POMEGRANATE Cultivation, Marketing and Utilization Printed: November 2014
Supervision and Guidance RK Pal, Director Compilation and Editing Jyotsana Sharma
Ram Chanadra
Pr. Scientist (Plant Pathology)
Pr. Scientist (Horticulture)
Dr. KK Sharma
K. Dhinesh Babu
Pr. Scientist (Plant Pathology)
Sr. Scientist (Horticulture Fruit Science)
DT Meshram
Ashis Maity
Sr. Scientist (Soil & Water Conservation Engg.)
Scientist (Soil Science-Pedology)
NV Singh
NN Gaikwad
Scientist
Scientist
(Hort.-Fruit Sciences)
(Agril. Structures and Process Engg.)
Correct citation: POMEGRANATE: Cultivation, Marketing and Utilization. Technical Bulletin No. NRCP/2014/…. ICAR-National Research Centre on Pomegranate, Solapur- 413 255 (Maharashtra) Copyright ©2014, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pomegranate, Solapur Disclaimer: All rights reserved. Neither this report--------------------without written permission of the publisher and copyright owner. NRCP website: http//www.nrcpomegranate.org Email:
[email protected] ------------------Published by the Director, NRC on Pomegranate, , Solapur413 255 and Printed at ------------------------1
Preface Pomegranate fruit has attracted attention of mankind since the arrival of mankind on this earth - earlier due to its magical therapeutic use and now due to alluring returns as well as consumer awareness towards its innumerable benefits. The pomegranate industry in India has steadily picked up during the last two decades. Demand in the international market has enhanced the scope for earning higher dividends from this crop. Moreover, it is an ideal crop for the sustainability of small holdings because of its adaptability to topography, soil and agro-climatic condition prevailing in arid and semi-arid regions of India. Climate change has resulted in lower productivity of some high value crops like apple, forcing the growers to shift to crops like pomegranate, which are suitable for arid and semi arid regions facing water scarcity. Fascinated by its innumerable health and monetary benefits, not only rural population but also service category urbans, having uncultivated ancestral land are venturing into pomegranate cultivation, to taste the benefits of the fruit of paradise. With the increase in area under pomegranate cultivation without sufficient knowledge, experience and meticulous planning pomegranate crop is facing several issues with respect to its cultivation to get good yield and quality produce as well as marketing and postharvest problems. These need to be addressed on using scientific acumen and dexterity in a holistic manner. With this aim and the mission to make pomegranate production more sustainable, livelihood of the farmers more secured and to put magnificent pomegranate industry on sound footing, the National Research Centre on Pomegranate in collaboration with the National Horticulture Board, Gurgaon (Haryana) is bringing out the publication, ‘Pomegranate: Cultivation, Utilization and Marketing’ which covers all technical aspects for a successful fruit production, marketing and its complete utilization. Some additional information on important topics frequently required by a grower is given in annexures at the end. Our constant endeavor is to promote pomegranate industry in India and improve economic status of farmers with small holdings and limited resources. I am confident, if the growers follow the scientific cultivation and plant protection practices they will reap good harvest and benefit themselves. My best wishes to all pomegranate growers in India for a flourishing pomegranate industry in India. I place on record my sincere thanks for the efforts made by Scientists, technical and other staff members of the Centre for timely publication of this Technical Bulletin.
RK Pal Director
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION Pomegranate (Punica granatum L) cultivation today is a highly lucrative and remunerative agriculture business in India. The alluring monetary return per unit area from this crop has resulted in steady increase in area, production and export of pomegranate during last two decades. It is widely cultivated throughout India, Iran, China, Turkey, USA, Spain, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, the Middle East, Pakistan, Tunisia, Israel, dry regions of Southeast Asia, Peninsular Malaysia, the East Indies and tropical Africa. India is the world’s leading countries in pomegranate production. The statistics on acreage and production of pomegranate are not available with Food and Agriculture organization at global level, however, estimated global cultivated area under pomegranate is around 3 lakh ha and production 3.0 million tones. In India ppomegranate is extensively grown in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, and is picking up fast in, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Small areas are under cultivation in Tamil Nadu, Mizoram, Odissa, Nagaland, Lakshadweep, Jharkhand and Jammu and Kashmir. As per recent advance estimates for the year 2014, available at the National Horticulture Board of India website http://nhb.gov.in, total area under pomegranate in India is 1.27 lakh ha out of which (90,000 ha is in Maharashtra only (NHB 2014). Total production in India is 822.80 thousand MT (NHB 2014). Export of pomegranate has increased from 18.21 thousand MT (Rs. 710 million) in 2010-2011 to 31.33 thousand MT (Rs. 2985.0 million) in 2013-14 (http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in). Its versatile adaptability to a wide range of climatic conditions, hardy nature, low water requirement, good response to high tech-horticultural practices high yield, returns on investment higher than many crops of dry regions, magical therapeutic values and increasing demand for table and processed products as well as high export potential has made pomegranate a popular fruit of tropical and subtropical regions in recent times, Nevertheless, complete know how of the crop is necessary in order to reap maximum benefits. This bulletin is an endeavor in this direction.
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Chapter 2
ESTABLISHING DISEASE FREE CERTIFIED NURSERY
Healthy planting material is the first step for a successful crop production, and this becomes all the more important in horticultural crops which are perennial. Pomegranate planting material especially air layers and stem cuttings, carry latent infections of threatening diseases like bacterial blight and wilt. These diseases may express 5-12 months after planting in the orchard, thus introducing disease inoculums in new areas. In addition several other pests may also be introduced. Hence, procuring healthy planting material from a reliable certified nursery is of paramount importance. In order to fulfill the growing demand of pomegranate planting material all over India, establishing disease free reliable nurseries should be a top priority so that diseases are not introduced in new areas through infected planting material.
A. Preparation and Care of Disease Free Certified Nurseries I.
Basic steps for getting disease free elite planting material
The selected mother plants should be maintained by the ICAR-NRCP/IIHR/NBPGR/other institute. Relevant genetic/molecular markers should be established for maintaining their varietal identity and purity.
The progeny orchards should be established from mother plants in different areas free from bacterial blight. This should be regularly monitored by team of experts from ICAR and SAUs of respective regions.
Approved/certified nurseries must obtain standardized planting material (air layers/hard wood cuttings/ tissue culture saplings) from the respective progeny orchards
Suspected propagating material has to be tested through diagnostic symptoms, ooze tests, microscopy and also isolation. PCR based diagnostics are not foolproof for bacterial blight (a non- systemic disease), however, can be used for testing wilt pathogens.
The soil used for nursery raising needs to be sterilized through (i) solarisation or (ii) Formalin. o
Soil solarisation can be done by covering moist soil with 25-75 µm thick linear low density transparent polyethylene (LLDPE) sheets for 6 weeks during hottest summer
4
months. It kills all diseases, pests and weeds but increases beneficial microflora population. o Formalin can be used by treating heap @2.5-5ml/l, and covering with polythene sheet for 1 week. Then plant after fumes escape. It kills all diseases, pests, weeds. It kills beneficial microflora also.
To prepare 100kg of potting material mix 50 kg soil and 50 kg compost, sterilize then add consortium having 1 kg each each of various bioformulation, neem cake. Also incorporate 200g of VAM culture. Planting should be done after 8 days of mixing the above ingredients.
Apply Bordeaux paste (10%) to the cut ends of the mother plant and air layered cuttings.
Treat the roots of air layered cuttings with copper oxychloride (COC) @3g/l to protect against soil borne diseases at the seedling stage and plant them in the standard size polyethylene bags filled with above potting mixture.
Place planting material under 50% shade net. Sprays of Bordeaux mixture (1%) altered with 2bromo- 2-nitropropane -1,3-diol (0.5 g/l) + Copper hydroxide (1.5-2g/l) or COC (2.5 g/l) should be taken. Interval should be 15 days during rainy season and 20-30 days in winter and dry seasons.
If fungal leaf spots appear use the combi-product like ‘Companion’ having mancozeb 63%WP+carbendazim 12%WP @ 2g/l or chlorothalonil 75WP (2.0g/l). Repeat the same at 15 days interval if required.
For sucking pests specially thrips which are a problem in nursery plants spray Thiamethoxam 25WG @ 0.3g/l. Repeat the same at 15 days interval or as and when required. Alternate with Acetamiprid 20SP@ 0.3g/l or Imidacloprid 17.8SL @0.3ml/l to avoid resistance development.
Diseases and pests in nursery plants that need to be checked: o o o o o o o o
Bacterial Blight leaf spots and nodal blight Cercospora leaf spots (common) Alternaria leaf spots Phytophthora blight Wilt –Ceratocystis fimbriata, Macrophomina, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Sucking pests - Thrips (most common pest) Caterpillars (occasional pest) Nematode (Root knot nematode)
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II. Nursery sanitation
The nursery should be kept clean. Collect all fallen plant parts and burn/put in compost pit.
Drench bleaching powder (a.i.33% Cl) every 3 months @ 25 Kg/1000 l water/ha on ground.
Pruning tools – secateurs etc if used should be sterilized after handling each plant with sodium hypochlorite (2.5%).
Keep nursery free from weeds, which may be latent carriers or multiplication ground for several diseases, nematodes and insect pests.
B. Nursery Certification
Nurseries in the non traditional areas where there is no disease at present should be promoted.
Nursery certification programme need to be made effective and stream lined.
Issue of phyto-sanitary certificate should be mandatory
Periodical inspection of the specified/nurseries should be mandatory for presence of any disease/insect pests before the planting material is lifted. Nurseries should be inspected every 3 months for at least 2 years and found free throughout should be given license/certificate.
This may be supervised by the certifying authorities in collaboration with experts from ICAR institutes- NRCP, IIHR etc. /SAU’s in the region before issuing phytosanitary certificate.
C. Requirements for Pomegranate Nursery Site Approval
A dead line date should be fixed after which all pomegranate nursery stock must be propagated in an insect proof green house structures approved by the department.
All nursery stock must be propagated at a site approved by the department.
If the integrity of the structure is compromised or breached, the nursery stock shall be subject to immediate quarantine action and will not be eligible for certification until treated as prescribed by the Department and released from quarantine.
Pest monitoring tools such as yellow sticky traps or other detection devices for plant-feeding insects should be used by the nursery and may be used by the Department to evaluate the integrity of the structure.
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Nursery sites must be a minimum of 0.6-1 km away from commercial pomegranate plantation and 100 feet away from plants not certified by the Department as being free from bacterial blight and wilt, unless and until propagation is done under highly sanitized protected structures.
The nursery site should be well drained with no runoff from surrounding areas.
The site should have adequate parking outside the facility.
The site should incorporate an area for deliveries.
The site should have an adequate water supply without using surface water for irrigation.
The site should incorporate natural or artificial wind breaks that would reduce wind blown rain.
The nursery site must be fenced and all entrances must be secured.
Nursery areas and perimeter shall remain weed free.
Site access shall have permitted entry only through an area that incorporates decontamination areas for personnel and equipment.
D. Requirements for Pomegranate Propagation
Each selected source tree should be registered
Propagations from each source tree shall be maintained in nursery rows or on greenhouse benches so that each group can be traced back to an individual source tree.
Nurserymen shall use permanent tags to label each separate group of propagations with the source tree registration number.
All sanitation measures should be strictly followed
Non-certified nursery stock cannot be grown in or introduced into the same greenhouse structure.
Soil used for bagging should be sterlized and free from soil pathogens, insect pests and nematodes.
E. Recommendations for Propagation Through Tissue Culture
Mother plant with proven horticultural trait, obtained from reliable source and in healthy state should be used for excision of explants
It should be ensured that the mother plants should be kept under protected structures/ insect proof shade net and monitored regularly for any visible symptoms of infection.
All the plant protection and phytosanitory measures should be regularly followed to keep mother plants healthy.
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Shoot tips or meristem portion or axillary bud with nodal segments should be used as explants and other explants which follow indirect regeneration pathway should be avoided to reduce the chances of occurrence of somaclonal variations.
Number of multiplication cycles should be limited to 5-6 so as to reduce the chances of somaclonal variations
Biohardening/biopriming of tissue culture raised plants should be carried out using various plant beneficial microbes like arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to improve the field performance of in vitro raised plants. At least 3-4 months of hardening should be done to reduce field mortality.
Clonal fidelity testing of in vitro raised plants should be carried out using molecular tools to detect variability if any.
As there is no reported economical damage due to viruses in pomegranate so virus indexing may be kept optional.
F. Recommendations Requiring Special Attention to Improve Disease Spread in Commercial Orchards
An act has to be promulgated by the Government of India to remove all unattended and neglected orchards or their proper management.
All orchards in the community should adopt uniform bahar and management schedule to get better results. This should be the responsibility of the block/Taluka Horticultural/ Agricultural Officer of respective areas. The concerned SAU’s have to be linked for better technical support.
Some regulation to discourage self proclaimed agricultural doctors should come into force, as farmers who consult such doctors for disease management many a times aggravate the disease.
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Chapter 3
PREPARATION OF QUALITY PLANTING MATERIAL Pomegranate is commercially propagated through stem cutting, air layering and recently by in vitro propagation. Air-layering is commonly used for propagation of pomegranate in the Deccan Plateau and hardwood cutting in the rest of India. Few Indian firms have come up with the tissue culture raised pomegranate planting material but endeavor is still on to produce biohardened and better field performing pomegranate plants using tissue culture technique in an economic manner. Recently, systematic efforts for standardization of grafting technique and identification of suitable rootstocks to overcome problems of biotic and abiotic stresses have been initiated by this Centre. A. Air Layering: In major pomegranate-growing areas of the Deccan Plateau of India, air-layered plants (Fig. 1)are used for establishing pomegranate orchards. The upright branches of 0.8-1.5 cm diameter are girdled (2-3cm) in length and rooting hormone 2000-3000 ppm IBA is applied on upper part of the cut. The girdled stem are wrapped with Sphagnum (peat moss) and covered with a small polyethylene strip. Coir/Jute thread or string is used for tying. Well rooted layers are detached from the mother plants from the lower girdle within 75-90 days and planted in nursery or kept in polythene bags for planting in orchard. The optimum time for air-layering is June-August.
Fig 1 : Preparing air layers planting material
B. Stem Cutting Cuttings can be propagated round the year using pruned wood in polyhouses under high humidity. Pruned wood of rest period gives higher success rate. This is very useful for farmers who wish to take yield and simultaneously multiply superior pomegranate plants using pruned wood. This is a farmer’s 9
friendly and less labour intensive method. Following points should be kept in mind for multiplication through hardwood stem cuttings (Fig.2): Prefer pruned wood immediately after rest phase of pre monsoon period, which gives high success rate Take 6-18 month old shoots for the hardwood cuttings for high success. Lateral shoots, which usually flower and fruit heavily should not be used for making cuttings. Stem cuttings ranging in length from 20-25cm and thickness 0.6-1.2cm perform best. Before planting it is desirable to sanitize the cuttings by giving 5 minute dip in 2-bromo-2nitro-1,3-diol@ 500mg/l + Carbendazim @ 1.0 g/l dissolved in lukewarm or hot water at 52-53 º C to get rid of non-systemic surface pests and disease pathogens. Dip lower part (half the length) of stem cuttings for 30 sec. to 5 min. in a solution of indole-3butyric acid (IBA) @2.5-5.0g/l for inducing roots in stem cuttings. Plant cuttings in a mixture of cocopeat and sand (4:1, v/v) or cocopeat alone for faster rooting in polyhouse/shadenet. Well rooted cuttings should be transferred after 45 -60 days to nursery bags having presterilized Sand: Soil: FYM mixture in 1:1:1 At the time of transfer, place premultiplied (in FYM) beneficial microflora formulation containing , Pseudomonas fluorescens, AMF, Aspergillus niger AN27 in the root zone. Plant in field after 45 days of growth in bags. Before shifting to field keep for 1 week in 50% shade net for acclimatization.
a
c
b
d
e
f
Fig 2: Preparation of hardwood cuttings (a) Sanitization (b) IBA treatment (c) planting in cocopeat-sand mixture in polyhouse (d) sprouted cuttings transferred to polybags, (e) Saplings kept under shade net for aclimatization before planting in field (f) root system of saplings from hard wood cuttings
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C. Grafting Standard grafting technique (Fig 3) and suitable rootstocks are required to mitigate the challenges of climate resilient horticulture with special reference to increased soil salinity, drought and other insect pests and diseases for commercial cultivation of pomegranate. NRCP has standardized wedge grafting technique. Wild varieties should be used as rootstock and desirable variety 'Bhagwa', ‘Ganesh’ etc. as scion. Grafting success up to 90% can be achieved if done in January-February under Solapur conditions with mild winters. Rootstocks of 1-1½ years old should be decapitated (headed back) at 25-30cm above the ground level. Split beheaded rootstock to about 5cm depth through center of the stem with a sharp knife. Take six to twelve months old scion of 15-20cm length having 0.7-1.0cm diameter from a terminal shoot, make the base wedge shape and insert in the vertical split of the beheaded rootstock. Tie the grafts with polethylene strips and cover with 20-25cm long polethylene tube tied with thread at its base. Irrigate to maintain moisture. Remove polethylene tube after sprouts have emerged.
