politecnico di milano

POLITECNICO DI MILANO VI Faculty of Engineering Polo Regionale di Lecco Master of Science in Architectural Engineering

Master’s Thesis

THE GREEN LOCUS Advisor: Professor Massimo Tadi Co-advisors: Professor Danilo Palazzo Professor Gabriele Masera

Master thesis of: Hassan Saeed Khan 762024 Prashant Mayekar 767816 Najam Us Saqib 769093

Academic year 2011/2012

The Green Locus

Acknowledgement

ACKNOWLEDGMENT First and foremost we offer our sincerest thankfulness to our advisor Professor Massimo Tadi who has supported us throughout the thesis with his vitalizing, patience and in depth knowledge whilst allowing us the room to design in sustainable way. Without him this thesis would not have been completed. We also would like to thank Professor Danilo Palazzo for his boundless guidance throughout the design studio lab and his useful visions in carrying out diverse surveys and analysis during the thesis work. His explanation and suggestions has edified us towards sustainable approach to design the master plan. Our acknowledgement also extends to Professor Gabriele Masera for his advice that created an opportunity to get accustomed with the latest technologies and acute design ideas. We have been guided by his broad acumen on modern techniques and technologies, which helped us a lot to achieve the sustainability requirements in our design. The building with its structural challenges couldn’t have been stable without the abetment and guidance of Professor Liberato Ferrara. Our sincere gratitude goes to him. We also feel glad to say thanks to Professor Ezio Riva, as he was in charge for the refurbishment course and provided us with relevant data and information about the city of Calolziocorte during the refurbishment course. Not to forget, our appreciation to the assistants of professors during design labs A & B. These include Mr. Amr Alaaeldin, Mr. Alejandro Vargas Verbel and Mr. Shahrooz who showed great deal of interest in our thesis. Also special thanks to our classmates, our seniors and juniors who helped us through hard times during the thesis work. Last but not the least, deepest depth of gratitude goes to our parents who gave us love, encouragement and faithful support during the final stages of this thesis. Thanks & best regards to all.

Hassan Saeed Khan Prashant Mayekar Najam Us Saqib

MSc Architectural Engineering- Politecnico Di Milano

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References

REFERENCES             

Architecture: Form, Space, & Order by Frank Ching The Architects Data Author - Neuferts Peter & Ernst The Architects Handbook Author- Quentin Pickard Riba Time savers Standards Masera, Gabriele. Studio lecture- Visual comfort, thermal comfort. Politecnico Di Milano Masera, Gabriele. Studio lecture- Innovation walls. Politecnico Di Milano Masera, Gabriele. Studio lecture- Innovation roofs. Politecnico Di Milano Mazzarella Livio, lecture series- Psychrometrics. Politecnico Di Milano Rapisarda, Giuseppe. Lecture series- Building Services System design. Politecnico Di Milano Eurocode 1, EN1991-1-3. Actions in structures/General actions/Snow loads Eurocode 1, EN1991-1-4. Actions in structures/General actions/Wind loads Eurocode 3, EN1993-1-1. Design of steel structures LRFD method by Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddique- Schematic design concept

Websites:  

      

     

http://www.comune.calolziocorte.lc.it/docinf.jhtml?param1_1=N11f8e342971b89921d7 http://www.comune.calolziocorte.lc.it/argdocinf.jhtml?param3_1=N1158e01ffbe17ce5661¶m2_1=N106e90b36ec2e57d3ad& param1_1=N106e90a86f47740366e http://89.96.218.101/UT/piano_zonizzazione_acustica_comune_calolziocorte.pdf http://89.96.218.101/CD_VAS/VIprel_PGT_Calolziocorte.pdf http://89.96.218.101/PGT_approvato/PGT/AP_SCHEDE_AMBITI_TRASFORMAZIO NE.pdf http://www.comune.calolziocorte.lc.it/docinf.jhtml?param1_1=N11f6ad5fb3ad11f7cc2 http://www.comune.calolziocorte.lc.it/pagina.jhtml?param1_1=N11f83836f2e28aae747 http://www.cicloviadeilaghi.it/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=96 &Itemid=23 http://www.comune.calolziocorte.lc.it/argdocinf.jhtml?param3_1=N10c7ccd044b5bbf986d¶m2_1=N106e9217883582599a7 ¶m1_1=N106e920ac9851d43930 http://www.lacrossedowntown.com/uploadedFiles/file21.pdf http://www.docstoc.com/docs/108066218/Recommended-List-of-suitable-plants-forlakefront-planting-athttp://www.ecodibergamo.it/stories/Cronaca/24_calolzio/ http://www.arketipodesign.com/ http://www.nzsteel.co.nz/products/zincalume-steel-/-features http://www.dexone.cn/showproduct.asp?id=131


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            

References

http://www.shadinglouvres.com/solar-shading-systems/shadometal-perforatedaluminium-louvers/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels http://www.espana-xx1.com/solar-panels.php http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_heating http://www.globalspec.com/reference/81443/203279/chapter-22-shell-and-tube-heatexchangers-heat-transfer-fouling-resistance http://wiki.naturalfrequency.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=business.EPA_BUM_CH9_HVAC http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greywater http://samvardhan.co.in/gw_cycle.php http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_and_disadvantages_of_steel_as_a _structural_material http://capitalsteelbuildings.wordpress.com/2010/09/09/advantages-and-disadvantages-ofsteel-frame-buildings/


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 1 1

Introduction

1

CHAPTER 2 2 2.1

Urban Analysis History 2.1.1 Site location 2.1.2 Chronology of historical events 2.1.3 Evolution over the time 2.2 Municipality of Calolziocorte 2.2.1 History of ‘Comune di Calolziocorte’ 2.2.2 Social life of inhabitants 2.2.3 Significant places 2.2.4 Municipality brief requirements 2.3 (A) Surveys & Investigations 2.3.1 Demographic survey 2.3.1.1 Population growth with time 2.3.1.2 Growth of the city 2.3.2 Population distribution survey 2.3.3 Transportation analysis 2.3.3.1 Connection with Lecco & Milan 2.3.3.2 Nearest airports 2.3.4 Topographical survey 2.3.5 Ecological survey 2.3.6 Acoustical survey 2.3.7 Climatic analysis 2.3 (B) Analysis & Studies 2.3.1 Green areas analysis 2.3.2 Solid void analysis 2.3.3 Industrial & residential analysis 2.3.4 Existing road network 2.3 (C) SWOT analyses 2.4 Case study 2.4.1 Water front designs 2.4.2 Case study- La Crosse County, Wisconsin, Mississippi River

5 5 5 7 11 13 13 14 15 18 26 26 26 27 28 29 29 29 30 31 33 34 36 36 37 38 39 40 44 44 49

2.5

2.6

Concept development 2.5.1 Visions & goals 2.5.2 Strategies & actions 2.5.3 Conceptual plan 2.5.4 Zoning diagram 2.5.5 Various alternatives for master plan Master plan 2.6.1 Planning guidelines 2.6.2 Proposed road network 2.6.3 Proposed entertainment areas 2.6.4 Proposed underground piazza 2.6.5 Proposals for other developments 2.6.6 Proposed master plan- Land use analysis 2.6.7 Master plan- Site view renders

52 52 53 55 56 57 58 58 61 63 66 68 69 70

CHAPTER 3 3 3.1

3.2 3.3

3.4 3.5

Architectural Design Architectural Vision 3.1.1 City of Calolziocorte 3.1.2 Introduction 3.1.3 Objectives Strategies Concept 3.3.1 Threshold 3.3.2 A simpler initiative 3.3.3 Space within space 3.3.4 To see, to be seen 3.3.5 Linking views within frames 3.3.6 Green identity 3.3.7 Continuity in neighbourhood 3.3.8 Vitality of open spaces 3.3.9 User friendliness 3.3.10 Flexible design for future transformation Physical model study Key words of design 3.5.1 Function 3.5.2 Planning 3.5.2.1 Form 3.5.2.2 Promenade 3.5.2.3 Circulation 3.5.3 Accessibility 3.5.4 Visibility

72 72 72 73 75 76 77 77 77 77 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 79 81 81 81 81 81 81 82 83

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.5.5 Sustainability Architectural drawings 3.6.1 Plans 3.6.2 Sections 3.6.3 Elevations 3.6.4 Functional layout Architectural details 3.7.1 Cladding 3.7.2 Shading: Louvers Renders

83 84 84 92 94 97 99 99 101 103

CHAPTER 4 4 4.1 4.2 4.3

4.4 4.5

4.6

4.7

Technological Solutions General concepts Climatic context Envelop composition 4.3.1 External ventilated façade 4.3.2 Knauf partition wall 4.3.3 Roof 4.3.4 Signature sports intermediate flooring 4.3.5 First floor in Mensa 4.3.6 Ground floor in Mensa Technical details U-value & Glaser diagrams 4.5.1 U-value calculations 4.5.2 Glaser diagrams 4.5.2.1 Glaser diagram for exterior ventilated façade 4.5.2.2 Glaser diagram for ground floor in Mensa 4.5.2.3 Glaser diagram for roof Shadow analysis 4.6.1 Shadow at 09:00 am in four different seasons 4.6.2 Shadow at 12:00 pm in four different seasons 4.6.3 Shadow at 04:00 pm in four different seasons 4.6.4 Shadow range of the building in different seasons Thermal analysis 4.7.1 Material definition on Ecotect 4.7.1.1 Material properties for roof 4.7.1.2 Material properties for intermediate floor 4.7.1.3 Material properties for ground floor 4.7.1.4 Material properties for external ventilated façade 4.7.2 Monthly load discomfort analysis 4.7.2.1 Analysis for whole building without louvers

108 108 110 123 123 125 126 127 128 129 130 130 132 134 135 137 139 139 141 142 143 144 144 144 145 145 146 147 148

4.8

4.9

4.10

4.7.2.2 Analysis for whole building with louvers 4.7.2.3 Analysis for basketball court (without louvers) 4.7.2.4 Analysis for volleyball court (without louvers) 4.7.2.5 Analysis for ground floor gym (without louvers) 4.7.2.6 Analysis for first floor gym (without louvers) 4.7.2.7 Analysis for second floor gym (without louvers) 4.7.2.8 Analysis for Indoor sports hall (without louvers) 4.7.2.9 Summary of heating & cooling load with 50% recovery system 4.7.2.10 Analysis with 75% heat recovery with air change rate 0.25 4.7.2.11 Comparison of analysis with 50% & 75% heat recovery system Daylight factor calculation 4.8.1 Daylight factor for basketball court 4.8.1.1 Daylight factor for basketball court (without louvers) 4.8.1.2 Daylight factor for basketball court (with louvers) 4.8.2 Daylight factor for volleyball court 4.8.2.1 Daylight factor for volleyball court (without louvers) 4.8.2.2 Daylight factor for volleyball court (with louvers) 4.8.3 Daylight factor for ground floor gym 4.8.3.1 Daylight factor for ground floor gym (without louvers) 4.8.3.2 Daylight factor for ground floor gym (with louvers) 4.8.4 Daylight factor for first floor gym 4.8.4.1 Daylight factor for first floor gym (without louvers) 4.8.4.2 Daylight factor for first floor gym (without louvers) 4.8.5 Daylight factor for second floor gym 4.8.5.1 Daylight factor for second floor gym (without louvers) 4.8.5.2 Daylight factor for second floor gym (with louvers) 4.8.6 Daylight factor for Indoor games area 4.8.6.1 Daylight factor for Indoor games area (without louvers) 4.8.6.2 Daylight factor for Indoor games area (with louvers) Shading analysis 4.9.1 Shading analysis for second floor gym- SW windows 4.9.1.1 Analysis for second floor gym- SW windows (without louvers) 4.9.1.2 Analysis for second floor gym- SW windows (with louvers) 4.9.2 Shading analysis for first floor gym- SW windows 4.9.2.1 Analysis for first floor gym- SW windows (without louvers) 4.9.2.2 Analysis for first floor gym- SW windows (with louvers) 4.9.3 Shadow analysis for second floor gym window-NW windows 4.9.3.1 Analysis for second floor gym -NW windows (without louvers) 4.9.3.2 Analysis for second floor gym -NW windows (with louvers) Comparison of energy production with energy consumption 4.10.1 Energy production through PV cells 4.10.2 Energy production through solar collectors 4.10.3 Efficiency of proposed system 4.10.4 Solar access analysis

149 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 160 161 163 163 163 164 164 164 165 165 165 166 166 166 167 167 167 168 168 168 169 170 170 171 172 172 173 174 174 175 176 176 177 177 178

4.11

4.10.4.1 Analysis for Indoor games area roof 4.10.4.2 Analysis for gym roof Building service systems 4.11.1 Solar panels 4.11.2 Central heating through heat exchanger 4.11.3 Central cooling through air cooled water chiller 4.11.3.1 Air cooled water chillers 4.11.4 Grey water system

178 178 180 180 182 184 184 186

CHAPTER 5 5 5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.6

5.7

Structural design Benefits and limitations of steel structure 5.1.1 Benefits 5.1.2 Limitations Structural configuration 5.2.1 Structural configuration of courts area 5.2.2 Structural configuration of gymnasium & entrance lobby 5.2.3 Structural configuration of services area Load estimation and design 5.3.1 Material properties 5.3.2 Load estimation 5.3.2.1 Dead load calculations 5.3.2.2 Live load calculations 5.3.2.3 Wind load calculations 5.3.2.4 Snow load calculations 5.3.2.5 Earthquake design concepts 5.3.2.6 Expansion joint Assumed sections 5.4.1 Column sections 5.4.2 Beam section 5.4.3 Load combinations Structural analysis 5.5.1 Bending moment diagrams 5.5.2 Shear force diagrams 5.5.3 Axial force diagrams Designing of structural members 5.6.1 Column design 1 (provided in gym area) 5.6.2 Column design 2 5.6.3 Beam design 5.6.4 Base plate design 5.6.5 Design of bolts Verification of sections provided in structure

187 187 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 193 194 194 195 195 200 202 203 204 204 205 206 207 207 209 211 213 213 216 219 222 223 224

5.7.1 5.7.2

Frames of courts perpendicular to truss faced frames Truss facing frames of courts area

224 226

CHAPTER 6 6

Conclusion

228

Acknowledgement

229

References

230

COMUNE DI CALOLZIOCORTE Provincia di Lecco COMPETITION FOR THE REDEVELOPMENT AREA IN PLACE ‘LAVELLO AND ALONG THE RIVER ADDA

Summary The thesis is based on the competition proposed by ‘Comune di Calolziocorte’ and the Province of Lecco that was asking for a competition and ideas for an urban scale for the redevelopment of Lavello and notified places all along the River Adda. The whole development of Calolziocorte was divided into four lists. ‘List A’ involves the intervention s already done. ‘List B’ involves the interventions in advanced planning stage. ‘List C’ involves interventions to be designed in the competition and ‘List D’ relates to the historical development and conservation of the city. The competition was only for the projects in ‘List C’. The purpose of competition is to develop new ideas and possible projects that aim to improve the redevelopment area, in compliance with the use of the urban area and urban context. It is required that the areas of intervention of the competition ‘List C’ should preserve the connotations of value existing on-site, enhance them, retain them and strengthen them. The project must meet the requirement to organize the system of public spaces in relation to existing built up area and the existing and draft in order to characterize the place. The building and planning parameters for the area of the competition will be subject to changes in relation to the opportunities offered by the proposed project. The ideas proposed should deepen the urban area of interest through the study and identification of new relationships between the spaces, buildings and the users of the same, reinforcing the identity of the location, routes and connections to the existing fabric. The project must then articulate the urban scale and typology of buildings up to the study of aggregation of spaces, paths and street furniture, and proposing design solutions with the following specifics: 



Use materials and formal solutions with strong characterization and recognition. Also assuming the use of innovative materials, provided they are suitable for use and the context in which they are inserted Ensure continuity and consistency to the system of public spaces, through the organization of cycling and walking paths, in order to create a connection with the urban fabric


The project will then be articulated by the jury from the urban scale, studying the aggregation of spaces, paths, street furniture, proposing design solutions, both broad and detailed. The commencement date of the competition was 10 Aug 2011 and the competition expired on 21 Mar 2012. Our architectural design part of the thesis report is one of the projects listed in List C, Which is a new gym for the high school ‘Lorenzo Rota.’

Part of Calolziocorte with most interventions Project site


The Green Locus

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

INTRODUCTION

The city A city not only being a group of buildings but also portrays the culture of the society. It relates to its architectural landmarks, places of social, cultural, educational, and economic importance. Natural resources like water bodies; green spaces etc. also contribute in building the image of a city. These features collectively construct a visual image of the city, symbolizing the cityscape. That’s why the Thames in London, the River Ghats of Banaras, and Marine Drive of Mumbai has inseparable images of these cities. These places are mainly used for social congregation, recreation, navigation, tourism and sacred activities of which our principal memories are made of. “A city is made by social congregation of people, for business and pleasure and ceremony, different from shop and office or private affair of home. A person is a citizen in the street. A city street is not, as Le Corbusier thinks, a machine for traffic to pass through but a square for people to remain within.” Paul and Percival Goodman (Communitas) It is generally seen that the natural sites in the city are of great public interest. They eventually become major public spaces in the city. These public places are essential and inseparable parts of the city, which are neglected in maintenance, development and planning process. Hence these problems should be addressed at appropriate level and necessary improvements should be proposed and executed in an integrated manner. Attempt is to deal with the development of such natural resources and upgrade the areas around so that they can be given back to the city. Water & city Waterfronts are great community spaces of the city and they play vital social and cultural role in our lives, implying our greater responsibilities towards them. From time immemorial water bodies have been given the most honored and sacred place in our culture. The Ghats at the rivers and the Kunds in temples and towns are just not sources of water but also centers for bathing, swimming, washing, cremation, religious, social and cultural activities. “If there is magic on this planet, it is contained in water.” - Loren Eiseley (The Immense Journey) Almost everybody has a definite lure for water and water can play an important role in recreation. Within the overall trend, the demand for water based activities has been always increasing. It will occupy a high position in the table of recreation and leisure.


