Pr oce eed din ngs

1 downloads 0 Views 1MB Size Report
ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF THE HARE POPULATION IN THE HUNTING ... GAME IN THE HUNTING GROUNDS OF VOJVODINA Ristić A. Z., Nađ I.,.


ww ww.huntssymposiium.com m

“M MOD DERN N ASP PECT TS OF F SUSTAIN NABL LE MA ANAG GEME ENT OF GAME G E PO OPULA LATIO ON”

   





Proceeed din ngs No ovi O ber, 20013. Saad, Serrbia, 17-20 Octob



U University y of Novi Sad, Facculty of Agricultur A re Novvi Sad, Seerbia

2nd INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HUNTING “MODERN ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF GAME“

PROCEEDINGS

Novi Sad, Serbia, 17-20 October, 2013.

University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture Novi Sad, Serbia

ISBN: 978-86-7520-279-0 UDC: 639.1(082) International symposium on hunting “Modern aspects of sustainable management of game population” Publisher University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia Phone: +38121 485 35 00; www.polj.uns.ac.rs Editor in chief Prof. dr Miloš Beuković, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Serbia Editors Prof. dr Zoran Popović, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Zemun, Serbia Prof. dr Nenad Đorđević, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Zemun, Serbia Prof. dr Milutin Đorđević, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Serbia Prof. dr Mihajla Đan, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Serbia mr Dejan Beuković, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Serbia MScEF Vukan Lavadinović, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Germany

Paper Review All papers reviewed by the international Board of Reviewers Cover mr Dejan Beuković Printed by „Stojkov” Novi Sad Number of copies 100 copies

SUPPORTED BY

Organizing Board: President Prof. dr Miloš BEUKOVIĆ ~ University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Serbia Prof. dr Zoran POPOVIĆ ~ University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Zemun, Serbia Prof. dr Nenad ĐORĐEVIĆ ~ University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Zemun, Serbi Prof. dr Milutin ĐORĐEVIĆ ~ University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Serbia Prof. dr Mihajla ĐAN ~ University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Serbia

Symposium secretary: mr Dejan BEUKOVIĆ ~ University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Serbia MScEF Vukan LAVADINOVIĆ ~ Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Germany M.Sc Nevena VELIČKOVIĆ ~ University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Serbia M.Sc Nikola PUVAČA ~ University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Serbia

Organizers University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Serbia

University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Serbia

University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Zemun, Serbia

University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Serbia „Ss Cyril and Methodius“ University in Skopje, Faculty of Forestry, F.Y. Republic of Macedonia “Albert Ludwig” University of Freiburg, Faculty ofj Environment and Natural Resources, Germany

kj

Honorary Board: Prof dr. Dragan GLAMOČIĆ Dipl. ecc Danilo GOLUBOVIĆ Prof. dr Radivoje MITROVIĆ mr Nenad KATANIĆ Prof. dr Dragoslav PETROVIĆ Prof. dr Miroslav VESKOVIĆ Prof. dr Milan POPOVIĆ Prof. dr Milica PETROVIĆ Prof. dr Vlado TEODOROVIĆ Prof.dr Neda Mimica DUKIĆ Prof. dr Milan MEDAREVIĆ dr. Al Mahmoud Daghistani MASSOUD Dipl ecc. Igor BRAUNOVIĆ dipl ing. Milan PAŽIN

Ministry of Agriculture, Trade, Forestry and Water management, Department of Forestry Government of Republic of Serbia – Minister Ministry of Agriculture, Trade, Forestry and Water management, Department of Forestry Government of Republic of Serbia – State secretary Ministry of Education and Science Development, Government of Republic of Serbia – State secretary Ministry of Agriculture, Trade, Forestry and Water management, Department of Forestry Government of Republic of Serbia – Deputy Minister Provincial Secretariat for Science And Technological Development, Autonomous Province of Vojvodina University of Novi Sad, Rector of the University University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Serbia, Dean University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Serbia, Dean University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Serbia, Dean University of Novi Sad, Faculty Science, Serbia, Dean Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Dean General secretary, Kennel Club of Republic Serbia State Enterprise for Forest Management "Srbijašume" Belgrade., General Manager Hunt Association of Vоjvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia

Symposium supported by: • • •

Ministry of Agriculture, Trade, Forestry and Water management Ministry of Education and Science Provincial Secretariat for Science And Technological Development, Autonomous Province of Vojvodina

Scientific Board: Prof. dr Miloš BEUKOVIĆ

(Serbia)

Prof. dr Rory PUTMAN, professor emeritus

(United Kingdom)

Prof. dr Jon SWENSON

(Norway)

Prof. dr Zoran POPOVIĆ

(Serbia)

Prof. dr Milutin ĐORĐEVIĆ

(Serbia)

Prof. dr Nenad ĐORĐEVIĆ

(Serbia)

Prof. dr Vladimir MALETIĆ

(F.Y. Republic of Macedonia)

Prof. dr Algimantas PAULAUSKAS

(Lithuania)

Prof. dr Ulrich SCHRAML

(Germany)

Prof. dr Ladislav PAULE

(Slovakia)

Prof. dr Sándor CSÁNYI

(Hungaria)

Prof. dr Dragan GVOZDIĆ

(Serbia)

Prof. dr Duško ĆIROVIĆ

(Serbia)

Prof. dr Ivan KOS

(Slovenia)

Prof. dr Tihomir FLORIJANČIĆ

(Croatia)

Prof. dr Hristo MIHAILOV

(Bulgaria)

Prof. dr Mile POČUČA

(Serbia)

Prof. dr Rajko TEPAVAC

(Serbia)

Prof dr Zoran RISTIĆ

(Serbia)

Prof. dr Zdravko JANICKI

(Croatia)

Doc. Ing. Jaroslav SLAMEČKA, CSc

(Slovakia)

Asst. prof. dr. Yusuf Ziya OGRAK

(Turkey)

Asst. prof. dr. Mihajla ĐAN

(Serbia)

Asst. prof.dr. Ivan STANČIĆ

(Serbia)

Symposium supported by: • • •

Kennel Club of Serbia State Enterprise for Forest Management "Srbijašume" Vectornic Aerospace

2nd International Symposium on Hunting, » Мodern aspects of sustainable management of game populations« Novi Sad, Serbia, 17 – 20. October, 2013. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

PLENARY LESTURES POTENTIAL EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF HUNTING BROWN BEARS Swenson, J. E., Zedrosser, A., Bischof, R.____________________________________________ 1-4