Fig 3. Planting material prepared through grafting
D. In vitro Propagation (Tissue Culture) There is a growing demand of pomegranate planting material in the country which may not be fulfilled only by conventional methods of propagation, thus, mass multiplication of pomegranate through tissue culture (Fig 4) is the need of hour. These in vitro raised plants are initially free from any kind of infectio. The in vitro raised plants of pomegranate should be exactly similar to the mother plant from where 11
explants had been excised provided multiplication cycles are judiciously standardized with optimum level of growth regulators and there is non-occurrence of somaclonal variations which is a rare phenomenon in case where explant is nodal segment or shoot tip. Advantages o Availability of elite, disease free planting material in bulk. o Synchronized flowering and fruiting of in vitro raised pomegranate plants make them more suitable for mechanized cultivation. o Precocity, higher uniformity, better quality and yield. o Disease free planting material for extension of pomegranate to non-traditional areas. o In vitro propagation is highly successful in most of the high value crops and has vast scope in pomegranate. Disadvantages o Cost intensive and high skill requiring technology. o Intensive care is required by in vitro raised plants to realize its full potential in term of yield and quality. o Needs proper standardization of package of practices for commercial cultivation.
Fig. 4: In vitro propagation in Pomegranate
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Chapter 4 ESTABLISHING NEW ORCHARD The pomegranate can adapt itself to a wide range of climate and soil conditions. It however, performs best under semi-arid/arid conditions. Climatic conditions, soil type and other factors responsible for profitable yields should therefore, be taken into consideration before establishing pomegranate orchard. A. Site Selection, Climate And Soil:
Arid and semi-arid regions receiving low annual rainfall below 1000 mm (preferable around 560 mm) with a long, hot and dry summer and mild winter are suitable for quality fruit production. Select well drained land with moderate slope (3-5%). Light soil having pH range of 6.5-7 is most suitable for pomegranate but under well managed condition, it can tolerate pH up to 8.5.
B. Farm Planning: If the farm where new pomegranate orchard is to be established is new, following points need to be taken care of while planning:
A well laid out internal network of main, cross roads and paths is essential for efficient movement of workers and machinery. The farm should have adequate electricity and water supply. A provision of buildings including office, implement shed, godown-cum-store, packing shed, pump houses, water harvesting ponds etc. should be made in the farm. Keep fencing and wind break arrangements around the farm. Plant two rows of wind break plants in triangular system. The wind breaks selected should be such that, they give good protection from wind and require minimum maintenance. Suitable wind break like Karonda (Carissa carandas), Jamun (Syzygium sp.), bougainvillea, Shisam (Dalbergia sissoo), Silver Oak (Grevillea robusta) etc. should be planted around the boundary.
C. Planting System:
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Square or rectangular planting systems (Fig. 5) can be followed in pomegranate. Planting should be done in pits if the soil is not deep and is rocky or gravely up to 1m depth. However, if soil depth is up to 1m or more pits are not essential and planting can be done in trenches.
Fig. 5: Rectangular Planting System
D. Pit-digging and Filling
Dig pits of 1m x 1m x 1m or make trenches of 0.75 m width x 0.75 m depth along the rows depending on soil condition. Pits/trenches (Fig 6) are dug about a month or more prior to planting and kept open for at least 1 month so that it is disinfected by intense solar radiation. Heat of April and May is most beneficial for pit sanitization.
Pits
Trenches Fig. 6: Planting Methods
The bottom and sides of the pits/trench should be treated with carbaryl dust 50g/pit or 5 l solution having 0.4% (4ml/l) chlorpyriphos 20EC. Bleaching powder (a.i.33% Cl) @ 100g/pit also can be used. Fill the pit/trench with 1:1 proportion of soil, sand/ murrum. Prepare mixture of manures and bio-fertilizers as given in Table 1.
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Table 1: Mixture for 1 acre (around 300 plants) Component
Quantity/acre
FYM (Well decomposed)
3.5 t
Vermicompost
300 kg
Neem cake
300 kg
Trichoderma formulation
1 kg
Phosphate Solubilising bacteria (PSB)
1 kg
Azotobacter formulation
1 kg
Pseudomonas flourescens
1 kg
Azospirillum formulation
1 kg
Paecilomyces formulation
1 Kg
Mix all ingredients, make 1 ft height heaps of any length of your convenience under the shade, moisten with water, cover with polyethylene sheet for 10 days. Rake it once every day. Apply 10 to 12 kg/plant and mix into top 50 cm layer of soil.
E. Time of Planting Planting should be done during spring season (February-March) or July-August depending on availability of irrigation water. Before taking the planting material to the main field spray the plants with copper oxychloride (COC)@ 2.5g/l) or Kocide @ 1.5-2g/l.
F. Spacing In general, 4.5m x 3.0 m (740 trees/ha.), is optimum for cv. ‘Bhagwa’. However, spacing of 5m x 4 m (500 trees/ha) and 5m x 5m (400/ha) can be followed for more spreading varieties like Ganesh.
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Fig. 7: Hedge Row Planting
There is immense possibility for hedge row planting (Fig. 7) with 4.5m x 2m (1110 trees/ha) that can improve productivity and facilitate mechanization. But closer spacing is not recommended if specific disease and pest problems are prevalent. After 8 years, alternate plants from the hedge row may be removed or restrict tree growth by proper training and pruning to avoid overcrowding and enhancing productivity. G. Staking Young plants need support to keep the plant straight and bear the load of growing shoots. Use 50-75cm long bamboo or wooden sticks and tie the main limbs at one or two places with coconut or jute strings to avoid bending and breaking of the plant. H. Orchard Sanitation
Maintain strict orchard sanitation
Keep orchard free from weeds, which may be latent carriers or multiplication ground for several diseases including bacterial blight pathogens and insect pests.
Do not leave dead drying infected plant parts (leaves, flowers, fruits & twigs) in orchards nor dump near orchard, nor throw in irrigation channels. The orchard should be swept clean to collect all fallen plant parts and burnt.
Dust bleaching powder (a.i.33% Cl) every 3 months @ 100-150g/plant or drench @ 25 kg/1000 l water/ha on ground below the canopy in the basin of tree. This will reduce the disease and pest inoculum on left over plant debris if any in the orchard.
Pruning tools – secateurs etc. should be sterilized after handling each infected tree with sodium hypochlorite (2.5%).
I. After care Young plants take 2 to 3 months for proper establishment. Subsequently, regular irrigation, weeding, hoeing, training, pruning, fertilizer application, plant protection measures should be followed.
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Chapter 5
IMPORTANT POMEGRANATE VARIETIES Pomegranate varieties can be classified into two categories viz., edible pomegranate and ornamental pomegranate. The ornamental types (Fig 8) are with double flowers, largely sterile and not grown for edible fruit. The double-flowered pomegranates (which do not bear fruits) are grown in parks and ornamental gardens for their beautiful red flowers. Besides, there is a dwarf statured pomegranate which grows only up to 2-2.5 ft with profuse, miniature flowers and small sized fruits called ‘nana’ (P. granatum var. nana). Wild pomegranate is too acidic and popular as souring agent (anardana). Several edible cultivars are grown commercially around the world (Table 2).There are many commercial varieties which are cultivated in different states in India (Table 3 & 4, Fig. 9). Bhagwa is the most suitable popular variety for ‘export purpose’ as it has dark red arils and attractive red rind colour.
Double Flower Variety
P. granatum var. nana Fig. 8. Flowering varieties of pomegranate
Table 2. Commercial varieties of different countries Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5
Country India Iran Israel Spain Turkey
Varieties Bhagwa, Ganesh, Ruby,Phule, Arakta, Mridula Schahvar, Robab Wonderful Mollar, Tendral Hicaznar, Beynar 17
6
USA
Wonderful, Granada
Table 3. Commercial pomegranate varieties grown in different states of India
Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
State
Varieties
Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Rajasthan Tamil Nadu
‘Bhagwa’, Ruby Dholka, ‘Bhagwa’ ‘Bhagwa’, Ganesh ‘Bhagwa’, Ganesh, Kandhari Ruby, ‘Bhagwa’, Jyoti ‘Bhagwa’, Ganesh ‘Bhagwa’, Ganesh, Arakta, Mridula, G-137 Jalore Seedless, Jodhpur Red ‘Bhagwa’, Ganesh
There are some traditional cultivars which are popular in various regions. These are seedling types, originated from locally-grown pomegranates with medium quality fruits. Eg.Alandi, Karadi and Muskat in Maharashtra; Madhugiri and Bassein Seedless in Karnataka; Dholka in Gujarat; Jodhpuri Red, Jodhpuri White and Jalore Seedless in Rajasthan; Chawla, Nabha and Country Large Red in Haryana and Vellodu in Tamil Nadu. Table 4 : Important characteristics of some popular varieties in India S. Variety Fruit Aril/Seed Juice No. Indian Varieties Medium sized dark Arils are also Sweet 1. Arakta red rind colour dark red soft seeded 2. Bhagwa Big size, glossy red Bold red arils Sweet rind, thick rind and soft seeded Large in size, rind Pinkish white Sweet3. Dholka greenish white, or whitish acidic taste fleshy testa, soft seeds Surface smooth, Deep pink Sweet 4. G-137 yellow with red and bold aril, tinge. Fruits are soft seeds large sized Medium sized, with Soft with Sweet 5. Ganesh (GBG- 1) yellow, smooth pinkish aril surface and red tinge
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Remarks
-
Matures in 180 to 190 days after blooming
Clonal selection from ganesh, prolific bearer. Revolutionized the cultivation of pomegranate in Maharashtra
6.
Jalore Seedless .
Round fruit, yellow Aril colour Taste with red tinge in light pink to sweet, tss colour pink, juicy, 15-16˚brix,
7.
Jyoti (GKVK-1)
8.
Kandhari
Medium to large sized, having attractive, yellowish red, testa fleshy Large size, rind deep red, fleshy testa
9.
Mridula
10. Phule Bhagwa Super
11. Ruby
Exotic Varieties 12. Early Wonderful
Pink aril. Very Yields moderately Soft seeded sweet, good in taste Blood red or sweet, Temperate variety deep pink, slightly hard seed acidic Medium sized, rind Blood-red Sweet Plants are dwarf; smooth, dark red in arils with colour very soft seeds, Red rind and red Recently released arils variety by MPKV, Rahuri. Matures about 3 weeks earlier than Bhagwa. Rose pink Soft and red Good Plants are dwarf, arils flavour prolific bearer, providing uniformly red fruits. Large, deep-red, Delicious thin-skinned, fruit/seed medium hard
Resembles Wonderful
13. Granada
Fruit resembles Seeds are Less tart than wonderful, but medium Wonderful displays a red crown hard. while in the green state, darker red in color
14. Wonderful
Large, deep uniform Seeds are Highly red fruit. Rind medium suitable for medium thick and hard. juicing with tough. Flesh deep acidity 1.5crimson in color, 1.75%. Juice is of a 19
Blooms late, very productive. Ripens about 2 weeks ahead of Wonderful. Originated in Lindsay, California as bud mutant of Wonderful. Ripens one month earlier than Wonderful. Leading commercial variety in California.
delicious vinous flavor
Bhagwa
Ganesh
Mridula
Arakta
Dholka
Ruby
G-137
Jalore Seedless
Jyoti 20
Fig. 9 : Important commercial varieties in India Chapter 6 ORCHARD MANAGEMENT Once the orchard has been established, the plants need to be taken care for vigorous healthy growth, avoidance of diseases and insect pests. Proper and timely management of cultural practices, nutrients, diseases, insect and other pests and physiological disorders results in good plant growth and high productivity. Periodical monitoring is therefore, necessary to take needful action. A. Care of a Pre-bearing Orchard (First two years of planting)
One month after planting spray with streptomycin sulphate 90% + oxytetracycline 10% (streptocycline) @ 0.5g/l + COC (2.5g/l) in bacterial blight affected areas and only copper oxychloride (COC) in disease free areas. Take alternate sprays of Bordeaux mixture (1%). Alternately, COC + streptocycline sprays have to be replaced with 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3diol (Bronopol) @ 0.5g/l + captan @ 3g/l. Other need based fungicides like carbendazim @1g/l, mancozeb @2.5g/l etc. can also be used.
Spray interval should be one month in disease free orchards. In orchards where blight incidence is observed spray schedule interval should be 15 days during dry periods and 7-10 days during rainy days.
In orchards having blight, one spray of streptocycline (0.5g/l) + COC (2.5 g/l) after the end of rains is mandatory.
If fungal leaf spots appear, spray the combi-product like Companion having mancozeb 63%WP+carbendazim 12%WP @ 2g/l or chlorothalonil 75WP (2.0 g/l) or hexaconazole 5EC @ 1ml/l. Repeat the same at 15 days interval if required.
For sucking pests particularly thrips which attack new flush growth, spray thiamethoxam 25WG @ 0.3g/l. Repeat at 15 days interval or as and when needed. Alternate with acetamiprid 20SP@ 0.3g/l or imidacloprid 17.8SL @0.3ml/l to avoid resistance development.
For mite infestation during dry spell, spray fenzaquin10EC @2ml/l or Dicofol 50WSP@1g/l or 18.5 EC @2.5ml/l or wettable Sulphur 80 WP @3g/l in rotation
For leaf eating caterpillars malathion 50EC@ 2ml/l has to be sprayed.
Follow recommended training and pruning procedures to manage optimum canopy. o Never prune during rainy days 21
o Follow 3 -4 stem based training after 6-9 months of growth o Remove all shoots up to 30-60 cm above ground depending on plant height o Remove water sprouts, cross branches, dead, dry, infected branches and twigs. o Little thinning and pruning of old wood /spur should be done o Avoid too heavy pruning, confine pruning during dormant stage to previous year growth o Allow set of new shoots to develop every year on all sides of the tree. o Disinfect the secateurs with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite after pruning each tree.
Monitor regularly for blight and wilt symptoms.
In case of observance of foliar symptoms of blight, recommended sprays have to be commenced. If blight symptoms are observed on stems, prune and remove infected twigs as and when the symptom is noticed.
Prune about 2” below the infected area. Bordeaux paste (10%) is applied to the cut ends after pruning. Oil based pastes (COC paint or Chaubatia paste) should be preferred for pasting the cut ends in the rainy season.
If wilt symptoms are observed, check roots for cause and treat the plants accordingly.
Any plant severely infected with blight or wilt has to be removed, burnt and replaced with new disease free plant after taking necessary remedial measures
All sanitation measures as given in Chapter 4 should be followed strictly.
Fertilizer application should be based on soil test and leaf analysis values.
For manures and fertilizers please see chapter 7.
The orchard must not be allowed to bear fruits for initial two years to improve the growth of plants and better canopy development.
B. Care of Established Orchard (After Second Year) In bacterial blight prone areas only hasta bahar or late hasta bahar crop must be regulated. In bacterial blight free areas, growers may take ambe or mrig bahar convenient to them. Only one crop in a year is recommended. The date wise schedules for all the three bahars are given on NRCP website www.nrcpomegranate.org, however, those who take weekly sprays can follow mrig bahar schedule (Annexure 3) in any season, after changing dates accordingly.