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The Green Locus

Introduction

Except for man-made additions, the total stock of water is constant all over the world. It should be regarded as, nature’s gift and needs to be preserved with great care and skill. Everybody seeks for a place away from the hustle bustle of city, surrounded by calm and beautiful waterfront. These waterfronts can be made enjoyable by having, cafes, restaurants, water games, landscaped areas, terraces, simply to enjoy the sight of water. “Our bodies and spirits need the fresh breezes that blow from the water. We need both its calm and its stimulus. We need the sense of community, the opportunities for festivity, for artistic expression, recreation and commercial bustle that urban waterfront. We need what we what August Heckscher has called ‘The Public Happiness. ’ In these often desperate times of anxiety and confusion, we need all this desperately. ” Wolf Von Eckardt (Washington DC) It is essential therefore that these water bodies and waterfronts be maintained and developed as active usable spaces for the city in the process of haphazard urban growth. These waterfronts and park are the only recreation spaces left within the city. To ruin them is to squander a great resource of a city. Lakes are one of such natural sites in the city, which are neglected and treated as the backyard of the cities. It is disheartening to see the apathy shown towards the lakes. Even if steps are taken to improve them, they are limited to the beautification (that often means just adding paving and shrubbery). This is a myopic view and a complete failure of the system to identify and make suitable use of the available community spaces and social Calolziocorte Calolziocorte is a commune (municipality) in the Province of Lecco in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 40 km northeast of Milan and about 6 km southeast of Lecco. Calolziocorte community intends to promote the city as a recreational city which demands plenty of parks and playing areas. Currently, there are green fields but not organized and there are lack of variety of sports facilities and poor infrastructure demonstration. The public administration accomplished some intervention, and planned some others, with the aim to improve the perception of the potential of the natural environment, to enhance the cultural heritage and the connections and hence this competition project. Complete description of municipality brief requirements is a part of our urban analysis.


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Introduction

Why Calolziocorte? Approach Dealing with the project at urban level for Refurbishment got us well equipped with the issue and program. Background Living in similar environment (Lecco) for almost 2 years, we came very close to the local culture and mind set of people around us. The approach of the Italians towards nature, sports, activities and most importantly their requirements were in our mind throughout the project development. Being from Asian countries where the system and planning of a city differs, it was an opportunity for us to explore European cityscape, giving us dimensional ways of learning and capturing each feature of the site. Especially development of a Calolziocorte was a valuable experience as it is a blend of historic places, industries, huge lake front and plentiful open green areas. Accessibility The place being close to our residence, it was easily accessible at any time duration, which was helpful for our initial research. Potentials      

Tourist attraction Widespread beautiful and energetic lake front Sanctuary and convent Santa Mario del Lavello situated near lake front is one of the biggest strengths depicting historical identity. Prime location (between Milan & Lecco) Development plan of ‘Comune di Calolziocorte’ (municipality) Despite having much potential, the site lacks organization and is not properly utilized

Prime issues   

A railway line separating residential area from lakefront Unorganized and dead lakefront lacking any activity in and around the area Presence of industrial area


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The Green Locus

Introduction

According to the general lines given by the competition to create a new centre and vital zone for this area of the city, by taking up the challenge we tried to face the project of this campus by doing several case studies about the lake fronts, and finding out the reasons for dying of lake fronts, and came up with some options of interventions. In order to satisfy all the functional requirements, we tried to design a built environment able to become a landmark in itself. Approach to the solution was very simplistic which evolved from various studies, site visits, our own ideas and professors guidance. We tried to connect the residential zone across d railway line with the lake front by creating visual and physical connections, using the existing tourist attraction and the huge green space available, and thus the name originated ‘ The Green Locus’ ‘The Green Locus’ The word ‘locus’ literally means, ‘line connecting two points with similar attributes’ We created major two activity zones which act as green spaces along the lake and connected them physically and re-organized the attributed functions all along the lake. Sports forming a major part of social life and there being a lack of well organized sports fields, our main focus was the school and public gymnasium proposed by ‘Comune di Calolziocorte’ providing indoor sport courts, and well equipped state of art Gymnasium. Further we continued with the same concept of connecting two spaces with the help of a green corridor which is platform raised above the road level to eliminate the high speed road in front of the school. Ii is basically a landscaped space which acts as a main bridging element between the new gymnasium and the lake front with various recreational activities. The aim was to continue and enhance the requalification of the lakefront, increasing the quality of the new intervention and to improve the perception of the potential of the natural environment, to enhance the cultural heritage and the connections.


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The Green Locus

CHAPTER 2

Urban Analysis

URBAN ANALYSIS

2.1 History 2.1.1 Site Location Since prehistoric times, it is probable that the territory was populated Calolzio; it is of some importance to the presence of a settlement attributable to Iron Age and Celtic culture of Golant (IX-V century BC) found at the nearby Rock of Somasca. Evident vestiges of the Roman presence dates back to the imperial era, foothills through which the road that linked Brescisa, Bergamo, Como and crossed the River Adda thanks to the bridge Olginate, referring to the third century AD, the settlement of Calolzio gained importance in finding the reason of this resource road development. The first written record of a place calolziese or Corte dates from the year 774, when Fig 2.1 Location of Calolziocorte Rado de Curte appears as a witness in a parchment Bergamo. This character is the oldest inhabitant of Calolziocorte of which there is documented proof. The municipality of Calolziocorte was created in 1927 by the merger of the municipalities of Calolzio and Corte, but assumed its present dimensions only in 1928 when the municipalities were merged Rossino and Lorentino. In 1992 the town passed from the province of Bergamo in the new province of Lecco. Calolziocorte received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on December 10, 2002. A summary of city specifications is as follows: Country

Italy

Region

Lombardy

Province

Lecco (LC)

Fractions

Rossino, Lorentino, Sopracornola, Pascolo, Foppenico, Sala

Area

9 m²

Elevation

211 m

Population (2008) 14,332 MSc Architectural Engineering- Politecnico Di Milano

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The Green Locus

Urban Analysis

Postal code

23801

Dialling code

0341 Table 2.1 General specifications of Calolziocorte

Calolziocorte is surrounded by the following municipalities: Lecco, Oggiono, Rovagnate, Cisano Bergamasco, Carenno, and Erve as shown in Fig 2.2

Fig 2.2 Notable communes near Calolziocorte

Source of Fig 2.2: http://89.96.218.101/PGT_approvato/PGT/AP_SCHEDE_AMBITI_TRASFORMAZIONE.pdf Piano di governo del territorio-relazione di progetto PGT 2010 Cumune di Calolziocorte


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Urban Analysis

2.1.2 Chronology of historical events ERA

Imperial Era

RULERS

Roman

773 AD - 13th 14th - 17 th 19th 20th 21th Century Century Century Century Century (Middle Ages)

I sec. BC

The territory of Bergamo is ascribed to the Royal XI "Trans".

I sec. AD

The territory of Bergamo belongs to Royal X "Venetia et Histria".

I-II cent. AD III sec. AD 490, August 10

Dating of the epigraph of Lorentino dedicated to the goddess Diana from Quintus Severus Vibius. Construction of the Roman bridge on the Adda. Battle on the Adda, near the bridge, between the Goths and Heruli.

VII-VIII century.AD The Lombard duchy of Bergamo extends to Adda. 774, May 886, February

Rado de Curte appears as a witness in a parchment Bergamo: is the oldest "calolziese" mentioned by the sources. First proof of Calolzio, in the form Caluxio / Caluce.

887, July

First mention of the town (then disappearance) of Cremellina.

960-975

Atto, Ferlinda husband is Count of Lecco and the court of Almenno.

985, September

Calaucio, Casale locations, and a vineyard in Flaponico, resorts Nine Order.

1014

In a diploma of Emperor Henry II, speaking for the first time in the castle of the sink.

1186, Feb. 22

Pope Urban II recognized the monastery of Pontida rights above the church of San Michele di Foppenico.

1230 1249, August 12

Calolzio belongs to the facta of Porta S. Alexander of Bergamo. Some men define themselves as inhabitants of Calolzio Vallis Sancti. Martini is the first official confirmation of the Valley so far known.

1274

Napoleon's conquest of the Tower Calolzio and Val San Martino.

1282

Philip Benaglio is lord of Guelph and Calolzio Vercurago.

1332

Azzone Visconti lord of Bergamo and Val San Martino.

1373

Bernabo Visconti ravaging the lands of Calolzio and Val S.Martin.

1398, May 27

Cerese Battle Field (later known as Patirassa) between Guelfs and Ghibellines Calolzio Olginate.


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1428, January 20 1435 1443, October 30 1443-1444 1454, April 11 1480 1503, July 5 1566, October 4 1574 1537, February 8 1630, February

Urban Analysis

Bergamo and Val San Martino pass under the dominion of Venice. Drafting of Statuta Municipalia Vallis Sancti Martini. Creation of the Parish autonomous (from the Parish of Garlate) of Calolzio. Paxino Mazzoleni is the first Cure of Calolzio. Are permanently fixed borders between the Val San Martino, a land of San Marco, and the Duchy of Milan. The hermit Jacopino, in the act of repairing the ruined church of Santa Maria, discovers the miraculous fountain, which will change the Sink. Probable date of construction (or dedication) of the new church of S. Martin, as reported by a lintel at the parish house. Visit of St. Charles Borromeo Parish in Calolzio beyond the de Ada. Creation of the Parish of Olginate which includes the Parish of Calolzio. A Somasca, dies St. Jerome Emiliani. A Foppenico blazes one of the first outbreak of plague that hit the Bergamo.

1734

Authorized by the Venetian Senate, is the erection of the Shrine of principiata Casale project by the architect Ferdinand Saijz.

1787

The Calolzio meets in the Parish of the Diocese of Bergamo

With the Treaty of Campo Formio, after nearly four centuries, ending the rule of the Republic of Venice on the Val San Martino. The Franco-Cisalpine troops under the command of General Sérurier Calolzio 1799, April 22 to 23 transiting towards Lecco, then the theater of the famous "Battle of Lecco" between the French and Austro-Russians (25-27 April 1799) 1797, October 17

1815, June 1817, December 24 1818, August 26 1822 1823 1828, October 30 1834

With the Congress of Vienna, Calolzio belongs to the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia in the Empire of Francis I of Austria. Count Giacomo Ragazzoni Benaglio said Brolo gives a field for the construction of the new parish church of San Martino. Laying the foundation stone for the construction of the new parish church (then arcipresbiterale) of San Martino. Catherine moved to Citizens Calolzio his cousins, priests. Don Antonio Cittadini founded the Body Music "Gaetano Donizetti", one of the oldest in the Province of Bergamo. The Imperial Royal Provincial Director Giovanni Battista Bozzi, husband of the Countess Ludovica Regazzoni, laying the last stone The widowed Countess Marianna Petrobelli Berizzi he built at his own expense, the main altar of Carrara marble

1835, September 29 Solemn consecration of the parish church of San Martino 1836

On Calolzio befalls a terrible epidemic of cholera


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Fig 2.3 Calolziocorte and surroundings in 1888

1902

Pietro and Domenico Cugnasca Baggioli based plant "Barium salts", better known as Fabricù

1904

Consecration of bells placed on the steeple of the parish church of San Martino

1914, June 27 1922 1927, Feb. 27 1928, October 18

The parish church of Calolzio is declared a monument of national interest The parish rises to Calolzio title Arcipresbiterale By Royal Decree. 205 of Vittorio Emanuele III, King of Italy, is implemented the unification of Commons and the Court of Calolzio By Royal Decree. 2527 Vittorio Emanuele III, King of Italy, are united the towns of Calolziocorte Rossino and Lorentino

1936, August 23 to A Calolziocorte is held the fourth Eucharistic Congress Plaga 30 Arrested by the fascists, the Archpriest Father Bolis Achilles dies in prison of 1944, Feb. 23 S. Vittore in Milan 1992, March 6 With Legislative Decree n. 250, Calolziocorte passes to the newly formed Province


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Fig 2.4 Calolziocorte and surroundings in 1954

2002, December 10

By Decree of the President of the Republic, the City of Calolziocorte was awarded the title of City

Source of chronology of events: http://www.comune.calolziocorte.lc.it/docinf.jhtml?param1_1=N11f8e342971b89921d7 Source of Fig 2.3 & 2.4 http://89.96.218.101/PGT_approvato/PGT/AP_SCHEDE_AMBITI_TRASFORMAZIONE.pdf


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2.1.3 Evolution over the time In 1958 Total size of the city = 95.6 ha Average area per capita (Sqm) = 99 Inhabitants = 9,636 It is evident from the picture that in 1950’s the city of Calolziocorte was in a developing phase. There is a lack of built up space and the population of the city is also not very encouraging. There are plenty of open spaces and the city is treated as a village. Fig 2.5 Calolziocorte n 1958

From 1958 to 1976 Area built in the period = 119.5 ha Total size of the city = 215.3 ha Average area per capita (Sqm) =153 Inhabitants = 14,084 It is obvious from this figure that during the period 1958 to 1976, there was a major development in this area. It started to become a town, the built up space increased and the infrastructure got much better. Also as a result of this development, the population of the Calolziocorte increased. Fig 2.6 Evolution from 1958 to 1976

From 1997 to 2008 Area built in the period = 42.17 ha Total size of the city = 313.6 ha Average area per capita (Sqm) = 219 Inhabitants = 14,332 Most recent picture of this area shows that it after getting the status of ‘city’ there is more organized development. The construction process and the population remain stagnant however, there is more symmetry and balance among the built up spaces.

Fig 2.7 Evolution from 1997 to 2008

Source of maps: http://89.96.218.101/PGT_approvato/PGT/AP_SCHEDE_AMBITI_TRASFORMAZIONE.pdf Piano di governo del territorio-relazione di progetto PGT 2010 Cumune di Calolziocorte


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Fig 2.8 Development phase of Calolziocorte from 1958 to 2008

This figure is very essential if we want to analyse the development of Calolziocorte city from period to period. We can see that during 1950’s some development occurred in the middle of the city and after that it gradually expanded sideways as it normally happens in development of areas. However, in this case we can observe that the development is scattered all around the premises of the city and it continued over the period of time. Nevertheless, during the last decade the city got urban importance and now we notice an urban symmetry to an extent. It is worth mentioning that the ‘Comune of Calolziocorte’ is very focussed on the further development of the city. For the subject reason, there is a list of developments that is intended to be done. The intervention has already initiated and a number of works are still to be done. The detail of this brief is also a part of the urban report and is explained in detail. Also the urban analysis of the Calolziocorte city by our thesis group has been carried out keeping in view the requirements of the brief.

Source: http://89.96.218.101/PGT_approvato/PGT/AP_SCHEDE_AMBITI_TRASFORMAZIONE.pdf Piano di governo del territorio-relazione di progetto PGT 2010 Cumune di Calolziocorte MSc Architectural Engineering- Politecnico Di Milano

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2.2 Municipality of Calolziocorte 2.2.1 History of ‘Comune di Calolziocorte’ Located in a valley morphologically extended for fifteen miles from the shores of Lake Olginate until Ambivere and officially called Valle San Martino in the first half of the fifteenth century, Calolziocorte was rooted in a very distant past. For the fact of being crossed by piedmont road connecting Brescia, Bergamo, Como and crossed the Adda River through the bridge of Olginate, referring to the third century AD (whose remains are still preserved in some form of hexagonal pillars), the 'settlement Calolzio acquired a significant importance in this resource to find the right road of development. The town of Calolziocorte was affected in 1863 by the construction of the railway-Lecco, Bergamo-Brescia and, three years later, after the activation of the Milan -Lecco. The strategic location and the presence of important railway junction in Calolziocorte favoured the development of many industrial sites, especially between the 20s and 40s of last century. To note the establishment "of Barium Salts," by all Calolziesi known as "Fabricù", founded in 1902 by Pietro and Domenico Cugnasca Baggioli. In 1927, a Royal Decree issued by King Vittorio Emanuele III of Italy, was implemented the 'Unification of municipalities and Calolzio Court (to which, the following year, those hills were fused Rossino and Lorentino), previously separate, independent, hence the current name of Calolziocorte composite. In the second half of 19° century, the railway spread in northern Italy and especially in Lecco County. Therefore many factories settled in Calolzio, which was an important crossroad of the railway lines connecting Switzerland and Milan. The industrial sector increased since the 19° century, allowing a progressive economic improvement that affected the entire district. Especially between the “20s and the ’40s of the 20° century the sprawl was huge (in 1902 Sali di Bario factory was founded). In the city territory there are many buildings of great value: many Villas (dating back to the beginning of 20° century), the church of San Marino (18° century), the botanical garden of Villa De Ponti, the Castle of Rossino and the Church of Saint Lawrence nearby (dating back to the middle age). In 2002 Calolziocorte municipality received the title of “city”. The city is settled at the eastern edge of Lombardy Region, close to Lecco city. The county land of Calolziocorte is within the San Martino Valley: the surrounding hills and Adda River are strong features of the nearby territory. Source: http://www.comune.calolziocorte.lc.it/docinf.jhtml?param1_1=N11f6ad5fb3ad11f7cc2 MSc Architectural Engineering- Politecnico Di Milano

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2.2.2 Social life of inhabitants We observe a mixed social life of the inhabitants of Calolziocorte. The earning class is busy in working in and around Calolziocorte. The youngsters are engaged in studies and sports. Senior citizens spent their times in gathering and discussions. There are few industries and warehouses in the city. Notable industries includes automotive industry, spinning (cotton) industries, Engineering research consultants industry, Cocoa & chocolate industry and other manufacturing units. Lot of people are engaged in these industries for their livelihood. Some people look after farms growing different crops and farming animals for their earning. We can find some farms near the Monastery Lavello Few calolziese also work in the neighbouring communes. However, the young blood of Calolziocorte has a rich social life. There is an Institute of Higher Education "Lorenzo Rota" in Calolziocorte with specialization in Administration, finance and marketing which currently serves several hundred students of Calolziocorte. It is worth mentioning that there are more than 40 football teams in the ‘Comune di Fig 2.9 Recent Mayor Paul Arrigoni Calolziocorte’ (according to Mayor Paul Arrigoni). This is one of the main reasons why municipality of Calolziocorte is focused to enhance the quality of existing sports field and provide new fields as well. There are several bars and pubs in the city centre and one famous dancing Lavello in Viale Alcedi de Gasperi, Calolziocorte.


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2.2.3 Significant places Church of Bishop San Martino Built overlooking the old parish church (now the Community House) according to the project engineer of the illustrious architect Giuseppe Bovara Lecco between 1817 and 1847, as shown in Fig 2.10 the arcipresbiterale church is entered through a monumental portico of four columns with Corinthian capitals. After the compass input, it appears the majestic altar of white marble from Carrara behind the apse fresco depicting Christ's appearance to St. Martin Fig 2.10 Church of Bishop San Martino performed by Louis Morgari of Turin in 1907 and dominated by the dome painted in 1830 by Brighenti. On either side you look at the four altars of St. Joseph (1898), of SS. Rocco and Sebastiano (1837), Addolorata (1851) and the blessed Virgin of Mount Carmine (1869). Remarkable eighteenth century organ Serassi. Recently, it has been the subject of restoration.

