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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Phylogenetic relationships, biofilm formation, motility, antibiotic resistance and extended virulence genotypes among Escherichia coli strains from women with community-onset primitive acute pyelonephritis a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111

Arianna Pompilio1,2*, Valentina Crocetta1,2, Vincenzo Savini3, Dezemona Petrelli4, Marta Di Nicola1, Silvia Bucco5, Luigi Amoroso5, Mario Bonomini5, Giovanni Di Bonaventura1,2 1 Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy, 2 Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy, 3 "Spirito Santo" Hospital, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Pescara, Italy, 4 School of Pharmacy, Microbiology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy, 5 Department of Medicine, Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy * [email protected]

OPEN ACCESS Citation: Pompilio A, Crocetta V, Savini V, Petrelli D, Di Nicola M, Bucco S, et al. (2018) Phylogenetic relationships, biofilm formation, motility, antibiotic resistance and extended virulence genotypes among Escherichia coli strains from women with community-onset primitive acute pyelonephritis. PLoS ONE 13(5): e0196260. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0196260 Editor: Muna F. Anjum, Animal and Plant Health Agency, UNITED KINGDOM Received: November 17, 2017 Accepted: March 9, 2018 Published: May 14, 2018 Copyright: © 2018 Pompilio et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Funding: This work was supported by Universita di Chieti ex-60% anno 2016, Prof. Giovanni Di Bonaventura. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Abstract The present work set out to search for a virulence repertoire distinctive for Escherichia coli causing primitive acute pyelonephritis (APN). To this end, the virulence potential of 18 E. coli APN strains was genotypically and phenotypically assessed, comparatively with 19 strains causing recurrent cystitis (RC), and 16 clinically not significant (control, CO) strains. Most of the strains belong to phylogenetic group B1 (69.8%; p3, strains might be considered as unrelated. Overall, our findings showed an extremely heterogeneous population with a highly polyclonal distribution. The most genetically related strains, albeit not belonging to the same clone, were CO15 and RC8, showing three differences in the banding pattern. Phylogenetic group analysis was carried out by triplex PCR assay, and the results are shown in Table 1. The most prevalent phylogenetic group was B1, both considering strains as a whole (37 out of 53, 69.8%; p