http://eesd.muet.edu.pk
4th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development November 01-03. 2016 Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Proceedings
4th
Proceedings of the International Conference on
Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development EESD 2016 November 01-03, 2016 Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Edited by Prof. Dr. Khanji Harijan Prof. Dr. Rasool Bux Mahar Dr. Jonathan Daniel Nixon Dr. Faheemullah Shaikh Dr. Pervez Hameed Shaikh Engr. Nayyar Hussain Mirjat
© Copyright Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan The contents of each paper are the sole responsibility of its author(s); authors were responsible to ensure that permissions were obtained as appropriate for the material presented in their articles, and that they complied with antiplagiarism policies.
Reference to a conference paper: To cite a paper published in these conference proceedings, please substitute the highlighted sections of the reference below with the details of the article you are referring to: Author(s) Surname, Author(s) Initial(s), 2016. 'Title of paper'. In: Harijan, K. ed., Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, November 01-03, 2016. Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan: Energy & Environment Engineering Research Group. pp XX-XX. Available from: eesd.muet.edu.pk [Last access date].
ISBN: 978-969-7710-00-3
Version: 01.11.2016
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P REFACE We are delighted to present to you the 4th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (EESD-2016) conference proceedings. EESD-2016 was successfully held from Nov. 01 – 03, 2016 at Mehran University of Engineering and Technology (MUET), Jamshoro, Pakistan. EESD conferences are organised by the Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Group (EERG) with local and international collaborators every two years since 2009. These conferences are multidisciplinary, peer reviewed international events which provide opportunity for interaction to all the stakeholders from academia, industry, policy makers, public and private organizations to address the various technological and social challenges of the energy and environment field sustainably. This 4th edition of International Conference on “Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (EESD-2016) attracted original research papers of very high quality. EESD-2016 received 337 abstracts and 190 full papers out which 157 papers have been published in the conference proceedings. The proceedings have been divided into eight sections. Each section comprises of the papers of each of eight themes of the conference. Overall 500 delegates including 20 international attended the EESD-2016. The keynote talks by eminent foreign and national speakers enriched all the attendees with thought provoking ideas and knowledge. Editorial team thanks the organising committees, technical committee for valuable review of the submitted manuscripts, event sponsors, MUET, Jamshoro and all faculty members, staff and students who gave their time and energy to make EESD-2016 a very successful event. Editorial Board
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A CKNOWLEDGM ENT The organizing Committee of EESD-2016 acknowledges the cooperation and support from Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan, Pakistan Science Foundation, Islamabad, M/s. Pakistan Petroleum Limited, Sindh Engro Coal Mining Company, RASTEK, PAKTECH, PCM for their financial support towards organizing the event successful. This support was particularly important as this enabled organizing committee for inviting the international and national delegates. The support extended by other organization and sponsors for holding EESD-2016 is also acknowledged. The technical committee members who took all pain for reviewing the abstract/full manuscripts, the unbroken efforts of Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Group of MUET, Jamshoro is worth to mention and highly acknowledged.
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C ONTENTS I.
Energy Conservation and Management
Sr. # I-1.
Paper ID EESD_2016_05
I-2.
EESD_2016_11
I-3.
EESD_2016_19
I-4. I-5.
EESD_2016_35 EESD_2016_55
I-6.
EESD_2016_63
I-7.
EESD_2016_68
I-8. I-9. I-10. I-11. I-12.
EESD_2016_74 EESD_2016_80 EESD_2016_85 EESD_2016_88 EESD_2016_95
I-13.
EESD_2016_96
I-14.
EESD_2016_103
I-15.
EESD_2016_108
I-16.
EESD_2016_125
I-17. I-18. I-19.
EESD_2016_129 EESD_2016_142 EESD_2016_143
I-20.
EESD_2016_146
I-21.
EESD_2016_153
I-22.
EESD_2016_163
I-23.
EESD_2016_172
I-24.
EESD_2016_179
I-25.
