FACHBEREICH 10 â BIOLOGIE. â B i b I : o t h e k â. SchnittspahnstraBe 10. D-64287 D a r m s t a d t. 1nv.-Nr. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River. New Jersey ...
Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology
Edited by
David M. Sylvia JefFry J. Fuhrmann Peter G. Hartel David A. Zuberer Technische Universitat Darmstadt FACHBEREICH 10 — BIOLOGIE — B i bI:ot h ek— SchnittspahnstraBe 10 D-64287 D a r m s t a d t
1nv.-Nr.
Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River New Jersey 07458
Brief Contents PART 1 HABITAT AND ORGANISMS Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 2
The Soil Habitat
3
Bacteria and Archaea
4
Fungi
44
72
5 Eukaryotic Algae and Cyanobacteria 6 ™
Protozoa and Nematodes
7 Viruses
3
21
94
114
132
8
Microbial Ecology
149
9
Molecular Genetic Analysis in Soil Ecology
168
PART 2 MICROBLALLY MEDIATED TRANSFORMATIONS IN SOIL Chapter 10 "Microbial Metabolism
189
11 Transformations of Carbon and Soil Organic Matter Formation 12 Transformations of Nitrogen
13 Biological Dinitrogen (N2) Fixation: Introduction and Nonsymbiotic 14 Biological Dinitrogen (N2) Fixation: Symbiotic 15 Transformations of Sulfur
322
346
16 Transformations of Other Elements
369
PART 3 APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL TOPICS Chapter 17 18
The Rliizosphere and Spermosphere Mycorrhizal Symbioses
389
408
19 Biological Control of Plant Pathogens and Nematodes 20
Biochemistry and Metabolism of Xenobiotics
21 Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils 22
Composting of Organic Wastes
23
Global Gases
Glossary/Index
517
498
218
259
482
469
447
427
295
Contents
List of Methods
xiv
Preface xv List of Contributors Acknowledgments
xvii xix
< About the Editors Chapter Quotations
xx xxii
PART 1
HABITAT AND ORGANISMS
1
Chapter 1
Introduction and Historical Perspective
3
The Soil Habitat 3 The Nature of Cellular Organisms 4 Classification of Organisms 4 Organisms in the Soil 7 The Historical Context of Soil Microbiology 9 Current and Future Directions 15 Summary 18 Cited References 19 General References 20 Worldwide Web Sites of Interest to Soil Microbiology 20 Study Questions 20
Classification 44 Structure and Function of Bacterial Cells 46 Mechanisms of Gene Modification and Transfer 57 Nutrition and Metabolism of Soil Bacteria 59 Ecology bf Soil Bacteria 62 , The Actinomycetes 65 Quantifying Bacterial Populations 66 Summary 69 Cited References 70 General References 70 Study Questions 71
Chapter 4
Fungi
72
iFungal Cell Structure 72 Growth and Reproduction, with Reference to Taxonomy 73 Nutritional Patterns 83 Genetic Patterns 85 Dispersal Patterns 88 Ecological Interactions 90 Summary 91 Cited References 91 General References 92 Study Questions 92
Chapter 5
Eukaryotic Algae and Cyanobacteria Classification 94
^
Major Groups Found in Soil 96 Morphology and Reproduction 99
94.
viii
Contents Physiology 100 Ecology 103, Soil Formation and Quality 108
.
Summary 111 Cited References 111 General References 113 Study Questions 113 Chapter 6 ^
Protozoa and Nematodes
114
Classification 114 Feeding Behavior 119 Distribution 124
v
'•>
Function 127 Summary 129 Cited References 130 General References 130
"
Study Questions 131
Chapter 7
Viruses
132
The Viral Genome 133 Classification of Viruses 134 Types of Bacterial Virus Life Cycles 138 '