PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORLD CLEAN ... - Pilot International.....

ISSUE NO.11 SEPT-DEC 2012

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORLD CLEAN TECHNOLOGY SUMMIT 26-28 SEPTEMBER 2012, KAMPALA UGANDA Clean Energy Green Economy International Business Environmental Sustainability 2012 Pilot International Award Winners

A Newsletter for Global Sustainable Development

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Report of The Innovation and Sustainability Conference and Expo 2011 24th -27th August 2011, Kampala-Uganda Event Secured Position as a Global Platform for Advancement of Innovations and Clean Technology for a Sustainable future.

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Cover photo: Clean energy Sources ISSUE NO.11 SEPT-DEC 2012

Foreword From The President & CEO Pilot International

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Advertorial

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Keynote From Vtt, The Technical Research Centre of Finland

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORLD CLEAN TECHNOLOGY SUMMIT 26-28 SEPTEMBER 2012, KAMPALA UGANDA Clean Energy Green Economy International Business Environmental Sustainability 2012 Pilot International Award Winners

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Using a modern low cost retort technology to carbonize bamboo left over (waste) from factories

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Contribution of road transport to changing climate as a strategy for sustainable reduced air pollution

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Infrared Detection in Power Generation and Industrial Equipment

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Liquefied petroleum gas, a cleaner energy for a Green Economy

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Solar Water Heating and education for change in Brazil

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Combining teaching with practical training on benefits of renewable energy

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Opportunities from Uganda’s Bio-wastes in Climate Change Adaptation and Carbon Trade

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Biofuel production and sustainability

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Ultrasonic method of biodiesel production from palm kernel

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Business Presentations

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Media Partners:

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2012 Global Pilot Award Winners

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Uganda gifted by nature

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FOREWORD FROM THE PRESIDENT & CEO PILOT INTERNATIONAL The Guest of honor, Distinguished Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen. On behalf of Pilot InInternational and on my own behalf, I take great pleasure to welcome you to the World Clean Technology Summit 2012. Pilot International which is the organizer for this event was founded in 2006 and was the first private sector driven international organization based in Uganda whose purpose is to promote global sustainable development for the benefit of humanity and the planet. Pilot International accelerates global sustainability through organizing international conferences; Publishing and dissemination of sustainable businesses, innovations and enterprises world-wide; Provision of membership services; Implementation of community development projects, and promoting & celebrating sustainable innovations. Furthermore, through its global platform, Pilot International facilitates countries to achieve 3 of the Millenium Development Goals, such as, Promoting Gender Equality & Women empowerment; Ensuring Environmental Sustainability and Developing a Global Partnership for Development.

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As you may be aware, the Green Economy was the main focus of the Rio+20 Summit in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil in June 2012. As such, the whole of June 2012 the global community was focusing on the green economy agenda. In addition, the theme for the world environment day 2012 was on Green Economy. According to UN, 2012 is a year of sustainable energy for all, therefore it is every ones’ responsibility to engage in any act that produces or promotes sustainable energy in order to contribute to a green economy. The need to take action is now, as we proceed into the future! Pilot International is spearheading the production of green economies through the world clean technology summit as an important pillar in order to attain a sustainable future for all. I am pleased that the World Clean Technology Summit has attracted a global attendance providing an opportunity for technology transfer and for participants to engage, interact with each other, exchange development contacts, inspire partnerships and pave a way forward for a sustainable future. The summit Program offers numerous exciting exposure and networking benefits, because of its enrichment with diversified themes to stimulate presentations, dis-

cussions, roundtable networking sessions, exhibitions, site-visits, an international awards ceremony, as well as post-summit networking meetings, excursions and tourism. As the culture at Pilot International, it is our obligation to say thank you to all those people and organizations that are developing their nations with reduced or no harm to the environment. On this note I would like to congratulate the award winners for this year, and take an opportunity to invite everyone present here to the Awards ceremony on the evening of 28th September 2012, to celebrate those personalities who are making a real difference to humanity and the planet. Our pledge is to continue providing a global platform to promote sustainability, clean technology, as well as the production of green economies though strategic activities and events delivering global solutions. I wish you an inspiring summit and an exciting 2012 Global Pilot Awards Ceremony.