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I. Rest period
A rest period of 3-4 months is recommended for better plant health, vigour and reduction of pathogen inoculum load if any.
Sprays of Bordeaux mixture 1% alternated with COC (2.5g/l) or kocide 2g/l are mandatory at 15 days interval in general. If the rest period falls during rainy season (for hasta/late hasta bahar crop) sprays at 15 days interval of Bordeaux mixture 1% alternated with sprays of streptocycline (0.5g/l) + COC (2.5g/l) or 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (Bronopol) @ 0.5g/l +Captan @ 3g/l need to be practiced to keep inoculum load at minimum.
Apply manures and fertilizers as given in Chapter 7
Minimum irrigation should be given during rest period
Remove the water shoots regularly.
II. Pruning and bahar regulation
Prune twice (Fig. 10) a year to maintain proper canopy and fruit set o Main pruning just after harvest o Light (upper 10-15 cm) pruning at flower regulation.
Main pruning just after harvest Light pruning for flower regulation Fig. 10: Pruning in pomegranate
In orchards where severe bacterial blight infection is noticed, go for heavy pruning (Fig. 11) immediately after harvest and remove as far as possible all stems with fresh blight infection.
23
fig. 11: Heavy pruning in severe blight affected orchard
Prune about 2” below the infected area. Apply Bordeaux paste (10%) to the cut ends after pruning. Oil based pastes [COC paint made by mixing 500g COC + 1 l linseed oil or Chaubatia paste prepared by mixing 1kg red lead(non setting grade) + 1kg copper carbonate + 1.25 l linseed oil] are preferred for pasting during rainy seasons.
Any severely infected plant must be uprooted, burnt and replaced with new disease free plant or cut from base 2-3 inches above ground level. New well growing sprouts have to be trained for new disease free plant.
In disease free orchards, practice need based pruning after rest period
Spray Bordeaux mixture (1%) immediately after pruning.
After the rest period defoliate the trees with Ethrel 39% SC (2-2.5ml/l depending on soil moisture conditions)+ DAP @5g /l. Mix suitable recommended insecticide if some insect attack is observed at the time of defoliation.
Do light pruning after leaf fall and spray Bordeaux mixture (1%) immediately after pruning.
Collect all fallen leaves and burn for good orchard sanitation or decompose for organic manure. Drench with bleaching powder 25kg/1000 l water/ha and follow all sanitation measures ( Chapter 4) strictly.
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III. Nutrient management: Apply manures and fertilizers as given in Chapter 7. IV. Water management
Avoid excess irrigation. Drip irrigation with four drippers placed in four directions need to be employed.
Irrigate the crop immediately after fertilizer application in the case of soil application with light irrigation initially and then irrigate at regular intervals.
Irrigate the plants depending on water requirement of the plant in different seasons as given in Chapter 8.
V. Plant protection To get disease free quality produce follow IDIPM schedule given in Annexure 3 and for specific problems follow management practices given in Plant Protection chapter 13.
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Chapter 7
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT Nutrients affect pomegranate plant growth, health, fruit yield and quality. With each harvest considerable amounts of macro and micro-nutrients are being removed which need to be replenished on regular basis. Nutrients also play important role in increasing shelf life of produce thereby minimize post-harvest losses. Hence, maintaining soil health is necessary for sustainable production. A. Diagnosing Nutrient Requirement of the Plant After each harvest nutrient content in plant and availability of nutrients in orchard soil should be assessed for undertaking fertilization schedule to be followed in pomegranate. The leaf nutrient standard and nutrient doses recommended for pomegranate are given in Table 5- and 6 respectively.
Table 5: Leaf nutrient standard for pomegranate Nutrient Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated Systems (DRIS) Norms Deficient Low Optimum High Excess Nitrogen (%) 2.04 Phosphorous (%) 0.21 Potassium (%) 2.26 Calcium (%) 2.65 Magnesium (%) 0.55 Sulphur (%) 0.42 Iron (ppm) 286 Manganese(ppm) 119 Zinc (ppm) 94 Copper (ppm) 94 Yield (t/ha) 20.6 Note: < : Less than; >: More than
B. Macronutrient Deficiency Symptoms The deficiency symptoms of important major nutrients are described below and shown in Fig 12.. I. Nitrogen: The older mature leaves gradually change from normal green appearance to pale green. The older leaves become uniformly yellow. The young leaves at the top of the plant become pale and smaller in size. Branching is reduced in nitrogen deficient plant. The yellowing in nitrogen deficiency is uniform over the entire leaf including veins. 26
II. Phosphorus: Phosphorus deficiency symptoms are not very distinct and thus difficult to identify. Phosphorus deficient leaves show some necrotic spots, generally chlorosis starts from leaf tip followed by necrosis, giving leaf tip burn symptoms. Plants are dwarfed or stunted, with reduction in leaf expansion and number of leaves. Leaves have a darker green color. In older leaves under very severe deficiency condition, a brown netted veining of the leaves may develop. There is less and delayed flowering. III. Potassium deficiency: The first symptoms are marginal interveinal chlorosis followed by dry leathery tan scorch and necrosis on recently mature leaves. The symptoms progress towards midrib. The veins remain green and the leaves tend to curl and crinkle. Symptoms may also develop on young leaves under extreme deficient condition. Fruit size gets reduced. IV. Calcium deficiency: Deficiency symptoms occur in the young parts of the plant. Growing tips become twisted and deformed. Deficiency symptoms start as a narrow necrotic border at the leaf margin that moves in steps towards the petiole attachment. Very slow growing plant. The chlorosis of leaves initiates with purplish colouration of the interveinal area. V. Magnesium deficiency: The first symptom of magnesium deficiency is a yellowish green blotch near the base of the leaf between the midrib and the outer edge. The yellowing enlarges until only the tip and base of the leaf remain green as an inverted V-shaped area on the midrib. With acute deficiency, leaves may become entirely yellow-bronze and eventually drop. VI. Sulfur deficiency: The visual symptoms of sulfur deficiency are very similar to the chlorosis found in nitrogen deficiency. However, in sulfur deficiency the yellowing is much more uniform over the entire plant including young leaves. The leaves show overall chlorosis while still retaining some green color. The veins show a very distinct reddish color on the underside of the leaves and the petioles have more pinkish tone. With advanced sulfur deficiency, brown lesions and/or necrotic spots develop along the petiole and the leaves tend to become more erect and often twisted and brittle.
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-N
+N Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium Sulphur Fig 12 : Macronutrient deficiency symptoms
C. Macro Nutrient Management
Fertilizer should be applied during March to October to ensure greater absorption by the root.
Well decomposed organic manure in slurry form enhances nutrient uptake by the plant.
Adequate level of nitrogen is required for vegetative growth, flowering and fruit yield.
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One fourth of the recommended nitrogen and full dose of phosphorus and potassium should be applied soon after harvest to be stored and used early in the following season. Rest should be applied after bloom/fruit set in two /three equal splits at one month interval.
Potassium also plays important role in determining yield, fruit size and quality. Post bloom foliar application of potassium nitrate (1.48-2.25 kg K2O/acre) increases fruit size, yield and reduces fruit cracking.
Triple super phosphate (TSP) or di-ammonium phosphate (DAP)are preferred source of P in calcareous soil but in highly calcareous soil under drip irrigation P may be applied in the form of single super phosphate (SSP) as basal band fertilization combined with soluble P as KH2PO4 with the irrigation water.
Table 6 : Quantity of Different Fertilizers to be Applied Per Tree Depending on Age and Source Age of Plant (Yrs)
FY M (Kg )
Nitrogen (g/tree) N Req.
Source Urea
CAN
46% N
25% N
Phosphorus (g/tree) P2O5 Req.
Potassium (g/tree)
Source
K2O
TSP
SSP
DAP
43% P
16% P
46% P
#
Req.
18% N
Source MOP
60% K
1
10
250
540
1000
125
290
780
271
50
125
210
2
20
250
540
1000
125
290
780
271
50
125
210
3
30
500
1090
2000
125
290
780
271
50
125
210
4
40
500 625
1090 1360
2000 2500
125 250
290
780
271
580
1560
544
50 100
250 250
420 420
5 & above
Note: Doses are total requirement/year, should be reduced depending on available nutrients in the specific orchard soil in different regions. # quantity to be to be subtracted from Urea/CAN dose if DAP is source of phosphorous.
Before onset of monsoon fertilizers and manures should be applied in trenches made around the canopy line (Fig.13.a) but in other application fertilizers and manures should be put under the dripper (Fig. 13.b.) placed on canopy line.
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(a) Trenches around canopy (b) Under drippers placed on canopy line line Fig. 13 : Fertilization Application
D. Micronutrient management Micronutrients assume significance in pomegranate production. Micronutrients have ability to: Improve quality, size, color, taste and earliness, thereby enhancing their market appeal. Improve input use efficiency of NPK fertilizers and water. Provide disease resistance, thereby reducing dependence on plant protection chemicals. Increase post-harvest/shelf life of produce and minimizing losses. Prevent physiological disorders and increase marketable yield. Micronutrient can be managed by giving 3 foliar sprays during crop season. First spray each of ZnSO4 @ 0.3%, MnSO4 @ 0.6%, Boric Acid (17% B) @ 0.6% or Solubor (20% B) @ 0.5% should be given before flower and bud initiation i.e. 15-20 days after defoliation when new flush of leaves have come. The second and third spray of ZnSo4 @ 0.3% and Mn So4 0.6% should be given at 30 to 60 days after full bloom. The deficiency symptoms are given in Table 7 and Fig 14 .
Table 7: Factors contributing to micronutrient deficiencies, deficiency symptoms and management strategies. S. Micronutrient Factors Deficiency Management Strategy No. contributing Symptoms to deficiency 1. Boron Coarse Growth ceases at Identify deficiency symptoms texture soil the growing point If deficiency symptoms Leaching and poor observed, spray solubor (20% development of B) or boric acid (17% B) @ Dry soil roots. condition 0.05-0.1% B during pre bloom period and followed by two Premature shedding of male post bloom application, one at flowers and 7-10 days after petal fall and 30
2.
Copper
High soil pH High phosphate level High soil organic matter content
3.
Iron
High soil pH High phosphate level in soil Poor soil drainage
impaired pollen tube development leading to poor fruit setting. Cracking and distorted growth of fruit.
other at 30 days after petal fall. Never spray B during fruit maturity period to prevent fruits from abnormal ripening. Apply annually borax (11%B) or Solubor or Granubor (15%B) @ 0.56-1.12 kg B per ha depending on deficiency of B in soil.
Abnormal and stunted leaf development Stunted shoot growth with die back Poor flowering and fruit setting Production of small fruit with poor quality
Identify deficiency symptoms If deficiency observed, spray Cu @ 0.2% copper sulfate either alone or neutralized with fresh hydrated lime during post harvest period and /or during pre-bloom stage Mixing of hydrated lime should be so regulated so as to maintain the pH at 7.0. Apply copper based fungicides according to the product directions for disease control.
Leaf chlorosis on rapidly growing water sprouts
Properly identify deficiency symptoms. If deficiency symptoms observed, apply Fe chelates (Fe- EDDHA) through fertigation @ 3-5 mg /litre but it must be supplemented with repeated foliar sprays of Fechelates (Fe-DTPA) @ 0.30.5% during late summer-early dormant period. Use various surfactants like detergent surf and humactants (0.2% CaCl2) to enhance effectiveness of foliar spray. Spraying of citric acid @ 2g /litre can also release Fe immobilized within the plant on high pH soil by changing apoplastic pH.
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4.
Manganese
High soil pH Highly leached soil Presence of nitrifying organisms
5.
Zinc
High soil pH High phosphate level High soil organic matter content
Appearance of light green mottle between the main veins. A band of darker green left bordering the main veins while the inter-veinal chlorotic areas become pale green or dull yellowish in colour. Reduced leaf and shoot growth. Reduction in flowering and fruit setting. Production of small size fruit.
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Identify deficiency symptoms If deficiency symptoms exist, spray manganese sulfate @ 0.40 to 0.60% depending on the severity of deficiency at 710 days after petal fall. spraying of fungicide, mancozeb also supplement readily available Mn to tree
If deficiency observed in standing crop, apply chelated zinc (EDTA-Zn) @ 2.5-7.5 g /plant through soil and later on through foliar sprays. For foliar sprays use zinc sulphate @ 0.30 to 0.50% either alone or neutralized (adjusted pH to 6.5-7.0) with fresh hydrated lime during rest period as post-harvest application, but the most effective time for application is before bud opening. Add silicon based surfactant and diluted urea solution (0.02%) to increase spray effectiveness and to reduce leaf damage.
Copper
Manganese
Iron
Zinc Fig. 14 : Micronutrient deficiency symptoms
E. Organic Manures: The use organic manures like farm yard manure, poultry manure, vermicompost are important for overall plant health for sustainable production. These decrease bulk density, improve soil porosity, water holding capacity, organic carbon and pH of the soil. Organic amendments also result in higher microbial population. It results in increased organic carbon and availability of all major and micronutrients. Vermin-compost is rich in macro and micronutrients, vital plant promoting substances, nitrogen fixers and humus forming microorganisms. Using organics, at least twice a year- once just after harvest and again at flower regulation should be practiced. At least one third nutrient requirement should be given through organics.
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Chapter 8 WATER MANAGEMENT Pomegranate is grown mainly in arid or semiarid regions with limited irrigated water sources, hence water management is an important technique for efficient utilization of available water for maximum production. The water requirement of pomegranate crop depends on age, season, location and management strategies. A. Water Management Techniques Covering the soil/ground below plant canopy with inorganic or organic mulches (Fig 15) during dry months after the rainy season conserves soil moisture and saves irrigation water, creates favorable conditions for plant growth, development and efficient crop production. Prevents the direct evaporation of moisture from the soil, increases soil temperature during winters, reduces soil compaction and fruit production is earlier. Organic mulches in addition increase water and nutrient retention capacity, improve soil oxygen, root growth and also supply nutrients on decomposition.
Inorganic Plastic Mulch Organic mulch Fig. 15 : Different types of mulches in pomegranate I. Types of drip irrigation system (Fig 16)
Sub-surface drip irrigation: Sub-surface drip irrigation system, the drippers and lateral lines are laid below the ground level in the plant root zone.
Surface drip irrigation: Surface drip irrigation system, the drippers and the lateral are laid on the soil surface. Based on the types of laterals or the emitting devices used, the drip irrigation systems can be classified as: o On line drip irrigation system: On line drip irrigation system in which the drippers or emitters are fixed on the lateral pipes by punching suitable holes on the drip lateral pipes at locations specific to the crop being irrigated. Single dripper 15 cm away from plant may
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be used till 6-12 months, 2 drippers till 2-3 years and 4-6 drippers on 2 laterals after 3rd year depending on plant height and spread (Fig. 17). o In line drip irrigation system: In line drip irrigation system drippers are factory installed within or on the drip lateral at regular intervals. This is suitable for close spaced crop.