EESD_2016_189
Title Design Analysis of Formula SAE Electric Vehicle Integrated with Battery Management and Protection Systems Advanced Variable Frequency Drive to Drive Three Phase Induction Motor Power Sharing through Droop Control for Parallel Inverters with Line Impedance Effect Investigating the voltage control capabilities of PV power plants Lighting Ergonomics (A Case Study towards Energy Conservation) Characteristic Analysis of Hazardous Activities Associated with Oil and Gas Rig Assembling Operation: A Proportional Approach Recognition of Potential Risk Factors with Suitable Hazard Reduction Measures for Well Control Operation for On and Offshore Oil and Gas Drilling: A Quantitative and Qualitative Risk Assessment Accession LV Three Phase Automatic Load Balancing System Solar Cells - Recent Developments and Trends Filtration of Wastewater by Using Plastic Bottle as Media Shale Reserves; A Key Source to Overcome Energy Crisis Clear Sky Models Applied for PV Production Assessment from Solar Irradiance Environmental Management Practice and Firm Financial Performance Fuel Optimization in Power Plant Based on Its Parameters Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Analysis of Energy loss due to compression of thermal insulation in HVAC duct Transmission of Dera Bugti, Baluchistan Gas Condensate Through Pipelines Economically Building the Green Review Study on Smart Grid Prediction of grid parameters by applying only set of dates externally to the trained Neural Network Thermo Active Building Systems; Technology, Application and Energy Efficiency for Buildings in Pakistan. Rehabilitation of Distribution Network for Energy Management in Pakistan Novel Application of Moth Flame Optimization Algorithm for solving Economic Load Dispatch Problems with Emission and Valve Point Loading Effect Performance Prediction of Free Space Optical Link in Presence of the Rain using Bit Error Rate Parameter Under Voltage Load Shedding Scheme to Provide Voltage Stability Building Energy Management System by Using Hybrid Technology Microcontroller Based Occupancy Sensor
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I-26.
EESD_2016_192
I-27.
EESD_2016_205
I-28.
EESD_2016_219
I-29.
EESD_2016_220
I-30. I-31. I-32.
EESD_2016_232 EESD_2016_240 EESD_2016_244
I-33.
EESD_2016_257
I-34.
EESD_2016_283
I-35. I-36.
EESD_2016_286 EESD_2016_293
I-37.
EESD_2016_315
II.
Long Term Electricity Planning for Sindh Province (Pakistan): An Application of Long-range Energy Alternative Planning Model Voltage Profile Improvement of an EHT Line by UPFC – Case Study Construction of Marx generator and simulated Impulse voltage of the Marx generator Graphical User Interface based Simulation Platform for Energy and Visual Comfort Management in Buildings Novel Energy Management approach in Smart Grids Comprehensive Study of Line Protection with Distance Relays Solar Powered Building Automation System by Using Passive Infrared Sensor and Lead Acid Battery Backup A novel water-heating system for utilizing waste heat contained in cooling water of a steam plant condenser Challenges of Unconventional Reservoir: It’s Time to Overcome Them The Technical Aspects of Unconventional Reserves Cloud Computing Demand Response and Plug-in Electric Vehicles as Energy Management Tool for Smart Grid Design Refinement and Performance Analysis of Outer Rotor Permanent Magnet Flux Switching Machine for Downhole Application
BIOMASS RESOURCES UTILIZATION
Sr. # II-1. II-2.
Paper ID EESD_2016_23 EESD_2016_17
II-3.
EESD_2016_90
II-4.
EESD_2016_145
II-5.
EESD_2016_160
II-6.
EESD_2016_167
II-7. II-8. II-9. II-10. II-11.
EESD_2016_175 EESD_2016_181 EESD_2016_226 EESD_2016_235 EESD_2016_242
II-12.
EESD_2016_259
II-13.
EESD_2016_277
II-14. II-15.
EESD_2016_300 EESD_2016_320
II-16.
EESD_2016_321
Title Biological Impacts of Ecotourism Development on Biodiversity Designing and Strategic Cost estimation of stand alone hybrid renewable energy system Application of Saline Water Reduces Growth and Development of Jatropha (Jatropha Curcas, L.) Seedlings Ranking of Cook Stove Technologies for Sindh Province using Multi Criteria Decision Analysis Correlation and Optimization Studies of different parameters for biogas production from Sugarcane Molasses - a Sugar Mill Waste Effective Use of Tree Leaves With Pakistani Coal Through CoFiring Biofuels Production Through Agrowaste Pyrolysis Electricity from Solid Waste; Make city Green Future prospects of biogas in Pakistan Comparative Study of Diesel and Bi-fuel Water Pumping System Production of Biofuel by Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Date Palm Seeds Investigation of CI engine performance and emission characteristics using biodiesel blends with low level addition of alcohol Domestic Fixed Dome Biogas Plant Installed at Khaskheli Village Hyderabad Bypass Trans-Esterification of Poultry Skin and Fat to Produce Biodiesel Biological Removal of Sulfur from Coal through Use of Microorganism. A Review Cooking and Heating Energy Need Assessment of Kalkani Village of Kohlu District, Balochistan, Pakistan.