1. MANAGEMENT OF GAME POPULATIONS THE BROWN BEAR IN EUROPEAN RUSSIA: HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS Vaisfeld, M., Pushkaryov, S._______________________________________________________ 5-12 GOLDEN JACKAL: OPINION VERSUS FACTS - EXPERIENCES FROM SERBIA AND HUNGARY Heltai, M., Ćirović, D., Szabó, L., Penezić, A., Nagyapáti, N., Kurys, A., Lanszki, J.______________________________________________________________________ 13-20 CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF LARGE CARNIVORES IN SERBIA – CAN A PASSIVE APPROACH LEAD TO A POSITIVE OUTCOME? Paunović, M., Milenković, M._______________________________________________________ 21-28 SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT IN HARE POPULATIONS IN VOJVODINA IN THE YEAR 2012, ALONG WITH A REVIEW OF THE LAST TEN YEARS Beuković M., Popović Z., Beuković, D.___________________________________________________________ 29-38 ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF THE HARE POPULATION IN THE HUNTING GROUNDS OF CENTRAL SERBIA Popović, Z., Beuković, М., Milošević, G._______________________________________________ 39-47 ACTUAL STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN BROWN HARE (LEPUS EUROPAEUS) POPULATION IN SLOVAKIA Slamečka, J., Sládeček, T., Gašparík, J., Jurčík, R., Paule, L.______________________________ 48-53 DENSITY OF BROWN HARE (LEPUS EUROPAEUS PALLAS, 1778) IN THE PLAIN HABITATS OF BULGARIA Zhelev C., Ninov N., Mihaylov H., Gruychev G., Stoyanov S., Mirchev R.____________________ 54-59 THE CALCULATION OF LOSSES IN HARES IN VOJVODINA FOR THE PERIOD FROM 1967. TO 2011 Ristić A. Z., Nađ I., Urošević I.M., Matejević M., Sajko, G.______________ 60-66 BROWN HARE SPOTLIGHT CENSUS: ALTERNATIVE VS. TRADITIONAL METHOD Lavadinović, V., Beuković, M., Beuković, D., Namestovski Z., Friđeš, R._____________________ 67-72 CORRELATION OF HUNTING MASS WITH REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF FEMALE HARE (LEPUS EUROPAEUS P.) Beuković M., Stančić I,. Božić A., Beuković D., Djan, M., Velićković, N.______________________ 73-78 ANALYSES OF TROPHY WORTHINESS OF RED DEER'S (Cervus elaphus L.) ANTLERS IN THE BARANJA REGION (EASTERN CROATIA)Tot, Z., Degmečić, D., Pintur, K., Florijančić, T., Ozimec, S., Bošković, I._______________________________________ 79-83

2nd International Symposium on Hunting, » Мodern aspects of sustainable management of game populations« Novi Sad, Serbia, 17 – 20. October, 2013. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

DETERMINATION OF REAL GROWTH AND TROPHY STRUCTURE OF DEER GAME IN THE HUNTING GROUNDS OF VOJVODINA Ristić A. Z., Nađ I., Urošević I.M., Matejević M., Sajko, G.________________________________________________ 84-90 THE IMPORTANCE OF LONG-TERM AND LARGE-SCALE DATA SETS IN THE EVALUATION OF RED DEER MANAGEMENT Csányi, S._____________________________ 91-99 WINTER MORTALITY IN THE POPULATION OF GREY PARTRIGES (Perdix perdix L.) Maletić, V., Stojčevski, D., Lavadinović, V.__________________________________________ 100-105 EURASIAN LYNX IN THE CENTER OF EUROPEAN RUSSIA IN THE BEGINNING OF THIS CENTURY: DISTRIBUTION, NUMBER AND HARVEST Vaisfeld, M., Pushkaryov, S., Gubar, Yu.____________________________________________ 106-1113 ABUNDANCE DYNAMICS OF GAMEBIRDS (ANSERIFORMES, CHARADRIIFORMES) IN THE REGION OF LAGOONS OF THE WESTERN COAST OF THE MIDDLE CASPIAN SEA Vilkov, Ye.V.______________________________________________________ 114-122 HABITAT SELECTION OF EURASIAN WOODCOCK SCOLOPAX RUSTICOLA URING THE SPRING MIGRATION PERIOD IN HUNGARY Schally, G., Katona, K., Bleier, N., Szemethy, L.____________________________________ 123-129 PLANNED HARMONIZATION OF GAME MANAGEMENT AND FOREST MANAGEMENT Medarević, M., Šljukić, B., Obradović, S., Ćirović, P. ___________________ 130-137 REVIEW OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING POPULATION NUMBERS AND DENSITY OF WILD UNGULATES IN POLAND Bobek, B., Bieniek, M., Bek, M., Borowska, A._________________________________________ 138-143 WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT FROM PREDATOR-POOR TO PREDATOR-RICH SYSTEMS, A PERSPECTIVE FROM MONTANA USA Alt, K., Hamlin, K., Kujala, Q.____________________________________________________ 144-149 HUNTING AND FISHING AREAS INTEGRAL MANAGEMENT Šarčević, B., Obradović, S., Đekić, V., Šekler, M., Marković, M., Živkov-Baloš, M., Stefanović, R.___________________________________________________ 150-154 CONTEMPORARY CONDITION AND THE THREATS TO POPULATION OF WOLVERINE GULO GULO IN THE EUROPEAN RUSSIA Emelyanova , L., Gubar, Y._______________________________________________________ 155-157

