(Polydrusus) from Turkey, Iran and Greece

Zootaxa 3693 (1): 075–084 www.mapress.com / zootaxa / Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press

ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)

Article

ZOOTAXA ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)

http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3693.1.5 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:57E00909-6C19-40DE-B7E2-C4AF622F8FD9

Two new species of Polydrusus (Polydrusus) from Turkey, Iran and Greece (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae: Polydrusini) ROMAN BOROVEC1 & CHRISTOPH GERMANN2,3 1

Sloupno 64, CZ-503 53 Smidary, Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected] Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern, Bernastrasse 15, CH-3005 Bern, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Natur-Museum Luzern, Kasernenplatz 6, CH-6003 Lucerne, Switzerland 2

Abstract Polydrusus (Polydrusus) kadleci sp. n. from northeastern Turkey and western Iran and P. (Polydrusus) wymanni sp. n. from Samos Island (Greece) are described. Both species show characteristic raised setae on the pronotum and elytra, the length of which is apparently sexually dimorphic. The lectotype of P. (Polydrusus) mecedanus Reitter, 1908 is designated. New faunistic data of other species near P. (Polydrusus) reitteri Stierlin, 1884 are presented. Key words: Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Polydrusus, new species, Samos Island, Turkey, Iran

Introduction Species near Polydrusus reitteri Stierlin, 1884 were originally attributed to the subgenus Chaerodrys Jacquelin du Val, 1854 by Stierlin (1888) and Reitter (1908). Those species show characteristic close-packed brownish, adherent scales, mostly combined with conspicuous raised setae. Later, Schilsky (1910) described Metadrosus Schilsky, 1910, where species near P. reitteri were transfered to, an action followed by Reitter (1910), Dalla Torre et al. (1936), and Winkler (1932). Korotyaev and Meleshko (1997) regarded the type species of Metadrosus and Chaerodrosus Reitter, 1916 as closely related, and proposed inclusion of species related to P. bellus (Kraatz, 1859) in Metadrosus. In the Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera (Yunakov 2013), species near P. reitteri are listed in the nominal subgenus Polydrusus s. str. Species near P. reitteri are typical defoliators of of oak trees (Quercus spp.). They are distributed from Turkey, to Syria, Greece (continental as well as main islands), Bulgaria, Macedonia, Yugoslavia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia. Recently collected material revealed new species from Samos, and from Turkey to Iran.

Material and methods HNHM NHMB NMBE NMPC CCG PKR RBO SBE ZBA ZMUC

Természettudományi Múzeum, Budapest, Hungary Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Switzerland Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern, Switzerland Národní Museum Prague, Czech Republic Christoph Germann private collection, Thun, Switzerland Petr Kresl private collection, Spůle, Czech Republic Roman Borovec private collection, Sloupno, Czech Republic Stanislav Benedikt private collection, Plzeň, Czech Republic Zdeněk Malinka private collection, Opava, Czech Republic Zoological Museum, University of Oslo, Norway

Accepted by R. Anderson: 2 Jul. 2013; published: 26 Jul. 2013

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The body length was measured laterally from the front margin of the eyes to the apex of the elytra. The genital structures were photographed dry (males) and beneath glycerol (females) with a 5-megapixel digital camera (Leica DFC425) under a stereomicroscope (Leica MZ16). The same camera was used for the habitus pictures. The pictures are composites processed using the software Imagic Image Access (version 12) and then retouched using Adobe Photoshop version 10.0.1 (Adobe Systems Incorporated).