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III.
HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLS
Sr. # III-1.
Paper ID EESD_2016_94
III-2.
EESD_2016_197
III-3.
EESD_2016_199
III-4.
EESD_2016_237
III-5.
EESD_2016_301
III-6.
EESD_2016_303
IV.
Title Utilization of Bio Fuel Cell Technology for Power Generation in Pakistan Inorganic-Organic Nano Composite Hybrid Membrane Based on Titania and Polystyrene for High Temperature PEM Fuel Cell Investigations on Gadolinium doped Ceria (GDC) electrolyte prepared via sol-gel and co-precipitation routes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) applications Compatibility Issues of HHO Cell with Internal Combustion Engine Prediction of pseudo-retrograde hydrate phenomenon for ternary systems Ethane (C2H6) + propane (C3H8) + water (H2O) and Ethane (C2H6) + i-butane (i-C4H10) + water (H2O) in hydrateforming region Synchronization of Hydrogen Energy with Diesel Engine for Distributed Generation Applications
RENEWABLE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
Sr. # IV-1.
Paper ID EESD_2016_12
IV-2.
EESD_2016_20
IV-3.
EESD_2016_22
IV-4.
EESD_2016_52
IV-5.
EESD_2016_92
IV-6. IV-7. IV-8.
EESD_2016_99 EESD_2016_100 EESD_2016_113
IV-9.
EESD_2016_131
IV-10. IV-11.
EESD_2016_138 EESD_2016_155
IV-12.
EESD_2016_164
IV-13.
EESD_2016_170
IV-14.
EESD_2016_174
IV-15.
EESD_2016_182
Title Design and Analysis of cross flow impulse turbine for water stream near Trapi village KPK Pakistan Simplified and Accurate Photovoltaic Module Parameter Estimation Method Based on Single Diode Model Occurrences of Geothermal Resources and Geochemical Characteristics of Thermal Water of Sothern Indus Basin, Pakistan. Thermodynamic Assessment of Solar Chimney Based AirConditioning System for Agricultural and Livestock Applications Optimization of Dye Sensitized Solar Module for High Hydrogen Production from Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Modeling and Simulation of Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine Design and Development of Prototype Wind Concentrator Turbine Bioclimatic House Design Approaches in Rural Area of Mirpurkhas Sindh Parametric Study of Three Blade Vertical Axis Micro Hydro Turbines (VAMHT) by changing Blade Characteristics Speed Breaker Power Generator Review on Aerodynamic Design Optimization of Small Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Computational Studies on the Effects of Employing Water Filled Bags and Glass as a Chimney’s Material on Performance of Solar Chimney Power Plant Development of Standalone Hybrid Solar Wind Power Generation Model for Remote Areas of Pakistan Study of Incremental Conductance Maximum Power Point Technique under Non-Uniform Solar Irradiations Conditions for Solar PV system Comparative Engine Performance Analysis using Diesel fuel and Biodiesel derived from Waste Cooking Oil.
9
IV-16.
EESD_2016_183
IV-17.
EESD_2016_186
IV-18.
EESD_2016_188
IV-19.
EESD_2016_194
IV-20.
EESD_2016_231
IV-21.
EESD_2016_248
IV-22. IV-23.
EESD_2016_263 EESD_2016_269
IV-24.
EESD_2016_290
IV-25.
EESD_2016_292
IV-26.
EESD_2016_302
IV-27.
EESD_2016_322
IV-28.
EESD_2016_323
V.
Study to Investigate the Effect of Temperature on Performance of Thermotolerant Klueromyces Marxianus during the Production of Ethanol Using Numerical Simulation Modular Multilevel Converters - An Emerging Trend in Advanced HVDC Systems Regulation of Bus Voltage for Renewable Energy Based Direct Current Micro Grid Scope of renewable energy resources for fulfilling the energy gap in foreseeable future of Pakistan’s power sector Techno-Economic Analysis of Solar PV Water Pumps in Tharparkar, Pakistan Comparison of Thin Film versus Crystalline PV Modules for Utility Scale Electric Power Production in Pakistan In-Pipe Hydropower, an Unexplored Green Energy Municipal Solid Waste to Energy in Pakistan: A case study of Haripur District (Pakistan) An Intelligent MPPT Design of DC-DC Converter for PV in a PV/SC Hybrid Power System Sustainable Energy Measures in Saudi Arabia Based on Renewable Energy Sources: Present Actions and Future Plans Voltage Stability Improvement by Using FACTS Device Static VAR Compensator (SVC) Performance Evaluation and Model Development of Solar Photovoltaic System: A Case Study for Hyderabad Enhanced Solar PV MPPT System for 12V Battery Charger
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sr. # V-1.