CYCLES OF ABUNDANCE DYNAMICS OF SQUIRREL (Sciurus vulgaris, L.) IN TRANSBAIKALIA, RUSSIA Agafonov, G.M. , Yerdakov, L.N. _________________________ 153-161

2. GAME NUTRITITION

2nd International Symposium on Hunting, » Мodern aspects of sustainable management of game populations« Novi Sad, Serbia, 17 – 20. October, 2013. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

IS SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING ESSENTIAL FOR RED DEER (CERVUS ELAPHUS) IN HUNGARY? Katona, K., Terhes, A., Bartucz, K., Szemethy, L.______________________________________ 162-168 SEASONAL DIET COMPOSITION OF RED DEER (CERVUS ELAPHUS) IS AFFECTED BY GAME PRESERVATION Szemethy, L., Katona, K., Mátrai, K., Sonkoly, K., Szabó, L., Schally, G., Galló, J., Bleier, N.________________________ 169-172 PHEASANT CHICKS MORTALITY DEPENDING ON DIET ON THE FARM AND YEAR Đorđević, N., Bojović, B., Popović, Z., Beuković, M., Beuković, D., Đorđević, M.____________________________________________ 173-177 PRESENCE OF AFLATOXIN B1 IN LIVER OF BROWN HARE Beuković, D., Krstović, S., Beuković, M., Jajić, I., Popović, Z., Đorđević, N.________________ 178-184 DIFFERENT ORGANIC SELENIUM CONCENTRATION EFFECT ON COMMON PHEASANT (Phasianus colchicus) PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS Šarčević, B., Obradović, S., Đekić, V., Šekler, M., Marković, M., Živkov-Baloš, M., Stefanović, R.____________________________ 185-190

3. GENETIC AND GAME CONSERVATION BROWN HARES IN HUNTING AREAS OF VOJVODINA: GENETIC DIVERSITY AS REVEALED BY mtDNA SEQUENCES Đan, M., Veličković, N., Obreht, D., Stefanović, M., Beuković, D., Beuković, M. _____________________________________________________ 191-196 GENETIC DIVERSITY OF CAPERCAILLIE (Tetrao urogallus L.) ALONGTHE CARPATHIANS Paule, L., Klinga, P., Mikoláš, M., Zhelev, P. .________________________________________ 197-203

ESTIMATON OF GENETIC VARIABILITY OF WILD BOAR POPULATIONS IN VOJVODINA BASED ON MICROSATELLITES Veličković, N., Đan, M., Ferreira, E., Obreht, D., Beuković, M., Fonseca, C.______________ 204-208

4. HEALTH CARE OF GAME DISINFECTION AS A BIOSAFETY MEASURE IN PHEASENT FARMS Đorđević, M., Pesić, B., Radanović, O.______________________________________________ 209-214

ROLE OF FOXES (VULPES VULPES L.) IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HELMINTH ZOONOSES IN URBAN ENVIRONMENT CONDITION Pavlović, I., Đorđević, M., Pavlović, M., Kulišić, Z., Ćirović, D._________________________ 215-219

2nd International Symposium on Hunting, » Мodern aspects of sustainable management of game populations« Novi Sad, Serbia, 17 – 20. October, 2013. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

THE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS OF RESPIRATORY TRACT OF WILD BOARS Prodanov-Radulović, J., Došen, R., Pušić, I., Stojanov, I., Petrović, T., Urošević, M._________ 220-224 HEALTH MONITORING OF FREE-RANGING WOLVES (Canis Lupus) IN GERMANY Szentiks, C. A., Lesniak, I., Fritsch, G., Galateanu, G., Grobbel, M., Reinhardt, I., Kluth, G., Ellerbroek, L., Nöckler, K., Müller, T., Aue, A., Wittstatt, U., Hildebrandt, T.B., Krone, O.________________________ 225-228