Robinah K. Nanyunja, MSc. President & CEO, Pilot International Robinah K. Nanyunja is an Environmentalist, Entrepreneur and Philanthropist. She is the Founder, President & CEO Pilot International. Prior to this, Robinah worked on environment and development projects with different institutions across the globe. She is a Co-Chair Pilot International Foundation, a charity arm of Pilot International whose purpose is to improve the quality of life of people by empowering people to engage in environmental responsible developments, global health, women empowerment, reduction of poverty and Education. Currently, she is on the support team of the working group for climate change policy formulation process in Uganda. She is the founding member of the Global Greens Women Network, geared to strengthen the participation of women in green politics, democracy and development. Robinah received an award from the Rotary Club of Kampala Central, as a result of her charity work and motivation of people to take up environmental innovations. As part of her charity contribution, she is involved in capacity building of institutions to self sustenance; for example, as a board member of the Uganda Manufacturers Association (UMA), she has made sure that a mechanism is put in place to ensure that government policies are influenced in favour of the Ugandan Manufacturers. Furthermore, as a Chair Person of The Catholic Professionals Kigoowa Parish, she has developed a system to empower the church, members of the association and the parish in general. Robinah is an international public speaker who has organized and spoken at numerous international conferences in global sustainability. In response to this, Robinah was listed in the world record of Celebrity speakers, The Global Speaker’s Bureau.

PILOT INTERNATIONAL NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.11 SEPT-DEC 2012

ADVERTORIAL

Join the international trainings on Energy and Climate in The Netherlands in 2013.

The University of Twente (The Netherlands) is announcing its courses on energy and climate for 2013. The courses offer a unique platform for the ones interested in enhancing their skills, knowledge and international network on sustainable energy and climate so your active participation is really welcome. The programmes are titled: Formulating project proposals for climate change mitigation and clean energy (18 March – 19 April 2013). This course organized together with UNEP Risoe Centre (Denmark): The aim of the course is to develop participants’ skills in writing fundable proposals in the fields of clean energy access, and climate change mitigation. In this way, the participants can contribute to the sustainable development of their countries. Deadline to apply for scholarships is October 2nd 2012. Energy management in small and medium scale industries (28 October – 6 December 2013): During the course, modern approaches to energy management will be discussed encompassing both technical and nontechnical aspects on the firm and policy levels. From 2012, the course has been extended by a week to include a module on preparing for the ISO 50000 standard on Energy Management. Detailed information about these courses can be found at: http://www.utwente.nl/mb/cstm/education/short_courses/ For more information about the impact of the program, the CSTM of the University of Twente has recently released a report which highlights the positive impacts of training courses on energy and climate in developing countries. In a nutshell the course has a strong international profile as it had 179 participants from 44 nationalities in the period2005 – 2012 (among them 79 participants from 15 African countries - four of them from Uganda, including the very dynamic President of Pilot International Ms. Robinah K. Nanyunja). The report can be accessed at: http://www.utwente.nl/mb/cstm/education/short_courses/Overview_ICREP2005-2012.pdf For scholarship opportunities it is possible to visit the website of the Netherlands organization for international cooperation in higher education (NUFFIC): http://www.nuffic.nl/nfp For questions you can contact our course administration: Ms. Barbera van Dalm CSTM — Twente Centre for Studies in Technology and Sustainable DevelopmentUniversity of Twente; P. O Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands; Phone: +31 (0)53 489 4377; E-mail: [email protected] PILOT INTERNATIONAL NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.11 SEPT-DEC 2012

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Keynote From Vtt, The Technical Research Centre of Finland Promoting Renewable Energy Technologies and International Growth, The REAfrican project.