Paper ID EESD_2016_31
V-2.
EESD_2016_72
V-3.
EESD_2016_122
V-4.
EESD_2016_156
V-5.
EESD_2016_187
V-6.
EESD_2016_191
V-7. V-8.
EESD_2016_212 EESD_2016_243
V-9. V-10.
EESD_2016_246 EESD_2016_252
V-11. V-12.
EESD_2016_265 EESD_2016_278
V-13.
EESD_2016_333
Title Socioeconomics Impacts of Land Valuation and Infrastructural Development in Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan Study on Environmental Degradation and its Effect on the Property Devaluation in Hyderabad City. Urbanization and Secondary Cities of Sindh Province: Towards More Effective and Sustainable Cities Evaluating Site Suitability for Intercity Bus Terminal at Hyderabad Sindh, Pakistan Challenges of Unconventional Reservoir: It’s Time to Overcome Them Inverse relationship between Poverty and willingness to pay for sustainable environment Green and Sustainable Building and Material Urbanization in Pakistan: Challenges and Way Forward (Options) For Sustainable Urban Development The Technical Aspects of Unconventional Reserves. Gas Cycling and Energy Development Studies of Gas Condensate Reservoir Dynamics of Karachi as a Megapolis: Issues and Challenges Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) Based Smart Catastrophe Monitoring System for Factories Environmentally Sustainable Natural Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics Using Ultrasonic Technology
10
V-14.
VI.
EESD_2016_338
Surveillance of sensitization and adverse health effects assessment by low molecular weight organic acid anhydrides exposure in the Site Area Kotri, Jamshoro, Pakistan
ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
Sr. # VI-1.
Paper ID EESD_2016_27
VI-2.
EESD_2016_43
VI-3.
EESD_2016_67
VI-4.
EESD_2016_56
VI-5.
EESD_2016_60
VI-6.
EESD_2016_53
VI-7.
EESD_2016_54
VI-8.
EESD_2016_102
VI-9. VI-10. VI-11.
EESD_2016_126 EESD_2016_132 EESD_2016_134
VI-12. VI-13.
EESD_2016_135 EESD_2016_140
VI-14. VI-15. VI-16.
EESD_2016_148 EESD_2016_149 EESD_2016_158
VI-17.
EESD_2016_162
VI-18.
EESD_2016_168
VI-19. VI-20.
EESD_2016_169 EESD_2016_201
VI-21.
EESD_2016_204
VI-22.
EESD_2016_208
VI-23.
EESD_2016_236
VI-24.
EESD_2016_253
Title Extension Worker’s Perception on Health and Environmental Hazards Posed by Urban Livestock Keeping in Makarfi Local Government Area, Kaduna State of Nigeria. Implications for Climate Change Mitigation Precipitation Trend Analysis in Pakistan using TRMM 3B42 Product (2001-2015) Identification of Potential Occupational Hazards with Relative Controls for Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and Chemical Operation during Oil and Gas Drilling Activity Concentration of Gas Emissions of Waste Burning in Incinerator at Different Temperature Intensity of Noise Pollution from the Industries at S.I.T.E Area Kotri Potential of Volunteered Geographic Information for Adaptation of Climate Change Effects in Pakistan Recycling of Human Scalp Hair as Environment Friendly Material in Cement Concrete Environmental impacts of hydro power plant[16MW] Naltar Gilgit Baltistan Dyeing of Nanofibers Using Ultrasonic Energy Influence of Environment on Resin Coated Mortar Emissions from Diesel Engine and Exhaust After Treatment Technologies Emissions Control Unit for Diesel Engine Exhaust COD and TOC Removal Assessment in Effluent From Anaerobic Bioreactor and Effluent From Cyclic Ozonation-Biotreatment in a Pulp Factory Wastewater Treatment Impact of Air Pollution from the Industries S.I.T.E Area Kotri Solid Waste Management-Incineration of Solid Waste of Karachi A Supply Chain Network Design and Decision Approach and Minimizing Carbon Monoxide Emission to the Environment Study on the Accidental Release of Toxic Gases and its Consequences Using ALOHA Technique Design of Solar Coal Hybrid Power Plant: Techno-economic Analysis Environmental Impacts of Thar Coal Mining Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfill Site Modeling Using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA): Case Study of Sukkur city, Pakistan Quantitative ground water assessment of Lahore for sustainable water management A Holistic Approach to Preserve Sustainability of Haleji Lake by Using Eco-Tourism Theory Methods for Treatment of PAH Contaminated Soils; Review and Comparison Impact of Natural Climate on Socio-Economic Condition of People in District Tharparkar, Sindh
11
VI-25.