Shrine of Lady of Good Counsel of Casale In places already mentioned in a parchment Bergamo year 985, there was a shrine dedicated to the Virgin who in 1730 showed signs and wonders so as to induce the people to build a sanctuary. Authorized by decree of the Venetian Senate, was the erection principia in 1734 by architect Ferdinando Saijz. This is a restrained baroque building in central octagonal dome covered with polygonal presbytery, it was only partially realized because the current church should have formed the choir and presbytery of the one designed to occupy the whole Square up the wash. Rising Sanctuary of St. Jerome in Somasca addressed elsewhere spontaneous offerings of the people and the project was inevitably reduced. Fig 2.11 Shrine of Lady of God

Convent of Santa Maria Ancient settlements, fortifications sull'Adda already belonging to the Counts of Almenno in the eleventh century, and annexed to a church in San Simpliciano XII, the religious settlement of the Lavello is outlined at the end of the thirteenth century when the sources indicate the presence of a church dedicated to Santa Maria, intended in 1443, became part of


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the Parish of autonomous Calolzio under Venetian rule. At the end of the fifteenth century, the church was reduced dropout was restored and enlarged Jacopino hermit who, during the work, discovered a miraculous source of water advocate of miracles, healings and devotion survived to this day. Settled the religious community of Fig 2.12 Convent of Santa Maria Served Fathers, work was completed around 1493 and gave the monastery the form that we can still admire. To note the characteristic cloister sixteenth, seventeenth-century minor one, the wooden pulpit with hand-regent of the crucifix, a Madonna-style end of four hundred and several frescoes of exquisite workmanship. During restoration, the complex is destined to become the cultural centre of European scope.

Church of San Lorenzo Vecchio Rossino It rises in the village calolziese Rossino, in front of the new parish church. The architecture shows typical shapes of the first half of the twelfth century, although the first evidence found in medieval maps date from the early fourteenth century. Rectangular building with a nave and apse trapezoidal, exposed wooden roof and bell tower with lancet tuff, the old church of S. Lorenzo has undergone Fig 2.13 Church of San Lorenzo Vecchio Rossino numerous interventions during the different periods, among which the two side altars. Precious decorations and frescoes inside recently restored, dating back to the centuries XIV, XV, XVI and XVII: San Lorenzo, San Sebastiano and the Christ Pantocratore at the chancel, San Lorenzo to grill and a Crucifixion on the south side.


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Castle Rossino Called Castle Rossino (but otherwise believed to be a nameless Castle) and placed at the right of the stream Buliga on a hill overlooking terraced vineyards, along with the church of San Lorenzo Vecchio (so called de castro) and some buildings are characterized by porches, lanes and rustic, it is a distinct nucleus and separated from the heart of Rossino, located further upstream. It is a fortified complex comprising an extended time and multiple Fig 2.14 Castle Rossino towers today, in the castle several times and adapted, survived an original thirteenth century tower that once belonged to the family of Benaglio (Masters of the Valle San Martino) and then the Rota. Place is highly scenic. Public Library Caterina Cittadini The library offers a wealth of Calolziocorte about 28,000 documents, including units of books and multimedia materials. Besides the general library services, the library offers a number of services for the community which includes seminars and events of young children and efforts to promote Italian language through books and brochures.

Fig 2.15 Public Library Caterina Cittadini

Source: http://www.comune.calolziocorte.lc.it/pagina.jhtml?param1_1=N11f83836f2e28aae747 Texts by Prof. Fabio Bonaiti


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2.2.4 Municipality brief requirements Competition for the requalification of “Lavello” area and Adda riverfront In 2002 Calolziocorte municipality received the title of “city”. The city is settled at the eastern edge of Lombardy Region, close to Lecco city. The county land of Calolziocorte is within the San Martino Valley: the surrounding hills and Adda River are strong features of the nearby territory. The place had a strategic location in the past, since the roman age: between Como Lake, San Martino Valley and the Adda River, along the military roman road connecting Como and Bergamo, very close to Olginate bridge. It has been a border of various areas under different political controls. Environmental features of Lavello area The areas of Lavello and Adda riverfront are included in the Regional Park Northern Adda, and partially are included in the pSIC n. 45 “Olginate’s lake”, which is an environment of great value. Aim of the competition The public administration (municipality and other public Institutes) accomplished some intervention (list A), and planned some others (list B), with the aim to improve the perception of the potential of the natural environment, to enhance the cultural heritage and the connections. The competition has the aim to continue and enhance the requalification of the riverfront, producing an increase of the quality of the new intervention. The new intervention (list C) will respect, protect, enhance the existing historical buildings and sites (list D). List A, interventions already done 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

Interchange station (Trains/Coaches), parking lot at underground level Multi-storey parking lot, “Al Fabbricone” street Parking lot “Fontana”, De Gasperi avenue New sports court, soccer fields (lot 1) Pedestrian zone “Martiri delle Foibe Park” Requalification of the riverfront and cycle track (lot “C”) Cycle track (lot “D”) and pier for the tourists navigation on Adda River Cycle track (lot “E”) and play ground

List B, advanced designed interventions 1) Bar/lounge on the river side 2) Requalification of the Railway station square 3) Variation of the Lecco-Bergamo road, 2° lot (“San Gerolamo”) MSc Architectural Engineering- Politecnico Di Milano

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Variation of the Lecco-Bergamo road, 3° lot (“Lavello”) New sports court, soccer fields (lot 2) New roundabout on the Lecco-Bergamo road Beltway on the lake area Service Center for the main project “the sites and roads of Faith in the province of Lecco” 9) Cycle track on the disused railway bridge (Calolziocorte-Olginate) 10) Requalification of the river front and new cycle track (Adda expo lot) 11) Connection of Archimede road 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

List C, interventions to be designed in the competition 1) Requalification of the existing sports court and sports Hall The area of the sporting centre is the object of requalification, including the sports hall (at least the exterior part), the design of a shelter for exhibitions and events (a tensioned structure, with open sides). The location of the shelter has not to prevent the view of Lavello Convent, a new indoor/outdoor swimming pool, play grounds and courts (tennis court, mini golf).

Fig 2.16 Existing sports court

2) New pedestrian area and requalification of the parking lot outside Lavello Convent The requalification of the parking lot (between Lavello and Padri Serviti roads) includes parking areas of bikes, cars, couches, campers. It has to be designed to improve the accessibility to the Convent and nearby areas. The intervention should design also green areas, the requalification of the roads Lavello and Padri Serviti by means of sidewalks. Moreover, considering the plan of the new road (connecting Archimede road, B11), is required the design of a pedestrian zone up to Padri Serviti square.


Fig 2.17 Parking lot outside Lavello Convent

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3) Enlargement of the pedestrian zone “Martiri delle Foibe park” and requalification of Marinai d’Italia square The construction of the connection (point B7), the part of De Gasperi Avenue, preventing cars circulation, will be an extension of the pedestrian area (Martiri delle Foibe park). Also Marinai d’Italia square and the Sports court road is object of the requalification (the road is the connection of the square itself and the club). Object of the intervention is the relocation of the weekly outdoor market too. Fig 2.18 Marinai d’Italia square

4) Bike-pedestrian track between downtown and the river, including a bridge Road SS 639 splits the city into two parts and there are many roads from SS 639 towards the river (Saint Rocco road, Padri Sarviti road, Lavello road, Istria road, Resegone road, Dei Sassi road, Mazzini road). None of them has a bike track. Garibaldi avenue (downtown), Marconi road, Istria road (including the existing subway), Resegone road, and the new part to be constructed, is a central axes and it could become the main path by means of a Fig 2.19 Via Dei Sassi requalification and subway in De Gasperi avenue, connecting the bike track or the enlarged pedestrian area. This connection with the river is not the only possibility, and the designers can propose other solutions.

5) Bike-pedestrian overhead crossing in Lavello road At present Lavello road has already fair road traffic in the track between Sporting Center road and Padri Serviti road. When the 3rd lot of the Lecco-Bergamo road (B 4) will be finished, the traffic will increase because of the new connection of the second lot Lecco-Bergamo (B3). Pedestrians will walk along and across the road to reach the Rota High school, the Sports Court, therefore it could be desirable to have overhead crossing bike track.


Fig 2.20 Via Lavello

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6) Requalification of towpath road by means of the bike track (southern side and bridge on the Serta River) The route n 9 (the “ring of Garlate and Olginate lake”, that is part of the wider bike track surrounding Lecco, Como and Varese lakes) will be ready in Calolziocorte land, by means of the accomplishment of the forth lot (Adda Expo) of the bike track (B10) and the refurbishment of the railway bridge (B9). The accomplishment of the fifth lot of bike track has the aim to requalify the river front. The design of a bridge on the Serta creek, along the towpath road, will allow the Fig 2.21 The cycle lane of lakes bikers to get and look up to the new back stayed bridge Cesare Cantù (recently opened), and to keep going towards Marenzo Mountain, in Bergamo county.

7) New gym of the high School “Lorenzo Rota" The increasing number of the enrolled students (at present more than 500) requires designing a gym in the building of the school. At present the students use the sports hall nearby, that it is over employed because of the increasing use also by the local associations. The new gym will provide covered basketball and volley fields (according to the present regulation) available to the association’s members too. Because of the increasing Fig 2.22 High school Lorenzo Rota interest of the municipality in the high school area, it is already planned the change of the ownership of the area, between the province and the municipality in the next territory plan.

Source Fig 2.21 http://www.cicloviadeilaghi.it/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=96&Itemid=23


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8) Path of physical training A wood is located in the large green area close the Adda paper factory (recently listed in the requalification of “C” lot); a pedestrian path surrounds the wood. It is a requirement to design a path for outdoor physical training, by locating the equipments and facilities. The path will meet the favour of many citizens, especially the formal “groups of walking” (teams following the project of education to health of the national council for health and in collaboration with the municipality), those meet and walk along the river many times a week.

Fig 2.23 Path along Lake front

9) New sports center, including soccer fields, third lot At present there is a project of two new soccer fields, with regular dimensions. The municipality has five soccer associations that train the children and kids practice and have the main role to promote the socialization. These associations use the parishes facilities, and not always the parishes soccer fields are adequate. The associations require to use the municipality soccer fields also for training, and not only for the championship games. Therefore it is required an enlargement of the new sports center (third lot) including a place for training and a soccer field for the five-a-side football.

Fig 2.24 Proposed soccer field

10) New use and accomplishment of the House in Stoppani road The refurbishment plan of the factory ‘Sali di Bario’ included transferring the house’s ownership to the municipality, and the refurbishment of the house according the Register office guidelines. The house is a two storeys building, and has been listed since 2009. It has been refurbished outside, whilst inside only the plant and structures were done. It has a high accessibility; it is located in the middle of the interchange station, close to the railway station. The house did not have a plan for a new use. It is required to Fig 2.25 Factory Sali di Bario MSc Architectural Engineering- Politecnico Di Milano

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design the interior refurbishment according to a new use that should enhance the Cultural Heritage, provide a service to the community, and have an autonomous economic sustainability.

11) Requalification of the tollbooth of Venice health belt and surrounding area The tollbooth dates back to 1714, during the Venice domination. It is located close to Pascolo suburb and Olginate bridge, between Adda River and the new road towards Lavello. The meadow area has a high value as a natural landscape, and perhaps in the past it has been the location of the no more existing suburb of Cremellina. At present the building has solid bricks and cobbles masonry, with irregular pattern, tiles roof. The Fig 2.26 Covent of Santa Maria biological attack (vegetation) and the structure damages are huge. Its appearance of tool shed is the same of many other agricultural constructions of the area; on the contrary the building had been a stronghold of the health defences of Venice. In fact the building was a customs house to check the health of people passing by, in order to refuse the entrance of sick persons coming from the Adda River (the natural edge between Venice and Milan) and to prevent the spreading of epidemic diseases like the pledge. The historical documents and maps of 18th century report the location of this building: iIt is a rare witness of the Venice domination (between 1454 and 1797) and the building adds value to the historical remains between Olginate bridge and Santa Maria del Lavello convent. The requalification of the building and the surrounding area should safeguard and enhance a precious remain of the land.

12) Pedestrian connection with the Botanical garden in Villa Dé Ponti The connection with the botanical garden of Villa De Ponti (D2) will enhance the touristic improvement of Calolziocorte, also by means of pedestrian paths between the railway and bus station and the riverfront.

Fig 2.27 Botanical garden


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List “D” 1) Convent and Shrine of Santa Maria del Lavello Starting point and most important topical reference point of the Cloister Route in the Lecco district is the Santa Maria del Lavello monastery complex, one of the most meaningful monuments of local history and religious traditions. The territory offers a lot of other monuments of historical and artistic value and the Lecco County included them in three different routes in order to signalize their particular importance. In 2000 Lombardy Region, Lecco Province and Calolziocorte municipality signed an agreement for the conservative restoration of the Shrine and Convent Lavello Foundation Calolziocorte Municipality and Foppenico parish are owners of the Convent and shrine of Lavello. Lecco province has the loan of the use for 99 years. With the aim to manage the restored complex as touristic appeal, in 2003 the “Monastero di Santa Maria del Lavello” foundation was founded by Lecco Province and Calolziocorte municipality. Objective of the foundation is the enhancement of the culture and traditions of the land, development of eco-sustainable tourism (religious, artistic, cultural etc), promotion of female employments and enterprises, promotion of Lombardy Region, Commerce and Industry chamber of Lecco, Mountain Community of Eastern Lario- Saint Martin Valley, Bernareggi Foundation of Bergamo. 2) Botanical Garden and De Ponti Villa Botanical garden It is a remarkable part of the Eco museum Saint Martin Valley and the Museum system of Lecco province, the park’s surface is 1 ectar large, and it hosts more than 500 species, local and outlandish, spontaneous and cultivated. The name of the garden is after Gaspare De Ponti. Some exemplars are few weeks old, others are a century old, all of them have a peculiar story. The woods are set along an elliptic path, at different elevation, in order to isolate the park from the landscape outside the garden. The area inside the ellipse is a meadow. Part of the garden is a herbal garden and orchard, and recently the gardeners planted aboriginal bush for didactic purpose. Villa De Ponti At present the visitor center, secretary office and documentation center of the eco museum are in the Villa (http://www.ecomuseovsm.it/sede.html). The building and the park have been belonging to the Mountain community since 1994. The Villa became the headquarter of the eco museum after the refurbishment.


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The Villa is located close to the Sali di Bario factory: De Ponti family, originally from Milan, bought the area in 1923 and the Villa was built in 2 years. The style is eclectic, with some liberty and Lombard baroque traces. 3) Istituto scolastico superiore "Lorenzo Rota" The high school “Lorenzo Rota” started as independent school on September 1, 2009. The students curricula are: senior high school for specializing in Science education, Applied Sciences education, Administrative, Financial and marketing education, Building education. The high school is supported by the public administrations of Saint Martin Valley and Lecco Province. 4) The railway station and the train lines The city has two trains’ lines: one towards Milan, Sondrio, Tirano, the second towards Bergamo. The former was done in different times, the first track (Milan-Monza) was built in1840 (the first railway in Lombardy). The accomplishment (Monza-Lecco) was finished in 1874. The second line is parallel to the road connecting Lecco, Calolziocorte, Ponte San Pietro, Bergamo and the railway was done in 1863. Railway lines had a major importance for the development of Calolziocorte and Saint Martin Valley. Only recently the tracks of MilanoLecco were doubled and the station of Calolziocorte went under refurbishment. At present the major traffic is towards Milan (students and workers). 5) Sali di Bario factory The building was settled close to the railway station, by Pietro Cugnasca e di Domenico Baggioli. The factory improved the social and economic development of the city between the end of 19th and early 20th centuries. The factory was accomplished in 1902, and because of its huge shape the people called it with the nickname of “Fabricù” (from the native’s dialect: big factory). At the beginning the main activity was the transformation of barite mineral (coming from Cortabbio mining, in Valsassina) and the production of Bario salts. In 1998 the factory activities ceased. Since 2000 the municipality has been applying a refurbishment plan to the factory area, which is one of the most remarkable remains of industrial archaeology in Calolzio land. The original heart of the industrial settlement are two buildings: the two storeys building hosting the offices, solid bricks and clay stone masonry with huge, light full rooms and another building, brick masonry, with Romanesque arches. Other buildings for the machinery and production have similar style, with glass, moulds, and arches; shed roofing, according to the style of Crespi d’Adda industrial village. The central chimney towers above the factory’s buildings.


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2.3 (A) Surveys & Investigations 2.3.1 Demographic survey 2.3.1.1 Population growth with time

Fig 2.28 Population graph, 1861 to 2007

Fig 2.28 throws light about the trend of population figures over the past 150 years or so. We can observe that the population increased gradually from 1861 to 1931. There was a stagnant period from 1931 to 1941 with a negative population trend. From 1940s to 1970s the population has an increasing trend. However, since 1970s to date the graph can be considered as linear with immensely gradual increase in population. The population of Calolziocorte has nearly 14,200 inhabitants at present and we can say that the population of the Calolziocorte is much less as anticipated for medium sized cities.

Source of Fig 2.28 http://89.96.218.101/PGT_approvato/PGT/AP_SCHEDE_AMBITI_TRASFORMAZIONE.pdf Piano di governo del territorio-relazione di progetto PGT 2010 Cumune di Calolziocorte MSc Architectural Engineering- Politecnico Di Milano

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2.3.1.2 Growth of the city

Fig 2.29 The growth of city with time

Fig 2.29 shows the growth of the city with time over the last 50 years. A blue line shows urbanized surfaces in the different periods and we can observe a declining trend of the blue line showing decrease in urbanized surface with time. Red and green lines show progressive growth of the city and available surface area per inhabitant respectively and we examine a gradual increasing trend in these areas.

Source of Fig 2.29 http://89.96.218.101/PGT_approvato/PGT/AP_SCHEDE_AMBITI_TRASFORMAZIONE.pdf Piano di governo del territorio-relazione di progetto PGT 2010 Cumune di Calolziocorte MSc Architectural Engineering- Politecnico Di Milano

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2.3.2 Population distribution survey Calolziocorte is a commune (municipality) in the Province of Lecco in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 40 km northeast of Milan and about 6 km southeast of Lecco. As of 2008 census, it had a population of 14,332 and an area of 9.0 km². The municipality of Calolziocorte contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Rossino, Lorentino, Sopracornola, Pascolo, Foppenico, and Sala. The population density is mainly concentrated in the dense residential area as shown in the figure. Some population is also scattered all around the city in different directions. The area per individual is 219/m² which suggests that overall the city is less densely populated.

