its analysis, they may be doing it wrong. The method is a jealous lover that takes over the researcher's waking and sleeping hours... (Charmaz, 2007, p. 16).
Presenter Disclosures Rachel M. Smith (1) The following personal financial relationships with commercial interests relevant to this presentation existed during the past 12 months:
No relationships to disclose
An Intersectional & Community Engaged Approach to Address Intimate Partner Violence among Sexual Minority Women R ACHEL M. S MITH & E RIC S. M ANKOWSKI P O R T L A N D S T A T E U N IV E R S IT Y LGBTQ C AUCUS OF P UBLIC H EALTH P ROFESSIONALS APHA A NNUAL M EETING
2 N O V E M B E R 2016
Presentation Outline PART I. INTRODUCTION Contextual Review Conceptual Review
PART II. AN INTERSECTIONAL & COMMUNITY-ENGAGED APPROACH Research Questions Methods & Participants Data Analysis & Findings Limits & Implications
Problem Statement:
Prevalence of IPV among Sexual Minority Women
RECENT NATIONAL ESTIMATES INDICATE THAT ... Lifetime IPV Victimization among Women
Sexual minority women experience IPV victimization at rates comparable to heterosexual and cis-gender women.
Same-gender IPV perpetration constitutes at least half of lesbianidentified women's IPV victimization experiences.
Lesbian Bisexual Heterosexual
Severe Physical Psychological
39% 49% 24%
63% 76% 48%
"... More than two-thirds of lesbian women (67.4%) identified only female perpetrators." — (2011 Data from the National Intimate Partner & Sexual Violence Survey; Walters et al., 2013 pp. 22, 23, & 27)
Sexual and gender minority women of color, bisexual women, and transgender women experience disproportionately high rates of IPV.
— (National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs, 2015)
Problem Statement:
Heterosexist Gender Role Stereotyping of Lesbian Romantic Relationships and Same-Gender IPV
SEVERAL MACRO-LEVEL FACTORS perpetuate a lack of cohesive understandings of and comprehensive intervention strategies for FSSIPV: •
Homophobia within education and research
•
Lack of funding for FSSIPV research and services
•
Reliance on hetero-normative frameworks in IPV research and intervention/prevention practice
Conceptual Review: Gender Roles, Minority Stress, & FSSIPV GENDER ROLE ADHERENCE & GENDER ROLE STRESS R. Smith et al., (2015)'s deconstructive model predicting heterosexual men's perpetration of sexual coercion IPV
MINORITY STRESS Balsam & Szymanski (2005) One of the first and only systematic empirical examinations of the role of minority stress in FSSIPV
Gender Role Stress
FSSIPV-P .24***
Dominance
.41***
.33***
MF-IPV
.20**
-.41*
Internalized Homophobia
-.25*
Relationship Quality -.49*
Anti-femininity
Like other past IPV-specific research, however, the deconstructive model is incomplete in terms of its ability to speak to the specific contextual factors surrounding female same-sex IPV perpetration.
FSSIPV-V
Conceptual Review: A Working Intersectional Model Predicting SameGender IPV among Sexual Minority Women
Members of systematically marginalized groups may internalize & adhere to the same cultural norms that function as tools for oppression
(Sidanius & Pratto, 2000)
Gender Role Adherence
Gender Identity
Gender Role Stress (GRS)
Dominance
FSS-IPV
GRS•MS Minority Stress (MS)
Antifemininity
The Present Study: Overview Goals: • Inform the constructs and implied relations currently within an intersectional model predicting FSSIPV • Evaluate the construct validity and construct domain coverage of a subset of currently available gender, minority stress, and IPV-relevant survey measures.
Design: • QUALITATIVE EMERGENT DESIGN APPROACH: 10 One-on-One interviews, 1 focus group
N TOTAL = 14
• CODEBOOK DEVELOPMENT through Grounded Theory-based inductive thematic analysis • MEASUREMENT EVALUATION using inductively-derived codebook
T he Pr esent S tu d y :
Research Questions RQ1. To what extent are sexual minority women’s experiences and identities accurately captured by the constructs present in the intersectional model adapted from Smith et al. (2014)
RQ2. To what extent are sexual minority women’s experiences and identities adequately captured in survey measures developed to assess the constructs in the intersectional model?