EESD_2016_272
VI-26.
EESD_2016_284
VI-27.
EESD_2016_310
VI-28.
EESD_2016_312
VI-29.
EESD_2016_313
VI-30.
EESD_2016_324
VI-31.
EESD_2016_326
VII.
ENERGY CONVERSION & STORAGE
Sr. # VII-1.
Paper ID EESD_2016_3
VII-2.
EESD_2016_46
VII-3.
EESD_2016_128
VII-4. VII-5.
EESD_2016_141 EESD_2016_151
VII-6.
EESD_2016_159
VII-7.
EESD_2016_210
VII-8.
EESD_2016_222
VII-9.
EESD_2016_234
VII-10.
EESD_2016_255
VII-11.
EESD_2016_256
VII-12. VII-13.
EESD_2016_275 EESD_2016_280
VII-14.
EESD_2016_281
VII-15.
EESD_2016_289
VIII. Sr. #
Pakistan on the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals and Role of Social Attitude Towards Climate Change and Challenges Purification of Copper Ion Contaminated Industrial Water by Activated Carbon Prepared from Scrap Rubber Tyres Rainfall impact on Ground Water Quality in Mirpur Sakro, District Thatta Analysis and Treatment of Washoff Water from Vehicular Service Centres in Hyderabad Contamination and Legislative Measures for Sustainable Growth of Business of Tanneries in Pakistan Repair of RCC Beams with Locally Available Polymer Modified Cementous Mortar and Ordinary Portland Cement Assessment of Occupational Health, Safety and Environment in Brick Kiln Industries at Tando Hyder, Pakistan
Title Water and Energy Conservation at Source through Improved Surface Irrigation Techniques: A Case Study of Bahawalpur Mechanical Testing and Failure Analysis of Photovoltaic Modules Efficiency Improvement of Mini Hydro Pump Storage Power Plant Using Archimedes Turbine Foot Step Power Generation System Comparative Power Quality Analysis of Voltage Source Inverter Topologies Implementation of Condition Based Maintenance at Al-Noor Medium Density Fiber (MDF) Board Company Analysis of Seepage from Elevated Saline Disposal Channels of LBOD-1 Nawabshah Component Economic and Technical study of Hybrid system (WindPhotovoltaic) Electrification for rural area of Tharparkar district, Sindh using HOMER software Power Quality Comparison of Three Phase Bridge Inverter Based Induction Motor Experimental Investigations of Hybrid Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Study to Investigate the Optimize Blending Ratio of Cow Dung Manure with Distillery Waste Water for Power Generation in Microbial Fuel Cell Foot Step Power Generation System Hydrotalcite Based Cobalt Catalyst for Synthesis of Hydrocarbons from Syngas Promoted Hydrotalcite Based Cobalt Catalyst for Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Application Solarization of Sensitive Load of Electrical Department MUET SZAB Campus
ENERGY POLICIES & PLANNING Paper ID
Title
12
VIII-1. VIII-2.
EESD_2016_18 EESD_2016_28
VIII-3.
EESD_2016_36
VIII-4.
EESD_2016_47
VIII-5.
EESD_2016_110
VIII-6. VIII-7.
EESD_2016_121 EESD_2016_152
VIII-8.
EESD_2016_161
VIII-9. VIII-10.
EESD_2016_193 EESD_2016_225
VIII-11.
EESD_2016_304
VIII-12.