TICK SPECIES (ACARI: IXODIDAE) OF RED FOXES (VULPES VULPES) IN SERBIA Tomanović, S., Radulović, Ž., Ćakić, S., Mihaljica, D., Sukara, R., Penezić, A., Burazerović, J., Ćirović, D._____________________________________________ 229-235 ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN VARIUS GAME MEAT SPECIES IN SERBIA Mitrović, B., Vitorović, G., Lazarević-Macanović, M., Krstić, N., Andrić, V., Grdović S., Vitorović, D._________________ 236-238 ENVIRONMENTAL LEVEL OF MERCURY AND CADMIUM IN DEERS AND WILD BOARS FROM DIFFERENT SERBIAN HUNTING AREAS Petrović, Z., Vranić, D., Đinović-Stojanović, J., Milićević, D., Lukić, M., Nikolić, D.__________ 239-244 IMAGE-GUIDED VIRTUAL BALLISTIC FINDINGS APPLIED FOR MONITORING OF FREE-RANGING WOLVES (CANIS LUPUS) IN GERMANY Galateanu, G., Fritsch, G., Szentiks, C.A., Krone, O., Hildebrandt, T. B.__________________________________________________________ 245-248 CONFIRMATION OF CARBOFURAN POISONING OF WILDLIFE Mihaljev, Ž., Marić, B., Ratajac, R., Živkov-Baloš, M., Jakšić, S._________________________249-253 SEROPREVALENCE OF PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS TYPE 2 (PCV2) INFECTION IN WILD SWINE IN SERBIA Stojanac, N., Stevančević, O., Potkonjak, A., Lupulović, D., Stančić, I.______________________________________________ 254-257

5. HUNTING LEGISLATION, TOURISM AND HUMAN DIMENSION IN WILDLIFE COMPARISON OF THE FAT AND PROTEIN CONTENT IN THE RED DEER HIND MEAT FROM CONFINED AND OPEN AREAS Bleier, N., Galló, J., Szabó, L., Balázs, B., Tóth, B., Biró, Zs., Heltai, M., Szemethy, L.______________ 258-264

TREND IN GAME MEAT PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION IN HUNGARY OVER THE PERIOD 1970-2012 Bleier, N., Biró, Zs., Galló, J., Szemethy, L., Csányi, S.______________________________ 265-271

2nd International Symposium on Hunting, » Мodern aspects of sustainable management of game populations« Novi Sad, Serbia, 17 – 20. October, 2013. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Original scientific paper UDC: 639.112:357.6

PRESENCE OF AFLATOXIN B1 IN LIVER OF BROWN HARE Beuković, D. 1, Beuković, M.1, Jajić, I.1, Krstović S.1, Popović Z. 2, Đorđević N.2