Fig 2.30 Population distribution in Calolziocorte

Source: http://89.96.218.101/PGT_approvato/PGT/AP_SCHEDE_AMBITI_TRASFORMAZIONE.pdf Piano di governo del territorio-relazione di progetto PGT 2010 Cumune di Calolziocorte


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2.3.3 Transportation analysis 2.3.3.1 Connection with Lecco and Milan Calolziocorte city is not very far from Lecco. In fact, only 6 km away from Lecco city centre. The local transport buss no. 1 goes directly to Calolziocorte which is its last stop. It consumes nearly 15 min to reach Calolziocorte by bus. However, train also has its route through Calolziocorte on its way to Milan. It consumes nearly 10 min to reach Calolziocorte by train.

Fig 2.31 Connection with Lecco & Milan

Calolziocorte is 45 km north of Milan and the main means of transportation is through local train. The travel time between the two destinations is nearly 45 minutes. The other means of travel is of course by private transport. However, there is no bus service from Calolziocorte to Milan. 2.3.3.2 Nearest airports Airport Bergamo-Orio al Serio

25.4 km

Milan-Linate Airport

41.4 km

Milan-Malpensa Airport

57.9 km

Source http://www.comune-italia.it/comune-calolziocorte.html


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2.3.4 Topographical survey Fig 2.32 shows that the North East and South East sides of Calolziocorte are covered with mountains. North West and South West sides are planar with very low change in topography.

N

Project site

Fig 2.32 Topography of Calolziocorte

Source: http://89.96.218.101/PGT_approvato/PGT/AP_SCHEDE_AMBITI_TRASFORMAZIONE.pdf Piano di governo del territorio-relazione di progetto PGT 2010 Cumune di Calolziocorte MSc Architectural Engineering- Politecnico Di Milano

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2.3.5 Ecological survey The Adda, amid nature and recollections of Leonardo This itinerary starts in Lecco and winds its way from the south of town along the course of the River Adda, passing across the two scenic lakes of Garlate and Olginate, favourite spots for walking and excursions, which surround the centre of Calolziocorte. The course of the River Adda, about 300 km long, runs entirely within the Lombardy region. The Adda is the

North ADDA park

Lago di Olginate

Fig 2.33 Ecology of Calolziocorte

Po’s major affluent and crosses the provinces of Sondrio, Como, Lecco, Bergamo, Milan, Monza and Brianza, Cremona and Lodi. Its course is distinguished not only by many major historical and cultural sites, but also by magnificent countryside lying within protected areas and nature reserves.

Source Fig 2.33: http://89.96.218.101/CD_VAS/VIprel_PGT_Calolziocorte.pdf


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Calolziocorte and Imbersago Calolziocorte is a municipality in the North Adda Park. Two uninterrupted chains of mountains, the Grigne and Resegone Ranges, and a branch of Lake Como, are the absolute protagonists of Lecco and its province, a land with two hearts, lake and mountain, both able to provide memorable landscapes, opportunities for practising sports and ancient traditions. The first stop along the itinerary is Calolziocorte, Fig 2.34 A part of River Adda near which the Monastery of Santa Maria del Lavello can be visited. The ancient church was founded on the left bank of the Adda, on the site of a castle built in the year 1000 to protect local boundaries, and which witnessed bitter conflicts between the Lombardy municipalities anxious to acquire supremacy over the area. The complex grew in the late 15th century, when a miraculous spring was discovered on the ite and the church became a convent, with estates and vegetable and flower gardens. It fell into decay as a result of the great plague of 1630. Today, visitors can admire the two cloisters, returned to their original splendour after careful restoration, onto which face the convent kitchens and refectories and the finely decorated church. However, for the purpose of environment and natural life protection, River Adda is ecologically protected especially along the Calolziocorte city. It is strictly forbidden by the municipality to engage in to any sort of water activities including swimming, boating, fishing, canoeing, ski, rowing, sailing, surfing, yachting etc.


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2.3.6 Acoustical Survey

Project site

Fig 2.35 Acoustical survey of Calolziocorte

LEGEND Mearurenents in db Time of reference Day Night

As we can see most of the area within the city incurs Class within the range of 50 – 60 db which is very quiet and 1 calm for living standards. Some locations of the 2 residential area and the Sanctuary Santa Maria are even 3 less than this than range which suggest that it is a silence 4 zone. However, acoustical range for industrial area and few ware houses ranges up to 70 db which is 5 understandable. Overall, we can conclude that the 6 Calolziocorte city behaves like a silence zone. Practically, the city is very calm and tranquil and acoustic zones are obeyed.

50

40

55

45

60

50

65

55

70

60

70

70

It can be seen that our project site for the sports fitness centre allows a sound level of 60 db in the day and 50 db at night.

Source of Fig 2.35 http://89.96.218.101/UT/piano_zonizzazione_acustica_comune_calolziocorte.pdf


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2.3.7 Climatic Analysis The city, despite its location on the banks of the lake, suffers relatively in terms of climate in the winter: in fact, in the period from November to March temperatures fall consistently below freezing and often even below -6 degrees, especially in the months of December and January. The snow is constant and very intense. The rain is a usual phenomenon and plentiful.

Fig 2.36 Temperature distribution on 1st March

Fig 2.37 Temperature distribution on 1st September

Fig 2.36 shows the temperature variation on 1st March. We see that the maximum outside temperature can rise up to 8°C at 3 p.m. and the lowest temperature is -2°C at 5 a.m. Fig 2.37 shows the temperature variation on 1st September. We see that the maximum outside temperature can rise up to 26°C in the day and the lowest temperature is 15°C in the morning.

Source: Ecotect Analysis 2011software


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Mean values of monthly average daily temperature of outside air Months

Temp [°C]

January 3.9 February 5.7 March 9.6 April 13.3 May 16.0 June 20.1 July 22.6 August 22.1 September 19.2 October 14.3 November 9.2 December 5.3 Table 2.2 Monthly average daily temperatures Monthly average values of the partial pressure of water vapour of the outside air Months

P [Pa]

January 676 February 735 March 875 April 1106 May 1314 June 1666 July 1844 August 1855 September 1671 October 1285 November 988 December 754 Table 2.3 Monthly average partial pressures

Source of data: Lecco climate file-Prof. Masera Gabriele


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2.3 (B) Analysis & Studies 2.3.1 Green areas analysis The purpose of an open space reserve may include the preservation or conservation of a community or region's rural natural or historic character; the conservation or preservation of a land or water area for the sake of recreational, ecological, environmental, aesthetic, or agricultural interests; or the management of a community or region's growth in terms of development, industry, or natural resources extraction.

Fig 2.38 Existing green areas

As far as Calolziocorte is concerned, there are plenty of green open spaces throughout the city which are currently not properly utilized. Near our site, there are also several green spaces as shown in the figure. Opposite to school is a huge soccer field which is proposed to be a multi functional sports centre in the future. Viale Alcide De Gasperi is the along lake front and it also consists of utilized green spaces which are proposed to soccer fields in the future. Also as shown in the figure is a huge green belt along the lake front which is not properly maintained. Our urban design goal is mainly to promote the green culture in the city but in an organized and planned manner. We are proposing two green zones on each side (1 km apart) of the lake front with all the essential facilities to fully utilize the lake front potential.

Source: http://89.96.218.101/CD_VAS/VIprel_PGT_Calolziocorte.pdf MSc Architectural Engineering- Politecnico Di Milano

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2.3.2 Solid void analysis As we can see in the figures there built up spaces in the city. The main built up spaces are gathered in the residential area and there are several other scattered in different places.

Fig 2.39 Existing solid and void analysis

The solid/void relationship delineates two contrasting approaches to architecture; one that begins with the creation of a solid as its goal and the other with the creation of a void as its central force. Use of solid and void relationships in effective contrast leads architectural composition into the realm of sculpture by considering space ﬁrst and objects second. In Fig 2.39 we can see that there are plenty of voids in the Calolziocorte in the form of open green fields. When we visit the city, we can observe there are a large number of unused green areas especially near the Lake front.

Source: http://89.96.218.101/CD_VAS/VIprel_PGT_Calolziocorte.pdf


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2.3.3 Industrial & residential analysis

Residential area

Project site

Industrial area

Fig 2.40 Existing Industrial & residential areas

Fig 2.40 shows residential and industrial analysis of the Calolziocorte city. The yellow shade represents the residential area. We can see that the main railway crossing divides the Calolziocorte into two halves. One half is mainly responsible for the residential area while the other half shows mixed activities. The grey shade represents the industries and warehouses. Near the railway station of Calolziocorte we can find several factories and warehouses. Sali di Bario is one of the oldest factories of the region completed in 1902. The activities of the factory were origin intended for processing of the mineral barite. In 1998 the plant has permanently ceased all activity. It is being defined the future destination of the complex, one of the most significant examples of industrial land presenting calolziese.


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2.3.4 Existing road network

Fig 2.41 Existing Road analysis

In Fig 2.41 the road network near the project site is shown. We can observe that in Calolziocorte city the road network is not very flexible and convenient for the users. There is also lack of connectivity between the two parts due to a railway bridge crossing. Also the widths of the roads are not sufficient especially; there is no provision for pedestrians and bicyclers in many roads. Site topography is also very important. The level of site varies from +4 m to +0m from station to Monastery. Railway line is the main object that divides the city into two. However, the city is rich with Lake Front with pedestrian passage and drive front.


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2.3 (C) SWOT analyses

STRENGTHS

Sanctuary and convent Santa Mario del Lavello situated near lake front is one of the biggest strengths of the city because it depicts historical identity and also attracts numerous tourists from all over Italy. Also Sali di Bario is one of the oldest factories of Italy locaed near Calolziocorte train station.

There are plenty of green open spaces in the city which serves as a multifunctional area.

Widespread beautiful and energetic lake front is a speciality of Calolziocorte. This lake front has immense potential in it and is a special attraction for the locals and tourists.


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WEAKNESSES

Calolziocorte community intends to promote the city as a recreational city which demands plenty of parks and playing areas. Currently, there are green fields but not organized and there are lack of variety of sports facilities.

Calolziocorte is not an enriched industrial city. We can observe number of old and new warehouses, stores and factories but most of them are unutilized and empty

A weakness to be mentioned is that most of the population of Calolziocorte is centralized in the residential area. This residential area is congested contributing to uneven population distribution.

. The main railway line separates the city of Calolziocorte into two halves so it is a big weakness. Any intervention is disturbed by this crossing railway line.


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OPPORTUNITIES

A very widespread lake front presents a huge opportunity in terms of a better visualization towards lake for pedestrians and driving along river front.

There is a capability of proper facilities along the lake front. There should be bars, restaurants, seating spaces and libraries along the lake front.

Calolziocorte is connection between Lecco & Milano and Bergamo & Milano so therefore retain its place as a connector. North south connection can be improved by the construction of a highway which is under consideration.


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THREATS

Although Calolziocorte is not an industrial city but there are several factories and industries in operation which exhale unhygienic smoke and noise pollution which causes disturbance to the users of the city.

As a matter of fact, the water along the lake of Calolziocorte connecting to River Adda is ecologically protected and it cannot be used for any activities that involves the use of water.

Although Calolziocorte is not a highly populated city but majority of the population is concentrated in the dense residential area. The population of the city is not evenly distributed.


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2.4 Case study 2.4.1 Water front designs

“The role of special waterfront features is to help each waterfront preserve its unique character. Without these special features, we simply have ‘mailed’ the waterfronts’ in the same way that we have ‘mailed’ or ‘strip developed’ much of the suburban land in the country. Our waterfronts deserve better and the people who ultimately own them deserve to experience the specialness which is, after all, what draws us to the waterfront.” Peter Brink (Urban Waterfront ) In cities around the world, waterfronts are showing new signs of life. Parcels once dominated by industry or highways are now opening up to redevelopment, offering enormous opportunities to create new public spaces and rejuvenate old ones. Too often, however, decision makers hungry for solutions latch on to uninspired design and development plans that constrict public use. Some waterfronts are effectively privatized with one-dimensional commercial activity like hotels or convention centres, others with housing that discourages non-residents from using the space. Even when land is set aside for parks, they can fall short of the mark because they've been designed only for passive use or highly structured recreation. Since most waterfronts often start out in decrepit shape, any type of development tends to be welcomed. Yet when one particular use is allowed to dominate, the long-term potential of the waterfront is degraded.

1) Make public goals the primary objective The best solutions for waterfronts put public goals first, not short-term financial expediency. As long as plans adhere to the notion that the waterfront is an inherently public asset, then many of the following steps can be pursued successfully. Community engagement -- and, ultimately, local ownership and pride -- will flow from this basic premise. Fig 2.42 Vancouver's Granville Island


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2) Create a shared community vision for the water front Unlike a master plan, a vision process does not lock a project into a prescribed solution. It is a citizen-led initiative that outlines a set of goals--ideals to strive for--that set the stage for people to think boldly, make breakthroughs, and achieve new possibilities for their waterfront. Because a vision is adaptable and can be implemented gradually, starting with small experiments, it often becomes bolder as public enthusiasm for making changes builds and the transformation of the waterfront gains credibility.

Fig 2.43 Liberty State park, New Jersey

3) Create multiple destinations- The power of ten An effective way to structure a vision process is to set a goal of creating ten great destinations along the entire waterfront, an idea we call the "Power of Ten." This focus on destinations, rather than "open space" or parks, enables a genuine community-led process to take root. Once ten destinations have been identified then nearby residents, businesses, community organizations and other stakeholders begin to define the uses and activities they want to see at each place. Ideally, each destination should provide ten things to do, which creates diverse, layered activity, ensuring that no single use will predominate. Fig 2.44 London Eye, London

This process is open-ended--so that the result can fulfil the hopes of people involved in the process. This cannot happen when it is assumed from the outset that the goal is to build, say, a park, which may narrow the range of possible outcomes and prevent some of the best ideas from ever seeing the light of day. 4) Connect the destinations The next idea to keep in mind is that each of the ten destinations should be incorporated into a vision for the waterfront as a whole. The key is to achieve community continuity, especially when it comes to the pedestrian experience. A walk able waterfront with a wide variety of activity along it will successfully connect destinations, allowing each to strengthen the othe|rs.


Fig 2.45 Helsinki's Esplanade

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Creating these connections is a fascinating challenge that entails mixing uses (such as housing, parks, entertainment and retail) and mixing partners (such as public institutions and local business owners). Creating connections also means enticing people to the waterfront on foot or bike, rather than relying exclusively on the car. Helsinki, Finland, possesses perhaps the best example of this kind of connection--The Esplanade, which masterfully leads from the heart of the city down to the water. Lined with trees and flower displays, the path is a gentle lure, rewarding us with a magnificent plaza with sweeping, unobstructed views of the harbour. It guides you on a pleasurable stroll straight to the waterfront's main destination. 5) Optimize public access It is essential that the water front be accessible for peoples use to the greatest extent possible. Once again, the goal of continuity is of paramount importance. Waterfronts with continuous public access are much more desirable than those where the public space is interrupted. Even small stretches where the waterfront is unavailable to unavailable to the public Fig 2.46 Milwaukee, Wisconsin greatly diminish the experience. California's Balboa Island, located off the coast of Newport Beach, makes its entire shoreline accessible to the public instead of giving waterfront property owners. Access also means that people can actually interact with the water in many ways--from swimming or fishing, dining or picnicking dockside, boarding boats or feeding the ducks. If it is not possible to actually touch the water, people should have access to another type of water nearby--such as a fountain, spray play area or a swimming pool. 6) Ensure that the new development fits within the community vision When the public's vision comes first in a waterfront revitalization project, new developments can be tailored to meet the community's shared goals and expectations. Waterfronts are too valuable to simply allow developers to dictate the terms of growth and change. This is not to say that private development should be unwelcome or discouraged- on the contrary, it is necessary to the future of a healthy waterfront. But whatever is built must contribute to the goals set forth by the community, not detract from them.


Fig 2.47 Aker Brygge Harbour front Oslo, Norway

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7) Ensure 24- house emergency activity by limiting residential development Great waterfronts are not dominated by residential development. Why? Because these are places that are full of people, day and night. They are the sites of festivals, markets, fireworks displays, concerts and other highenergy gatherings. A high concentration of residential development limits the diversity of waterfront use and creates constituencies invested in preventing 24-hour activity from flourishing.

Fig 2.48 Montreal, Canada

8) Use parks to connect destinations Passive open space puts a damper on the inherent vibrancy of waterfronts, evident in cities such as New York, Vancouver, and Toronto that have relied too heavily on “greening" their waterfronts without mixing uses that draw people for different reasons at different times. The world's best waterfronts use parks as connective tissue, using them to link major destinations together. Helsinki, Stockholm, Sydney, and Baltimore employed this strategy to fine effect.

have

Fig 2.49 Cleveland, Ohio

9) Design and program buildings to engage the public space Any building on the waterfront should add to the activity of the public spaces around it. When successful, the res ult is an ideal combination of commercial and public uses. Towers, on the other hand, are noticeably out of place along rivers, lakes tend to be residential buildings with private activity on the ground floor. They may also create a wall that physically and psychologically cuts off the waterfront from surrounding neighbourhoods.

Fig 2.50 Auckland, New Zealand

.


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10) Support multiple modes of transportation and limit vehicular access Waterfronts are dramatically enhanced when they can be accessed by means other than private vehicles. In Sydney, Stockholm, Venice, Helsinki, and Hong Kong, people head to the waterfront via maritime routes as much as by land. Walking and bilking are another important part of the transportation mix, and many of the best waterfronts feature pedestrian promenades and Fig 2.51 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil bike lanes. Unimpeded by cars or parking lots, people are more at ease, and the full breadth of waterfront activity can flourish. (Commercial deliveries to local businesses are an important exception to this rule.) 11) Integrate seasonal activities into each destination Indeed coastal and lakefront places are often known for their chilly winds and gray skies. Waterfront programming should take rainy-day and winter activities into account, and amenities should provide protection from inclement weather. Waterfronts that can thrive in year-round conditions will reap the benefits of greater economic activity and higher attendance at public facilities. Fig 2.52 Brighton, England

Source of images: Google


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2.4.2 Case study- La Crosse County, Wisconsin, Mississippi River In 1992-93, the City of La Crosse and the Downtown business community through Downtown Main street, Inc. (DMI) adopted the first commercial district master plan for Downtown La Crosse. This plan was updated in 1999 and numerous changes and improvements have happened over the 10 years since the first plan was adopted. The work of the City and DMI was recognized in 2002 with the Great American Main Street Award by the National Trust for Historic Preservation National Main Street Center. The City, in partnership with DMI has recognized the need to set the stage for the next 20 years with a comprehensive update to the original and updated City Vision 2000 Master Plan. The City and DMI have undoubtedly enjoyed tremendous success in revitalizing the Historic Business District, but acknowledge that for all the successes there is a need to learn and improve on the planning and implementation of ongoing Downtown redevelopment projects.