RQ1a. Are sexual minority women’s experiences and identities sufficiently represented in the model constructs?
RQ2a. Are the constructs in the intersectional model sufficiently covered by the survey measures?
RQ1b. Do the relations among the constructs in the intersectional model accurately represent sexual minority women’s experiences and identities?
RQ2b. Are the operational definitions of the constructs in the survey measures for the intersectional model accurately representative of sexual minority women’s experiences and identities?
Recruitment Efforts & Community Partners
Participants
Metho d s: S a m pli ng & R ecr u i tm ent
Metho d s: Pa r ti c i pa nt C a teg o r i es Relationship Status N In Relationship 10 Single 4
IPV Victimization No IPV-V Yes IPV-V
N
6 8
IPV Perpetration N No IPV-P 12 Yes IPV-P 2
Sexual Orientation
Pa r ti c i pa nt D em o g r a phi c s
Age
Race & Ethnicity
Methods: Interview & Focus Group Content Q1: Stereotypes about LGBTQ Women (Discussion Starter)
Q2: Identity (Direct)
Emergent Qualitative Design Specific attention given to gender role adherence, gender role stress, and minority stress on the lives of sexual minority women
Q3: Gender Roles (Indirect)
Q4: Minority Stress (Indirect)
Q5: Gender Role Stress (Direct) Q6: Social Change (Wrap-Up)
(Morgan, 1997)
RQ-1 Data Analysis: Construct-focused
Inductive contacts with respondents can supplement deductive contacts with theory as a source of hypotheses. (Morgan, 1997, p. 27)
5 CONSTRUCT CATEGORIES (CCS) determined by interview & focus group questions: CC1. Stereotypes CC2. Identity CC3. Gender Roles & Gender Expression
GROUNDED THEORY APPROACH (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Charmaz, 2011; Fereday & Muir-Cochrane, 2006)
CC4. Gender Role Stress & Minority Stress CC5. Social Change
Transcription & initial analytic memoing
Q1: Stereotypes about LGBTQ Women
Systematic Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA)
Q2: Identity
Q3: Gender Roles
1. Open-coding 2. Focused-coding 3. Axial-coding
Q4: Minority Stress
Q5: Gender Role Stress Q6: Social Change
R Q -1 F i ndi ng s
GROUNDED THEORY APPROACH Transcription
A theoretically-driven and comprehensive codebook grounded in the experiences and identities of participants.
Analytic memoing Systematic QDA 1. Open-coding
REFINED CONSTRUCT DEFINITIONS:
2. Focused-coding
Minority Stress
3. Axial-coding
Gender Role Adherence Gender Role Stress
“
RQ-1 Findings: Minority Stress P7: I think that probably, um ... pressure that I got to perform in a certain way from other people is what led me to decide that I didn't want that, 'cause I think that without that pressure I would've just kept kind of like existing and not really figuring out um who I was or wasn't... I think somewhere along in that process where you're performing for other people, eventually you'll start to perform for yourself.
”
“
RQ-1 Findings: Minority Stress P14: ... my mom ... when I came out to her, she said "you're either like gay or you're not, and I would've known if you were a lesbian by the time your were- like when you were a child". ... ... I think if I was like "hey, I’m a lesbian", she would've been like "oh, women studies, that makes sense"
Emerging Theme: Relative impact(s) of having one's identity defined and/or enforced by others
”
RQ-1 Findings: Minority Stress
“
I: ... if you were to choose five words to describe your identity in total...
P5: ... Well ... My black identity is gonna always be first, um 'cause I identify on the
P5: ... Black, multiracial, lesbian,
census as being black, but I'm also
spiritual, ... writer.
multiracial because my mom is half-black
I: How did you come up with that order?
half-Native American and my dad's white, so that's another layer to my identity, and then being a lesbian, then I'm
Emerging Theme: Identities described as layered
spiritual, and then I'm a writer, so.
”
RQ-1 Findings: Minority Stress
“
P9: ... there are so many different things
Emerging Theme:
that you can think about yourself and so
Identities described as faceted.
many different ways that you can see it, that [SIGHS] trying to boil down all of your interactions and all of your different personality traits and quirks into five things is just kind of hard to do.