Summary: One hundred and sixty seven samples of brown hare’s liver were tested for aflatoxin B1 content. Sample analysis was performed using ELISA test kits, after method validation. Liver samples were taken from eight different locations in Vojvodina which included areas of Sonta, Voganj, Bačka Palanka, Bačka Topola, Plandište, Kraljevci, Novo Miloševo and Gložan. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in 49 (29.3%) samples with the highest incidence in Bačka Topola area (64.0%). Results were grouped and compared by their location and by the aflatoxin level (1-1.5 µg/kg, 1.5-2 µg/kg, and over 2 µg/kg or absence). Statistical significance testing among locations was also performed. Significantly higher average aflatoxin B1 content was obtained in samples from Bačka Topola, compared to the aflatoxin B1 content in samples from most of other locations.The occurrence of B1 in liver of hares on the localities listed above is the result of consumption of autumn harvest leftovers which were contaminated by aflatoxin B1. The contamination level is directly connected with the level of contamination of food and the length of using it. Based on the high level of aflatoxin B1 in the analyzed sample of corn (harvested in 2012) in the amount of 56,4% (Kos at al. 2013) and 63,6% (Jajić et al. 2013b), respectively, it could be concluded that it is one of the main reasons of contamination. Key words: aflatoxin B1, brown hare, ELISA, liver. Introduction Mycotoxins, as secondary fungal metabolites, have a great impact on human and animal health. Nearly all of the mycotoxins are cytotoxic, disrupting various cellular structures such as membranes, and interfering with vital cellular processes such as protein, RNA and DNA synthesis (Guerre et al., 2000). Aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, and AFM2), a group of potent carcinogenic and teratogenic mycotoxins, are produced by some Aspergillus spp.: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus nomius (Kurtzman et al., 1987; Martins et al., 1989). Among all aflatoxins, the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent hepatocarcinogenic substance known; recently, after a thorough risk evaluation, it has been proven to be also genotoxic (Van Egmond & Jonker, 2004; Zain, 2011). Mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, can have very pervasive, yet sub-clinical, effects on the health of rabbits that more often go unnoticed. When the clinical symptoms of mycotoxin poisoning are observed, significant damage has occurred already (Mézes, 2009). Rabbit is a highly susceptible species to aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus molds and amongst most sensitive animal species to aflatoxin (Baker and Green, 1987). Also, younger/smaller animals are more susceptible to aflatoxins compared to older/bigger ones (Scussel et al,. 2006). Feeding diet naturally contaminated with 50 µg/kg AFB1 has caused lesions in the liver, absence of lobular architecture (Abdelhamid et al., 2002). Aflatoxicosis in rabbits results in with anaemia (Keçeci et al., 1998), inhibition of immune function (Çelik et al., 2000), harmful effects in the liver and kidneys (Jindal et al., 1994), mutagenesis, teratogenesis, carcinogenesis and haemorrhages (Şehu et al., 2005). AFB1 toxicity also caused damage of other tissues, such as kidney, testicles, brain and thyroids (Lakkawar et al., 2004). The teratogenic effects of AFB1 were described as enlarged eye sockets and enlarged liver of embryos (Wangikar et al., 2005). Beside the feed as the

Dejan Beuković, MSc., research contributor Miloš Beuković, PhD, professor, , Igor Jajić, PhD, docent, Saša Krstović, research contributor Faculty of Agriculture, Novi Sad, Serbia; Corresponding author: Dejan Beuković, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; E-mail: [email protected]; Phone: +381 21 485-3492. 2 Zoran Popović, PhD, 2Professor; Nenad Đorević PhD, Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun, Republic of Serbia; Corresponding author: Dejan Beuković, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; E-mail: [email protected]; Phone: +381 21 485-3492. 1

178

2nd International Symposium on Hunting, » Мodern aspects of sustainable management of game populations« Novi Sad, Serbia, 17 – 20. October, 2013. _____________________________________________________________________________________________

primary route of AFB1 intake, inhalation of contaminated dust particles may result in high local exposure of the nasal mucosa (Larsson and Tjälve, 2000). Clinical signs of aflatoxicosis in wildlife vary according to the dose received, the time period of exposure, and species of animal (Dhanasekaran et al., 2011). Toxic effects can be divided into acute, subacute and chronic exposures (Stewart and Larson, 2002). Acute effects reflect severe liver disease. Subacute effects may allow animals to live for a longer period of time. Chronic effects are generally related to impaired liver function. The aim of this study was to determine level of aflatoxin B1 content in liver of brown hare and its geographic distribution in Serbia.