Sub-surface drip
On line drip
In line drip
Fig 16: Drip Irrigation Systems
Single lateral with one dripper
Single lateral with two drippers
Two laterals with four drippers
Two laterals with six drippers
Fig. 17 Drip irrigation system in pomegranate
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II. Water requirement The water requirement of pomegranate in different stages and seasons is given in Tables 8-10. Table 8 :Water to be applied (lit/day) for one to five years old pomegranate tree during Mirg bahar Months 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Months M 1st 2nd 3rd 4th MW W June 23 3 5 6 8 11 2nd week of 39 2 9 16 25 24 3 5 6 8 13 September 40 2 8 15 24 to October 25 3 5 7 11 16 41 2 8 16 24 26 3 5 8 13 17 42 3 9 16 25 July 27 3 6 9 15 20 43 3 9 18 27 28 3 6 10 16 22 44 3 9 17 26 to 29 2 7 11 18 23 Novem-ber 45 3 9 17 26 30 2 7 10 17 23 46 3 8 16 25 1st week of 31 to 2nd 2 7 12 19 25 47 3 8 15 24 September 32 week of 2 8 13 21 27 48 3 7 15 23 33 2 8 14 22 29 49 3 7 14 23 January 34 2 8 14 23 29 50 3 6 13 21 35 2 8 15 25 31 51 3 6 13 21 36 2 9 16 25 32 52 3 6 12 20 37 3 9 17 26 33 01 3 5 12 19 38 2 8 16 24 31 02 3 6 12 20
5th 31 30 30 32 34 33 33 32 30 29 29 27 26 25 24 26
Table 9. Water to be applied (lit/day) for one to five years old pomegranate tree during Hasta bahar
Months September
MW 36 37 38 39 st 1 week 40 of October 41 to 3rd 42 week of 43 December 44 45 46 47 48 49
1st 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2nd 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 9
3rd 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 14 15 16
4th 5 6 8 10 11 13 15 18 19 21 22 23 24 25
5th 6 9 11 13 15 18 20 24 25 28 29 30 31 32 36
Months 4th week of Decemb er to 2nd week of February
MW 52 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 3rd week 08 of 09 February 10 to 11 March 12 13
1st 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6
2nd 8 8 8 9 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 12
3rd 16 15 16 16 18 19 20 21 23 24 24 25 25 25
4th 24 23 24 25 28 29 31 33 35 37 39 39 41 41
5th 30 29 30 31 35 37 39 41 44 47 49 49 52 52
50 51
2 2
8 8
16 16
24 24
30 30
14 15
6 6
12 12
25 26
41 43
52 54
Table 10. Water to be applied (lit/day) for one to five years old pomegranate tree during Ambia bahar Months January
February to March
MW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1st 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5
2nd 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19
3rd 3 4 5 7 8 10 12 15 18 21 24 28 30 32 33 35
4th 5 5 8 11 13 17 20 25 30 34 38 44 48 49 51 54
5th 6 8 11 15 18 23 27 33 39 45 50 57 60 62 64 68
Months 3rd week of April to 2nd week of June
3rd week June to 1st week of August
MW 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
1st 5 6 6 6 6 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3
2nd 19 20 19 19 19 18 14 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 6 6
3rd 35 36 36 36 35 33 27 24 22 19 18 17 15 13 13 13
4th 54 56 56 56 54 51 42 37 33 30 29 27 25 22 21 21
5th 68 70 70 70 67 65 53 47 42 38 37 34 32 27 27 27
III. Precautions for trouble free irrigation Additional flushing must be conducted at the end of the irrigation season Flushing the manifold and mainline ends flushing laterals to remove sediments that accumulate at the drip lateral ends Clean filters at regular intervals based on the water quality and content Check pressure at each of the system’s stations, head, valves, laterals, beginning and end Checking the lateral flow in random drippers Leaks can occurs unexpectedly as results of insects, animals or farming tools. So, monitor lines for any physical damage regularly. Easy way to know water requirement of your crop Water requirement depends on several factors- climate and weather, soil type, organic content, plant age, plant size, plant stage and crop load, hence, will vary from orchard to orchard. Therefore, best and easy way to standardize water for your orchard is: 1. Irrigate the crop say for 1 hour. 2. Next day after 24 hrs check soil moisture at 15-20 cm depth in root region by taking soil from this region in your fist and close your fist to compress the soil. (a.) If it remains loose and does not compress to form mould : Water is deficient: irrigate the crop (b.) If it forms a mould, throw it on the ground: (i) If it loosens after falling- water is perfect; irrigate next day after checking
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(ii) If it remains in mould without much dispersing- water is excess: No irrigation is required, check regularly and irrigate accordingly.
Chapter 9 HARVESTING AND POST HARVEST HANDLING The postharvest management includes handling, storage, transport, grading, packing and marketing, etc. A. Maturity indices The maturity period (Table 11)for commercial cultivars under Solapur condition depends on variety and season. The fruits become ready for harvest in 130-180 days after full bloom (Table ---). A TSS/acid ratio of 25-40 in general is good index of maturity of pomegranate cultivars under Indian conditions. On maturity pomegranate fruits give a metallic sound when tapped. The fruits attain a characteristic rind colour upon maturity ie. 75-80% red colour in case of red coloured varieties. Table 11: Maturity period for different pomegranate varieties under Solapur condition Variety Maturity period (days after anthesis/full bloom) Arakta 130-140 Bhagwa 170-180 G-137 145-150 Ganesh 145-155 Jalore Seedless 138-143 Mridula 130-140 Ruby 165-175 B. Harvesting The juvenile period of pomegranate is relatively low compared to other fruit crops. Though the tree starts bearing from second year onwards, it’s not advisable to allow flowering and fruitset till 2 years. The flowers should be removed till completion of 2 years. Allow flowering and fruit set only from 3 rd year onwards so as to build up the vigour of the plants in orchard and for longevity of the trees. To overcome the problem of fruit cracking at maturity, at times, farmers use to harvest the fruits before attaining maturity. This leads to poor quality of fruits as pomegranate is basically a non-climacteric fruit crop. Late harvesting of fruits on the other hand results in a physiological disorder known as internal breakdown. ie. the discoloration of affected arils occur inside the fruit. Hence, harvesting should be done at appropriate time. The pomegranate fruits should be harvested only after attaining maturity on the tree 38
The flowering and harvesting period of pomegranate varies for different flower regulation periods (Table 12). Usually the harvest commences in December-January and extends up to June-July depending on the bahar. The severity of different physiological disorders like fruit cracking, sunscald, aril browning is maximum in fruits of ambia bahar crop during April-May
Tablee 12 : The Flowering and harvesting period of pomegranate in India Flower regulation Period of flowering Period of harvesting (season) Ambe bahar Jan-Feb July-Aug (Autumn) Mrig bahar (Rain) June-July Dec-Jan Hast bahar (Winter) Sep-Oct Mar-Apr The following points have to be kept in mind while carrying out the harvesting operation. Harvest only mature fruits as pomegranate do not ripe after harvest even with ethylene treatment during storage Never pull the fruit from branches, you may use clippers/scissors Harvest early morning or late evening to avoid heat Sanitize scissors / clippers using 1% sodium hypochlorite. Clip fruits at the base of stalk without inflicting any injury to the rind and keeping the crown intact. Use ladders / tripod stands to harvest the fruits from upright branches. Perforated plastic crates lined with 2mm foam at the base should be used to keep the harvested fruit in the field. The crates should be stacked under shade. C. Handling After harvest, the fruits collected in plastic crates should be immediately pre-cooled in order to remove the field heat. Precooling may be done in the shade or in cool chamber. Then, the fruits have to be shifted to pack house where they are sorted, graded and packed. D. Sorting and Grading Grading is an important operation of post harvest management. It is done so as to obtain a reasonable price in the domestic or export market. Cracked, split, damaged, bruised, diseased and borer infested fruits should be separated and removed while grading. The fruits are graded (Tables 13 and 14) on the basis of their weight and size, and external (rind) appearance and quality. Size is determined by the weight or maximum diameter of the equatorial section of the fruit
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The pomegranate fruits grown in the state of Maharashtra are graded into various grades for marketing as per AGMARK standards (Table 13). After grading, the fruits are sometimes treated with ethyl oleate to provide luster. Table 13 : Details of grade designation and sizing of pomegranate as per AGMARK standard Grade Designation Extra class
Class I
Class II
Grade Requirements
Grade Tolerances
5% by number or weight of pomegranates not satisfying the Fruit shape, development and requirements of the grade, but meeting colouring should be typical of the those of class I grade or, exceptionally, coming within the tolerances of variety that grade Free from defects except slight superficial defects without affecting the appearance and quality of the produce and presentation in the package 10% by number or weight of Good quality pomegranate pomegranates not satisfying the Fruits must have characteristics of the requirements of the class, but meeting those of class II or, exceptionally, variety and/or commercial type coming within the tolerances of that Slight defects (improper shape, non- grade uniform or improper colouring and skin defects like scar, scratch, scrape, blemishes, etc, not exceeding 5% of the total surface area) may be allowed provided these do not affect the appearance and quality of the produce and presentation in the package Superior Quality Pomegranate
Fruits to qualify upper two classes but 10% by number or weight of pomegranates not satisfying the satisfy the minimum requirements requirements of the grade, but meeting Defects in terms of improper shape, the minimum requirements non-uniform or improper colouring and skin defects like scar, scratch, scrape, blemishes, etc (not exceeding 10% of the total surface area) on fruits are allowed provided the pomegranates retain their essential characteristics as regard to the quality, the keeping quality and presentation in the package 40
Table 14: Fruit grading in pomegranate for international market Sr. Grade Individual fruit weight Skin Colour No 1 Super Above 750 g Good attractive bright red colour 2 King Above 500-750 g Attractive red colour 3 Queen Above 400-500 g Bright red
Skin Quality No spots on skin. Spot free Spot free
4
Prince
Above 300-400 g
Fully ripe bright red
Spot free
5
12 A
Above 250-300g
Fully ripe red colour
Spot free
6
12 B
Above 250-300 g
Fully ripe red colour
Some spots
E. Packaging Packaging varies for export and domestic market I. Export market Usually for packing pomegranates for export purposes, a cardboard corrugated fibre board (CFB) box of 4.0 or 5.0 kg capacity is used (Table 15 and 16, Fig. 18).
Table 15 : Packing box dimensions for export Fruit Weight capacity Dimensions (l x b x h in mm) 4 kg Box 375 x 275 x 100 5 kg Box 480 x 300 x 100
Table 16: Specification details for CFB Boxes for packing Pomegranates for Exports Ring & Flap Tuck in RSC (regular slotted Slide type type container) Material of 5 Ply CFB 3 Ply CFB 5 Ply CFB Construction Bursting strength Min 10 Min 10 Min 10 kg/cm2 Puncture resistance, Min 250 Min 250 Min 250 inches/tear inch Compression strength, Min 350 Min 350 Min 350 kgF
41
Fig. 18 :Packing of different size of fruits for export
II Domestic markets For domestic market, pomegranate is packed in CFB boxes having 4-5 kg of fruits, according to their weight (Fig 19). The graded fruits are placed on cushioning material followed by an attractive red colour paper on the boxes. Boxes made up of light wood, bamboo basket are also used for packaging. Dry grass, rice straws, or paper are used as cushioning material at the bottom and top of box or basket. Up to 6 dozen fruits are packed in each basket for transport by trucks.
42
Fig. 19: Pomegranate packing for local markets F. Storage Pomegranate fruits are susceptible to moisture loss and need to be stored at low temperature and high humidity. Under ambient conditions, the fruits can be stored up to 3-4 weeks depending upon the season. The safe temperature for cold storage is up to 10 weeks at 5°C and 85% RH. Longer storage should be at 10°C and relative humidity of 95% to avoid chilling injury and weight loss (Fig. 20). The treatment of packing material with sulphur compounds was found to give 50% more fruit protection. The shelf life of pomegranate can be extended up to 48 days in zero energy cool chamber when pretreated with waxing coupled as against 3-4 weeks under room temperature.
Fig 20: Cold storage of pomegranate
43
Chapter 10 PROCESSING AND VALUE ADDITION Pomegranate enjoys the consumer’s patronage for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Post harvest management and value addition plays a crucial role to sustain the profitability of pomegranate production with the rapid rate of expansion in pomegranate area and production in India. Research on development of need based and cost-effective post-harvest technologies will go a long way in the expansion of market destination for domestic as well as export trade. Similarly, development of value added products from pomegranate will facilitate the total utilization of this high value commodity. The processing of pomegranate for value addition requires the separation of arils from the fruits. The process is very tedious and time consuming when done manually. The mechanized machines and hand tools have been developed for the separation of arils from the fruit. The separated arils are then used for further processing in to the various value added products (Fig. 21). A. Pomegranate Juice: Pomegranate juice is nutritionally an important beverage. It is consumed frequently for its phenolic compounds. The juice extracted from whole fruits or arils is subjected to following processing operations. The juice is clarified by heating in a flash pasteurizer at 79-82 0C, cooling, settling for 24 hours racking up and filtering or decanting. The clear juice can be preserved by heat treatment or by using chemicals (1000 ppm sodium benzoate). After heating at 800C it is filled in to bottles while still hot. The bottles are crown corked and further stored at low temperature for better storability of juice. B. Ready To Serve (RTS) beverage: RTS beverage is prepared by using 15 % of pomegranate juice and addition of sugar for adjusting TSS to 15 °Brix and citric acid for adjusting acidity to 0.3 % . C. Carbonated RTS beverage: Carbonated RTS beverage can be prepared with 15 % juice and 12 % sugar and 0.3 % acidity with carbonation at 80 psi of CO2 pressure. D. Pomegranate jelly: Pomegranate jelly is prepared from combination of juice sugar 1:1 and citric acid as acidulant for better quality, colour, flavour and acceptance. E. Anardana : Arils of sour type pomegranate are dried to prepare Anardana. Anardana is also used in the ayurvedic medicine as digestive and stomachic. It is used as acidulent and condiment in Indian culinary or traditional system of medicine. The cabinet drying at 550C for 7 hours of the arils is best for getting quality anardana. New varieties / hybrids with high acidity for production of good quality anardana have been identified by NRCP and testing is in progress. F. Minimally processed pomegranate arils Commercialization of minimally processed and "ready-to-eat" fresh arils is the good alternative. In the minimal processing generally various means are used to reduce spoilage of freshly extracted arils using low temperature, pH regulation and edible generally recognised as safe (GRAS) chemicals as antimicrobial agents. The minimal processing consists of washing with sanitizing agents to reduce the 44
primary inoculum load, pH modification, use of antioxidant agents, temperature control and others, to control partially the high perishability of the fruits. On the other hand, the selectively permeable polymeric films for packaging of minimally processed pomegranate arils are used for generation of modified atmosphere, in order to develop a micro controlled environment that reduces the respiratory activity and maintains unfavorable conditions for the action of many contaminating microorganisms. Minimally processed arils can be stored under refrigerated conditions for 15 days. G. Pomegranate seed oil Pomegranate is one in about six plant sources known to contain conjugated fatty acids. Conjugated fatty acids are important because they inhibit eicosanoid metabolism at several points in the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. This makes them significant natural anti-inflammatory agents with the richest known plant source of a steroidal estrogen, estrone. Other important compounds found in Pomegranate seed oils include gamma-tocopherol, a rare and potent form of Vitamin E and the phytosterols: beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol. It has been linked to improved heart health and also give in protect against cancer and artheroschlerosis.
Juice
RTS
Wine
Seed Oil
Minimally Processed Arils Anardana Rind Powder Fig. 21: Value added products of pomegranate
45
H. Bio-Colours from Pomegranate: The rind of pomegranate contains a considerable amount of tannin, about 19% with pelletierine. The main coloring agent in the pomegranate peel is granatonine which is present in the alkaloid form N-methyl granatonine. This compound is responsible for biocolour present in pomegranate peel. I. Pomegranate Wine: The pomegranate wine is prepared by pressing cut fruits without crushing or extraction of juice from arils which gives yield of 76-85 %. Sugar is added to juice to bring TSS to 2223 °B. Potassium meta-bisulphite is added to restrict the growth of undesirable microorganisms. The juice is fermented with starter wine yeast and the wine is aged and. The wine is flash pasteurized at 60 0 C, bottled hot and sealed.