EESD_2016_328
Pragmatic study of Fiscal Growth and Environmental Issues Business Model for Dissemination of TERI Cook stoves in Kenya Experimental Study of Oil Based Mud for Minimize Impact on Environment by Using Different Vegetable Oils Determination of Factors and Characteristics of Change of Profession Attitude among Mekong Region Population Health & Environmental Impacts of Slaughter Houses’ Condition on Society – A Case Study of Hyderabad City Hydrology of Upper Indus Basin A Review on Major Environmental Impacts of Petroleum Industry in Pakistan Experiences of Displaced and Host Communities Undergoing Sustainable Development Project: A Case Study of Chashma Barrage Resettlement A Hybrid Solution for Self-Sustaining Green Energy Transmutation Study of Minor Actinides in PWR - Nuclear Waste Management Teaching of New Narrative for Sustainable Renewable Energy Development in Pakistan An-aerobic Co-digestion as an Optimized Technique for the Production of Biogas from Poultry Manure and Buffalo Dung
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Organized by
Sponsored by
Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Group (EEERG)
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan : +92 22 2771214, WhatsApp: +92 300 306 3531, Fax: +92 22 2771382 Website: http://eeerg.muet.edu.pk Email:
[email protected]
Design, Layout and Settings: Engr. Gordhan Das Valasai
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4th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development 2016 (EESD 2016)
Potential of Volunteered Geographic Information for Adaptation of Climate Change Effects in Pakistan Munir Ahmada, b*, Asmat Alia,c, Malik Sikander Hayat Khiyalb, a
Survey of Pakistan, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Preston University, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan c PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan * E-mail address:
[email protected] b
Abstract Climate change is a spatiotemporal phenomenon and global issue, too. It challenges sustainable environment and development. It is anticipated that climate change will affect almost all important sectors like agriculture and food security, water and energy resources, physical infrastructure, forest, biodiversity and marine environment. In order to develop strategies and action plans for adaptation and mitigation effects of climate change demand spatiotemporal information of various kinds presently locked by several organizations which do not give access to their datasets in countries like Pakistan. In this scenario, Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) can be a good option as it is collected and disseminated free of cost by volunteers all over the world. But potential and actual use of VGI remains to be investigated yet in the local context of Pakistan. Therefore, purpose of this paper is to access the potential of VGI for adaptation of climate change effects in the country to inform policy makers as well as other relevant stakeholders about the potential of VGI as well as challenges that hamper its use. We will explore essential scientific literature coupled with latest reports by Work Bank as well as UN to support and report the evidences. © 2016 Munir Ahmad, Asmat Ali, Malik Sikander Hayat Khiyal Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Group (EEERG), Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
Keywords: Climate Change; Volunteered Geographic Information; Sustainbale Development Goals; Environmental Challenges; Spatiotemporal Phenomenon 1.
Introduction
Climate change is one of the common global environmental challenges. It is considered as the most difficult obstacle to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)[1]. Its implications are wide spread across all important domains like agriculture, water, energy, forest, coastal as well as marine environment etc. Some challenges of climate change are mitigated while some challenges are adapted to the local context. SDG 13 titled as “Climate Action” focuses on taking quick actions to tackle the challenges posed by climate change and its impacts. In Pakistan, the effects of climate change will be severe in the coming years. Realizing the gravity of the up surging climate change situation in the country, Government of Pakistan in its vision 2025[2] emphasized largely on climate change issues and the Pillar IV of the vision titled as “Water, Energy and Food Security” underlines the climate change effects. To meet this global challenge, effective climate change adaptation strategies need to be developed utilizing current spatial as well as non-spatial data related to all domains which can be affected by climate change. Traditionally, National Mapping Organizations (NMOs) collect, disseminate and share geospatial information in each country. Due to various reasons, sharing of geospatial information in Pakistan is not yet fully enabled[3]. There are some other countries where geospatial information is not fully accessible. Consequently, the information is not made available to the researchers and policy makers. That’s why the concept of, Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) a kind of spatial information collected by non-professionals voluntarily using latest web and mobile technologies like cloud computing, location
4th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development 2016 (EESD 2016) based services, social media, mobile phones, sensor web etc, is taking root in the world since 2007[4] which is also the focus of this study. Despite the quality concerns of VGI, it is being used globally to benefit a large number of socioeconomic domains like disaster management, health, education, environment, transportation and so on. Free availability and accessibility as well as localness and timeliness projected the VGI as potential candidate to support the adaptation of climate change challenges particularly for the domains like water, agriculture, livestock, coastal as well as marine environment. We therefore, explore VGI to assess its potential for climate change adaptation strategies. Rest of the paper is organized as: Section II briefly explains the motivation for this study. Section III introduces the concept of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) whereas section IV highlights the significance of climate change adaptation. Section V highlights the value of VGI collected by local communities for developing climate change adaptation strategies. Finally last section concludes the study and recommends future research directions. 2.