Fig 2.53 Downtown La Crosse- existing view

Scope of City Vision 2020 Master Plan The objective of the plan is to prepare a comprehensive update of the City Vision 2000 Master Plan including a detailed strategic implementation program that lists specific prioritized actions. The planning process began with a data collection and analysis phase, including stakeholder interviews and a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats)


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analysis. A survey of recommendations and outcomes from some of the previous plans involving the Downtown was completed. Goals and objectives were formulated after receiving public input. Recommendations were then presented at a later public forum for comment. An analysis of the effectiveness of TIF district number six is also part of the plan. The City Vision 2020 Master Plan is one of three separate planning efforts that have occurred simultaneously in the spring of 2004. A Downtown Historic District Preservation Plan authored by URS inc. and a Downtown Marketing Study completed by Interact Communications have paralleled and dovetailed with the City Vision 2020 process in order to create three separate but interrelated plans. At each of the three public meetings held to gather public input, each of the three plans was presented and discussed on order to enhance the sense of interrelatedness between the plans The scope of the plan involves the entire city and the downtown is seen as the “heart” of the region. The plan places particular emphasis on giving redevelopment and reinvestment priority to locations on the riverfront, in distressed areas, and key activity centers. The city has implemented or met recommendations including: 

 

Encouraging development near the river (Century Tel, Riverfront Place, Convention Center expansion) Continuing to improve and expand open space Preservation Plan systems and the trails or walkways that connect them Using funding programs and incentives (such as TIF) to facilitate site clearance, adaptive reuse, and infrastructure improvements Continue streetscaping efforts and programs to make the physical environment more attractive

City vision 2020 planning goals The following are the main goals and objectives were established for City Vision 2020 based upon public input and which resembles our lake front design. Goal: Maximize the Downtown’s connection to the river and river-related activities. Objectives  Encourage mixed-use development on or near the waterfront, especially restaurants, retail, and outdoor activity  Extend the river walk to the south to connect to the Houska Park, to the north to the Mobil Oil site as well as Copeland Park and Pettibone Park  Develop a “riverfront drive”: a pleasure drive to connect neighbourhoods and activities along the river  Promote mixed uses and encourage a diversity of activity Downtown  Recognize the importance of east/west streets that lead to the river. Use streetscape elements to reinforce east/west connections, look for future opportunities to “extend the grid” to the waterfront  Develop additional way finding systems to direct visitors from the riverboat landing to the downtown including an informational kiosk MSc Architectural Engineering- Politecnico Di Milano

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Goal: Continue improvements in historic core. Objectives  Reduce impediments hindering 2nd and 3rd floor development of Downtown structures  Investigate shared vertical circulation between adjacent buildings  Promote infill development of vacant sites- new development to be complementary to historic character of area  Consider improving alleys with streetscape elements - consider assessing improvements to Downtown as a whole, not just property owners  Create signage guidelines or regulations for the Historic District  Promote a balance of activities at night to provide alternative to bar scene  Address maintenance and sanitation concerns on public streets and sidewalks: consider B.I.D formation to take over cleaning, plowing of alleys, maintenance  Create and enforce design review standards for historic properties and new development  Consider forming a special “Downtown Historic & Urban Design District” with enforceable guidelines

Fig 2.54 Master plan- La Crosse County, Mississippi River

The ultimate vision of the planning of the case study area along Mississippi River encourages the potential use of the lake front by pedestrians and car drivers. Also the connections between the neighbours are well defined through so called ‘talking streets’. The historical core is an attraction for the tourists so given importance for maintenance purposes. Source of Case study: http://www.lacrossedowntown.com/uploadedFiles/file21.pdf MSc Architectural Engineering- Politecnico Di Milano

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2.5 Concept development 2.5.1 Visions & goals Legibility:

To promote legibility through development that provides recognizable routes, intersections and landmarks to help people find their way around.

Adaptability:

To promote adaptability through development that can respond to changing social, technological and economic conditions.

Diversity:

To promote diversity and choice through a mix of compatible developments and uses that work together to create viable places that respond to local needs.

Access and permeability:

A user-friendly public realm should make walking and cycling easy. Car dependency should be minimized and integration with public transport maximized.

Mixing activities:

Diversity of activity should be encouraged at different levels: within parks, buildings, streets, urban blocks and neighborhood.

Sustainable buildings:

Buildings, landscape and public spaces should be designed and built to a high standard, aesthetically and structurally.

Ecological liability:

Land should be regarded as a scarce and finite resource. Development projects should enhance the environment, not just limit the damage, by respecting biodiversity, harnessing natural resources and reducing claims on nonrenewable resources.


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2.5.2 Strategies and actions Green identity as a brand image  Promote landscaping as a larger context of Calolziocorte  Built up space based on the concept of Green Buildings  Parks and recreational areas to complement green identity  Usage of trees and fences as building boundaries Continuity in both neighbourhood and city scale    

Connections through underpasses and overheads across railway line Pedestrian and cycle connection throughout the lake front New built up spaces resembling the form of existing buildings Passages linking residential vicinity to lake front and historic core

High efficient hierarchy with multifunctional practice    

Appropriate locations for commercial and recreational facilities Harmony in terms of interconnection of different functions Compatibility of function within the city Well defined primary and secondary facility linkage

An integration and interconnected mobility with major concern of public transportation    

Prioritize public access through public transportation. Well defined stops for public busses Well integrated link between public and private transportation Emphasizing the use of train to access Calolziocorte and use of public busses within the city

Vitality of open spaces    

Attracting people through network of recreational spots Equally emphasising built up spaces with landscaping Vibrant gatherings at festivals and occasions Shopping centre as an option within the open space

Flexible design for future transformation   

Concept of light weight portable structures Provision for extension of green areas and parking spaces Provision for vertical growth of built up spaces


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User friendliness    

Supportive access for people of all age groups Special consideration for disable access Hygienically fresh environment through massive landscaping Sitting areas at various locations to facilitate tourism


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2.5.3 Conceptual plan The main theme of urban approach as evident in the image is to focus on the attraction for the residents and tourists to the lake front through appropriate connections between the residential area and train station with the lake front. Also for the subject purpose to define green zones on either side of the lake front which serves the main purpose of recreation. These green zones to be equipped with playing areas, bars, swimming pools, volley ball courts and camping spots.

Fig 2.55(a) Concept sketch

The pathways between the residential area and the lake front are not enough and well defined. We defined the width of pathways, the number of pathways, two underpasses to ease the residents to move across for the lake and also a connection from train station to the green zone especially for the tourists intending to visit Calolziocorte city.

Fig 2.55 (b) Concept sketch


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2.5.4 Zoning diagram The next phase after the concept plan was to locate appropriate location for the facilities we intend to provide. It can be seen that the two green zones are on each corner of the lake. The lake front walk between the two green zones is nearly 1 km which serves a good walk and bicycle distance.

Fig 2.56 Zoning diagram

Key points of the concept:      

Number of pathways between the residential area and the lake front are increased Function and services of the pathways are redefined A part of Milano Bergamo road was modified for the ease of the travellers The green zone is very close to the Monastery so the historic core is respected design of underground piazza across the railway line Proposal of cycle lane along the lake front track

Fig 2.56 (b) Zoning plan


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2.5.5 Various alternatives for master plan The next stage after the conceptual layout was to develop form of a master plan. For the subject purpose, we came with several options. Two of these are illustrated below.

Fig 2.57 Option 1 for Master plan

The first option was to attract the people to Lake Front through a huge deck on Lake Front which can carry people far inside the lake. Soon we came to know that the Lake water connected to River Adda at this location is ecologically protected and it cannot be used for water related activities. So this proposal was discarded.

Fig 2.58 Option 2 for Master plan

This option focussed on over heads and bridges form residential area to the lake front but this option was not economical and the architectural hierarchy of the city was not respected so it was also discarded.


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2.6 Master plan 2.6.1 Planning guidelines Transportation guidelines

Fig 2.59 Road section 18 m wide

Fig 2.60 Road section 9 m wide

Fig 2.61 Bicycle and pedestrian paths


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Round about lane directions

Fig 2.62 Roundabout lane direction

We are proposing roundabouts at several junctions for connections between various roads especially the road for lake front drive. Underground connection

Fig 2.63 Connectivity conception

We are providing two underground piazzas beneath the railway track. We intend to provide sloping ramps for the travellers. The aim is to develop a relation between two or more different spaces through a passage, piazza, road, or walkway etc.


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Landscape guidelines Landscaping along Lake Front is an important aspect of enhancing the beauty and attracting people. Some trees which can be provided along the lake front are Black Gum, Red Maple, Sweetbay Magnolia, Gray Birch, Sassafras. Suitable shrubs can be Red Chokeberry, Summer sweet, Winterberry Holly, Swamp Azalea, Highbush Blueberry, Virginia Sweetspire, Inkberry Holly, Bayberry.

Fig 2.64 Black Gum tree

Fig 2.67 Red Chokeberry shrub

Fig 2.65 Gray Birch tree

Fig 2.68 Summer sweet shrub

Fig 2.66 Red Maple tree

Fig 2.69 Virginia Sweetspire shrub

Source of images: Google


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Urban Analysis

2.6.2 Proposed road network The existing connections from residential area to the lake front and throughout the city are not well planned especially the width of the roads are not sufficient because with the passing time the traffic load on the roads is increasing. Also, it is worth mentioning that in most of the lanes the bicycle lanes are missing which need to cater for.

Fig 2.70 Proposed road network

We propose some modification in the roads which is mentioned below. We intend to increase the width of the roads and introduce bicycle lanes into the roads. We also considered the raised level for pedestrians to protect them from car drivers. On-road car parking has been special attention especially for busy roads like Corso Europa. A portion of Viale Alcide De Gasperi is in dotted line which is also our proposal for direct connection with the Monastery and Via Lavello. Recommendations for the up gradation of some roads are as follows: Path details: Corso Europa    

Public and private access Lecco Bergamo connection 18m wide Two lane traffic road (each way) Level of Corso Europa +0m

Path Details: to be used within residential centre/flats (Via Sassi, Via Istria, Via P Vitabio)     

Mainly private access One lane road each way (9 m wide) 2m wide pedestrian path 2m wide bicycle path 2m wide landscape each side


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Urban Analysis

Path details: Viale Alcide De Gasperi, Via Lavello (Car drive along river front)      

Public and private access Milano Bergamo connection 9m wide One lane traffic road (each way) Level of Viale Alcide De Gasperi +0 m to -1 m 3m wide pedestrian path 2m wide landscape each side

Path Details: For pedestrian and bicycle along the lake front   

Public and private access 3m wide asphalt path 1m wide landscape each side


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Urban Analysis

2.6.3 Proposed entertainment areas

Fig 2.71 Location of green zones

As described above, there are plenty of useless green areas in the city of Calolziocorte which can be utilized in a much better way. After going through the brief requirements and consultation with the professors we developed our concept on the base of two green zones which serves as entertainment areas as well. Green zone 1 is developed near the railway station while green zone 2 is developed near the Lavello so as to provide a walking passage between the ways. Meanwhile, there is also a provision of the development of soccer sports fields as per brief requirements in the huge open spaces in between. The planning details of green zones are explained in the following pages.


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Green zone 1 (near train station)       

Area 50,000 m2 Parking for 100 cars Open swimming pool & change room Amphitheatre and stage arenas Café & restaurants Open beach volleyball courts Landscape topography varies from -1m to +1.5m

Fig 2.72 Green zone 1- View 1



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Green zone 2 (near Lavello)       

Area 18000 m2 Parking for 100 cars Open swimming pool & change room Light weight canopy structure Café & restaurants Two tennis courts Mini golf course




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2.6.4 Proposed underground piazzas     

Public and private access Bottom level -3 m Dimensions of piazza 12 m x 45 m Width of walkways 1.5 m Pedestrian and bicycle paths

 

Only ramp access (slope ratio 1:10) Sloping green areas as landscape elements

Fig 2.76 Key plan for piazza

Fig 2.77 Underground piazza- View 1


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2.6.5 Proposals for other developments After scrutinizing the city of Calolziocorte, we have proposals for some new buildings at different locations in the city.

Fig 2.80 Proposal for new buildings & notable places

4 Star hotel: A 4 Star hotel near Via Resegone which will aim to serve the tourists and natives visiting the city of Calolziocorte. The location is very appropriate as it is in between both the green zones and close to railway station as well. Museum: The best way to protect and enrich the history of Calolziocorte is by building a museum. The site proposed for the museum is very close to ‘Sali di Bario’ and railway station. Sports centre: As we know that there are several sports activities in the city of Calolziocorte so it is a good idea to provide sports centre and sports field. There are existing green areas but not well managed. They can be used as sports centre and sports fields. Commercial centre: A multi-storeyed commercial centre near Lavello and the proposed zones to further enhance the economic activity in the area and facilitate the natives and tourists.


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2.6.6 Proposed master plan- Land use analysis Considering the Municipality brief requirements and city history and taste, we focussed on improving the green landscape of the city by providing two green zones on either side of the lake front and to maximize the use of lake front using the facilities of these green areas.

Fig 2.81 Proposed master plan

The master plan has been developed keeping in mind the history of Caloziocorte, the behavoiur and trends of locals and most important the brief requirements issued by Municipality of Calolziocorte. We tried our best to make use of the given resources.


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2.6.7 Master plan- Site view renders

Fig 2.82 Site view 1



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CHAPTER 3

Architectural Design

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

3.1 Architectural vision A city always portrays the culture of its society. Image of the city relates to its architectural landmarks, places of social, cultural, educational, recreational and economic importance. Natural resources like lakes, rivers, parks, etc also contribute in building the image of the city. These features collectively construct a visual image of the city and also symbolize the lifestyle of that city. In world’s most important cities, public places are mainly used for social congregation, recreation, navigation, tourism, and sacred activities.

Fig 3.1 A sight of Calolziocorte

3.1.1 City of Calolziocorte According to the general lines given by the competition to create a new centre and vital zone for this area of the city, we tried to face the project of this campus in order to satisfy all the functional requirements but at the same time we tried to design a built environment able to become a landmark in itself.

Source of Fig 3.1 http://www.ecodibergamo.it/stories/Cronaca/24_calolzio/


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Hence we developed the area around the monastery which is a tourist attraction and the lake front as a major public activity zone. Then coming down the proposed gymnasium and creating a physical and visual connection with the public zone using a raised platform which acts as a park. The new gymnasium coming up along with the raised platform as a park is a state of the art structure creating a landmark in itself and for the city. The refurbishment plan is aimed to the safeguard of some original buildings, and the construction of new buildings for industry, commerce, craftsmanship, and the station of interchange. 3.1.2 Introduction During the site visits what attracted more our attention was the extension of the site and its interesting position, and its major problem being the high speed road cutting through the site making it more challenging. The aim was to continue and enhance the requalification of the lakefront, increasing the quality of the new intervention and to improve the perception of the potential of the natural environment, to enhance the cultural heritage and the connections. The proposed Gymnasium is destined to cater to public as well as for school. It consists of main indoor sports courts extending over 2000 square meters, and a Gymnasium extending 1750 square meters along with administration offices and required services. The main building is surrounded by a raised podium acting as a landscaped park. Parking area for 100 cars and 4 buses is also provided. Design brief - Area statements 

Area for school gymnasium- 600 Sqm

Lobby/corridor 100 Sqm Services Toilets/changing rooms Male 60 Sqm Female 60 Sqm Trainers 7.5 Sqm Handicapped toilet 7.5 Sqm 

Area for public gymnasium- 1200 Sqm

Level 01- 700Sqm Lobby/corridor 350 Sqm Services Toilets/changing rooms Male 60 Sqm Female 60 Sqm Trainers 7.5 Sqm Handicapped toilet 7.5 Sqm MSc Architectural Engineering- Politecnico Di Milano

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Level 02- 500 Sqm Lobby/corridor 225 Sqm Services Toilets/changing rooms Male 65 Sqm Female 65 Sqm Trainers 6 Sqm Handicapped toilet 6 Sqm 

Area for basketball court- 1000 Sqm (including spectator's seating)

Lobby/spill over 200 Sqm Services Toilets/changing rooms Team 1/Male 60 Sqm Team 2/Female 60 Sqm Referee 8 Sqm Handicapped toilet 8 Sqm 

Area for volleyball court- 700 Sqm (including spectator's seating)

Services Toilets/changing rooms Team 1/Male 60 Sqm Team 2/Female 60 Sqm Referee 8 Sqm Handicapped toilet 8 Sqm 

Area for other indoor sports- 500Sqm

Lobby 200 Sqm Toilets/changing rooms Male 40 Sqm Female 40 Sqm Trainers 6 Sqm Handicapped toilet 6 Sqm 

Area for administration- 250 Sqm

Toilets Male Female Handicapped toilet 

12 Sqm 12 Sqm 6 Sqm

Restaurants- 200 Sqm


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3.1.3 Objectives 

The planning needed to ensure a combination of open areas with the built mass. The open areas can act as breather spaces for the visitors.

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A coherence and sense of identity with respect to other existing buildings must be maintained in the design as a whole.

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The internal flexibility required for changing uses of spaces and services had to be kept in mind while planning.

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The planning should not just be a layout of various volumes, but has to achieve a perfect harmony and an efficient relation between all the courts, gymnasium and the rest of the elements, giving each their due priority.

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The new gymnasium coming up along with the raised platform as a park is a state of the art structure creating a landmark in itself.

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Gymnasium being the focal point, it needs to be connected with various other elements like the School, Parking area, Public space. Connectivity between different elements was an important factor. The sports complex connection with Gymnasium & school was also desired.

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Giving respect to existing site morphology with proper use of landscaping & Riverfront.

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Create an entertainment area for inhabitants of Calolziocorte with provision of good infrastructural facilities to attract the tourist, giving all the respect and priority to the Lavello monastery.

BAZZAR


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3.2 Strategies 

Through the proposed Gymnasium for public use we intend to offer a series of transition spaces to enrich the experience of users.

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The ingenious selection of the site, placement, shape and orientation, window arrangement, considered selections of materials and wall envelopes are the governing aspects that define the building character.

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New built up spaces resembling the form of existing buildings, i.e. school building which is quite linear in its shape. Thus a Linearity concept is followed on the site due to the functionality restrictions giving respect to existing Site Morphology.