46
Chapter 11 MARKETING OF POMEGRANATE
A. Collection and pooling of pomegranate fruits Pomegranate is marketed through a cooperative marketing society, locally called as ‘Sangha’ in Maharashtra. ‘Sangha’ is a system in which a group of fruit growers join together on cooperative basis to carry on some or all functions involved in transferring fruits from the farmers to the consumption agents of the upcountry markets. Such registered cooperative societies are there at every taluka level. The growers finalize the picking and packing activity only after getting green signals from the ‘Sangha’. After receiving the boxes from the growers, the ‘Sangha’ decides at its discretion where, to which commission agent and what number of boxes from assembled produce should be sent. Scheduling the dispatch of consignments in respective lots is the responsibility of the ‘Sangha’. Transport cost is in the range of Rs. 4-10 per box. A second method of sale is that the growers send their produce to the distant markets through their own arrangements. This is done in two ways. One way is individual arrangement. Well established farmers having their own means of transport send the produce to the upcountry markets on their own. The second way is group arrangement, in which about 5 to 10 growers of the particular region, with mutual understanding, come together and make common arrangement for sale of their produce. The third method is a contract system in which growers sell the standing crop to the trader / middleman on the farm yard itself. This system is locally known as ‘Khoti’. B. Transportation For domestic market, the fruits are transported safely without any jerks through readily available means of transport and without loss of much time so as to maintain the glossiness and freshness of the fruits during the transit from field to pack house. Unload the fruits in the pack house without stacking too many crates over each other so that bruising of fruits is avoided. Tractor trolleys / mini vans and carts are used for transportion from orchard / pack house to local markets after grading and packaging. Trucks / rail wagons are the means of transport from local assembly markets. The losses are very high (15-20%) during transit through conventional rail wagons used for commercial transportation. Wooden boxes are
47
also used for packaging and transportation. For export to international market, the pomegranate fruits are transported through reefer containers by sea. C. Arrival Pattern of Pomegranate in Market Pomegranate in India is available in the market round the year by regulating flowering in different months (Fig. 22)
STATE
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Maharashtra Karnataka Andhra Pradesh Gujarat
Index:
Round the year
Peak season
Lean season
Fig. 22: Availability of pomegranate in major pomegranate states D. Major Pomegranate Markets (Table 17) Pomegranates grown in different parts of country are transported to the district places and big cities for marketing. The fruits produced in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat find market in Mumbai, Nagpur and Kolkata. Solapur. Nashik, Satara, Sangli, Ahmednagar, Pune, Bijapur, Belgaum, Bagalkot, Anantpur, Bhavnagar, Ahmedabad and Sabar-Kantha are the major markets at district place. Besides, these there are also some important whole sale markets of pomegranate in Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore and Nagpur.
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Table 17 :Catchment areas of major pomegranate markets in leading pomegranate growing states State Districts (Major Taluka Market Markets) Karmala, Barshi, Madha, Mohol, Mangalwedha, Maharashtra Solapur Sangoae, Malsiras, Pandharpur, Akkalkot. Nasik Kalvan, Peth, Igatpuri, Sinnar, Niphad, Yeola, Nandgaon, Satana Surgana, Dindori, Melgaon Sangli Atpadi, Khanapur, Islampur, Shirala, Valva, Tasgaon, Kavathe Mahankal, Jat, Miraj Ahmednagar Srirampur, Sangamner, Akola, Rahuri, Nevasa, Parner, Pathardi, Srigonda, Pune Junnar, Ambegaon, Ghod, Rajgurunagar, Wadgaon, Shirur, Mulshi, Welhe, Purandhar, Bhor, Baramati, Indapur, Daund, Saswad Satara Mahabaleshwar, Khandala, Wai, Phaltan, Koregaon, Khata, Patan, Karad, Vadug. Bijapur Indi, Sindgi, Basavna Bagevadi, Muddebihal, Tikota. Karnataka Belgaum Athni, Arkali, Chikodi, Mukeri, Bailhongal, Ramdurg Bagalkot Jamkhandi,Mudhol,Hungund,Badami. Anantpur Guntakal, Gooty, Rayalacheruve, Uravakonda, Andhra Kanekallu, Rayadurg, Kalyandurg, Kambadur, Pradesh Manakasira, Nallamada. Bhavnagar Botad, Gadhda, Valbhipur, Umrala, Mandir, Gujarat Gariadhar, Palitana, Talaja, Chogha, Vaibhipur. Ahmedabad Mandal, Rampura, Samand, Bavia, Dholka, Dhandhkulla, Ranapur. Sabarkantha Vijarnagar, Khedbrahma, Vadali, Idar, Bhiloda, Talod, Dhansura, Bayad, Malpur, Meghraj, Bhiloda E.. Market Chain
Pomegranates grown in different parts of country are transported to the major district markets and big city markets for marketing.
The fruits produced in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat are first collected/auctioned at major district markets and from there they are transported to whole sale markets in Delhi, Mumbai, Nagpur and Kolkata.
The important whole sale markets of pomegranate in India are Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Nagpur, Pune and Ahmedabad.
From Mumbai and Kolkata ports the pomegranate is exported to the destination markets. 49
F. Exports and Export Potential From Mumbai and Kolkata ports the pomegranate is exported to the destination markets. Maximum export of pomegranate is from the states of Maharashtra and Karnataka which are very close to the western port of Mumbai for exporting to Gulf and European countries. The major markets of India’s pomegranate are UAE, Bangladesh, Netherlands, UK, Saudi Arabia and Russia. Competition of India with regard to export of pomegranate is with Spain and Iran, which are nearer to European countries who import maximum quantity. I. Standards for export market There are some desirable fruit characters of fresh pomegranate which are considered indispensable for export purpose. These are: • • • • • • • • • • • •
Produce should confirm to minimum residue limits of European Union. Dark rose pink colour of the fruit Fruit weight around 500 g Round and globose shape of the fruit Uniform size and shape of the fruit in a pack or box Dark rose pink arils Softness of the seeds Higher sugar content with soluble solids content around 16-17° Brix Free from scars, disease spots, insect injury, scratches, etc. Smooth cutting at the stem end Pleasant flavour and aroma Intact bracts (calyx) without any damage
In Europe and other countries, pomegranate varieties such as ‘Bhagwa’ and Mridula have good preference. Soft seeded, coloured varieties with higher juice content and easy to remove arils are preferred. The fruits weighing more than 500 g with superior qualities have immediate and ready acceptance in the international market. Considering the high keeping quality and availability throughout the year, India has great potential for export of pomegranate fruit. The commercial varieties Bhagwa, Phule Arakta, Ganesh are quite superior in quality and are suitable for export market. Some gulf countries like Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Kuwait and Bangladesh are major importing countries of Indian pomegranate. Export specifications of pomegranate for different countries are given in Table 18.
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Table 18: Export specifications of pomegranate for different countries Variety
‘Bhagwa’ / Ganesh Arakta / Mridula Packing Storage Export
Countries Middle East
Netherlands/ Germany
U.K.
300-450g/ Red 200-250g/Deep Red 5kg 5˚C By sea
250-300g/Red 200-250g/Deep Red 3kg 5˚C By sea
250-300g/Red 200-250g/Deep Red 3kg 5˚C By sea
II. Domestic Strengths for Exporting Pomegranate
India is the producer of largest quantity and the finest quality of pomegranate having soft seeds, less acids and very attractive rind and aril colour.
‘Bhagwa’, which is the most popular variety of India has high acceptance in European market.
With the help of flower regulation (bahar treatment), India can supply pomegranate almost round the year.
Maximum export of pomegranate is from the states of Maharashtra and Karnataka which are very close to the western port of Mumbai for exporting to Gulf and European countries.
Agri Export Zone for enhancing exports of pomegranate has been established in Maharashtra state.
There is strong research support for scientific cultivation of pomegranate like National Research Center for Pomegranate, Solapur, MPKV, Rahuri in Maharashtra and IIHR, Bangalore in Karnataka state.
Pomegranate co-operative societies from Maharashtra state have formed an apex cooperative namely MAHA ANAR.
Pomegranate export facility center has been set up in Baramati area with mechanical handling system.
Farmers have been trained for export quality production and have registered with GLOBALGAP certification.
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Chapter 12 ECONOMICS OF POMEGRANATE CULTIVATION Pomegranate cultivation is fast becoming popular in dry arid and semi- arid regions, due to higher monetary benefits in comparison to other crops. The cost of establishing new orchard, maintenance cost up to 2 years and production cost in third year onwards are summarized in Tables 19 and 20 and income in third year in Table 21. Once the orchard comes into bearing in the third year, the major expenditure is on labour and fertilizers. From the tables, it can be seen that if a farmer gets good first harvest, the investment in establishing a pomegranate orchards can be recovered in four years after plantation, with a profit of around 64 paisa per rupee spent (Table 21). In the forthcoming years there is increase in yield by 30-50%, hence, profits would increase. Therefore, in 5th year profit of Rs. 3.63 per rupee invested can be expected and there after profit may vary from Rs 4 to10 (sometimes even higher) for each rupee spent per year on production.
Table 19: Cost of establishment of new orchard plants) S. Particulates with specification No. 7 inch Bore well (500 ft depth digging + A Pump + accessories): not mandatory B Installation of drip system Trench digging and closing 2.5ftx2.5ft Main pipe line 3” Sub main pipe line 2.5” Lateral 16mm GTO and end cap set Drippers Sand filter 2.5” Screen filter 2.5” Fertigation tank Other miscellaneous material (Adhesive, Valves, Fitting material, Cable, labour charges) C D
Land Preparation Pit digging and refilling with FYM Plantation cost
and maintenance cost up to 2 year age for 1 ha (740 Quantity
Rates/unit (Rs) 73750.00
Cost (Rs) 73750.00
800.00/hr x04hrs 560.00 340.00 9.25 07.00 4.75 28000.00 7000.00 6000.00 10000.00
3200.00 8960.00 5780.00 20350.00 616.00 7030.00 28000.00 7000.00 6000.00 10000.00
740 pits
Total 62.00/pit
96936.00 45880.00
10 M + 11 F
270 +150
4350.00
1 No
190mtrs 16 pcs. 17pcs. 2200mtrs 88nos 1480nos 01 01 01
52
E 1 2 3 4 5 6 7.
Inputs for 2 years Planting material (including 15% plants for gap filling 01 month after planting) Power sprayer Fertilizer & Manures/Micronutrient Insecticides Fungicides Bactericides (Only if Bacterial blight is observed) Miscellaneous
850.00
20/plant
17000.00
01 -
2200.00
2200.00 58500.00 7000.00 21000.00 15000.00
-
3000.00 1,23700.00 94300.00
Total F
Labour cost for maintenance of orchard for 2 years (Intercultural operations, Weeding, Removal of Suckers and Flowers, Training of plants and disposal of material, Staking of Plants, Live fencing with plants,Spraying of Pesticides, spraying, application of fertilizers G Gross Total (A+B+C+D+E+F) H Gross Total (B+C+D+E+F) Note: Calculated as per the market rates of March 2014.
-
-
438916.00 365166.00
Table 20 : Cost of cultivation per year (third year onwards) for taking production in 1 hectare of pomegranate Sr. Particulates No./Qty. Rates Cost No. (Rs./kg or lit.) (Rs.) A Pruning Main ( heavy) Pruning 740 plants 18.00/plant 13320.00 Light Pruning 740 plants 10.00/plant 7400.00 Total 20720.00 B Labour Including Irrigation, Fertilizer application, 130 male 270.00 35100.00 Weeding and Sanitation 85 female 150.00 12750.00 Total 47,850.00 C Inputs FYM (30 kg/Plant) 4 Trucks (8 t) 4200 16800.00 Fertilizer and Micronutrient Liquid fertilizers Pesticides/ Insecticides Fungicides Bactericides (Only for BBD affected orchards) Miscellaneous Weedicide Total D
Gross Total (A+B+C)
29485.00 17280.00 22275.00 19,884.00 15,300.00 10000.00 1800.00 116024.00 184594.00
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Table 21: Income from produce and cost:benefit ratio S. No
Parameters
Expenditure Year Cumulative wise Rs. In lakhs
a
b
c
Production Per/ha//year
Rate /Kg fruit
tonnes
Rs.
d
e
A
Income from sale Year wise
Cumula tive Rs. In lakhs
f=dx e 0.00
g
Profit
Benefit per Rupee Invested Rs.
h = g -c
i
First 2 years of 3.65 3.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 orchard establishment B Third year after 1.85 5.50 8.00 60.00 4.80 4.80 -0.7 Nil plantation / first production C Fourth year after 2.04 7.54 12.00 63.00 7.56 12.36 + 4.82 0.64 plantation/second production ) (B +5 % escalation cost Total amount invested is neutralized by fourth year of plantation and there is benefit of Rs 0.40 per rupee spent, hence forth there is profit of Rs.3.63 per rupee invested. a b c d e f= g h = f-b i dx e D Fifth year after 15.00 66.00 9.90 +7.76 3.63* 2.14 plantation/third production (C +5 % escalation cost)
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Chapter 13
DISEASES, DISORDERS, INSECT PESTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT Pomegranate is affected by large number of diseases, disorders and insect pests. Correct and early diagnosis is a key to successful management. Key symptoms and management practices are described here. Step wise and crop stage wise ‘Integrated Disease and Insect Pest Management Schedule (IDIPM)’ has been given in Annexure 3 which can be used for any crop season, however, for specific bahars schedules are available on www.nrcpomegranate.org. The schedules have been made, taking into consideration, Pesticides Recommended for the Control of Various Diseases and Insect Pests of Pomegranate for Export to the European Union given in Annexure 4 A. Diseases 1. Bacterial Blight Symptoms (Fig. 23)
On leaves water soaked spots on undersurface of leaf which, later turn blackish brown irregular spots of different size on leaves, with a clear regular chlorotic halo against light.
On fruits spots of water soaked appearance or brownish black spots with cracks or split fruits.
The bacterial ooze comes out after rains/spray/dew, which feels sticky to hands and after drying gives white shiny encrustation on the surface of blight lesion.
On stems water soaked grey/black lesions on nodes or brown cankers with/without stem cracking.
Management Orchards where blight has been detected or present in severe proportions or orchards which are disease free but in blight prone areas should follow the schedule strictly (Anneexure 3):
Avoid mrig bahar (rainy season) crop and shift to hasta bahar crop for at least 3-4 few years
Follow all sanitation measures: o Remove fallen plant debris and burn them- do not dump them in or near orchards nor throw them in irrigation channels o Drench bleaching powder (a.i. 33% Cl) every 3 months @ 25 Kg/1000 litre water/ha on ground below the canopy o Disinfect pruning tools – secateurs etc. after handling each plant with sodium hypochlorite (2.5%) and keep orchard free from weeds. 55
Bacterial blight symptoms on Leaves
Bacterial blight symptoms on fruits
Bacterial blight symptoms on stems
Symptoms on exposed roots
Fig. 23: Various symptoms of pomegranate bacterial blight on different plant parts
Practice proper pruning and training 56
o If stem infections are severe practice heavy pruning immediately after harvest and remove all stems with blight infection. o Prune about 2-3 inch below the infected area. o
Apply Bordeaux paste (10%) to the cut ends after pruning. Oil based pastes [COC paint made by mixing 500g COC + 1 l linseed oil or Chaubatia paste prepared by mixing 1kg red lead(non setting grade) + 1kg copper carbonate + 1.25 l linseed oil] are preferred for pasting during rainy seasons.
Severely infected plant must be uprooted burnt and replaced with new disease free plant or cut from base 2-3 inches above ground level. New well growing sprouts should be trained for new disease free plant. During crop season spray Bordeaux mixture (0.5% except 1% just after pruning), altered with streptocycline (5g/10 l) /2-bromo, 2-nitro propane-1, 3-diol (Bronopol) @ 5g/10 l mixed with copper based formulations like copper oxychloride or copper hydroxide (20-25g/ 10 l). Depending on fungal problems present in the orchard Copper based formulations may be replaced with appropriate fungicides – Carbendazim 50WP (1g/l), Thiophanate Methyl 70WP (1g/l), Captan 50WP(2.5g/l), Ziram 80%WP (2.0g/l) Chlorothalonil 75WP (2.5 g/l), Hexaconazole 5EC, Difenaconazole 25 EC@ 1ml/l, Propineb 70%WP (3.0g/l) etc. Apart from recommended sprays during crop season, prophylactic sprays should be taken after harvest during rest period and also after planting a new orchard till fruiting is taken. Spray with Bordeaux mixture (1%) altered with streptocycline (2.5 to 5g/10 l)/Bronopol @ 5g/10 l mixed with copper based formulations like copper oxychloride or copper hydroxide (20-25g/ 10 l) at 15-20 days interval depending on disease present in the orchard/neighbouring orchards and weather conditions.
Precautions: o New orchards should be planted with disease free planting material and first bearing should be taken after at least, two preferably three years. o Provide balanced nutrition to plants, follow rest period of 3-4 months and take only 1 crop in a year to improve plant vigour and resistance. o Take only need based sprays at recommended doses, too many sprays increase the disease. o Before starting any spray remove and burn all affected fruits.