Motivation
Handling the issue of climate change is of great importance in the context of sustainable development. Pakistan Vision 2025[2] recognizes importance of handling climate change effects to ensure sustainable economic growth and development. Therefore, climate change is national level issue as well as priority for Pakistan. Meeting this challenge, require multiple geospatial datasets. Although efforts are being made in Pakistan to set up an infrastructure for sharing geospatial information produced by various departments but to date, no tangible progress has been made in this regard. VGI is viable solution in this scenario, so it must be investigated for climate change in the local context of Pakistan. Pakistan has sufficient VGI resources such as volunteers, mobile phones, active social media as well as internet users to create and disseminate VGI for taking up the challenges posed by climate change in the country. This backdrop is the main motivation behind this research study. 3.
Volunteer Geographical Information (VGI)
In the recent decade, significant growth has been witnessed for online platforms involved in the production, management and visualization of geographic information. The notion of Volunteer Geographical Information (VGI) was first introduced by Goodchild [4] in 2007. VGI involves production and sharing of spatial data by the common citizen voluntarily by using internet, mobile phones and location sensors like GPS. VGI has been used to collect data for different domains like health, education, environment, forestry, land use, disaster management, and transportation and so on. Although VGI is not comprehensive in its coverage or competent in respect of quality and credibility as authoritative data, yet it may prove as an alternate source to provide updated, locally consistent information as compared to authoritative data [5]. VGI is another custom of crowdsourcing. Various VGI platforms like Open Street Map (OSM) Fig 1(a), Wikimedia Fig 1(b) google map maker, tagzania, foursquare, wayfaring, trapster and waze, has been introduced to collect spatial data for different purposes and field of studies. Collaborative mapping projects permit volunteers to contribute VGI by creating and/or sharing. VGI has the potential to shift the specific mapping related activities from National Mapping Organizations (NMOs) to volunteers if energy, knowledge, time of volunteer is exploited in efficient way[6]. VGI does not appeal much to researchers due to its data accuracy, quality, credibility, social benefit, application and so on [7]. However investigating VGI is multifaceted and one has to take care of different aspects of technology, society and politics [8].
(a)
(b)
4th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development 2016 (EESD 2016) Fig. 1. (a) Open Street Map (https://www.openstreetmap.org) (b) Wikimapia (http://wikimapia.org)
4.
Climate Change Adaptation
Economy of Pakistan is heavily dependent on agriculture that is highly climate sensitive. Therefore, any changes in climate severely affects agriculture. But climate change is a ground reality and considered as one of the greatest threat to all economies and the sectors such as energy, water, agriculture, transport, industries, coastal and marine environment. Pakistan is facing many challenges including climate change which means the country has to compromise on its economy in the future if effective strategies for climate change adaptation are not devised and implemented well in time. For encountering the challenge of climate change effects, mitigation and adaptation are considered as two basic approaches. According to [9] one of the important aspect of food security in Pakistan is sustainable production of wheat and rice as both crops are major source of food for the people of the country. Waters scary and shift in monsoon season due to climate changes, and government pricing policies resulting in inconsistent cultivation pattern of rice and wheat production. This situation badly influences the crop and livestock production as well as farm returns. It is argued that climate change adaptation strategies could help to lessen the impact of climate change effects. According to [10] risk posed by climate change demands the incorporation of adaptation approaches in the country in the domain areas of water, agriculture and costal environment. However, cost associated with the adaptation strategies is relatively high and Pakistan being low economy cannot this cost and require financial assistance from developed countries. Use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) [11] and Geographical Information System (GIS) [12], [13] to combat climate change issues including mitigation and adaptation strategies is being practice since long. To understand the root causes, potential impacts as well as planning the mitigation as well as adaptation strategies of climate change, geographic information (GI) is a crucial component. GI can help to create a climate data infrastructure, integrate earth systems modelling. Or develop a global climate dashboard as asserted in [14]. Thus value of GI cannot be neglected while planning for the climate change adaptation strategies. 5.
