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Effect of a Brief Seated Massage on Nursing Student Attitudes to. Touch for
Comfort Care. Paul C. Turkeltaub,1. Edilma L. Yearwood,1. Erika Friedmann,2.
Effect of a Brief Seated Massage on Nursing Student Attitudes to Touch for Comfort Care Paul C. Turkeltaub,1 Edilma L. Yearwood,1 Erika Friedmann,2 Georgetown University School of Nursing and Health Studies1 University of Maryland School of Nursing2
Background CAM
NCCAM defines CAM as a group of diverse medical practices that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine 83 million adults utilize CAM in U.S. Out-of-pocket cost: ~$33.9 billion/yr CAM use increased in chronic conditions CAM most often used for pain (back/neck) followed by self-defined anxiety or depression Sherman et al (2010) Depress Anxiety
Background CAM
CAM use significantly associated with health literacy Bains & Egede (2011) BMC CAM CAM more commonly used by women of reproductive age: 49% reporting use Smith et al. (2012) Cochrane Library
Higher CAM use associated with health seeking behaviors: treating health problemspain/enhancing health- preventing disease NCCAM 2010
CAM increased in higher SES/education
Background CAM: MASSAGE
Massage most frequently used CAM modality : 59% used for wellness/improve energy Hawk (2012) Preventive Med Massage most often used to treat conditions that limited functional ability okoro (2011) Comp Ther Med
Massage involves manipulation of the body’s soft tissues to help relax tense muscles and to soothe and calm
BACKGROUND MASSAGE: MECHANISMS In exercise induced muscle damage, 10 min. massage reduced inflammatory mediators and promoted mitochondrial biogenesis Crane et al (2012) Sci Trans Med
In Breast cancer fatigue, massage lead to an immediate increase in HRV. Increased HRV was associated with decreased fatigue and improved mood. Mood improvement was dependent on a positive attitude to massage. Hernandez-Lao et al (2012) Eur J cancer care
Massage Therapy RCT
In breast cancer, depression significantly reduced immediately after massage Krohn (2011) Support Care Cancer In bone Mets, improved mood, relaxation, and decreased pain Jane (2011) Pain In healthy subjects increased cervical ROM and decreased EMG signal Selfon (2011) Manual Ther In postmenopausal, decreased BDI, improvement in insomnia, and MENQOL Oliviera (2012) Climacteric Improved function in low back Cherkin (2011) Ann Int Med and neck pain Sherman (2009) Clin J Pain
PURPOSE
To compare the effects of two different intensities of touch [high (H) vs low (L)] in two brief seated massages on the attitudes of nursing students to touch for their own self care and for utilization by them in patient care
METHODOLOGY
A convenience sample of nursing students gave IRB informed consent to undergo a 15 minute seated massage by a CMT Each subject received L or H touch in a block 2 randomized order within-subject design Questionnaire/VAS pertaining to physical/affective/and attitudinal status were obtained before and after each massage Linear mixed models nested within subject to control for carryover effects were performed
Demographics (N = 29) Variable Age (years) Gender : female
Ethnicity White, not of Hispanic origin Marital Status Single Nursing Program 2nd Degree Prior Massage Experience
Comparison of Improvement After High and Low Dose Massage
Likelihood of Receiving and Providing Touch (-10=Much Less Likely; 10=Much More Likely)
p < .001
Likelihood
6
Low Dose High Dose p = .003
4
2
0
Receive Touch
Provide Touch
Conclusion
A brief massage of sufficient intensity elicits significant improvement in overall and multiple domains of well being
Nursing students experiencing such an effective massage have a significant increase in their likelihood of being both a future recipient of massage for their self care as well as a provider of massage for patient care
Massage in Nursing
Historically the nurse has provided basic comfort measures that included massage Guided by Nightingale in 1860, St. Thomas Hospital Nurse Training School included massage as part of nurses’ training and qualifications Evidence of massage efficacy/CAM utilization should help refocus attention on massage in the nursing curriculum as a therapeutic modality to reduce stress and pain while promoting comfort, relaxation, and well being. Ruffin (2011) J Holist Nurs
Limitations
Convenience sample of nursing students was not a representative sample Most of the nursing students who volunteered had previously experienced massage Only one therapist (unrepresentative of the massage therapist demographic) administered massage
Recommendations for Future Research
Use a sample of nursing students with a wide range of experience/attitude to massage Use a variety of therapists of same/opposite sex to administer massage Compare nursing students who have massage incorporated in their nursing curriculum for self/patient care to students who do not as to their attitude to touch for comfort care and their respective states of well being.
This Research Study Was Supported by a Grant from Sigma Theta Tau International: Tau Chapter Georgetown University