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o Insecticides, fungicides or micronutrient sprays required should be combined with bactericidal sprays depending on compatibility to reduce number of sprays. o During crop period soon after the rains -when plant surfaces dry up- additional spray with a bactericide should be taken without fail. o Always (rains or no rains) mix good quality non-ionic spreader sticker with sprays except with Bordeaux mixture. o Bordeaux mixture should always be prepared fresh and used on the same day 2. Wilt Symptoms (Fig. 24) o Plants with yellowing/drooping/drying of leaves in some of the branches or entire plant. o Observe the roots and split open the roots and lower portion of the stems, if you observe: o brown/gray/black discolouration of wood it is a fungus Ceratocytis fimbriata o only xylem is brown it is Fusarium sp. o pin holes are observed it is shot hole borer o knots are observed on fine roots it is nematode infestation.
Wilted plants due to Ceratocystis fimbriata
Brpwn dicolouration of vascular tissue and wood fue to C. fimbriata
58
Fusarium wilt
Root rot
Collar rot
Shot hole borer with larva and pupa
Root knot nematode
Fig. 24: Pomegranate wilt symptoms due to different agents Management The planting material (sapling as well as soil in which it is planted) should be free from all wilt causing agentsthe fungi, insects and nematodes; use solarized/sterilized soil for saplings.
Plant new orchard as detailed in chapter 4. 3. On observing first symptoms of wilt first ascertain the cause/s. If it due to fungal pathogens in the orchard immediately drench soil with chlorpyriphos 20EC (2.5ml/l to 4.0ml.l) + carbendazim 50WP (2.0g/l) or propiconazole 25EC (2ml/l) use 5-8 l solution/plant. Also drench at least 2-3 healthy plants on all the four sides around the infected plant/s, repeat the drenching 3-4 times at 20 days interval. Drenching with metalaxyl or dithane M-45 (2g/l) will be beneficial if Phytophthora is causing any loss. 4. For controlling shot hole borer (Xyleborus spp.) which is associated with wilt disease, 10 litres preparation containing red soil (4kg) + Lindane (25g) + Chlorpyriphos 20EC (20ml) + Copper oxychloride (25 g) needs to be applied on plant base up to 2 ft. from second year onwards. To control stem borer, inject in the holes on the trunk with DDVP 2-3 ml and plug the holes with mud. 5. Wilt due to root knot nematodes can be managed with soil application of phorate 10G @10- 20g/plant or carbofuran 3G @ 20-40g/plant in the plant basin, in a ring near root zone and cover it with soil. Drenching with azadirachtin (1% ) @ 2ml/l is also recommended. Plant Tagetes erecta (African marigold) between plant to plant space in a row, or in a ring, on the border of plant basin. For effective results these should be grown for more than 4-5 month 6. Once disease is detected in the orchard, dig about 3-4 feet long trench between the wilted and healthy plant/s. The partially wilt affected plant/s should be treated with a systemic fungicide and dead plants should be removed and burnt, they should not be kept dumped in the orchard for firewood. While removing the wilted plants from the orchard for burning, protect the entire root zone with cover. 59
7. The soil in the pit from which dead plant has been removed, should be sterilized with 2.5-5% formalin using about 10 l solution. It should be covered with polyethylene for 1 week. After 1 week remove polyethylene sheet and rake the soil daily up to 10-15 days, so as to allow escape of gas. Plant new sapling once there is no smell of formalin in soil. 8. Pruning tools should be disinfected and cut ends painted with fungicidal oil based paints. Pruning should be avoided during spring to summer and done in winter months. Affected plants within the buffer zone should be treated with a systemic fungicide; neighboring asymptomatic apparently healthy plants should also be treated with appropriate systemic fungicides. Plants with more than 30% canopy loss should not be treated, they should be uprooted.
II. Fungal Spots and Rots Symptoms (Fig. 25 and 26) The fungal pathogens cause leaf and fruit spots and rots. The major disease are discussed here Cercospora Fruit spots: Dark black discrete spots of various sizes without cracks and no stickiness. Fruit Scab: Rough raised brown spots giving russet appearance to fruit skin Anthracnose (on Fruit): Hard dark black to brownish black spots of no proper shape or size, sometimes spots with light centre and dark brown black edges
Cercospora leaf spot
Cercospora fruit spot
Anthracnose due to Colletotrichum
60
Various symptoms of pomegranate scab due to Sphaceloma sp. Fig. 25: Fungal leaf and fruit spots in pomegranate
Colletotrichum rot: Fruits start discolouration from calyx end or fruit surface. The discoloured area becomes reddish brown to black and is dry. The infected area covers half to full fruit within a week. The rot extends beyond rind into the arils which disintegrate and are dark grey/brown black colour but not watery. Alternaria heart rot: There are no external signs of heart rot, however, due to disintegration of arils the fruits may appear softer on application of slight pressure and in later stages become light weight. Rot is revealed only when the fruit is opened. The arils inside the fruit turn brown-black. Greyish black fungal growth/sporulation may be observed in completely rotten fruits on the rotten arils. The rind is generally not attacked. Slight rind discolouration may be seen in severe cases or when secondary rot fungi are associated. Aspergillus rot: The pathogen results in brownish soft rots, with a depressed centre in later stages where blackish sporulation of the fungus can be seen. These generally may grow inside without any external symptoms for some time. The rind and underlying pulp became soft, but fruits retain their shape. Penicillium rot: This pathogen generally starts on the wounds and produces light tan coloured mushy soft rots, with bluish green mould growth in later stages. Phomopsis rot: Dark blackish brown dry hard rot with distinct sharp edge, generally starting from calyx end and spreading towards stem end of fruit. When flowers and young fruits are affected they drop. On bigger fruits yellowish brown to black spots appear all over the fruit.
61
Some other rots like Rhizopus spp. produce irregular brown watery rot with rapid tissue disintegration. Water may ooze out from infected fruits. Sclerotium rots appear on any surface generally from injury, are brownish to dark brown are soft watery and white fungal growth on surface at latter stages. Entire fruit rots in short time under ambient temperatures. In general most of the rots can be identified after fungal sporulation. Phytophthora blight/rot: The pathogen Phytophthora spp. affects seedlings, foliage as well as fruits particularly during rainy season, when humidity is high. The affected seedlings show damping off and wilt symptoms, whereas, leaves and young twigs give typical blighted appearance. The fungus also attacks flowers and fruits at all stages and also causes fruit rot. Light brown tan colour rot later turning darker, which is neither hard nor very soft, generally appears first in fruits near ground level and spreads rapidly with white sporulation in humid conditions
Colletotrichum fruit rot
62
Alternaria Heart rot
Aspergillus fruit rot
Phytophthora blight
Penicillium fruit rot
Phytophthora fruit rot
Fig. 26: Fungal fruit rot and blight in pomegranate
Management o In orchards, where fungal spots, rots or Phytophthora blight make yearly appearance and adversely affect fruit quality or marketable yield, change flower regulation time from rainy to winter season. o
Maintain orchard sanitation by removing plant debris, pruning of dead dry branches, drenching of ground with 2.5% bleaching powder (33.3%Cl) @25Kg/1000 liter water/ha and sterilization of pruning tools with 2.5% sodium hydroxide.
o
Sprays with suitable chemicals at recommended doses, starting from flowering at 07-14 days depending up on season and nature (systemic/non systemic) of fungicides give good control.
o During rest period Bordeaux mixture (1%) alternated with copper or other economical fungicides at 15 days period helps reduce the inoculum load of pathogens for next crop season. o Leaf and fruit spots as well as rots caused by different fungal pathogens are effectively managed by the sprays of carbendazim (0.2%), propiconazole 0.1%
thiophanate methyl (0.15%),
mancozeb (0.2%), difenconzole 25 EC (0.05%), captan (0.2%), benomyl (0.2%), ziram (0.25%), Bordeaux mixture (0.5-1%)and copper oxychloride (0.25%). Combination treatments of carbendazim (0.1%) + mancozeb(0.2%) and benomyl (0.1%)+ mancozeb (0.2) also improve fruit quality and yield. Aanthracnose and calyx end rot of pomegranate caused by C.gloeosporioides) can be effectively checked with Tricyclazole 18%+Mancozeb 62% WP @2.5g/l . Fruit dip with 63
dithane Z-78 (0.1%), captan (0.2%), benomyl (0.2%) reduce post harvest rots. o For Phytophthora blight/rot, sprays of metalaxyl 8% + mancozeb 64% (0.25%) or mancozeb (0.25%) or dimethomorph (0.1%) as soon as disease appears or as prophylactic in orchards where it makes yearly appearance are effective,. Sprays of Fosetyl Al 80% WP (0.2%), formulation containing cymoxanil8% + mancozeb 64% (0.2%) or dimethomorph 9%WP+ mancozeb 60% (0.15%) also give effective control of Phytophthora.
IV. Physiological Disorders (Fig. 27) 1. Sun Scald: Surface skin of fruits facing afternoon sun turns brownish black due to scorching, underneath skin is normal. Management
Develop proper canopy architecture to avoid the direct exposure of fruits to sunlight.
Spraying Kaolin (inert clay) during the hot summer months is useful in reducing the sunscald. First spray of 5% and subsequent 1 or 2 additional spray with Kaolin @ 2.5% at 15 days interval reduce the sunscald.
Shading 35% is effective in reducing sunburn on pomegranate fruit.
Bagging the fruits with butter paper covers is useful in minimizing fruit spoilage due to sun sunscald. White colour bags are more effective in reflecting sunlight and protecting the growing fruits.
2.Internal Breakdown (Aril Browning): Randomly open some of the fruits and observe soft arils of brown colour in a fruit looking healthy from outside, more common in dry condition with intense heat. The harvesting should not be delayed beyond maturity period. The pomegranate fruits should be harvested as soon as they mature. 3.Abiotic Fruit Cracking Healthy Fruits split open even though they do not have any scar/spot on the fruit surface, generally when rains come or irrigation is given after a long dry spell. Management
Apply adequate and regular irrigation during fruiting season, 64
Sprays of Gibberellic acid (GA3) @120 ppm, Benzylaminopurine (BA6) @ 40ppm, boron (0.2%) at fruit enlargement and 1 month before harvest help in reducing cracking.
Cover fruits with butter paper bags in hot dry period
Maintain adequate calcium and potassium levels as per soil test values.
3. Little leaf The frequent use of this weedicide glyphosate at high doses (>4ml/l) results in reduction of leaf lamina and internodes, which leads to extreme reduction in leaf size forming little leaves, rossetting of leaves and stunting of the entire plant. The symptoms resemble mycoplasma or viral diseases. Use weedicide judiciously. Spray when no wind is there to avoid wind drift.
Fruit cracking
Sun scald
Internal breakdown
Little leaf
65
Fig. 27: Disorders in pomegranate
C. Insect and other Pests 1.Fruit borer (Fig. 28) Look for fruits showing holes with blackish brown excreta of larva coming out continuously. Cut open the damage fruit to see the larva of fruit borer hiding inside.
Egg
Excreta coming out of affected fruit
Larva
Pupa
Fruit with bored holes followed by fruit
Fig. 28: Fruit Borer
66
Adult
Management
Do not plant alternate host crops like guava, sapota, aonla and tamarind in the pomegranate orchard.
Wrap fruits with butter paper for hindering the egg laying by butterflies as well as boring by larva
The affected fruits should be collected and destroyed periodically up to final harvest.
At flowering spray freshly ground neem seed extract 50g/l. After flower initiation spray deltamethrin 2.8 EC @ 1.5 ml/l or methomyl 40 SP @ 1.0 g/l or azadirachtin 1500 ppm @ 3.0 ml/l at 15 days intervals up to harvesting subjected to the presence of fruit borer.
Sap sucking insects and mites- The sap sucking insects like aphids, thrips, mealy bugs, white flies and mites (Fig. 29 and 30) are described below. 2. Aphids Aphids are observed in spring and autumn. Whitish green aphids can be noticed on tender foliage, buds, flowers and fruits, which might be accompanied with black exuviae. Sticky honey like semisolid also found on upper surface of leaves on which sooty mold grows. Management
Do grow ornamentals which are host to aphids
Spray imidacloprid 0.3 ml/l or demethoate 0.06% as new shoots emerge. Spinosad @ 0.3ml/l gives effective control. If predators like syrphids and coccinellids are found, delay spraying and in some cases, natural enemies can sufficiently suppress the aphids.
3. Thrips Thrips are present throughout the year. Thrips, if present can be seen by tapping the tender shoots on white paper. Affected leaves curl upwards and downwards. The tip of the tender growth gets dried. Scrapping marks on buds and fruits can be noticed easily.
Do not interculture crops like chilly, onion, garlic, brinjal and tomato in Pomegranate, these are alternate hosts
Remove affected, dried tender shoots as and when seen. 67
Spray chloropyriphos @ 0.2ml/l or imidacloprid @ 0.4 ml/l or deltamethrin @ 1.5ml/l or dichlorovos @ 0.5ml/l as prophylactic or on observing the symptoms.
Spray of dimethoate 0.6ml/l may be taken prior to flowering.
Spray spinosad 45 SC @ 0.25 ml/l or thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.3 g/l or acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.3 g/l or acephate 75 SP @ 1 g/l at flowering and fruit setting stage subjected to the presence of thrips.
In severe conditions, spray methyl oxydemeton 0.5ml/l and repeat after fruit set.
4. Mealy bugs: White waxy cottony appearance on tender foliage buds and fruit is seen; if infestation is severe it looks like a white lime is sprinkled on plant parts. Leaves and tender shoots, show characteristic curling symptoms. Discoloration or rot can occur where the mealy bugs deposit honeydew. The infestation may lead to fruit drop. Management
Avoid intercropping with crops like cotton, lady finger, potato, tomato, chili, capsicum and related species
Remove wild hosts in the surroundings.
Avoid high humidity specially in nursery plants.
Timely sprays of recommended insecticides should be taken with chemicals like Methomyl 40 SP (0.1to 0.2%), Dichlorvos 76 EC (0.2 %), Chlorpyriphos 20 EC (0.2 %), Azadirachtin 1500ppm (0.3%) with fish oil rosin soap clears the infestation.
5. White flies: White appearance of lower surface of leaf, and insets seen flying on disturbing the twig. Affected parts distort and dry. Under moist conditions, sooty mold can develop on the honeydew. Management
Spraying water with high volume sprayer by focusing the nozzle towards the under surface of leaves helps in washing out the honeydew, eggs, larvae, pupae and adult whitefly. This should be followed by spraying Triazophos 40 EC (1.5 ml/litre of water) or Lamda cyhalothrin 0. 5 ml/L or Pongamia oil 10 ml/l + dichlorvos 1 ml/L. The sprays are repeated at an interval of 8-10 days.
White flies can be trapped by hanging bright yellow sticky traps coated with adhesive at the height of the crop canopy. 68
6. Mites Shiny white/brown patches can be seen on the undersurface of affected leaves which may further curl and fall. Leaf may get reddish look due to heavy build up of mite population; if you press thumb against the surface of infested leaves thumb turns red. Management
For mite infestation during dry spell spray Fenzaquin10EC @2ml/l or Dicofol 50WSP @1g/l or Dicofol 18.5 EC @2.5ml/l or wetable Sulphur 80 WP @3g/l in rotation when required
Aphids
White fly
Thrips
Mealy bugs Fig. 29: Sap sucking pests of pomegranate
69
Fig. 30: Mite infestation on leaves and fruits
7. Fruit sucking moth (Fig. 31) Fruit sucking moths remain active from August to October and only attack the fruits of Mrig bahar crop of pomegranate. The mouth parts of the moth are strong enough to penetrate skin of fruit. Adult males and females of moth penetrate the fruits at night with time damaged fruits become soft owing to secondary infections from different fungi and bacteria. Punctured holes on fruits with oozing fruit juice can be noticed. Later fruits drop under the plants. Number of pierced holes may vary from 1-30/fruit
Management
As the activity of fruit sucking moth remains from August to October avoid taking Mrig Bahar crop in endemic areas.
Destroy alternate hosts like Tinospora spp., Cocculus spp., Lantana camara and Castor from and around the field.
Do not remove the pierced fruits as moths again visit the damaged fruits thus, other fresh fruits get protected. However, take some fungicide spray to avoid growth of fruit rot pathogens
Collect and destroy moths using torch in the night.