Descriptions Polydrusus (Polydrusus) kadleci sp. n. (Figs 1, 2, 7, 8, 11) HOLOTYPE. ♂, SE Turkey, HOP Pass, 15 km NE Mardin, 37 32 N, 40 51 E, 16.V.2001, S. Kadlec lgt. Red label: Holotype Polydrusus (Polydrusus) kadleci sp. n. Borovec & Germann, 2013 (NMPC). PARATYPES. 45 ♂♂♀♀, same data as holotype (CCG, NMPC, ZMUC, RBO); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, TR vill. Mardin, Akresta Geçidi env., 30.4.–2.5.2000, Josef Mertlík lgt. (RBO); 7 ♂♂♀♀, TR—prov. Mardin, Hop Gecidi, Mardin env., 11.-14.5.2005, Z. Malinka lgt. (ZMA). Additional material examined: 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀, Iran, Lorestan, 5 km S Malavi, 795 m, 33 15 070 N, 047 49 764 E, 6.04.2011, leg. H. Mühle (CCG); 1 ♂, Iran, prov. Fārs, 11 km W Dašt-e Aržan, 22.iv.2002, S. Kadlec lgt. (RBO). Length: 3.63–4.62 mm, holotype 3.94 mm. Entire body light rusty brownish, only pronotum (except anterior and posterior borders) and head (except rostrum) blackish. Elytra densely covered by yellowish brown, light, elongate-oval adherent scales, almost concealing integument. Elytra with two obliquely transverse, slender stripes, consisting of whitish elongate-oval and rounded scales, those twice as wide as the elongate-oval ones. Each elytral interval with one regular, dense row of raised, parallel-sided, whitish setae, in males about as long as half of elytral interval in apical declivity; in females about as long as width of elytral interval in apical declivity. Pronotum and head with rostrum covered by similar adherent scales as elytra, but whitish, more densely packed on head and rostrum than on pronotum. Irregularly scattered, raised setae on pronotum, head and rostrum similar to those on elytral base, conspicuously prominent at outline of pronotum. Tibiae with long erect setae, conspicuously prominent at lateral border. Abdominal ventrites sparsely covered by piliform setae, only lateral parts of ventrites 1 and 2 densely covered by whitish oval scales. Rostrum short and wide, 1.40–1.56 times as wide as long, weakly constricted near base, then parallel-sided. Epifrons parallel-sided, at base somewhat more slender than inner edges of eyes. Epistome small, inconspicuous, V-shaped, very finely keeled posteriorly. Antennal scrobes visible as furrows along entire rostral length in dorsal view; in lateral view perpendicularly curved, with sharply keeled edges, dorsal margin parallel with dorsal border of rostrum, reaching lower margin of eye, distance between eye and scrobe as wide as breadth of one adherent scale. Rostrum separated from rest of head by shallow, weakly arched transverse furrow. Interocular space slightly convex. Eyes moderately large, strongly vaulted, conspicuously prominent from outline of head. Antennae short, moderately robust, in females more slender than in males. Scape robust, 1.1 times as long as funicle, at base and at middle significantly curved, at apex twice as wide as at base. In males, first antennomere 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.3–1.4 times as long as antennomere 2, which is 1.7–1.8 times as long as wide. Antennomeres 3–7 1.1 times as wide as long. In females, first antennomere 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.1 times as long as antennomere 2, which is twice as long as wide. Antennomeres 3 and 4 isodiametric, antennomeres 5–7 1.1– 1.2 times as wide as long. Club slender, 2.1–2.2 times as long as wide. Pronotum 1.21–1.29 times as wide as long, widest in middle, slightly narrower at anterior border, shallowly constricted before both borders, with moderately rounded sides. Disc with very slender, longitudinal gap in middle, along entire length of pronotum, in several specimens hardly visible. Pronotum in lateral view moderately vaulted. Scutellum small, rectangular-shaped. Elytra 1.63–1.75 times as long as wide, with almost straight sides, parallel-sided, apex narrowly rounded. Elytra in lateral view moderately bulged. Striae narrow, punctured, intervals weakly bulged. Legs slender, all femora edentate. All tibiae with long spiniform mucro. Tarsi in males more robust than in females. Tarsomere 2 in males isodiametric, tarsomere 3 1.3–1.4 times as wide as long and 1.8–1.9 times as wide as

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FIGURES 1–2. Polydrusus kadleci sp. n. dorsal view 1) male; 2) female.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF POLYDRUSUS