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The simple rectangular form is adopted to support the functions which are mainly the indoor sports courts.

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Integrating the concept of served and servant spaces to the building were particular due to the presence of gymnasium and sport courts in the volume. In general terms, "served" spaces are the areas where functions are performed which define the use of the facility, and "servant" spaces are areas where the staff/workers are accommodated, and the total facility is designed so as to best integrate these spaces with their functions and overall purpose.



The prime issue of safeguarding the privacy of the school building was successfully achieved by separating the school entry and public entry to the Gymnasium though being in a single building. There is no crossing between public and school paths, which makes it easy to control the security and privacy. Also the functions of the Gymnasium and Sports Complex are differentiated inspite being in a same building.

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Bridge provides the link between the School and the Gymnasium and acts as a connectivity space

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Supportive access for people of all age groups by giving Special consideration for disable access


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3.3 Concept The point was not to build a "building", but rather to put on stage “architecture”. A gymnasium and sport complex for everyday life and other facilities for important sports events for common people of Calolziocorte were desired. For the sports professionals the facilities include training, warming-up, reception of athletes and VIP, as well as the press and technical servicing. The direct relationship between the new building and the raised landscaped park to the rest of the city is created. This is achieved by introducing new connections through public piazzas and pedestrian as well as bicycle paths leading from the residential part of the city across the railway line. The new intervention will respect, protect, and enhance the existing lake front, historical buildings and adjoining sites. These volumes, regulated by sporting standards, are adapted to the topography of the original site. The design appears as a linear simple form due to its functionality restrictions. The architecture of the building is inserted in the general grid of the complex. This comes out after a study of the urban tissue and the surroundings, considering the opportunity and the constraints of the site. When generating ideas about possible architectural design solutions to a given brief, both the functional and artistic aspects were considered. The linear form and the ordered grid of school, defines the geometry of our building. 3.3.1 Threshold A constant that can be found in all architectures is the idea of threshold; an intangible moment that indicates the inside out. Through this proposed Gymnasium for public use we intend to blur and enhance the idea of threshold by offering a multitude of transition spaces in order to enrich the experience of users and create a stronger bond between the building and its physical and sociological context. 3.3.2 A simpler initiative The simple rectangular form is adopted to support the functions which are mainly the indoor sports courts. Linearity concept mainly coming from the existing school building is followed in Gymnasium building as well with sharp edges.

3.3.3 Space within space In order to create a spatial condition, each volume is formed by a rectangle with large openings in it containing the required functions.


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3.3.4 To see, to be seen Interlocking space creates an opportunity to explore different programs at the same time.

3.3.5 Linking views within frames Attempt to emphasize natural beauty by framing and by controlling circulation. This intentionally lures attention and curiosity towards designated spaces or scenes.

3.3.6 Green Identity Promote landscaping as a larger context of Calolziocorte. The raised platform which is based on the concept of green roof/parks and recreational areas complements its green identity. 3.3.7 Continuity in neighborhood New built up spaces resembling the form of existing buildings, i.e. school building. A bridge which provides the link between the school and the gymnasium. 3.3.8 Vitality of open spaces Attracting people through network of recreational spots. Equally emphasizing built up spaces with landscaping. 3.3.9 User friendliness The gymnasium has supportive access for people of all age groups. Special consideration is given to disable access and it is also hygienically fresh environment through massive landscaping. 3.3.10 Flexible design for future transformation We adopted concept of light weight portable structures while designing a new building. There is also scope of future extension of green areas and parking spaces. Provision for vertical growth of built up spaces.


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3.4 Physical model study After the development of the concept plan, the next step was to physically implement the concept keeping in mind the requirements and functions while carrying out the design. We developed a design of the building and to better understand the behavior of the design, a study was carried out through a physical model. After the study of the physical model the functional layout and behavior of the building was much understandable.

Fig 3.2 Physical model view- plan

The physical model was fabricated at a scale 1:250 and the above model can give an idea about the mass of the covered area of the building.


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Fig 3.3 Physical model view

It is important to mention that the physical model exactly resembles the final building design in terms of volumes and functional layout. However, the placing of louvers, some landscaping elements and green platform was modified after discussion with the professors.

Fig 3.4 Physical model view


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3.5 Key words of design 3.5.1 Function Functionality is a key component in integrating architecture and the environment. Purely functional solutions to problems often lead to the design of buildings, not architecture. A building needs to have a use, a purpose or reason for existing in the built environment. The proposed Gymnasium caters to the school as well as for public use. Though having the same functionality and serving different people, the design distinguishes two different entrances in the same building. The school building functionality is not affected by this intervention. 3.5.2 Planning 3.5.2.1. Form The form of the new building is evolved from connected school building which is quite linear in its shape with some depressions after some intervals. Thus a linearity concept is followed on the site due to the functionality restrictions. Functions in school building are arranged in such a way that levels of buildings is decreasing as we are moving to front elevation of building. This is achieved by providing courts (volley ball & basket ball) on the back side of building & gym on front side. The planning of the Gymnasium gets divided as Served Spaces & Service Spaces. The prime issue of safeguarding the privacy of the school building was successfully achieved by separating the school entry and public entry to the Gymnasium though being in a single building. There is no crossing between public and school paths, which makes it easy to control the security and privacy. Also the functions of the gymnasium and Sports Complex are differentiated inspite being in a same building. 3.5.2.2 Promenade The main building is surrounded by a raised podium acting as a landscaped park to connect the public space to the Gymnasium. The promenade assures a constant sense of orientation. From the Gymnasium, all the paths originate and return, interconnecting and balancing the relationship between the different facilities. 3.5.2.3 Circulation The circulation sequence of this project is designed to assure a strong sense of location reference throughout the complex.


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3.5.3 Accessibility We gave primary importance to the accessibility to the area that is guaranteed in different ways and for all people. The gymnasium has supportive access for all age groups. Special consideration is give to disable access which is marked in the following plan.

Fig 3.5 Plan 00 level for accessibility

At urban level, for pedestrian and cycle uses we provided a path passing along the main roads. For car we tried to avoid the access inside the campus, for maintaining it more sustainable and healthier. Car dependency was minimized and integration with public transport maximized. Therefore we placed a big parking area in the north (mostly for residents) and another parking in the south (mostly visitors). In any case the entire complex is totally surrounded by streets that can be used in case of emergency but closed to the normal access. The natural topography of the site suggests a gently sloping ramp and levels accessibility through steps for vertical circulation. Ramps move through in the light and shadow, in tension and compression. In all the campus, we provide special care in the design for disable people. We provide entrances at the ground floor without architectural barriers, we design lifts for the vertical movement. For the specific locals as the restrooms, we made all the facilities and equipment accessible.


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3.5.4 Visibility Promenade as an outside gathering place unifies the whole. All buildings are interwoven around this raised plane. As people enter this campus, they penetrate the promenade by steps and ramps. In section, the plaza is a concave space in relation to the existing buildings; convex makes a stage, in contrast, concave makes a room. The interconnecting space between the gymnasium and the school, the interconnecting bridge acts as a common space and takes one’s attention to the lakes side view. 3.5.5 Sustainability Sustainability is guaranteed by a more efficient and healthier built environment, for people living and working in the area. This is firstly obtained by a correct orientation according to the sun path and the ventilation flux. In this way we tried to reduce the consumption of the building trying to give priority to natural lighting and ventilation. For a sustainable design, where the impact on environment is required to be kept insignificant, understanding the climate of the project area constitutes a crucial step at the very beginning of our design process. The technologies used in our project starts from the weather and climatic information of Calolziocorte and incorporate all the building concerned analysis. We selected the best possible materials to attain the best thermal, acoustic, and lighting performance of the envelope. Our main focus to enhance building performance has been through natural resources limiting the use of mechanical means to save energy, thus focusing on the passive strategies. We did shadows analysis on the buildings nearby in order to guarantee a correct sunshine avoiding that other buildings obscure it. A careful design was done in order to have a correct passive and active behavior both in winter and summer. To guarantee a passive behavior of the building, the walls, floors and the roofs are technologically designed with proper insulation layers reducing the energy consumption of the building. The walls are ventilated facades to further reduce the energy flow. Our glazed cladding is designed to be double glazing either gas or gel filled. Apart from it our aim was also to utilize gray water technology. Grey water is wastewater which can be recycled on-site for uses such as landscape irrigation and constructed wetlands. The building is characterized by the use of materials with low environmental impact. The main source of production of electricity we considered of our project is the solar panel/ photovoltaic panels. The uses of photovoltaic panels guarantee a reduction of the electrical energy requirement. The presence of a water storage system allow to reuse the water collected after rain or snow that together with the system for the reuse of grey water permit to reduce the consumption of water. All this aspect influenced our architectural choices and therefore the final shape of the building.


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3.6 Architectural drawings 3.6.1 Plans

Fig 3.6 Master plan


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Fig 3.7 Plan for raised platform


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Fig 3.8 Plan level -4.5m


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Fig 3.9 Plan level 00m


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Fig 3.10 Plan level +4.5m


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Fig 3.14 Section A-A'

3.6.2 Sections


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Fig 3.15 Section B-B'

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Fig 3.16 SW- building only

3.6.3 Elevations


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Fig 3.17 SE elevation- building without platform

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Fig 3.20 SW elevation- building without platform

Fig 3.19 SE elevation- building with platform

Fig 3.18 SW elevation- building with platform

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3.6.4 Functional layout Restaurant

Basketball court

School gymnasium

Mensa

Fig 3.21 Functional layout- lower level

It is important to mention an architectural principle, ‘form follows function’ which is associated with modern architecture in the 20th century. The principle is that the shape of a building or object should be primarily based upon its intended function or purpose. We also tried to follow this notion and works reasonably well. As we can observe that the form for sports courts and gymnasium cannot be transformed into any desired shape. The obligation of the dimensions, volumes and shape has to be followed. Thus, a square- rectangular form emerges from the function of the building.


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Public gymnasium Volleyball court

Fig 3.22 Functional layout- upper level

As described earlier, the lower level contains basketball court and gymnasium for school students and staff. The school gymnasium is provided at lower level because the connection between school and sports centre is at a lower level. However, the main outside entrance is at +4.5m so the public gymnasium is provided at the upper level. The volleyball court is also provided at the upper level.


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3.7 Architectural details 3.7.1 Cladding The cladding of our building is made by Aluzinc Panels.

Fig 3.23 Aluzinc cladding in our building

Corrosion Resistance ZINCALUME coated steel has superior long term corrosion resistance in most atmospheric conditions due to the sacrificial protection of the zinc and the barrier protection of the aluminum. Though corrosion rates vary according to the severity of conditions, ZINCALUME steel coatings out-perform galvanized coatings in almost all environments. This is particularly true in marine environments where Fig 3.24 Aluzinc cladding ZINCALUME coated steel will provide a significantly longer service life than galvanized steel. Moreover our site is located near lake so ALuZinc panels completely fulfill our requirement.

Source of Fig 3.24 http://www.nzsteel.co.nz/products/zincalume-steel-/-features


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Appearance ZINCALUME coated steel has a finely spangled silvery matt finish. After exposure the surface finish darkens over time as the resin coating weathers away. This change is a natural one and is visual only. The protective properties of the product are not affected.

Fig 3.25 Aluzinc appearance

Painting ZINCALUME coated steel is readily paintable using good quality primers and water-based acrylic topcoats.

Unwashed Areas Compared to galvanized steel, ZINCALUME coated steel performs exceptionally well in areas not regularly washed by rainwater.

Rainwater Systems Rainwater collected from roofs clad with products made from GALVSTEE, ZINCALUME coated steel and COLORSTEEL preprinted steel, will comply with the provisions of NZBC G12.3.1, provided the water is not contaminated from other sources. The strength of Aluzinc   

Excellent thermal and light reflectivity. Substantial fire resistance. Flexibility for easy folding, profiling and other needs.

Source of data: http://www.nzsteel.co.nz/products/zincalume-steel-/-features MSc Architectural Engineering- Politecnico Di Milano

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3.7.2 Shading: Louvers Fixed or controllable external glazed solar shading system that may be installed either vertically or horizontally in front of the facade.

Fig 3.26 Shading view in our building

Type: Material: Size: Color:

Sun louvers Aluminum Alloy Custom made RAL & Wood grain colors

We all recognize the benefits of having natural daylight within buildings. People respond better when they can have a view to the outside and work better under controlled natural daylight conditions and such conditions evoke interest and admiration.

Fig 3.27 Louvers detail in our building


Fig 3.28 Louvers detail in some other building

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South Facing Façades For a predominately South facing façade, a small amount of solar shading can be achieved using fixed horizontal louvers.

Fig 3.29 South facing louvers detail

In the mornings and winter such a device cannot stop direct rays of the sun penetrating the building since the sun is much lower. However the heat gain and solar glare is greatly reduced in summer. Features and Benefits      

Optimum performance by reducing solar heat gains whilst maintaining acceptable levels of natural daylight Reduction of cooling loads in summer – Energy saving Potential for striking aesthetic impact and anti-rust Potential to integrate photovoltaic cells Easy to install and theft deterrent Low maintenance cost & long life span

Source of data http://www.shadinglouvres.com/solar-shading-systems/shadometal-perforated-aluminium-louvers/ http://www.dexone.cn/showproduct.asp?id=131


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3.8 Renders

Fig 3.30 Render view



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CHAPTER 5

Structural Design

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

In engineering and architecture, a structure is a body or assemblage of bodies to form a system capable of supporting loads. Built structures are composed of structural elements such as columns, beams and trusses known as structural members. Built structures are broadly divided by their varying design and approaches and standards into categories including building structures, civil engineering structures and mechanical structures. There are two important steps for the design of a building, (I) Structural analysis and (II) Structural design. Forces acting on different parts of the structure that can be determined through structural analysis. Bending moments and shear forces are considered as the most common forces which are calculated. We have chosen the steel frame structural system as the main support element for our building. This decision is based on the fact that we need a light weight structure, compared to reinforced concrete obviously, the building has a somewhat irregular shape and needs to be light and structurally sound. Although the first instinct was to choose steel as the main structure, this choice came to fruition only after weighing the benefits and limitations of other structural systems as well. The strength-to-volume ratio, the wide range of possible applications, the availability of many standardized parts, the reliability of the material and the ability to give shape to nearly all architectural wishes are some of the reasons to choose this material for the main structure and for other elements of a building. However, we have also used reinforced concrete for foundations and platform.

5.1 Benefits and limitations of steel frame structure 5.1.1 Benefits Steel exhibits desirable physical properties that make it one of the most versatile structural materials in use. Due to the ease of working with steel, the time of construction is greatly reduced. Buildings can be rapidly constructed using steel based components that are efficiently manufactured off-site and therefore are of high quality and with few defects. Steel structures are generally lighter compared to other materials such as concrete. This reduction in weight leads to minimized costs for foundations particularly for sites with poor ground. Steel maintains its strength indefinitely- does not deteriorate with age like timber and concrete provided protected from rust. Steel is 100% recyclable and can be recycled again and again with current technology, without any degradation in terms of properties or performance. This property sets steel apart from other common construction materials.


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Structural Design

Steel inherent strength and high strength to weight ratio can be exploited in light resource efficient structures and structures that have low overall environmental impacts. Such buildings often require fewer and lighter foundations than alternative methods of construction. Structures can be prefabricated (welded) in large sections, and lifted into place with cranes and bolted together- buildings can be erected quickly The ductility of steel is high; this specific property of steel greatly reduces the effect of the earthquake and also possesses the ability to attain higher deformation in the case of an intense earthquake. Steel structures are known to increase 2-4% of the effective architectural area due to its smaller cross section which provides flexible spaces that have the potential to be easily modified and adapted so that the life of the building can be extended by accommodating changes in use, layout and size. 5.1.2 Limitations Steel elements are susceptible to fatigue. Large variations in tensile strength expose steel elements to excessive tension, which reduces its overall strength. Steel is also susceptible to brittle fracture when it loses its ductility. This increases its chances of buckling, which is typically counterbalanced by adding expensive steel bracings that stiffen the primary structure. Steel structural elements such as beams, columns, bracings and the trapezoidal metal sheeting require expensive fireproof treatment. Although steel elements, such as stand-alone structures, are incombustible, their strength reduces at high temperatures due to fire or when other materials within a building burn, making them susceptible to buckling. The cost of fire protection accounts for approximately 30% of the total cost of a steel structure which represents a significant addition to the construction cost. Steel is susceptible to corrosion in outdoor atmospheres. Steel structures need to be adequately protected by the application of an appropriate barrier between the metal element and the atmosphere. Corrosion-protecting methods are typically expensive and are restricted by practical limitations such as accessibility, location and time. Insulation is a large-scale difficulty with steel buildings. Steel buildings require added insulation as steel on its own is not a very good insulator, particularly comparing with wooden insulation and insulating the building will furthermore add to your construction costs.

Source of text http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_and_disadvantages_of_steel_as_a_structural_material http://capitalsteelbuildings.wordpress.com/2010/09/09/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-steel-frame-buildings/


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Structural Design

5.2 Structural configuration

Fig 5.1 Structural plan

Structural Scheme Due to different building functions, we are proposing different type of structural arrangement. Collectively it becomes a very huge structure so we decided to split the structure according to their functions. So for courts, gym area & services areas are being proposed different structure according to their volume. Then we calculated Inter storey drift to find the gap between these three structures so during an earthquake or due to lateral forces there wouldn’t be any chance of collision. For modelling & structural analysis purpose we have chosen ETAB (Structural Software).


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Fig 5.2 Structural model of the building

5.2.1 Structural configuration of courts area As we have divided our building into three parts according to their heights. First is court areas with 9 meter height & we proposed truss system as this is column free structure with 37m * 27m area. Truss is 1.5 m deep & truss to truss distance is 4m as an average. One truss bay is 1.5 m wide. To control the sway first 9m storey height is divided into two parts by providing the sway beam in the middle & then diagonal bracing is done in this 4.5 m area.


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Fig 5.3 Structural model of courts area

5.2.2 Structural configuration of gymnasium & entrance lobby Gymnasium area height is 6 m & to reduce the buckling effect of column it is divided in to two parts by providing beams at 3 meter height around the area. Instead of using truss system, simple column beam arrangement is provided.

Fig 5.4 Structural model of gymnasium & entrance lobby


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5.2.3 Structural configuration of services area In services area storey height is 3 m so there is no need to provide additional arrangement to control the sway.