Materials and Methods Samples were obtained from 167 specimens of brown hare. The analyses included micro-population of brown hare during harvesting season 2012, from these location Sonta (45N 35' 34.44''; 19W 07' 32.9664'') Voganj (45N 0' 21.0096''; 19W 44' 13.596''), Bačka Palanka (45N 16' 34.8096''; 19W 24' 28.3104''), Bačka Topola (45N 49' 58.8822"; 19W 36' 44.3226") Plandište (45N 14' 9.5136''; 21W 9' 43.4556''), Kraljevci (44N 58' 13.386''; 19W 52' 0.1704''), Novo Miloševo (45N 43' 39.0468''; 20W 16' 17.3706''), Gložan (45N 17' 41.769''; 19W 34' 11.0634''). Extraction Exactly 10 g of blended samples was weighed in a 150 ml beaker. Aflatoxin was extracted with 50 ml of 70% methanol on a magnetic stirrer (Auto Science, China) for 30 min at 8,000 rpm. Crude extract was then filtered through 5B Advantec filter paper. Analysis The immunochemical analysis was performed using the Celer afla B1, Quantitative Test Kit (Tecna, Italy) with five calibration standard solutions (0, 1, 5, 20 and 40 µg/kg). Analytical procedure was carried out according to manufacturer’s procedure. Optical densities on the basis of which aflatoxin content was calculated were read using the reader of microtitration plates with a 450 nm filter (BioTec Instruments, USA). Results and Discussion Validation parameters of method for aflatoxin determination were estimated according to Commission Regulation (EC/657/2002). Limit of detection (LOD) was calculated as 3.3 times standard deviation of 10 replicates of blank sample while limit of quantification (LOQ) was calculated as 10 times standard deviation of 10 replicates of blank sample. LOD for aflatoxin in feed samples was 0.32 µg/kg and LOQ was 0.97 µg/kg. Average recovery value, based on analysis sample “spiked” with aflatoxin B1 standard solution (Supelco, USA), was 108.6% which is within acceptable limits according to Commission Regulation (EC/657/2002). Precision was estimated in terms of repeatability with standard deviation of 0.37 and as reproductivity with HORRAT value of 0.024. Both parameters can be described as “acceptable”. Measure uncertainty was calculated in accordance with Handbook for Calculation of Measurement Uncertainty in Environmental Laboratories (2012) and it was 37.4%. The obtained results showed that the proposed analytical method is valid for control purposes of aflatoxin B1 in liver samples. Aflatoxin B1 content was determinated in liver samples and the results are presented in table 1. The results are grouped by its location and by the aflatoxin level (1-1.5 µg/kg, 1.5-2 µg/kg, and over 2 µg/kg or absence). Based on these results, it can be seen that in Backa Topola was noted the presence of aflatoxin in 14 (out of 25) of hares. The level of 1-1.5 µg/kg was obtained in 3 individuals (12%) while the level of 1.5-2 µg/kg was found in 12 hares which is 48% of the total number of hares in the sample, through the group with aflatoxin B1 content over 2 µg/kg, established this level in one individual. (Table 1, Graph 1).

179

2nd International Symposium on Hunting, » Мodern aspects of sustainable management of game populations« Novi Sad, Serbia, 17 – 20. October, 2013. _____________________________________________________________________________________________

Table 1. Presence aflatoxin B1 in brown hare liver Presence of aflatoxin B1 (µg/kg) 1-1,5 1,5 >2 (%) (%) (%)

Location

Sample size (n)

N. D.

Sonta Bačka Palanka Plandište

20 20 18

Bačka Topola Novo Miloševo Gložan Kraljevci Voganj Total

25 14 18 24 28 167

19 17 18 9 11 13 15 16

2 3 3 5 9 11

118

33

10.0 12.0 21.4 27.8 37.5 39.3 19.8

1 1 12 1 15

5.0 5.0 48,0 3,6 9.0

1 1

2.5 0.9

Area Backa Topola can be labeled as the critical given that the detection of aflatoxin B1 was observed in more than half of the total number of individuals sampled from this area. When it comes to site Voganj (Table 1, Graph 1), the presence of aflatoxin was obtained at level of 1-1.5 µg/kg in 11 (of 28) hares, which is 39.3% of the total number of sampled hares. As can be seen from table 2, average aflatoxin B1 content in samples from Bačka Topola, Kraljevci and Voganj was significantly higher (p