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tarsomere 2. Ungular tarsomere 1.2 times as long as previous one. In females tarsomere 2 1.1 times as long as wide, tarsomere 3 1.6 times as wide as long and 1.6 times as wide as tarsomere 2. Ungular tarsomere 1.5 times as long as previous one. Penis slender and long; in dorsal view widest at base; along entire length with somewhat concave sides, and with regularly tapered apex; apex with almost straight sides. In lateral view penis regularly curved, with regularly tapered, straight apex. Female genitalia. Ventrite 8 with very long and slender apodeme, distinctly constricted before plate, Y-shaped at apex. Plate small, feebly sclerotised, subtrapezoidal. Hemisternite of ovipositor slender, tapered, with short apical styli, laterally prominent. Spermatheca C-shaped, with long and slender cornu, sub-isodiametric ramus and strikingly shorter and more slender nodulus. Sexual dimorphism. Males have more robust segments of antennal funicle and tarsi than females, and also shorter raised elytral setae. Variability. Specimens from both Iranian localities have longer raised elytral setae in both sexes, in comparison to specimens from the Turkish (type) locality. Etymology. The species is dedicated to its collector, prematurely deceased Dr. Stanislav Kadlec, very good friend of the first author, and who enthusiastically visited Asia Minor many times and collected a lot of very interesting weevils. Differential diagnosis. Based on its tibiae with long erect setae, conspicuously prominent at lateral border and its elytra with whitish stripes, P. kadleci sp. n. is similar to the following species: P. hirsutipennis Pic, 1908 (known from Turkey), P. korbi Reitter, 1908 (known from Turkey), P. ornatus Gyllenhal, 1834 (known from Crimea and Turkey), P. reitteri Stierlin, 1884 (known from Greece and Macedonia), and P. schwiegeri Reitter, 1908 (known from Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece and Serbia). Polydrusus kadleci sp. n. differs from all those species by i) the robust antennal scape, S-shaped in basal half, by ii) the blackish pronotum and head, by iii) disc of pronotum with a very slender, longitudinal gap in the middle along the whole length of the pronotum, and by iv) the regularly tapered apex of the penis, not showing any concavity.

Polydrusus (Polydrusus) wymanni sp. n. (Figs 3–6, 8) HOLOTYPE. ♂, GREECE, Samos, Isl. W-Agios, Paraskevi, Nisi, N 37° 46 59, E 26° 58 50, 20 m, StrandfelsVegetation, 4.4.2010, C. Germann lgt. Red label: Holotype Polydrusus (Polydrusus) wymanni sp. n. Borovec & Germann, 2013 (NMBE). PARATYPES. 5 ♂♂13 ♀♀, same data as holotype (CCG, RBO, NMBE); 3 ♀, GREECE, Samos Isl., Oros Kerkis, Evangelistrias Monastery Umgb., N37°42 53 / E26°38 26, 680 m, GS Laubstreu (Q. coccifera), 5.4.2010, C. Germann lgt. (CCG) . Length: 3.03–3.94 mm, holotype 3.31 mm. Entire body light rusty brownish, in several specimens pronotum and head darker. ventrites with piliform semiadherent setae. Rostrum short and wide, in males 1.29–1.33, in females 1.27–1.39 times as wide as long, with strongly rounded sides, significantly constricted near base. Epifrons with concave sides, at base distinctly more slender than inner edges of eyes. Epistome hardly visible, V-shaped, indistinctly keeled posteriorly. Antennal scrobes visible as wide furrows in apical two thirds of rostrum in dorsal view; in lateral view perpendicularly curved, sharply keeled, dorsal margin parallel with dorsal border of rostrum, barely reaching lower margin of eye, distance between eye and scrobe twice as wide as width of one adherent scale. Rostrum separated from rest of head by shallow and wide transverse furrow. Interocular space flat. Eyes large, strongly bulged, conspicuously protruding from outline of head, in males larger than in females. Antennae slender. Scape slender, 0.9 times as long as funicle, at midlength somewhat curved, in apical third to quarter regularly enlarged. Antennomere 1 twice as long as wide, about equally long as antennomere 2, which is more slender, 2.0–2.2 times as long as wide. Antennomeres 3 and 4 1.5–1.7 times as wide as long; antennomere 5 1.3 times as long as wide; antennomere 6 1.2 times as long as wide; antennomere 7 1.0–1.1 times as long as wide. Club slender, 1.9–2.1 times as long as wide.


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FIGURES 3–4. Polydrusus wymanni sp. n. male 3) dorsal view; 4) lateral view.



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FIGURES 5–6. Polydrusus wymanni sp. n. female 5) dorsal view; 6) lateral view.


