Hippolyte Bayard and the First. Faked Photograph. □Seldom given credit, but
first discovered a useful photographic process before Daguerre. □Made the first
...
Photojournalism: An Ethical Approach Picture Manipulations
Does
A
the camera lie?
machine is only as truthful as the hands that hold it.
Hippolyte Bayard and the First Faked Photograph Seldom
given credit, but first discovered a useful photographic process before Daguerre.
Made
the first faked picture in 1840 – a photo of himself posed as a corpse
Oscar Rejlander 1857
– Street Urchins tossing chestnuts
1857
– The Two Ways of Life
Henry Robinson Fading
Away – Young woman on her deathbed surrounded by grieving family members
Nadar One
of the earliest portrait photographers
Had
an entire staff devoted to doing “touch ups”
Felt
retouching was “detestable and costly”
Sarah Bernhardt
Landscape Photography Prints
of nature scenes were disappointing
Reduced
the sky with cyanide of potassium or painted on the sky with India ink
Double
exposures were used to bring land and sky into harmony
Civil War Manipulations “Confederate
Dead on Matthews Hill” – depicted a group of soldiers, presumably dead, but the same group was in photo with the group kneeling and firing.
“Home
of a Rebel Sharpshooter” – dead sniper lying on his back, faced to the camera. In another photo, the same person in a different location.
Engraving and Halftone Manipulations At
the turn of the century, people were more impressed by the fact a photograph appeared in a newspaper instead of the content.
Art
directors regularly ordered the manipulation of engravings.
Stage-managed
and composite photographic techniques were common.
Spirit Photography Supposedly
captured the likeness of a deceased person’s spirit
Nothing
but double exposure fakes
Yellow Journalism Composograph
– using several negatives together for one photo
Common
practice to pose participants in news events to get better photos
Teddy Murder By
bears!!! victims or unidentified bodies
the 1950s, manipulation was highly condemned, but it still happened.
April Fool’s & Political Fakes April
Fool photo fakes were popular in the first half of the 20th century • Giant sea creatures • Viking ships • Man flying by own lung power
Political
subjects
• Herbert Hoover & his running mate • Maryland Democrat conferring with Communist leader
Manipulations by Cropping Cropping
out significant elements of a picture in order to produce a misleading image • President Franklin Roosevelt • Governor George Wallace
• Secretary of the Army Robert T. Stevens
Charges of Manipulation Cloud Famous Photos Perhaps
most troubling to the reputation of photojournalists and their photos are reports that wellknown and deeply moving pictures have been stage directed by the photographers.