Fig 5.5 Structural model of services area


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5.3 Load estimation and design All the design choices, calculations and choice methods have been thoroughly calculated by hand, as illustrated we have used ETABS as an auxiliary tool to 3D model our building and check the results such as the forces, stresses, moments and displacements under the effect of dead Load (self weight), live load, snow load and wind load. It should be pointed out that the building has been divided into three independent structural parts. This allows for the provision of construction joints which can safely absorb any heat induced for the expansion and contraction of various construction materials, to absorb vibration, to hold certain parts together, or to allow movement due to ground settlement or earthquakes. Once the building has been divided into three structurally sound parts we then proceed to design the beams, secondary beams, columns, connections, bolts and base plates. The calculation procedure and results are accompanied by diagrams and tables that help to clarify any doubts that may arise. Since the project is in Calolziocorte, earthquake loads are not considered (only inter story drift is considered); we used Eurocodes for the design purposes. Some of the applicable Eurocodes for the project are listed below, and all the analysis and estimations are done on the basis of Eurocodes. Eurocode 0 (EN 1990): Basis of structural design Eurocode 1 (EN 1991): General actions on structures Eurocode 3 (EN 1993): Design of steel structures Eurocode 4 (EN 1994): Design of composite steel and concrete structures 5.3.1 Material Properties The table below list the mechanical properties of the steel Steel grade

S 350 (welded mesh)

fsk [N/mm2]

350

ftk [N/mm2]

380

(ft /fsk)k (minimum)

1.05

Es [KN/mm2]

210

Table 5.1 Steel properties


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5.3.2 Load estimation 5.3.2.1 Dead load calculations

No. 1 2 3 4 5

0.01 0.2 0.12

3 3 3

8.82 4.9 0.2

Linear weight (KN/m) 0.2646 2.94 0.072

0.03

3

9.5

0.855

0.002

3

Thickness Avg. (m) height (m)

Layers Plaster layer Gasbeton blocks Extruded polystyrene Aluminium stirrup vertical Aluzinc sheet

Specific weight (KN/m3)

30 Total Table 5.2 Dead load- External ventilated wall

0.18 4.3116

1

Double plasterboard

0.015

3

8.82

Linear weight (KN/m) 0.3969

2

Rockwool insulation

0.1

3

1.5

0.45

3

Double plasterboard

0.015

3

8.82

0.3969

Total

1.2438

No.

Thickness Avg. height (m) (m)

Layers

Specific weight (KN/m3)

Table 5.3 Dead load- KNAUF partition wall

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Specific Layers weight (KN/m3) Gravel/sand 0.04 20 Extruded polystyrene 0.15 0.2 Concrete layer 0.05 22 Glulam sheet 0.115 5 Rockwool insulation 0.04 1.5 False ceiling 0.012 8.82 Total Table 5.4 Dead load- Roof Thickness (m)


Weight (KN/m2) 0.8 0.03 1.1 0.575 0.06 0.10584 2.670

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1

Ceramic tiles

0.012

Specific weight (KN/m3) 22.55

2

Wet screed

0.025

22

0.55

3

Wet screed

0.012

22

0.264

4

Extruded Polystyrene

0.1

0.2

0.02

5

Glulam sheet

0.115

5

0.575

6

Rockwool insulation

0.04

1.5

0.06

7

False ceiling

0.012

8.82

0.10584

No.

Thickness (m)

Layers

Total Table 5.5 Dead load- Intermediate floor

Weight (KN/m2) 0.2706

1.845

5.3.2.2 Live load calculations Live loads are a result of the occupancy of a structure. EN1991-1-1: section 6 specifies the magnitude of the loads to be considered for a wide variety of cases. Since the building is a sports centre we used 5 KN/m2 for institutions.

5.3.2.3 Wind load calculations The wind load calculations have been conducted according to EN-1991-1-4, which deals with the determination of natural wind actions for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works. The code is applicable to buildings and civil engineering works with heights up to 200 m, thus for the buildings under the scope of this study, wind actions can be determined according to this part of the Eurocode. Determination of the Basic Wind Velocity, Vb Vb = Cdir Cseason . Vb,0 where, Vb is the basic wind velocity, defined as a function of wind direction and time of year at 10 m above ground of terrain category II Vb, 0 is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity Cdir is the directional factor Cseason is the season factor NB: The value for Cdir and Cseason recommended by EN 1991-1-4 is 1.


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Table 5.6 Description of Wind Zones in Italy Therefore the basic wind velocity is given by: Vb = Cdir Cseason . Vb,0 Vb = 1 x 1 x 25 m/s Vb = 25 m/s Calculation of the Mean Wind Velocity, Vm (z) Vm (z) = Cr (z) Co (z) Vb where, Cr (z) is the roughness factor, Co (z) is the orography factor, taken as 1.0 unless otherwise specified. Cr (z) = kr ln (Z / Z0) Cr (z) = Cr (Zmin)

for Zmin < Z < Zmax for Z < Zmin

Where, Z0 is the roughness length Kr is the terrain factor depending on the roughness length z0 But Kr = 0.19 (Z0 / Z0, II) 0.07 where, Z0, II = 0.05 m (the value for terrain category II given in Table 4.1 of EN 1991-1-4) Zmin is the minimum height defined in Table 4.1 Zmax is to be taken as 200 m, unless otherwise specified in the National Annex Source of table 5.6 NTC, Table 3.3.I


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Z0, Zmin depend on the terrain category, Table 4.1 of EN 1991-1-4 also provides the recommended values for Z0, Zmin depending on five representative terrain categories. Accordingly;

Table 5.7 Terrain categories and terrain parameters Z0 = 0.01 m Zmin = 1 m kr = 0.19 . (0.01 / 0.05) 0.07 kr = 0.169 Since the minimum level of the building is 6 m high, it can be concluded that Zmin < Zi < Zmax for all levels of i. Where; i stand for the number of the levels. Cr (z) = kr ln (Z / Z0) = 0.169 ln (24 / 0.01) Cr (z) = 1.315 Vm = (1.315) (1) (25) = 32.8 m/s Calculation of Wind Turbulence, Iv (z) Iv (z) = v / vm (z) for zmin< z < zmax Iv (z) = Iv (zmin) for z < zmin ᵟv = kr. Vb. kl Source of table 5.7 EN 1991-1-4, Table 4.1


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where, kr is the terrain factor calculated above, Vb is the basic wind velocity calculated above, kl is the turbulence factor, which is recommended to be taken as 1,0 by EN 1991-1-4. ᵟv = (0.169) (25) (1) ᵟv = 4.225 Calculation of Peak Velocity Pressure, qp (z) qp (z) = [1 + 7.Iv (z)] . ½ . ρ . vm2 (z) where, ρ is the air density which depends on the altitude, temperature and barometric pressure to be expected in the region during wind storms. The recommended value is 1.20 kg/m3 in EN 1991-1-4. peak velocity pressure, qp (z) will be: Iv (z) = ᵟv / Vm = 4.225 / 32.8 = 0.132 qp (z) = 1242 N/m2 Determination of Pressure Coefficient, cpe The external pressure coefficients cpe for buildings and parts of buildings depend on the size of the loaded area A, which is the area of the structure that produces the wind action in the section to be calculated. The external pressure coefficients are given for loaded areas A of 1 m2 and 10 m2 in the tables for the appropriate building configurations as cpe1, for local coefficients, and cpe10, for overall coefficients, respectively. Since the pressure coefficients for vertical walls and flat roof vary through the wall and roof surface, the calculation is made considering geometry of the structure, the aspect ratio (h/d) and wind direction. Cpe = Cpe, 1 Cpe = Cpe, 1 - (Cpe, 10 - Cpe, 1) log10 A Cpe = Cpe, 10


, , ,

for A ≤ 1 m2 for 1 < A < 10m2 for A > 10m2

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Fig 5.7 Pressure coefficient for vertical wall

The area is greater A > 10 m2 in all the cases hence the wind pressure on the surfaces is calculated from the peak velocity pressure qp (z), and external pressure coefficient to be used will be Cpe,10. Multiplying this coefficient by the characteristic peak velocity pressure (qp) we obtain the external wind pressure we. Finally to obtain the wind force acting on the area is used the equation: Fw = cs cd cf qp (ze) Aref where, cscd = structural factor, defined as 1.0 according to section 6 cf = force coefficient for the element, defined as 1.0 according to section 7 qp(ze) = characteristic peak velocity pressure at height ze, calculated before Aref = reference area of the structural element. By this we obtain all the forces that will be acting on the building, and are distributed on the elements for their analysis.

Source of Fig 5.7 EN 1991-1-4 Figure 7.5 - Key for vertical walls


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Zone

Cpe,10(Overall Co-efficient)

A B

-1.2 -0.8

qp(Peak velocity Pressure) N/m2

We(Wind pressure on surface) N/m2

Cpe,10(Overall Co-efficient)

A B C

-1.2 -0.8 -0.5

qp(Peak velocity Pressure) N/m2

Area


F(Wind Force) KN)

1285.3 230.4 -1542.36 -355.36 1285.3 921.6 -1028.24 -947.63 1285.3 48 -642.65 -30.85 Table 5.9 Wind forces on wall and 90° wind direction qp(Peak velocity Pressure) N/m2

Cpe,10(Overall Zone Co-efficient) -1.4 -0.9 -0.7 -0.2

Area


1285.3 103.5 -1799.42 1285.3 102.3 -1156.77 1285.3 823.5 -899.71 1285.3 1201.3 -257.06 Table 5.10 Wind forces on flat roof

Area description Height(m)

Z/Z0

Cr

ᵟV

Iv(z)

Basket Ball Court

4.5

450

1.03

4.23

13.5

1350

1.22

19.5

1950

1.28

Volley ball court Indoor games area

F(Wind Force) KN)

1242 228 -1542.36 -351.66 1242 940.8 -1028.24 -967.37 Table 5.8 Wind forces on wall and 0° wind direction

Zone

F G H I

Area

F(Wind Force) KN) -186.24 -118.34 -740.91 -308.81

Vm (Z)

q p (Z)

q p (Z)

m/s

N/m2

KN/m2

0.16

25.81

857.77

0.86

4.23

0.14

30.45

1096.83

1.10

4.23

0.13

32.01

1182.62

1.18

Table 5.11 Vertical distribution of wind pressure 5.3.2.4 Snow load calculations The ground snow load depends on local conditions of climate and exposure, given the variability of snowfall from area to area. In the absence of adequate statistical surveys and specific local studies, which take into account both the height of the snow surface to its density, the load of snow on the ground refer to locations placed at a height of less than 1500 m above sea level. The reference altitude as is the proportion of the ground above sea level at the site of construction of the building. For altitudes above 1500 m above sea level should MSc Architectural Engineering- Politecnico Di Milano

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refer to local conditions of climate and exposure, however, using snow load values lower than those for 1500 m. The characteristic values of the minimum ground snow load are given in Eurocode and NTC. This project is located in the Province of Turin which is classified as the presence of heaviest snow load. Zone I - Alpina Aosta, Belluno, Bergamo, Biella, Bolzano, Brescia, Como, Cuneo, Lecco, Pordenone, Sondrio,Torino, Trento, Udine, Verbania, Vercelli, Vicenza: qsk = 1. 50 KN/m2 qsk = 1.39 [1 + (as/728)2] KN/m2

as ≤ 200 m as > 200 m

Fig 5.8 Snow load zone map of Italy, NTC

The altitude of the site is 214 m. Therefore the characteristic value of snow load on the ground at the relevant site is taken as, qsk = 1.39 [1 + (235/728)2] KN/m2 sk = 1.51 KN/m2

as > 200 m

So taking in to account the effect of other factors, the load is calculated by;


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s = µi . Ce . Ct . sk where, µ1 = snow load shape coefficient sk = characteristic value of snow load on the ground, Ce = exposure coefficient Ct = the thermal coefficient. Ce should be taken as 1.0 unless otherwise specified for different topographies. Determination of snow load shape coefficient Inclination of the flat roof is taken as 3° for drainage purposes hence; it is assumed that the snow is not prevented from slipping. If the lower end of the water ends with a guardrail, barrier or other obstruction, then the form factor cannot be taken less than 0.8 regardless of the angle .In the table below 1 is given as 0.8 for the angles between 0° and 30°. Therefore; the calculation is summarized as: Snow load on the ground: sk = 1.51 KN/m2 The snow load shape coefficient: µI = 0.8 Exposure coefficient: Ce = 1 Thermal coefficient: Ct = 1 s = µI .Ce . Ct. sk s = (0.8) (1) (1) (1.53) = 1.20 KN/m2 5.3.2.5 Earthquake design concepts Experience in past earthquakes has demonstrated that many common buildings and typical methods of construction lack basic resistance to earthquake forces. In most cases this resistance can be achieved by following simple, inexpensive principles of good building construction practice. Adherence to these simple rules will not prevent all damage in moderate or large earthquakes, but life threatening collapses should be prevented, and damage limited to repairable proportions. Our building as shown has acquired multi dimensional shape. Therefore, for the purpose of earthquake design, it has been divided into three different blocks. The main reason for this is to equilibrate the forces acting on the building as a whole. When the building shakes under the influence of an earthquake it accelerates in a harmonic motion that is predominantly governed by Newton's Law (F = m.a). In a usual calculation of equilibrium we assume that the floors are like diaphragms and further we obligate the floors to work in a regular and harmonic fashion. When the building work together in tandem structurally, but are joined together with a non structural material. The distance they are structurally spaced are retrieved from structural codes according to the inter storey drift. Furthermore, each block is laterally supported with bracings which can MSc Architectural Engineering- Politecnico Di Milano

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reduce the lateral load on the building by transferring the load into the exterior columns. This allows for a reduced need of interior columns thus creating more floor space. We used inclined bracings which are a very popular type of bracing where ordinary type of cross bracing would be too long. It has the merit of ensuring that the horizontal shear load on the building be equally distributed into the compression and tension bracing members. 5.3.2.6 Expansion joint The building is separated into three different blocks according to the calculation of the Inter storey drift. Hence the expansion joint between the blocks can be obtained by: dr ≤ 0.005h/v where, dr = inter storey drift h = storey height v = reduction factor, for class III and IV structures = 0.4 dr ≤ 0.005 x 3.5 / 0.4 ˂ 0.15 m 0.04 ˂ 0.15 dr ˂ 0.005 x 9 / 0.4 0.11 ˂ 0.15 But since it happens for both buildings the inter storey drifting is 15 cm; so we separate each block from each other by 30 cm.


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5.4 Assumed sections 5.4.1 Column sections Court areas In Courts area we are assuming HE 800 M as main section but in some areas where HE 800 M fails we are customizing columns size to 800 mm wide flange * 800 mm deep section with 40 mm thick web & flange.

Wf = 80cm, d = 80 cm, tf = tw = 4cm

HE 800M, d= 81.4cm, Wf= 30.3cm, tf= 4 cm, tw = 2.1cm For rest of building

HE 550M, d= 57.2, Wf= 30.6cm, tf= 4 cm, tw = 2.1cm


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5.4.2 Beam section I section Beam is having almost square section with 0.34m depth & 0.31m wide flange.

HE 300 M Truss Top, Bottom Chord & diagonal member of Bracing For top & Bottom chord & diagonal member of bracing( provided in courts area to cuntrol the sway) we are proposing HE 260 M section.

HE 260 M Diagonal member of truss For diagonal member of trusses we are proposing angle section L 200*24 instead of ISection.


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L 200* 24 5.4.3 Load combinations 

Combo1 1.35DL+1.5LL

 Combo2 1.35DL+1.05SL+1.5LL  Combo3 1.35DL+1.5LL+1.05SL+1.05WLX  Combo4 1.35DL+1.5LL+1.05SL+(-1.05)WLX  Combo5 1.35DL+1.5LL+1.05SL+1.05WLY  Combo6 1.35DL+1.35LL+1.05SL+(-1.05)WLY


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5.5 Structural analysis This whole analysis is made on software ETABs. Although some manual checks have also been applied to confirm the software results. Some assumptions which are made before starting analysis are     

Stress ratio limit: we are considering stress ratio limit as 1.05, 5 % higher which is acceptable. Euro code 3-1993 is being used to run the analysis. We are considering the braced frame instead of moment resisting frame as we provided braces to control the sway. Moments from the beam joints has been released & joints are being considered as Pin so in bending moment diagrams there wouldn’t be any value of moment on joints. Although analysis is made for all three buildings separately but here we are presenting results of courts building due to its higher volume.

5.5.1 Bending moment diagrams BM diagram 1

Fig 5.9 BM diagram of a basketball court

This is bending moment diagram of one of basket ball court frame completely exposed to wind. In this frame trusses are perpendicular to face of this frame. This bending moment diagram is with load combination 4 giving the maximum value of moments.


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BM diagram 2

Fig 5.10 BM diagram of a basketball court

Fig 5.10 shows BM diagram of opposite side of frame in basket ball court area. This is also analysed with load combination 4. BM diagram 3

Fig 5.11 BM diagram of middle frames of court area facing trusses


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Fig 5.11 is BM diagram of one of the middle frames of courts area facing trusses. It is also analysed with load combination 4. BM diagram 4

Fig 5.12 BM diagram of middle frames of court area perpendicular to trusses

It is bending moment diagram of one of middle frame of courts area perpendicular to truss faced frame. At nodes there is no value of bending moment as we are considering braced frame. 5.5.2 Shear force diagrams SF diagram 1

Fig 5.13 SF diagram of basketball court perpendicular to truss


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Fig 5.13 shows SF diagram of one of the frame placed at periphery of basket ball court perpendicular to truss faced frame. It is also for load combination 4. SF diagram 2

Fig 5.14 SF diagram of opposite frame of courts

Fig 5.14 shows SF diagram of the opposite frame of courts area discussed earlier. It is also with load combination 4. SF diagram 3

Fig 5.15 SF diagram of one of the trusses facing middle frame of courts

Fig 5.15 shows SF diagram of one of the trusses facing middle frame of court area with load combination 4.


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SF diagram 4

Fig 5.16 One of the middle frame of courts area perpendicular to truss

Fig 5.16 shows SF diagram of one middle frame of courts area perpendicular to truss facing frame. 5.5.3 Axial force diagrams AF diagram 1

Fig 5.17 AF diagram of truss facing periphery frame

Fig 5.17 shows AF diagram of truss facing periphery frame with load combination 4.


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AF diagram 2

Fig 5.18 AF diagram of one of the middle frames perpendicular to truss

Fig 5.18 shows AF diagram of one of middle frame perpendicular to truss facing frames with load combination 4.