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FIGURES 7, 8, 11. Polydrusus kadleci sp. n. 7) Penis lateral view; 8) Ditto dorsal view; 11) spermatheca. Figs 9, 10, 12. Polydrusus wymanni sp. n. 9) Penis lateral view; 10) Ditto dorsal view; 12) spermatheca.

Pronotum in males slender, 1.07–1.09 times as wide as long, in females larger, 1.11–1.15 times as wide as long, widest in the middle, narrower at anterior border, shallowly constricted before anterior border, with moderately rounded sides. Pronotum in lateral view moderately rounded. Scutellum small, rounded. Elytra in males very slender, more slender than in females: in males 1.91–1.96, in females 1.78–1.81 times as long as wide, with almost straight sides, parallel-sided, apical quarter rounded. Elytra in lateral view moderately rounded. Striae narrow, distinctly punctured, intervals flat. Legs slender, all femora edentate. All tibiae with long spiniform mucro, only metatibia in female with short, indistinct mucro. Tarsi in both sexes identical. Tarsomere 2 1.2–1.3 times as long as wide; tarsomere 3 1.4–1.5 times as wide as long and 1.6 times as wide as tarsomere 2. Ungular tarsomere 1.4–1.5 times as long as previous one. Penis slender, long, pointed. In dorsal view widest at base; along entire length almost regularly tapered to apex, more strongly in apical third with weakly convex sides, at apex very slender; apex offset, slender, drop-shaped. In lateral view penis regularly and weakly curved, regularly tapered, with offset triangular apex. Female genitalia. Ventrite 8 with very long and slender apodeme, distinctly constricted before plate, Y-shaped at apex. Plate small, sclerotised mainly along lateral sides, subtrapezoidal with concave margo apicalis. Hemisternite of ovipositor slender, tapered, with short apical styli, laterally prominent. Spermatheca C-shaped, with short and robust cornu, large corpus and short and wide ramus and nodulus, equally large, indistinctly separated. Sexual dimorphism. Males have a shorter and wider rostrum and larger eyes than females. Males also have a more slender pronotum and elytra. Males have conspicuously shorter raised elytral setae. Variability. Vestiture of dorsal part of body varied. Obliquely transverse stripe in basal third of elytra is well developed in several specimens, but inconspicious or even missing in others. Also, pronotum and head with rostrum either with lateral whitish longitudinal stripes or disc also covered by whitish adherent scales.



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FIGURE 13. Quercus ilex-trees and Quercus coccifera-shrubs on limestone: habitat of Polydrusus wymanni sp. n. on Samos Island at Nisi, April 2010.

Etymology. The species is named after Hans-Peter Wymann—amiable colleague, graphic artist and specialist of Lepidoptera—in memory of the joint excursions together with the second author to Samos and Crete Island. Bionomy. The new species was collected from flowering Quercus ilex-trees and Q. coccifera-shrubs on the coast rocks just above the sea shore (Fig. 13) together with Polydrusus cocciferae Kiesenwetter, 1864 and Oedecnemidius varius (Brullé, 1832). An additional three specimens of P. wymanni sp. n. were sifted on the Oros Kerkis from leaf litter under Quercus coccifera shrubs at 680 m a.s.l. Differential diagnosis. The new species belongs to the following group of species: P. cressius Pic, 1904 (known from Crete, its type locality), P. mecedanus Reitter, 1908 (known from continental Greece), P. moricei Pic, 1904 (known from the southern Ionian Islands and Thessaly, see records below) and P. tonsus (Desbrochers, 1897) (known from Anatolia) based on the tibiae, which do not show conspicuously prominent long erect setae. Males of P. wymanni sp. n. differ from those of P. cressius and P. tonsus by i) longer raised elytral setae, which are semierect and as long as half the width of one interval at the elytral declivity (in P. cressius and P. tonsus setae are semiadherent and shorter than half the width of one interval in elytral declivity), and by ii) larger eyes with ratio between narrowest interocular space and longitudinal diameter in dorsal view in P. wymanni sp. n. 1.29–1.31 (in P. cressius ratio is 1.46–1.54, in P. tonsus 1.48–1.57), and by iii) the different apex of the penis. From P. moricei, males of P. wymanni differ by i) the bigger size (3.03–3.94, whereas P. moricei range from 2.7–3.1), by ii) the elytral setae which are raised at an angle of 30° (P. moricei: 45°), and by the tip of the penis. From P. mecedanus, males of P. wymanni differ by i) the shorter pronotum, 1.07–1.09 times as wide as long (whereas in P. mecedanus the pronotum is 1.08 times as long as wide), by ii) the adherent scales brownish with whitish stripes (the adherent scales of P. mecedanus are unicolored, greyish with green sheen), and by the penis, which is regularly tapered anteriorly in ventral and lateral view (in P. mecedanus the penis is equally wide along the whole length, except for the apex in ventral and in lateral view). Females of P. wymanni sp. n. differ from those of P. cressius, P. moricei and P. tonsus by i) conspicuous