Emerging Pattern:
”
Relative impact(s) of minority stress & identity policing
“
P9: ... I kind of do my best to have the mentality that if somebody has a problem- a problem with my sexuality, then [CHUCKLES] they can leave, they are free to do that.
RQ-1 Findings: Construct Definitions MINORITY STRESS: The loss or diminishing of choice regarding how an individual self-defines and expresses their identity, or facets of their identity, due to having one or multiple marginalized identities. Minority stress is further conceptualized as a construct existing within the higher-level category of intersectionality.
RQ-1 Findings: Construct Definitions GENDER ROLE ADHERENCE: An individual's adherence to gender-specific expectations defined according to both the external influence of others' expectations of the individual, as well as the individual's internally-derived gender identity and expression(s).
GENDER ROLE STRESS: Experiences of stress, strain, or internal conflict/confusion in response to situations in which one's internallyderived gender expression(s) deviates from what is externally expected of the individual.
RQ-2 Analysis: Measurement Evaluation
Overlap among Measure and SMW
SMW
Measure
Panel One
SMW
Measure
Panel Two
SMW
Measure
Measure
SMW
RQ-2 Analysis: Measurement Evaluation Measure Bem Sex Role Inventory Gender Expression Measure among Sexual Minority Women Femininity Ideology Scale Male Role Norms Inventory – Revised Social Dominance Orientation Scale Feminine Gender Role Stress Masculine Gender Role Stress Lesbian Internalized Homophobia Scale Outness Inventory Stigma Consciousness Questionnaire
Construct(s) Gender identity
Gender role adherence
Gender role stress
Minority Stress
CODEBOOK USED TO EVALUATE EACH MEASURE IN TERMS OF
(1) content coverage & (2) appropriateness and accuracy
RQ-2 Findings:
Mea su r em en t E v a l u a ti o n
Study Limits SAMPLE SIZE & CHARACTERISTICS Smaller sample than originally anticipated
Unable to conduct IPV-specific focus group Impedes ability to evaluate IPV-specific measures & construct definitions in the intersectional model
MEASUREMENT EVALUATION ANALYSIS Evaluated in terms of the conceptual content of each measure's item
Unable to definitively decide all necessary changes to the evaluated measures Additional evaluation is needed with direct input from the population of interest
Implications Another essential quality of doing grounded theory is that it thrills the investigator: if the researcher fails to be emotionally involved with the data and its analysis, they may be doing it wrong. The method is a jealous lover that takes over the researcher's waking and sleeping hours... (Charmaz, 2007, p. 16)
Research Implications
Gender Role Adherence Gender Identity
Gender Role Stress (GRS)
Dominance
FSS-IPV
GRS•MS Minority Stress (MS)
Antifemininity
Research Implications
Meyer (2003)
Research Implications Proposed additions to Meyer (2003)
Practice Implications HETERO-CENTRIC IPV SERVICES are commonly based in an underlying understanding about men's entitlement to power as a key factor motivating heterosexual men's perpetration of IPV toward women THIS STUDY'S QUALITATIVE DATA evidenced a thematic cohesion around the issue of control across this study's participants' expressed minority stress and genderrelated experiences
THE DIFFERENCE lies in the source of an individual's motivation for exerting control over others
Practice Implications We don't have to re-invent the wheel...
We do have to accept that the wheel is bigger & more complex than we thought...
Implications: Research + Practice Need for more direct inclusion of same-gender IPV in coordinated community responses and IPV prevention efforts Evidenced by struggles to recruit participants directly through IPV-specific organizations
MYTHS: "There is no evidence..." & "There are no resources..." COUNTER-MYTHS:
• Resources do exist (e.g., the NW Network; the National Coalition of Anti-Violence Program) • Recent influx of LGBTQ-specific/inclusive IPV research and available resources
A N I N T E R S E C T I O N A L & C O M M U N I T Y- E N G AG E D A P P ROAC H TO A D D R E S S I N T I M AT E PA RT N E R V I O L E N C E A M O N G S E X U A L M I N O R I T Y WO M E N R A C H E L M . S M I T H & E R I C S . M A N KO W S K I P O RT L A N D S TAT E U N I V E R S I T Y
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (Fellow ID No. 2014173965). Any opinion, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.