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Possible Benefits of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, in Reducing CO2 from Environment

This content has been downloaded from IOPscience. Please scroll down to see the full text. 2013 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 51 012011 (http://iopscience.iop.org/1757-899X/51/1/012011) View the table of contents for this issue, or go to the journal homepage for more

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ICSICCST 2013 IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 51 (2013) 012011

IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/51/1/012011

Possible Benefits of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, in Reducing CO2 from Environment Rafia Azmat1 Department of Chemistry University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan Email:[email protected] Abstract. It is a fact that the relationship between a fungus and a plant can have a great

impact on the environment, especially under drought conditions. Experiments conducted at the laboratory scale suggested that in mycorrhizal symbiosis; plants usually provide their fungal partners with carbohydrates from photosynthesis and receive mineral nutrients. It is observed that mycorrhizal inoculated plants observed large surface area of leaves and outsized root sections which were helpful in increasing the rate of photosynthetic processes. This may be attributed to the rapid production of carbohydrate for their fungal mate. The same phenomena can be observed in environments of high traffic density or waste burning, industrial zones (where there are emissions of CO2 from chimneys) or the areas that are lack nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. It may be observed that the plants that have this association with mycorrhizal fungi may obligate a better chance in inhabiting this area. These plants can be helpful in reducing the CO2 from the polluted atmosphere. The large length of the roots were related to the absorption of water molecules for survival as well as formation of first organic complex CHO for providing the energy to the plant in biotic stress and C and nutrient exchange between fungal partner and plants.

Key Words: plant, mycorrhiza, surface area, CO 2 , CHO

Introduction Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Although CO2 concentration is relatively small in the atmosphere. It is vital component of Earth's atmosphere because it absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 μm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 μm (bending vibrational mode), thereby playing a role in the greenhouse effect. The concentration of CO2 in Atmospheredetermines its contribution to the greenhouse effect and the rates of plant and algal photosynthesis (lives process) 1-3 . In 21st century the concentration has increased markedly, at a rate of 2.0 ppm/yr during 2000–2009 and faster since last decades. It was 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and has risen to 400 ppm (parts per million) as of May 2013, with the increase largely attributed to anthropogenic sources. It is also produced by various microorganisms from fermentation and cellular respiration. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria convert carbon dioxide to Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1



carbohydrates by a process called photosynthesis. They gain the energy needed for this reaction from absorption of sunlight by chlorophyll and other pigments. Oxygen, produced as a by-product of photosynthesis, is released into the atmosphere and subsequently used for respiration by heterotrophic organisms and other plants, forming a cycle. Natural sources of atmospheric carbon dioxide include volcanic outgassing, the combustion of organic matter, wildfires and the respiration processes of living aerobic organisms. Man-made sources of carbon dioxide include the burning of fossil fuels for heating, power generation and transport, as well as some industrial processes such as cement making.4,5 The present level is higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years and likely higher than in the past 20 million year1-5 Todays the leading Countries like USA, Australia and Taiwan focusing the capturing and reusing of CO2 which may aid coal, oil. Reducing CO2 through funding on Research Project, CO2 Capture for Algae Biofuel in Australia, advancement in carbon capture plant Taiwan inaugurates advanced carbon capture plant VAM Fungi reducing CO 2 Naturally VAM fungi inhabitant the roots of host plants and execute absorption services for the plant growth. Several investigations have established that plants associated with VAM fungi show increased uptake of various constituents from the soil, including water, and macro and micronutrients compared to non-VAM plants. As a result, VAM fungi develop their host plants’ ability to grow under conditions of scarcity stress or in mineral deficient soils. It is valuable in anassessable degree of drought stress for plants grown under droughty conditions where irrigation is not available. Fields without irrigation can produce increased crop yields by applying mycorrhizal fungi inoculants, or by stimulating root colonization of native VAM fungi. In sustainable atmosphere arbuscularmycorrhizas can play a key role in reducing CO2 from the heavy traffic areas where burning of fuel produced large amount of CO 2 .Mycorrhizal formation and its application on green belt plants, may provide an adaptive strategy which provides the plant with an augmented capability for nutrient capture and cycling in soils with low nutrient availability and an increased tolerance to environmental stresses. The experimental results suggest that significance of maintaining mycorrhizal variety and a functioning soil mycelium is vital to sustaining plant growth. It helps in growing plant with large surface area and long roots which were help full in continuous supply of C through sugar contents of the plant to the VAM fungus for the development of hyphae 6-8 . Action of VAM Fungus 1. VAM fungi expand the roots by adding their own expansive network of absorbing strands to mine the soil for water and the dissolved minerals carried therein9 . 2. VAM fungi affect the opening or closure of the breathing pores in leaves. These pores are called “stomates.” Under conditions of drought stress, the plant will close the stomates to reduce water loss. VAM fungi can affect the closure of these pores and help provide more efficient water conservation8-10 . 3. The opening of stomata is also leads for the exchange of two gases 7. 4. The larger surface area of VAM plants is beneficial for removal excess of CO2 and release of O2 7,11. 5. VAM fungi raise water pressure (turgor) in plant tissue, thereby avoiding or suspendingdrooping. This supports cell function, allowing growth and photosynthesis to continue 8,13 . 6. The larger the surface area related with the process of photosynthetic process and associated with the production of sugar contents7-9 (Fig 1&2) 7. These sugars contents are transported to the entire plants and also C for building hyphae of VAM7, 8. Mycorrhizae helps in increasing the water absorbing capacity of the root, moderate the leaf water prospective and enduring drooping point below scarcity anxiety, raise the stomatal movement7,14 . 2



9. In addition when plant agonized by antagonisticdeficiency conditions the VAM can encouragea following sequences of self-protective (a), the strengthening of cell wall of the plant (b), the addition of pathogenesis associated protein and (c) the support of secondary metabolites 15-18-22 .

Figure 1 Non VAM Plant

Figure 2 VAM Plant

Conclusion It is suggested that VAM inoculation in Trees growing in high traffic zone may be helpful in reducing CO 2 from those areas and these areas may be protected from the harm of the C emission. These plants may be helpful in releasing of O 2 through exchange of both gases to make environment of urban areas green. It is recommended to conduct more research on this project for the safety of environment from excesses of CO2 .

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