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semierect elytral setae, which are as long as the width of one interval in elytral declivity, while P. cressius, P. moricei and P. tonsus females have semiadherent inconspicuous setae, which are at most as long as half the width of one interval in elytral declivity, and by ii) the different shape of the spermatheca.

Type specimens examined Polydrusus mecedanus Reitter, 1908 Reitter (1908) described this species from “Taigetosgebirge” based on an unspecified number of specimens. We have found under the name mecedanus only one male of 3.13 mm length in Reitter’s collection (HNHM), labelled as follows: Peloponnes [handwritten] / Graecia Peloponnes [partly printed, partly handwritten] / Holotypus 1908 Polydrusus (Chaedorys) (sic!) mecedanus Reitter [red margins, handwritten, not original label] / Chaerodrys sp. [handwritten] / Coll. Reitter [printed] / LECTOTYPUS Polydrusus mecedanus Reitter, R. Borovec desig. 2013 [red, printed]. The specimen was remounted and dissected by us, abdominal ventrites and the genitalia are mounted on the same card as the specimen.

Other specimens examined Polydrusus bodemeyeri Reitter, 1908 2 ♀♀, Turkey, vil. Sivas, Kurbagalibeli N Zara, 13.vi.1999, 1800 m, S. Kadlec lgt. (RBO); 1 ♂, Turkey bor., Kurbagalibeli pass W, 25 km N of Zara, alp, 11.vi.1999, 1900–2000 m, S. Benedikt lgt. (RBO); 1 ♀, Turkey bor., Zara 10 km N, district Sivas, 13.vi.1999, 1300–1500 m, S. Benedikt lgt. (RBO), 1 spec., Turkey, prov. Zonguldak, Safranbolu, 1000 m, 4.–5.6.1996, Z. Malinka lgt. (ZMA). Remark: This species is listed as synonym of Polydrusus ornatus by Yunakov (2013) in the Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, but it is clearly distinguishable from it by more slender, parallel-sided elytra with twice longer raised elytral setae, uniformously colored adherent scales on the elytra without a transversal band, and a different apex of the penis. Polydrusus cressius Pic, 1904 30 ♂♂♀♀, Crete, Chania, S-Alikambos, Krapis, N 35°19 47 E 24° 12 01, Olivenhain auf Kalkfels, 7.iv.2012, 440 m, C. Germann lgt. (CCG, RBO); 1 ♂, Crete, Chania, S-Alikambos, N 35°20 35/ E 24° 12 14, 380m, verwilderter Olivenhain, 7.4.2012, C. Germann lgt. (CCG); 1 ♂, Crete, Ag. Nikolaos, Lato, 3 km N Kritsa, 300 m, 8.iv.1998, Kopetz leg. (RBO). 4 ♂♂, E-Crete, Assitaes, Holtz lgt. (NHMB); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, E-Crete, Assitaes, Holtz lgt. (NMBE). Polydrusus hirsutipennis Pic, 1908 6 ♂♂♀♀, SE Turkey, HOP Pass, 15 km NE Mardin, 37 32 N, 40 51 E, 16.V.2001, S. Kadlec lgt. (CCG, RBO); 21 spec., Turkey, prov. Mardin, Hop Gecidi, Mardin env., 11.–14.5.2005, Z. Malinka lgt. (ZMA); 1 spec., Turkey, prov. Hatay, Karacay, Hatay env., Asi Nehri river valley, 6.–8.5.2005, Z. Malinka lgt. (ZMA); 1 spec., Turkey, prov. Simak, Haberli, Midyat env., 13.5.2005, Z. Malinka lgt. (ZMA). Polydrusus korbi (Stierlin, 1888) 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Turkey, vil. Yozgat, Oluközü, 26.vi.1996, A. Podlussány lgt. (RBO); 1 ♂, Syria occ., Jabal al Ansanyah mts., Ayn as Sharqulah env., 50 km SE of Latakia, 30.iv.2000, 700 m, S. Benedikt lgt. (RBO). Polydrusus moricei Pic, 1904 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Greece, Cephalonia, Argostoli, Winkler lgt., coll. Frey; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Greece, Cephalonia, Argostoli, coll. Frey; 1 ♀ Greece, Cephalonia, Argostoli, 1905, Leonhard lgt., coll. Frey; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Pelion, Thessalien, J. Breit lgt., coll. Frey; 1 ♂ Zante, O. Leonhard lgt., coll. Frey; 1 ♂ Zante, Hyperagathos, 25. 4. 1909, M. Hilf lgt., coll. Frey; 3 ♂ Greece, Cephalonia, Paganetti lgt., coll. Frey (all NHMB). Remark: records from Crete should be considered as doubtful as all examined specimens from eastern and western Crete belonged to P. cressius. The type locality of P. moricei is Mount Skopos on Zakynthos (=Zante).