Keep poison baits (95% molasses/jaggery + 5% malathion) in the big flat earthen pots and install CFL (Compact fluorescent lamp) bulb over it. Moths get attracted toward the earthen pots and fall down in it
Cover the fruits with butter paper or news paper or polymer bags as per the availability of covering materials. This gives best protection poly propylene nor woven 70
8. Stem borer (Fig. 31) A single bored hole on the middle or a lower portion of tree trunk can be noticed from which wood dust comes out. Management practices Treat the holes by injecting with fenvalerate 5ml/l or dichlorvos 10 ml /l and seal holes with clay. Spray quinalphos 0.5ml/l or chlorpyriphos 0.5-1ml/l 9. Bark eating caterpillar Neglected and ill-managed orchards witness the heavy infestation of this pest Peak activity period of bark eating caterpillar is September to October. Several holes can be seen on the trunk at the joints of the branches. Holes or zigzag tunnels are bored by the caterpillar on the tree trunk and it feeds inside the bark. Around the affected portion wood dust and excreta pellets can be found hanging in the form of a web. Beneath fresh webbing, brownish larvae can be seen. Severe infestation may damage the whole stem/plant Wood dust and faecal matter hangs in the form of a web around the joints of branches with main stem or on the main stem directly. Management
Maintain clean orchards by avoiding overcrowding of trees
Clean the webs around the affected portion and inject kerosene oil into the holes and seal with mud.
Inject larval holes with quinalphos @ 0.01% or fenvalerate @ 0.05%. Spray with carbaryl @ 0.04% or dichlorovos @ 0.08% on the stem or on affected part.
The tunneling causes weak points on the trees where breakage occurs affecting the vitality of the trees badly.
71
Fruit Piercing Moth (Otheris sp.) sucking juice and rotted fruit Stem borer with caterpillar in the tunnel Fig 31 : Borer Pests of pomegranate
10. Leaf Eating Caterpillar (Fig. 32) Leaf lamina is eaten by caterpillar hence only midribs seen on the entire leaves of the branches; milky brown caterpillars are seen around affected areas. The caterpillars of one species have long tufts of hairs all over body that can cause extreme itching, skin irritation when touched. Management The caterpillars should be collected and destroyed mechanically. Prophylactic sprays of chlorphyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5 ml or cypermethrin @ 0.5 ml per liter of water are advisable. The same sprays can also be taken after initiation of insect infestation. 11. Hairy caterpillar (Fig. 32) Bored sepals of buds, eaten sepals of flowers and nibbled rind of fruits and bark of soft stems can be noticed. Black and brown hairy caterpillar can be seen at affected sites. 72
Management The caterpillars should be collected and destroyed mechanically. Prophylactic sprays of chlorphyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5 ml or cypermethrin @ 0.5 ml per liter of water are advisable. The same sprays can also be taken after initiation of insect infestation.
Leaf eating caterpillar damage and adult Bark eating caterpillar Fig. 32: Caterpillar pests in pomegranate
73
Annexure 1 PREPARATION OF FRESH BORDEAUX MIXTURE (1%) AND BORDEAUX PASTE (10%)
Requirements: Copper Sulphate, Quick lime (Calcium Oxide), or Hydrated lime (Calcium Hydroxide), Jute Bag, Muslin cloth Sieve or fine Strainer, vessel (Earthen/plastic/wooden) Wooden stick. Chemical Quantity Copper Sulphate (CuSO4. 5H20) 1kg* Quick lime/Calcium Oxide (CaO) or 300-400 g * Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 [Use fresh Depending on purity stocks] Water 100L *For 0.5%, reduce the quantity of Copper Sulphate and lime to half
Method
o
Dissolve copper sulphate overnight in half the quantity of water (suspend in a jute bag to facilitate dissolving).
o
Slake the lime (Calcium oxide), suspend in remaining half quantity of water, and strain through a fine sieve. If quick lime is not available, hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) can be used.
o
The two solutions are then poured together through a strainer into a third vessel or spray tank, constantly stirring vigorously with wooden stick.
o
This gives the most finely divided precipitate.
Test for Bordeaux mixture: The Bordeaux mixture prepared should not have excess copper in it, as it is toxic to plants. To test this, dip an iron knife or a nail in the upper layer of the solution for a few minutes. A brick red or rusty brown deposition the metal surface indicates presence of excess copper in the mixture. In such a situation add more lime solution to the mixture till no rust appears on the iron knife.
pH Test: To test the pH of mixture, use pH paper of good quality and match the colour to pH 7 or slight higher. If colour is below 7 add more lime.
Remember:
o
Use immediately after preparation.
o
Do not use iron or galvanized vessels for the preparation of copper sulphate solutions. Use plastic vessels, earthen or wooden barrels.
o
Do not mix Bordeaux mixture with other chemicals or pesticides.
o
Always strain the mixture through a sieve before adding it to spray tank.
Preparation of Bordeaux Paste (10%): Use 1kg of copper sulphate, 1kg hydrated lime for 10 liters of water. Use the same procedure as above for preparation.
74
Annexure 2
PREPARATION OF SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS
Chemical Chemical g( if Solid) or ml (if liquid)per 10 L water
50L water
100L water
250ppm
2.5
12.5
25
500ppm
5.0
25
50
0.25%)
25
125
250
0.1%
10
50
100
0.15%
15
75
150
0.5%)
50
250
500
1.0%
100
500
1000
5.0%
500
2500
5000
To prepare ppm (parts per million) solution use formula Quality of Pesticide required =X ppm x Quantity of solution required ---------------------------------------------1000000 For example to prepare 10 liters of 500 ppm Pesticide, quantity of pesticide required is calculated as:First convert liters to milliliters 1 L =1000 ml, therefore 10 L= 10,000 ml 500 x 10000 Quantity of pesticide required for 10L= --------------- = 5 g 1000000
75
Annexure 3 INTEGRATED DISEASE AND INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT SCHEDULE FOR POMEGRANATE CULTIVATION
Farmers who are taking weekly sprays for any bahar ( mrig, hasta, ambe) can use this schedule, however, dates will change.
This schedule can also be used in general for getting disease and insect free yield, however, farmers should not use Streptocycline (streptomycin sulphate 90%+oxy tetracycline 10%) and Bronopol (2-bromo, 2-nitropropane-1, 3-diol) if their orchards are free from bacterial blight and are in bacterial blight free areas.
Spray Schedule for Bacterial Blight, Fungal Diseases and Insect Pests S. Days after Stage Period Pesticides No. defoliation for mrig bahar Sprays During Crop Period 1. 0-7 Defoliation May 16Spray 1% Bordeaux mixture before defoliation 22 2. 8-14 85-100 % leaf fall Remove fallen leaves and debris from the orchard and burn
3. 15-21
First flush of leaves
4. 22-28
Flower initiation
5. 29-35
Flowering
6. 36-42
Flowering
7. 43-49
Flowering 100%
8. 50-56
Fruit set starts
Drench soil with bleaching powder (33% Cl) @25Kg/1000 liters/1 ha May 23- Spray copper oxychloride 50WP (2.5g/l) + 29 Bronopol (0.5g/l) + +spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Morning spray salicylic acid formulation @a.i.0.3g/l Evening spray streptocycline (0.5g/l) + May 30carbendazim 50WP (1g/l) + Thiamethoxam Jun5 25WG @ 0.3g/l +spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Bronopol (0.5g/l) + Ziram 80% Wp 2g/l +spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Jun 6-12 Morning spray mixture of zinc sulphate (3g/l), solubor (2g/l), chelated iron (3g/l) Jun 13-19 Evening spray streptocycline (0.5g/l) + Carbendazim 50WP (1g/l) + Acetamiprid 20SP@ 0.3g/l/ +spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Spray Captan 50WP(2.5g/l) + Bronopol (0.5g/l) Jun 20-26 +spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Spray streptocycline (0.5g/l) + Mancozeb 75% Jun 27-Jul WP (2g/l)+ Imidacloprid 17.8SL @ 0.3ml/l 3 +spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Jul 4-10 Morning spray salicylic acid formulation @ 76
9. 57-63 Fruit setting
10. 64-70
Fruit setting
11. 71-77
Fruit enlargement
12. 78-84
Fruit enlargement
13. 85-91
Fruit enlargement
14. 92-98
Fruit enlargement
15. 99-105
Fruit enlargement
16. 106-112
Fruit enlargement
17. 113-119
Fruit enlargement
18. 120-126
Fruit enlargement
19. 127-133
Fruit enlargement +Aril colour
a.i.0.3g/l Evening spray streptocycline 0.5g/l) + Ziram 80% WP(2g/l) +spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Morning spraysolubor 2 g/lit + commercial micronutrient mixture 1g/l Jul 11-17 Evening spray Steptocycline (0.5g/l)+Thiophanate Methyl 70WP (1g/l) + Cypermethrin 25%EC (1 ml/l) + Neem Seed Kernel Extract @50g/l (75g if entire seed is used). in evening+spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Morning spray Magnesium sulphate (2g/l) Jul 18-24 Evening spray Bronopol (0.5g/l) +Fosetyl Al 80% WP (2g/l) +spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Morning spray salicylic acid formulation @ a.i.0.3g/l Jul. 25-31 Evening spray Bordeaux mixture (0.5%) Morning spray calcium nitrate (15 g/l) Evening spray Bronopol (0.5g/l) (0.5g/l) + Mancozeb 75% WP (2g/l) +spreader and sticker Aug.1-7 (0.5ml/l) Spray streptocycline (0.5g/l) + carbendazim 50WP (1g/l) + methomyl 40%SP@ 1g/l +Neem Aug.8-15 seed kernel extract @50g/l (75g if entire seed is used) +spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Morning spray salicylic acid formulation @ a.i.0.3g/l Aug.16Evening spray Bronopol (0.5g/l) (0.5g/l) + ziram 21 80% Wp (2g/l) + Azadirachtin 10000 ppm (3ml/l) +spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Aug. 22Spray Bordeaux mixture (0.5%) 28 Spray Steptocycline (0.5g/l) (0.5g/l) + Aug. 29 – Mancozeb 75% WP (2g/l) +spreader and sticker Sep.4 (0.5ml/l) Spray Captan 50WP(2.5g/l) + Bronopol (0.5g/l)+ Methomyl 40%SP@ 1g/l +spreader Sep. 5-11 and sticker (0.5ml/l) Drench with bleaching powder (33% Cl) @25Kg/1000 liters/1 ha Morning spray Calcium nitrate (8-10 g/l) Evening spray steptocycline (0.5g/l) (0.5g/l) + copper hydroxide 77WP (2g/l) 77% WP (2g/l) +spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) in evening same Sep.12-18 day Spray Bronopol (0.5g/l) + Thiophanate Methyl Sep.19-25 70WP (1g/l) +Acetamiprid 20SP@ 77
20. 134-140
21. 141-147 22. 148-154 23. 155-161
24. 162-168 25. 169-184
26. 185-199
development Fruit enlargement +Aril colour development Fruit enlargement and development Fruit enlargement and development Fruit enlargement and development Fruit enlargement and development Fruit enlargement &development
Sep. 26Oct.2 Oct. 3-9 Oct. 1016
Spray Bronopol (0.5g/l) + Captan 50% WP (2.5g/l) +spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Spray Steptocycline (0.5g/l) (0.5g/l) + Mancozeb 75% WP (2g/l) +Lambda cyhalothrin 5EC/CS (0.5g/l) + spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Bordeaux mixture (0.5%)
Oct. 1723 Oct.2430 Oct.31Nov14
Fruit Maturity
Nov.1529 27. 200-214
28. 215-230
Fruit Maturity (1 month before harvest) Fruit ripening
Sprays During Rest Period 29. Rest
30. -
Rest
31. 32. -
Rest Rest
33. 34. -
Rest Rest
35. 36. -
Stress Stress
0.3g/l+spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Spray Steptocycline (0.5g/l) (0.5g/l) + Mancozeb 75% WP (2g/l) +spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Spray Bordeaux mixture (0.5%)
Nov. 30Dec.14 Dec. 1531
Spray Potassium dihydrogen phosphate @10g/l + Spray Bronopol (0.5g/l) + Captan 50% WP (2.5g/l) +spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Spray Steptocycline (0.5g/l) + copper hydroxide 77WP (2g/l)+ Neem seed kernel extract @50g/l (75g if entire seed is used) or Azadirachtin 1500ppm @ 3ml/l+spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Spray Potassium nitrate@10g/l or 0:0:50 @10g/l Bordeaux mixture @ 0.5% only under adverse weather conditions Harvest
Apply Bordeaux paste (10%) on pruned ends Immediately after pruning spray Bordeaux Jan. 1-15 Mixture (1%) Spray Streptocycline or Bronopol @0.5g/l+ Copper oxychloride 50WP (2.5g/l) + spreader Jan. 16-31 and sticker (0.5ml/l) Feb. 1-15 Spray Bordeaux Mixture (1%) Spray Streptocycline or Bronopol @0.5g/l+ Feb. 16copper hydroxide 77WP (2g/l)+ spreader and 28 sticker (0.5ml/l) Mar. 1-15 Spray Bordeaux Mixture (1%) Spray Streptocycline or Bronopol @0.5g/l+ Mar.16Copper oxychloride 50WP (2.5g/l) +spreader 31 and sticker (0.5ml/l) Apr.1-15 Spray Bordeaux Mixture (1%) Spray Streptocycline or Bronopol @0.5g/l + copper hydroxide 77WP (2g/l)+ spreader and Apr.16-30 sticker (0.5ml/l) 78
37. Stress May 1-15 Spray Bordeaux Mixture (1%) Points to remember: 1. To prepare spray mixture, prepare dilute solutions of each chemical separately and mix to make total volume. If precipitate is formed, either mixture chemicals are not compatible or pH is not proper. 2. The spray solution should have a pH of 6.5 -7 for good results. 3. In case no rains are there for long duration or blight is not increasing, sprays can be taken at 10-15 days interval instead of 7 days 4. The active ingredients (a.i.) in Streptocycline are streptomycin sulphate 90%+oxy tetracycline 10% and in Bronopol ‘2-bromo, 2-nitropropane-1, 3-diol 95%.’ Both streptocycline and bronopol are available with different trade names from different companies. check if a.i. is less then increase the dose accordingly. EMERGENCY MEASURES FOR BACTERIAL BLIGHT MANAGEMENT In case of sudden increase in BB on fruits take 3-4 sprays at 5 days interval Spray 1:Copper hydroxide (2.0g/ l) + Streptocycline (0.5g/l) + 2-bromo, 2-nitro propane-1, 3-diol @ 0.5g / l + spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Spray 2:Carbendazim (1g/l) + Streptocycline (0.5g/l) + 2-bromo, 2-nitro propane-1, 3-diol @ 0.5g/ l + spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Spray 3:Copper oxychloride (2.0g/ l) + Streptocycline (0.5g/l) + 2-bromo, 2-nitro propane-1, 3-diol @ 0.5g / l + spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) Spray 4:Mancozeb 2g/l) + Streptocycline (0.5g/l) + 2-bromo, 2-nitro propane-1, 3-diol @ 0.5g / l + spreader and sticker (0.5ml/l) PRECAUTIONS III. Take only need based sprays at recommended doses, too many sprays increase the disease. IV.
Always remove and burn all affected fruits before starting any spray.
V.
Combine insecticides, fungicides or micronutrient sprays with bactericidal sprays
depending on compatibility to reduce number of sprays. Mixture should not form precipitate. VI.
Take without fail, additional spray with a bactericide after the rains -when plant surfaces
dry upVII.
Always (rains or no rains) mix good quality non-ionic spreader sticker with sprays. DO
NOT USE SPREADER STICKER WITH BORDEAUX MIXTURE. VIII.
Always prepare Bordeaux mixture fresh and use on the same day
79
CULTURAL OPERATIONS S. No. 1.
Days after Defoliation
Stage
0-7
Defoliation
Operation Period
May 1622 2.
8-14
85-100 % leaf fall
3.
15-21
First flush of leaves
4.
22-28
Flower initiation
5.
6.
7.