VGI for Climate Change Adaptation
Effects of the climate change have been and being noticed throughout the world such as rise in temperature, shifting of rainy seasons, melting of glaciers and rise in sea level etc. To safeguard citizens as well as economy of the country, governments are on the way to devise appropriate strategies to lessen the effects of climate change. Unfortunately, focus of most of the governments remain urban centers. Therefore, remote areas of the developing countries are generally overlooked and local communities of such areas have to use their own resources for devising the adaptation strategies to manage and combat the effects of climate change. The experience of local communities is considered vital to be documented and disseminated for the rest of world to share the experience and benefit from others experiences. Thus research on climate change effective adaptation strategies demands active involvement and collaboration with community members, policy makers as well as other relevant stakeholders. For climate change adaptation strategies in the urban area, rights based approach to facilitate participatory urban planning has been proposed for the city of in Maputo, Mozambique [15]. For Barbados, map based online tools are introduced in a workshop to gather VGI as qualitative observations to identify various kinds of environmental changes concerning tourism[16]. In the study conducted for Australia [17] VGI role to mobilize the community is has been emphasized. Authors experimented in collaboration with the state agency “Tasmania Fire Service “to quantify the trends in community preparedness to counter the bushfire disasters using VGI and social media. For the region of Canadian Arctic, authors suggested important consideration like commencing early communication with communities as well as other important stakeholders, engaging communities in the research and development processes, enabling local employments; and broadcasting research outcomes, while engaging communities for climate change research[18]. The finding of the study conducted for Aiguamolls de l'Empordà, Spain suggested importance of local traditional knowledge along with scientific knowledge is crucial to come up with effective climate change adaptation strategies. The study also recommended participatory approach with due consideration of, economic, social, political environmental and cultural dimensions for climate change analysis[19]. Participatory Action Research (PAR) was used along with capacity-building tool to assist community to upsurge their resilience to climate change. The study suggested that awareness of the issues
4th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development 2016 (EESD 2016) could help the community with greater resilience to climate change and identification of adaptation strategies[20]. In Shelburne County, Nova Scotia, Canada participatory geoweb application named as AdaptNS as show in Fig. 2 has been introduced to coordinate the local adaptation strategies in the context of coastal areas changing climate. AdaptNS provides risks visualizations related to sea level rise as well as storm surge with the help of interactive flood maps for the period (2000 and 2100) and local community members along with decision makers as well as stakeholders are engaged to envision adaptation strategies based on the scenarios presented as risks visualizations[21]. Urban Climate Adaptation Tool (Urban-CAT) Fig. 3 an integrated framework for urban climate adaptation for the urban centers to plan the adaptation strategies. Urban-CAT is scenario based planning tool that is locally consistent to the existing decision making processes[22]. Climate Crowd, Fig. 4 is a collaborative crowd source platform like Wikipedia led by the World Wildlife Funds (WWF) that allows volunteers as well as professional from the remote areas of the world to contribute and share climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. Everyone can participate in the contest and share the experience in the form of personal observations, interviews and stories. Only one interview is shared by WWF from Pakistan titled as “Climate Vulnerability Data”. According to statistics 168 reports has been available on the site to investigate how rest of the world thinking about the climate change and sharing the knowledge as well as information[23]. Climate CoLab, Fig. 5 is a crowd source platform hosted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Center for Collective Intelligence with the aim to tackle the issue of climate change by dividing into smaller components suitable for small group of people to deal with. The goal of platform to connect collective intelligence of huge some of people from all parts of the world, is archived by announcing different contests in various areas of climate change [24].
Fig. 2. Snapshot of AdaptNS Website (http://strauss.uwaterloo.ca/aminano/adaptns/index.php)
4th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development 2016 (EESD 2016)
Fig. 3. Urban-CAT platform Source (https://climatechangescience.ornl.gov/content/urban-cat—improving)
Fig. 4. Snapshot of Climate Crowd Website (https://www.wwfclimatecrowd.org/)
4th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development 2016 (EESD 2016)
Fig. 5. Snapshot of Climate CoLab Website (http://climatecolab.org/)
6.
Conclusion and Future Work
Climate change is ground reality. It is anticipated as one of the major obstacle to sustainable development as endorsed in the UN Sustainable Development Goals and Pakistan’s Vision 2025. Its severe effects are visible everywhere no matter developed and/or developing countries. Almost all the countries are trying to develop climate change adaptation strategies as all of its bad effects cannot be mitigated. To develop the strategies, geospatial information is a prerequisite. However, in countries like Pakistan where geospatial information is not shared yet due to various reasons, VGI is the only option. Many argued the usefulness of VGI for disaster risk management, health and education etc but published literature on VGI for climate change adaptation strategies is really scary. Therefore, in this research we attempted to argue usefulness of VGI for climate change adaptation strategies. We find that VGI has the potential to support preparation and implementation of climate change adaptation strategies as it is collected and shared by local communities who know their areas better than others living thousands and hundreds miles away from the area for which strategies are being developed. This research recommends to further investigate potential of VGI for climate change adaptation strategies at the mezzo level as future work. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
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