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Polydrusus ornatus Gyllenhal, 1834 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Romania, Tulcea or., Codru env., Pod Babadagului, N 44 49 2 E 28 41 4, 3.v.2009, P. Kresl lgt. (PKR); 1 ♂, Turkey bor., Otlukber Daglari mts., Yentyoi pr. Erzincan env., 17.vi.1999, 1700–2000 m, S. Benedikt lgt. (SBE); 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀, Turkey bor., Zara 10 km N (district Sivas), 13.vi.1999, 1300–1500 m, S. Benedikt lgt. (SBE). Remark: new species for Romania. Polydrusus reitteri Stierlin, 1884 1 ♂, Greece, Epeiros, Anemoraki, 20.v.1981, A. Podlussány lgt. (RBO); 1 ♀, Macedonia, prov. Tetovo, Želino, 3.v.1997, A. Podlussány & I. Rozner lgt. (RBO). Polydrusus schwiegeri Reitter, 1908 1 ♂, Bulgaria occ., Beledie Chan, 3.v.1983. Z. Kačenka lgt. (RBO). Polydrusus tonsus Desbrochers, 1897 16 ♂♂♀♀, Turkey, Anatolia NW, Porsuk lake, Sofga, 30.iv.1992, Quercus sp., R. Borovec lgt. (CCG, RBO); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Turkey, Antalya—70 km N Bucak, 29.iv.1992, 850 m, W. Suppantschitsch lgt. (RBO); 1 ♂, Beyshehir lake, Konya prov., Yeshildag env., 5.–6.v.2001, I. Smatana lgt. (RBO); 1 ♀, Turkey, Erdemli, 7.–14.vi.1997, P. Moravec lgt. (RBO). 1 ♂ Anatolien Egerdir 1.V.1926 Kulzer lgt. (NHMB). 2 ♀♀ Anatolien Aksehir 1900 Korb lgt. (NHMB).

Acknowledgements We are most grateful to colleagues who helped us with loans of material: Eva Sprecher and Michael Geiser (NHMB), Hans Mühle (München), Stanislav Benedikt (Plzeň), Jiří Hájek (NMPC), Petr Kresl (Spůle), Győző Szél (HNHM) and Zdeněk Malinka (Opava). The second author is grateful to Martin Albrecht (Bolligen), Dani Bolt (Zurich), Bernhard Jost (Münsigen), Thomas Kissling (Zurich), Josef Kollegger (Chur), Peter Sonderegger (Brügg near Biel), Hans-Peter and Sebastian Wymann (Jegenstorf), and Heiner Ziegler (Chur) for their support during the Samos-expedition 2010. Many thanks to Elsa Obrecht (NMBE) who checked the English before submission. This project (SE-TAF-3018) received support from SYNTHESYS (http://www.synthesys.info/) which is financed by the European Community—Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 “Capacities” Specific Programme.

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