29-49
50-63
64-70
May 2329
May 30Jun5
Defoliate with Ethrel (1.5-2ml/l)+DAP5g/l
Remove weeds and suckers
Apply 2/3rd dose of FYM + Micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn, Boron each 25 g per plant)+ Neem Cake 1-2 Kg /plant + Vermicompost 1 Kg/plant+ Phorate10G @25g/plant or Carbofuran 3G@40g/plant in wet soil in a ring around the plant
Apply 1/4th dose of nitrogen + 1/3rd dose of phosphorus and 1/3rd dose of potash
Give light irrigation immediately after fertilizer application
Remove fallen leaves and debris from the orchard and burn
Drench soil with bleaching powder (33% Cl) @25Kg/1000 liters/1 ha
Irrigate Apply 1/4th dose of nitrogen
Jun 6-12
Fertigate N:P:K::12:61:00 @ 8 kg/ha/application. Give 15 applications on alternate days for a month through irrigation.
Jun 13-26
Irrigate
Jul 4-17
Apply 1/4th dose of nitrogen in soil
100% Flowering Fruit set starts
Fertigate N:P:K::19:19:19 @ 8 kg/ha/application. Give 15 applications on alternate days for a month through irrigation
Fruit setting Jul 18-24
Remove weeds Irrigate regularly
8.
71-126
Fruit set 100% Fruit enlargement
Fertigate N:P:K::00:52:34 Mono-Potassium Phosphate @ 2.5 kg/ha/application -Give 15 applications on alternate days for a month through irrigation
Jul. 25Sep.18
Apply 1/4th dose of nitrogen in soil in August first 80
week Irrigate Drench soil with bleaching powder (33% Cl) @25Kg/1000 liters/1 ha in last week of Aug. or first week of Sep. 9.
127-140
10. 141-184
Fruit enlargement +Aril colour development
Sep.18Oct 2
Fruit enlargement &development
Oct. 3Nov 14
11. 185-199
Fruit Maturity
12. 200-214
Fruit Maturity 1 month before harvest
13. 215-230
Fruit ripening
Remove weeds and suckers
Irrigate
Nov. 1529 Nov. 30Dec.14 Dec. 1531
Fertigate Calcium Nitrate @12.5 kg/ha/application give 2 applications at 15 days interval Give moderate Irrigation Harvest mature fruits
Operations During Rest Period 14. -
Rest
Do heavy pruning to remove blight affected and old dry branches Jan. 1-15
Drench soil with bleaching powder (33% Cl) @25Kg/1000 liters/1 ha Apply 1/3rd dose of FYM + 1/4th dose of nitrogen + Neem cake @ 1Kg /plant and 2/3rd dose each of phosphorus and potash
15. -
Rest
16. -
Stress
Light Irrigation Light Irrigation
Jan. 16Mar 31 Apr.1May 15
Stop Irrigation
Note: 1. Irrigate depending on soil type, plant age and stage and weather conditions 2. Apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potash depending on plant age as given in Chapter 7, Table 6
81
Annexure 4 PESTICIDES RECOMMENDED FOR THE CONTROL OF VARIOUS DISEASES AND INSECT PESTS OF POMEGRANATE FOR EXPORT TO THE EUROPEAN UNION Sr. No.
Pesticide recommended for major disease and pest
Nature of pesticide
Dose on formulation basis
EU MRL (mg/kg)
Pre-harvest Interval (PHI in days)
Diseases: A
Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.punicae)
1
Bordeaux mixture
NS
0.5-1.00%
20
15
2
Copper oxychloride 50% WP
NS
2.5 g/L
20
35
B
Wilt ( Fungal complex Ceratocystis fimbriata, Fusarium oxysporum)
3
Propiconazole 25% EC
S
1.50 mL/L (drenching)
0.05
20
4
Carbendazim 50%WP
S
2.00 mL/L (drenching)
0.1
100
5
Tridemorph 80%EC
S
1.00 mL/L (drenching)
0.05
40
C.
Leaf and Fruit Spots (Alternaria alternata, Cercospora punicae, Colletotrichum sp., Drechslera sp.)
2a
Copper oxychloride 50%WP
NS
2.5 g/L
20.0
35
6
Mancozeb 75%WP
NS
2.0 g/L
0.05
90
7
Propineb 70%WP
NS
3.0 g/L
0.05
90
8
Ziram 80%WP
NS
2.0 g/L
0.05
90
9
Copper hydroxide 77%WP
NS
2.0 g/L
20.0
35
10
Captan 50%WP
NS
2.5 g/L
0.02
35
11
Chlorothalonil 75%WP
NS
2.0 g/L
0.01
40
12
Difenoconazole 25%EC
S
1.0 g/L
0.1
45
13
Triadimefon 25% WP
S
0.5-1.0 g/L
0.1
45
14
Sulphur 80%WP
NS
2.5 g/L
50
10
4a
Carbendazim 50% WP
S
1.0 g/L
0.1
100
15
Thiophanate Methyl 70%WP
S
1.0 g/L
0.1
50
D
Fungal Blight (Phytophthora sp) 82
6a
Mancozeb 75%WP
NS
2.0 g/L
0.05
90
9a
Copper hydroxide 77%WP
NS
2.0 g/L
20
35
2c
Copper oxychloride 50%WP
NS
2.5 g/L
20
35
16
Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% (Metalaxyl MZ72%WP)
S
2.5 g/L
0.05
66
17.
Cymoxanil 8% + Mancozeb 64% (Curzate M8)
S
2.0 g/L
0.05
66
18.
Fosetyl-Al 80%WP
S
2.0 g/L
2.0
30
19.
Dimethomorph 50%WP
S
1.0 g/L
0.05
66
Insect pests A
Fruit Borer (Deudorix isocrates)
20
Indoxacarb 14.5%SC
NS
0.5 mL/L
0.02
30
21
Spinosad 45 %SC
NS
0.5 mL/L
0.02
28
22
Cypermethrin 25%EC
NS
1.0 mL/L
0.05
40
B
Stem Borer (Celosterna spinator)
23
Chlorpyriphos 20%EC
NS
2.0 mL/L
0.05
40
20a Indoxacarb 14.5%SC
NS
0.5 mL/L
0.02
30
21a Spinosad 45 %SC
NS
0.5 mL/L
0.02
28
22a Cypermethrin 25%EC
NS
1.0 mL/L
0.05
40
C
Shot hole borer (Xyleborus fernicatus)
23a Chlorpyriphos 20% EC
NS
2.0 mL/L
0.05
40
20b Indoxacarb 14.5%SC
NS
0.5 mL/L
0.02
30
21b Spinosad 45 %SC
NS
0.5 mL/L
0.02
28
22b Cypermethrin 25%EC
NS
1.0 mL/L
0.05
40
D
Leaf Eating caterpillar (Achaea janata)
23b Chlorpyriphos 20%EC
NS
2.0 mL/L
0.05
40
20c Indoxacarb 14.5%SC
NS
0.5 mL/L
0.02
30
21c Spinosad 45 %SC
NS
0.5 mL/L
0.02
28
22c Cypermethrin 25%EC
NS
1.0 mL/L
0.05
40
NS
2.0 mL/L
0.05
40
S
1.0 mL/L
0.02
100
E
Mealy bug (Ferrisia virgata)
23c Chlorpyriphos 20%EC 24a Dimethoate 30 %EC
83
25a Imidacloprid 17.8% SL
S
0.3 mL/L
0.05
60
26a Thiamethoxam 25% WG
S
0.25 g/L
0.05
40
F
Thrips/Aphids/Jassids/White flies
24.
Dimethoate 30 %EC
S
1.0 mL/L
0.02
100
25.
Imidacloprid 17.8% SL
S
0.3 mL/L
0.05
60
26.
Thiamethoxam 25% WG
S
0.25 g/L
0.05
40
G
Mites
27
Propargite 57%EC
NS
1.0 mL/L
0.01
15
28
Abamectin 1.9%EC
S
0.5 mL/L
0.01
30
29
Azadirachtin 1%
2.0 mL/L
0.01
3
H
Nematodes 2.0 mL/L
0.01
3
29a Azadirachtin 1%
Neem based formulation NS
NS= Non systemic, S= Systemic Note o Recommendation of pesticides for the management of various insect pests and diseases along with their dose, PHI and MRL values are of advisory nature for the Good Agriculture Practices and therefore, not covered under any legal scrutiny. o All the doses mentioned above are for high volume sprayers, where normal spray volume is 1000 L/ha. Spray volume can however be changed as per the efficiency of sprayers used. However, the amount of each pesticide (active ingredient) recommended for 1 ha on the basis of 1000 L spray solution should be strictly maintained to minimize pesticide residues. o Recommendation of pesticides for the management of various insect pests & diseases along with their doses are based on the recommendations by SAUs, ICAR Institutes & research literature and therefore, not covered under any legal scrutiny. o PHI and MRL values are of advisory nature for the good agriculture practices and therefore, not covered under any legal scrutiny. Source: Regulations of Export of Fresh Pomegranates to the European Union through Control of Pesticide Residues (Oct. 2008) Annexure 5. Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority, New Delhi. (website: www.apeda.com). pp30-32.
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Annexure 5 LIST OF PESTICIDES WITH TRADE NAMES
Sr. No.
Chemical content
1.
Acephate 75% WP
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Alfamethrine 10% Cabaryl 50% WP Carbofuran 3% G Carbosulfan 25% SD Chloropyriphos 20% EC
7.
Cypermethrin 10% EC
8.
Cypermethrin 25% EC
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Deltamhtrin 2.8% EC Dizinon 20% EC Dichlorovos 76% EC Dicofol 18.5% EC Dimethoate 30% EC Endosulfan 35% EC
15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
Ethion 50%EC Imidacloprid 17.8% EC Malathion 50% EC Methyl parathion 50% EC Monocrotophos 36% EC
20. 21.
Phorate 10% EC Quinalphos 25% EC
22 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.
Trizophos 40%EC Fenitrothion 50% EC Fenobucarb 50% EC Fenpropathrin 10% EC Fenthion 50% EC Fenvalerate 20% EC
28. 29.
Fipronil 5% SC Fluvalinate 25% EC
Trade name Insecticides Astaf, Delthan, Fatel, Amshine, Asraf, Starthene, Lancer, Tarneron Gole, Orthene, Dhanraj, Tremor. Concord, Alfagaurd, Axis, Stop, Delthan Sevin, Sulfaril
Furadan Marshal Dursban, Tafaban, Blaze, Trishul, Ttricel, Radar, Naklor, Terkash, Strike, Classic, Corban, Accord, Chlore guard, Saiban, Sulban, Cymbush, Shakti, Super killer, Liesser, Java, Cypersan, Cypermar, Cypermill, Star cyprine, Hipower, Altramethrin, Ustad. Basathrun, Symbil, Silcord, Java, Rudra, Cyperguard, Altramethrin, Colt, Cymbush, Polytrin, Traphy, Cypersan, Cyperveep, Cypergeel, Hillcyprin Decis, Decamethrin Basudin, Suban, Zinosul Nuvan, Vapona, Suchlor, Dram Kalthane, Hiltol, Tik-tok, Hexkill Tara, Rogar, Parrydemate, Milgor, Sulgor Endocel, Thidon, Endostar, Endosan, Endomil, Hildan, Saphon, Parrysulfan, Thiokill Laser, Dhanumil, Endothion, Metkill, Met, Ethiosul, Phosmite Confidor 200, Admire Cythion, Hilton, Simathion Folidol, Metacid, Luthion, Metapor, Melion, Parasul Nuvacron, Monocil, Monostar, Monosul, Crotocel, Balwan, Atom, Phoskill, Storm, Croton, Parryphos, Bilphos, Suphos, Monodhan, Monolip, Spekphos Thimet, Milet, Foratax, Starphor, Warrant, Furatic Ekalux, Smash, Dhanulux, Qunogaurd, Geelux, Shakti, Berusil, Kkush, Qunason, Qunaltaf, Qunolvip Hostathion, Sufathion Sumithion, Folithion, Fenitriosul Biquil Danitol Lebaycid, Fenthiosul Fencur, Fenoc, Bilfen, Lufen, Parryfen, Dufen, Fenogaurd, Hilpen, Milfen, Fenkill, Starfen Regent Mavrik 85
30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Lambda-Cyhalothrin 5% EC Oxydemeton Methyl 25% EC Phosalone 35% EC Profenofos 50% EC Thiodicarb 75% WP Thiometon 25% EC
6.
Bacillus Thuringiensis Beauveria bassiana Azadiractin oil 380 PPM Azadiractin seed 0.15%, 0.30%, 0.50%, 5.00% Nuclear polyhedrosis virus Trichoderma viride
1. 2. 3. 4.
Benomyl 50% WP Aureofungin Captan 50% WP Carbendazim 50% WP
5. 6.
8. 9. 10 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
Chlorothalonil 75% WP Copper Oxychloride 75% WP Copper sulphate 97% WP Dinocap 48% EC Difenconazole 25% EC Dithianoan 75% WP Dodine 65% WP Adifenphos 50% EC Fenarimol 12% EC Phosetil A.L. 80% WP Flusilazole 40% EC Hexaconazole 5% EC Iprobenphos 48% EC Iprodione Mancozeb 75% WP
20. 21. 22. 23.
Metalaxyl 25% WP Myclobuatanil 10% WP Penconazole 10% EC Propeconazole 25% WP
5.
7.
Karate Metasystox, Zenddox Zolon Curacron, Carina Larvin Ekatin Bio-insecticides Biobit, Halt, Dipel, Delphin, Bactin Basina Bioneem, Uneem, Neemgaurd, Neembicidin, Neembietr Rakshak, Neemgold, EKONEEM, Azdit, Achook, Neemazol
Heliokill, Spinosite, N.P.V. Biofit, Biocare. Ekofit, Ekoderma Fungicides Benlate, Benofit Aureofungin-sole Captaf, Deltan, Hexcap Bavistan, Bengaurd, Zoom, Dhanusten, Decis, Sten, Benfil, Arrest, Cashsten, Derosal, Carzim Kavach Biltox, Cuprastar, Blue, Dimond, Blue copper, fytolon, Copper, Sutox, Nagcopper Bordo 20 W Karathane Score Delon Cylit, Superstar Hinosan Rubigun Alit Punch Contaf Kitazin Rovral Indofil M-45, Dithane-45, Uthane M-45,M-guard, Sparsh, Luzem, Stargame, Kosib, Mazet, Abik M-45, Manco Apron, Redomil Sisthane Topas Tilt 86
24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Propineb 70% WP Streptocycline sulphate 90% Sulphur 80% WP Sulphur 80% G Sulphur powder (300 Micro) Tridemefon 25% EC Tridemorph 80% EC Thiophanate methyl 70% WP Zineb 75% WP Zirum 27% SL Bitertanol 25% WP Alachlor 50% EC Anilphos 50% EC Atrazine 50% WP Butachlor 50% EC 2,4 D 80% WP Diuron 80% WP Fluchloralin 48% EC Glyphosate 41% SL Isoprturon 50% & 75% Matribuzin 70% WP Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC Paraquat Dichloride 24% SL Pendimethanlin 30% EC Pretilachlor 50% EC Semazine 50% WP Trifluralin 48% EC Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) Chlormequat chloride (CCC) Ethephon Gibberellic acid (GA) Phosphonic acid Tricontanol
Antracall Streptocyline Sulphex, Mitex-S, Thiovit, Sultaf, Vetsul, Insuf Kosavet, Amcoflortaf Seabasuplhur Belaton Calixin Roko, Stopsin-M, Topsin-M Indofil Z-78 Kuman-L, Zirax-L Baycor Herbicides Lasso, Catch Anilon Dhanuline, Atrataf, Antrasan Bilcore, Hitachlor, milchlor, Teer, trap,Starchlor, Windkin, Without Dicel, Target, Fernocsone Class Basalin, Rampez Round up Glycel, Glyflas, Weedof, Novid, Glyphotaf Rakshak, Delron, Nosilon, Star, Tolcon, Isostar, Proton Sencor Goal, Alto Gramoxone Stomp Rifit Tafazine, Aquazine Treflan, Trinetra, Triflex Growth Regulator Planofix Lihocin Ethrel Progib, release, Gibrasal, Awet- GA 3 Acomin Miraculon, Vipul
87
