum

Coker Naphtha

Heavy Coker Gas Oil

SDA Bottoms

Naphtha

Asphalts

Distillates Fuel Oil Bottoms Lube Oil

Solvent Dewaxing

Lubricant Greases Waxes

Waxes

Coking

Light Coker Gas Oil

Coke


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Summary


Summary Energy consumption in the U.S. & petroleum’s contribution  In the U.S. petroleum accounts for 36% of the nation’s energy source  Over 70% of petroleum is directed toward the transportation sector & accounts for 90% of the energy used in this sector  Currently about 150 refineries in the U.S. & ownership changes to meet strategic needs of the companies’ portfolios  About 50% of the output of U.S. refineries is gasoline


Basic refining economics  Refinery profits are based on the spread between product prices & crude oil costs

Generalized Petroleum Refinery  Refineries may be simple or complex depending on the strategy of product production from particular crude oils

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Supplemental Slides


Refiner’s Realignment

“US refiners continue consolidation, restructuring efforts”, Leffler, Oil & Gas Journal, Aug. 3, 2015


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Recent Refinery Closures

Ref: Valero, UBS Global Oil and Gas Conference, May 21‐22, 2013


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U.S. Refinery & Blender Net Production

Includes production to January 2017 – updated April 7, 2017 Source: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pnp_refp_dc_nus_mbbl_m.htm


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U.S. Oil from Imports

EIA published data used for charts – updated April 7, 2017 http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_wkly_dc_nus‐z00_mbblpd_w.htm http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pnp_wiup_dcu_nus_w.htm


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Import/Export Refined Products – Valero Example

Ref: Valero, UBS Global Oil and Gas Conference, May 21‐22, 2013


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Prices Are Crude Specific – Historical Example

Ref: Statistics, Oil & Gas Journal, January 27, 2014


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Pump prices are not the same across U.S.

Source: http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/images/gasoline_prices_map_375.png Downloaded August 4, 2016


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Gasoline & Diesel Taxes not the same across U.S.

Source: http://www.api.org/oil‐and‐natural‐gas‐overview/industry‐economics/fuel‐taxes Downloaded July 5, 2017


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Differential Between Regular & Premium Gasolines

Updated Jul 5, 2017 Source: http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_refmg_dcu_nus_m.htm


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Comparison Wholesale Regular Gasoline & ULSD

Updated August 4, 2016 Source: http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_refmg_dcu_nus_m.htm


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Process Cost Estimates Accounts for size impact on installed cost Developed from reported final costs & supplemented with engineering estimates Meant to represent “typical” values – no better than ±25% Not included:         

Working capital Inventories Start‐up expenses Cost of land Site preparation Taxes Licenses Permits Duties

Kaiser & Gary, “Study updates refinery investment cost curves”, Oil & Gas Journal, Apr. 23, 2007, pp 84‐94. (Delayed coking curves may have been switched)


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Satellite View of Selected U.S. Refineries

Dakota Prairie Refinery, Dickinson, ND 19,000 bbl per calendar day

Motiva Enterprises LLC, Port Arthur, TX 603,000 bbl per calendar day Updated: July 5, 2017 Copyright © 2017 John Jechura ([email protected])

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Marathon Garyville Refinery, Garyville, LA 451,000 bbl per calendar day


Wood River Refinery, Roxanna, IL 336,000 bbl per calendar day

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Suncor Refinery, Commerce City, CO 103,000 bbl per calendar day

Phillips 66 Alliance Refinery, Belle Chasse, LA 247,000 bbl per calendar day


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