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5.6 Designing of structural members 5.6.1 Column design 1 (provided in gym area) C12

HE 550 M

Section dimensions

Fig 5.19 Column section dimensions

Section properties

Fig 5.20 Column section properties


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Moment, shear force & axial force values from software after analysis

Fig 5.21 Moment, shear force & axial force diagrams

NEd = 817.68 KN MEd = 99.15 KNm VEd = 24.30 KN 550 M wide flange section is selected Section properties for HE 550 M h = 572 mm b = 306 mm tw = 21 mm tf = 40 mm r = 27 mm

A = 35400 mm2 Iy = 1980 x 106 mm4 Wel,y = 6923 x 103 mm3 Wpl,y = 7933 x103 mm3 hw = 492 mm

For the verification of the section class, the selected section is checked according to table provided by Eurocode 3. For flange c = (b - tw - 2r) / 2 c = 115.5 mm c / tf = 2.89 є = √ (235/fy) = 0.819 c / tf < 9 є 2.89 < 7.371 satisfied For web c = (h - 2 tf - 2r) / 2 c = 219 mm c / tw= 10.429 c / tw < 72 є 11.429 < 58.9 satisfied The section is Class-1 as assumed


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Compression resistance of cross section NEd / Nc, Rd < 1.0 Ncl, Rd = A .fy / ϒM0 = 12390 KN NEd < Nc, Rd (satisfied) Bending resistance of cross section Mc, Rd (pl) = Wpl fy / ϒM0 = 2776.55 KNm MEd < Mc, Rd(pl) satisfied Shear resistance of cross section VEd / Vc, Rd < 1.0 Vpl, Rd = Av . (fy /√3) / ϒM0 Av for hot rolled I and H sections is calculated as; Av = A - 2 . b. tf + (tw + 2r). tf Av = 0.013 m2 fy= 350 Mpa , ϒM0= 1.00 Vpl, Rd = 2626.9 KN > 24.3 KN satisfied Combined bending and axial resistance of cross section MEd ≤ MN,Rd MN,Rd = Mpl,Rd [ 1- (NEd / Nc,Rd)] = 2593.2 KNm MEd < MN,Rd satisfied Buckling resistance of cross section NEd / Nb,Rd ≤ 1.0 Nb, Rd= χ . A . fy/ ϒM0 λ1 = 93 є = 76.17 λy = λz = Lcr / i / λ1 λy = λz = 2800/80.2/75.7 = 0.46 Buckling curve: Type a for = 0.46

ф = 0.633 χ = 0.93< 1 Nb,Rd = 11522.7 KN NEd < Nb,Rd satisfied


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5.6.2 Column design 2 C18

HE 800 M

Section dimensions

Fig 5.22 Column section dimensions

Section properties

Fig 5.23 Column section properties


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Moment, shear force & axial force values from software after analysis

Fig 5.24 Moment, shear force & axial force diagrams

NEd = 1732 KN MEd = 659 KNm VEd = 148 KN HE 800 M wide flange section is selected. Section Properties for HE 800 M h = 814 mm A = 40.4 x 103 mm2 b = 303 mm Iy = 4426 x 106 mm4 tw = 21 mm Wel,y = 1090 x 104 mm3 tf = 40 mm Wpl,y = 1250 x104 mm3 r = 27 mm hw = 734 mm For the verification of the section class, the selected section is checked according to table provided by Eurocode 3. For flange c = (b – tw– 2r) / 2 = ((303 – 21 – 2(27)) / 2 c = 135 mm c / tf = 135 / 40 = 3.375 ɛ = √ (235/fy) = √ (235/350) = 0.819 c / tf < 9 ɛ 9 ɛ = 9 (0.819) = 7.37 3.375 < 7.37 (satisfied) For web c = (h - 2 tf - 2r) / 2 = ((814 – 2(40) – 2(27)) / 2 c = 340 mm c / tw = 340 / 21 = 16.19 ɛ = √ (235/fy) = √ (235/350) = 0.819 c / tw < 72 ɛ 72 ɛ = 72 (0.819) = 58.97 16.19 < 58.97 (satisfied) The section is Class-1 as assumed MSc Architectural Engineering- Politecnico Di Milano

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Compression resistance of cross section NEd / Nc, Rd < 1.0 Ncl, Rd = A⋅ fy/γM0 = 14.14 x 103 KN NEd = 1732 KN NEd < Ncl, Rd (satisfied) Bending resistance of cross section Mc, Rd (pl) = Wpl⋅ fy/ γM0 = 4375 KNm MEd = 659 KNm MEd < Mc, Rd(pl) (satisfied) Shear resistance of cross section VEd / Vc, Rd < 1.0 Vc, Rd = Av⋅ (fy/√3) / ϒM0 Av for hot rolled I and H sections is calculated as; Av = A – 2 ⋅ b ⋅ tf + (tw + 2r) ⋅ tf Av = 40400 – 2(303) (40) + (21+2(27) 40 Av = 1.916 x 10-3 m2 fy= 350 Mpa , ϒM0= 1.00 Vpl, Rd = 3839 KN VEd = 148 VEd < Vpl, Rd (satisfied) Combined bending and axial resistance of cross section MEd ≤ MN,Rd MN,Rd = Mpl,Rd[ 1 – (NEd / Nc,Rd)] = 3839 KNm MEd = 659 KN MEd < MN,Rd (satisfied)


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5.6.3 Beam design HE 300 M After analyzing the structure for different combination cases, we take one beam from the frame to design Section dimensions

Fig 5.25 Beam section dimensions

Section properties

Fig 5.26 Beam section properties


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Moment & shear force values from software after analysis

Fig 5.27 Moment &shear force diagrams

MEd = 44.9 KNm VEd = 40.2 KN HE 300 M wide flange section is selected. Section Properties for HE 300M h = 340 mm A = 30.3 x 103 mm2 b = 310 mm Iy = 592 x 106 mm4 tw = 21 mm Wel,y = 3482 x 103 mm3 tf = 39 mm Wpl,y = 4078 x103 mm3 r = 27 mm hw = 262 mm For flange c = (b – tw– 2r) / 2 = (310 – 21 – 2(27)) / 2 c = 117.5 mm c / tf = 117.5 / 39 = 3.01 ɛ = √(235/fy) = √(235/350) = 0.814 c / tf < 9 ɛ 9 ɛ = 9 (0.814) = 7.326 3.01 < 7.326 ✓ (satisfied) For web c = (h - 2 tf - 2r) / 2 = (340 – 2(39) – 2(27)) / 2


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c = 104 mm c / tw = 104 / 21 = 4.95 ɛ = √ (235/fy) = √ (235/350) = 0.814 c / tw < 72 ɛ 72 ɛ = 72 (0.814) = 58.608 4.95 < 58.608 (satisfied) The section is Class-1 as assumed Shear resistance of cross section VEd / Vc, Rd < 1.0 V pl, Rd = Av⋅ (fy/√3) / ϒM0 Av for hot rolled I and H sections is calculated as; Av = A – 2 ⋅ b ⋅ tf + (tw + 2r) ⋅ tf Av = 30300 – 2(310) (39) + (21+2(27) 39 Av = 9.045 x 10-3 m2 fy= 350 Mpa , ϒM0 = 1.00 Vpl, Rd = 1827.7 KN VEd = 40.2 KN VEd < Vpl, Rd (satisfied) But Vpl, Rd /2 = 913.87 KN Vpl, Rd /2 > VEd So no check is required for combined shear and bending

Shear buckling resistance hw / tw < 72 ɛ / ƞ (ƞ = 1) hw / tw = 262 / 21 = 12.47 72 ɛ = 72 (0.814) = 58.608 hw / tw < 72 ɛ So no check required for shear buckling Deflection check Mmax = 44.94 KNm Mc, Rd = Elastic resistance of section = Wel y . fy / ϒM0 = 1218.7 KN Mmax < Mc, Rd (satisfied) Elastic calculation Span / 250 = 3 / 250 = 0.012 m Max deflection = 0.0008 m Max deflection < Span / 250 (satisfied)


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Structural Design

5.6.4 Base plate design Column cross section = 814 mm x 303 mm x 40mm Material strength Steel grade S355 M, Concrete grade C 30,

fy = 355 N/mm2 fck = 30 N/mm2

Size of footing = 1800 mm x 2000 mm x 600 mm Nsd = 821.902 KN Vsd = 46.63 KN Axial resistance The thickness of base plate should not be less than the thickness of the column flange. Therefore use base plate thickness, tp > tf, i.e. 40mm (assumption). We consider tf = 50 mm. The maximum potential effective bearing width, c, of the plate is given by: c = t (fy / 3 . fj . ϒM0)0.5 where the bearing strength fj = βj . kj . fcd where, fcd = fck /ϒc = 30/1.5 = 20 N/mm2 βj = 0.67 (from Eurocode) kj = connection factor = ( a1 × b1 /a × b)0.5 If we assume that the base plate has 900 mm × 400 mm × 30mm dimension to provide adequate space for locating the holding down bolts then: a = 950 mm, b = 400 mm a1 = a + h (effective depth of foundation) = 950 + 600 = 1550 mm b1 = b + h = 400 + 600 = 1000 mm kj = (1550)(1000) / (750)(400)0.5 = 2.02 fj = 0.67 × 2.02 × 20 = 27.06 N/mm2 fy = 355 N/mm2 Hence, c = 40 ((355 / (3)(28.41)(1.0))0.5 = 83.64 mm Effective area of the base plate: Aeff = ((813 + 2(81.6)) (303 + 2(83.64) = 461 × 103 mm2 Design bearing pressure Nsd/Aeff = 821.9 × 103 / 461 × 103 = 1.78 N/mm2 Bearing strength fj = 27.06 N/mm2 > 1.78 N/mm2


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Structural Design

Shear resistance When the applied shear force is less than 20% of the applied vertical load, no special provisions are necessary for the transfer of the shear force from the base plate to the foundation. Nsd = 821.9 KN Therefore, 20% of Nsd = 164.38 KN Vsd = 46.63 KN Vsd < 20% of Nsd Design of plate dimensions Minimum width of plate required = b + 2c = 303 + 2 (81.6) = 470.28 mm ≈ 500 mm Minimum depth of plate required = d + 2c = 814 + 2 (81.6) = 981.28 mm ≈ 1000 mm Therefore, 1000 mm × 500 mm × 50 mm thick grade S 350 M steel base plate has been used. 5.6.5 Design of bolts Plate size = 1000 mm x 500 mm x 40 mm with Steel Grade Fe 350, fu = 235 N/mm2 is used. Bolts M 20 Grade 8.8, fyb = 640 N/mm2, fub = 800 N/mm2, Diameter 30 mm. Bolt area at the bottom of the thread: As = 561 mm2 Diameter of holes d0 = d + 2 = 30 + 2 = 32 mm. Minimum edge distance, e1 = 1.2 d0 = 1.2 x 32 = 38.4 mm Minimum hole distance, p1 = 2.5 d0 = 2.5 x 32 = 80 mm Maximum edge distance, e1 = 12 t = 12 x 50 = 600 mm Maximum hole distance, p1 = 14 t = 14 x 50 = 700 mm Shear resistance of bolts Assumptions: One shear area per bolt and threads area in the shear plane. Hence the shear capacity of the bolts is given by: v = 0.6 for classes 4.6, 5.6 and 8.8: Fv, Rd = (0.6)(800)(561)(10-3) / 1.25 = 215.4 KN > NEd / 2tp = 821.9 / 2(50) = 8.219 KN And (0.87)(640)(561)(10-3) / 1.25 = 249.89 KN > 215.4 KN (satisfied)


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Structural Design

5.7 Verification of sections provided in structure Here we are verifying the sections of Courts area having total height 24 m (9 + 9 + 6). As we proposed different sections for columns (HE 800 M, 800*800*40 mm), beams (HE 300 M), truss top & bottom chord (HE 260 M), diagonal bracing (HE 260 M) & truss diagonal members (L 200*24). 5.7.1 Frames of courts area perpendicular to truss faced frames

Fig 5.28 Periphery Frame (most of sections are having stress limit ratio between 0.50 to 0.70 so we can say these are well designed)

Fig 5.30 Frame 3 (stress limit ratio between 0.50 to 0.70 so we can say these are well designed)


Fig 5.29 Frame 2 (stress limit ratio between 0.50 to 0.70 so we can say these are well designed)

Fig 5.31 Frame 4 (stress limit ratio below 0.50)

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Fig 5.32 Frame 5 (stress limit ratio below 0.50)

Fig 5.33 Frame 6 (stress limit ratio between 0.50 to 0.70)

Fig 5.34 Frame 7 (for most of columns stress limit ratio is below 0.50 & for indoor games area column it is between 0.50 to 0.70


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5.7.2 Truss facing frames of courts area

Fig 5.35 Frame 1, periphery frame (for most of columns stress limit ratio is below 0.50 but for some foundation columns its crossing 0.90)

Fig 5.37 Frame 3, stress limit ratio is below 0.50 for most of sections


Fig 5.36 Frame 2 (stress limit ratio is between 0.50 & 0.70)


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Fig 5.39 Frame 5, stress limit ratio is between 0.50 & 0.70 for most of sections

Fig5.41 Frame 7, stress limit ratio is between 0.50 & 0.70 for most of sections


Structural Design

Fig 5.40 Frame 6, stress limit ratio is between 0.50 & 0.70 for most of sections


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CHAPTER 4

Technological Solutions

TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS

4.1 General Concepts The technologies used in our project starts from the weather and climatic information of Calolziocorte and incorporate all the building concerned analysis. We selected the best possible materials to attain the best thermal, acoustic, and lighting performance of the envelope. Our main focus to enhance building performance has been through natural resources limiting the use of mechanical use to save energy, thus focusing on the passive strategies. We use Ecotect analysis software for in depth studies of shadow, thermal, daylight factor and shading behaviour of the building. We also performed comparison report between required and generated energy demands to comprehensively explain each aspect of the technology. The energy demand of buildings, such as heating, cooling and lighting, can be supplied from various sources; however, energy efficient design concept suggests the use of renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable ones. But first, these energy requirements should be optimized as much as possible. A main intention of our design is to utilize natural inputs such as the supreme solar radiation obtained from the sun. We know that the energy produced by solar radiation is endless and one of the finest methods to generate electricity. The initial cost can be high but for long term use, solar panels and solar collectors can be a suitable option. Efficiency of these devices is maximum when the weather is sunny and vice versa. From the weather report of Calolziocorte (Lecco), we see that the amount of solar radiation annually is not very huge but still our group decided to provide solar panels because area of the roof in our project is very large and we can utilize that area by installing devices that collects solar energy for the building consumption. Also the walls, floors and the roofs are technologically designed with proper insulation layers to reduce the energy consumption of the building. The walls are ventilated facades to further reduce the energy flow. Our glazed cladding will be double glazing either gas or gel filled. Apart from it our aim is to also utilize gray water technology. Grey water is wastewater generated from domestic activities such as laundry, dishwashing, and bathing, which can be recycled on-site for uses such as landscape irrigation and constructed wetlands. Grey water differs from water from the toilets which is designated sewage or black water to indicate it contains human waste. Additionally integrating the concept of served and servant spaces to the building were particular due to the presence of gymnasium and sport courts in the volume. In general terms, we can say that "served" spaces are the areas where functions are performed which define the use of the facility, and "servant" spaces are areas where the staff/workers are accommodated, and the total facility is designed so as to best integrate these spaces with their functions and overall purpose. MSc Architectural Engineering- Politecnico Di Milano

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The ingenious selection of the site, placement, shape and orientation, window arrangement, considered selections of materials and wall envelopes are the governing aspects that define the building character. Architecture of a building has always been in close relationship with climatic context. It is not possible to create buildings and spaces without considering the climatic conditions. Specially for a sustainable design, where the impact on environment is required to be kept insignificant, understanding the climate of the project area constitutes a crucial step at the very beginning of our design process. We tried to design our building to as to emphasize on maximum solar gains in winter. Concentrating on a few simple rules, sustainable architecture is thus the most effective and progressive form of gaining and conserving energy in buildings. Therefore, for any sustainable design we need to follow three elements Energy, Environment and Economy. The relationship between these elements is interdependent as the size and structure of economy is fundamentally shaped by the environment and energy. This is true for a local or national economy as much as for the global economy. Therefore optimized usage of this will create impeccable thermal system design, less environmental impact and cost effectiveness which is achieved by linking all together. It is worth mentioning that according to calculated figures, about 25 - 30% of the energy is consumed by residential and building sector which is huge. Being sentient citizens of the world, we need to make efforts to save the energy for our future generations to survive. A new study on energy efficiency in buildings (EEB) indicates that the global building sector needs to cut energy consumption in buildings 60 percent by 2050 to help meet global climate change targets. According to The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), the building sector must achieve greater energy efficiency through a combination of public policies, technological innovation, informed customer choices, and smart business decisions. To summarize, our vision is to exert a conscious effort in the design of a climate responsive, user friendly and energy efficient building that satisfies user needs. We have chosen some latest technologies and materials which can give more strength and meaning to our project. But, achieving these energy demands cannot just be reduced to isolated solutions such as rain water collection or photovoltaic installations on the roof. Rather, the building must be understood as a complex gestalt a total energy concept that makes the best possible use of locally available natural resources such as solar energy.


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4.2 Climatic context Geographically Calolziocorte is located in the North of Italy. At this latitude & longitude, the weather is considered humid subtropical climate zone. It is marked by hot and wet summers, while winters are moderately cold. The precipitation is higher and there is no dry season. Average temperatures are around 1 °C to 3 °C in the winter and more than 26 °C in the summer. Summers are mild in the hills and quite hot in the plains. Rain falls mostly during spring and autumn; usually all year around. The incident solar radiation both direct and diffuse shows us that there is a reasonable opportunity to utilize daylight. However we also need to consider the fact that useful amount of radiation might as well over heat our buildings during the summer months. Special care and deliberation should be exercised when planning the balance of day lighting versus the cooling loads. The city, despite its location on the banks of the lake, suffers relatively in terms of climate in the winter: in fact, in the period from November to March temperatures fall consistently below freezing and often even below -6 degrees, especially in the months of December and January. The snow is constant and very sometimes intense. The rain is a usual phenomenon and plentiful. As Calolziocorte is located in the region of Lecco, so we considered weather file and other reference data for Lecco because all such stuff is not available for Calolziocorte. Located at 241 meters of altitude, the town of Calolziocorte has the following coordinates 45 ° 48 '4'' North, 9 ° 25' 57'' East. Average altitude of Calolziocorte is 100m above the sea level.


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°C

W e e kly Summary

45+ 40

Ave ra ge T e mpe ra ture (°C) Location: Lecco, (45.8°, 9.2°) © Weather Tool

35 30 25 20

Hr

15 10 5