Kim Jansson, Tapani Ryynanen, Ephraim Daka VTT, The Technical Research Centre of Finland Email: [email protected] Abstract: This work is in progress. The paper reports on the long term objectives and research results achieved in the on-going REAfrica project. The REAfrica project collects information on renewable energy and increases knowledge/awareness of renewable energy solutions and markets in Sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose is to support Finnish companies in the renewable energy sector to develop on the African markets. The entry into a new geographical area also involves a new business culture. The paper considers the potential of collaboration and networking with local partners both on business and research levels as a method for business innovations. The research collaboration needs to evolve into ecosystem level collaboration to create enough momentum to activate a “Three level collaboration ecosystem”. Keywords: Renewable Energy, Africa, Business Networking, Business Innovation

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1. Introduction Climate change is a major threat to wellbeing, sustainable growth and economic development in Africa. Although Africa is the continent least responsible for climate change, it is particularly vulnerable to the effects, including reduced agricultural production, worsening food security, the increased incidence of both flooding and drought, spreading disease and an increased risk of conflict over scarce land and water resources [1]. According to a 2010 estimates [2], approximately 3 billion people worldwide rely on traditional biomass for cooking and heating, and about 20% of the world’s population, 1.4 billion people, have no access to electricity. 85% of these people living in rural areas. On the African continent, the overall amount of people without access to electricity has reached 589 million in 2008. The electrification rate increased from 35.5% in 2002 to 40% in 2008. The urban electrification rate has reached 67% in 2008 while the rural electrification rate was stuck to 23% in 2008. In many cases the costs of providing electricity to the remote urban locations is economically much more efficient through local and small area systems than by extending the already overloaded grids. Much of the needed power can be produced cost-efficiently

on renewable resources. Many Sub-Saharan countries experience a constant and severe shortage of electricity. However, on a general level, the energy resources and especially the renewable energy resources in the continent are large. A number Finnish, mostly SME-type companies, have come together in the REAfrica project, in order to explore the possibility for new business relations on the African renewable energy market sector. The companies present a large variety of technologies and business areas, ranging from small scale water turbines and windmills to carbon emission trade. The project is managed by VTT, the Technical Research Centre of Finland. VTT is a government impartial non-profit expert organisation. The SME- type companies involved in the REAfrica project considers the Sub-Saharan to a potential market area for renewable energy solutions. 2. Research Objectives and Challenges The overall objectives of the REAfrica Project is increased knowledge of renewable energy solutions and markets in Sub-Saharan and to support Finnish companies in the renewable energy sector to develop on the Sub-Saharan markets through collaboration and networking with local partners. Entering into a remote geographical

continent and new business cultures is not easy for any company. For a SMEtype company, with limited resources, it is even more difficult. The companies are facing a business environment with is different from what they are used to in several aspects or dimensions. They are entering a business space that is new to the companies. In order to be successful there is a need to implement changes in their innovations process. The organisations need to adapt their business processes and implement business process innovation activities in relation to e.g. customers, products, suppliers, authorities, legislation, finance and funding, human resources, culture and location. Co-operation and collaboration with local partners is the key. The REAfrica project takes a practical approach and explores the different forms and levels of collaboration networking. The objective is new forms of partnerships and associated business and development opportunities at the country and international level. 3. Research Methodology REAfrica advances on three levels; 1) the company level, 2) networking level and 3) facilitation level. VTT acts as a facilitator. The role of VTT is to assure the project progresses and that all relevant information is passed between the corporate, networking and facilita-


Keynote From Vtt, The Technical Research Centre of Finland

tion levels. All information of the process can only be known to the facilitator and other participating researchers. Therefore a facilitator is also a gatekeeper who filters company specific confidential information and transforms this into anonymous general information allowed to be shared with all members of the group. [3] The project advances through the following partly overlapping steps:  Individual company interviews to identify objectives, challenges and priorities. All participating companies where interviewed about their products and services, customer, current operation and operations models in Africa, networking and funding.  Fact finding and networking trips to selected target countries, so far to South-Africa, Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia.  Industrial and country specific seminars for information sharing and discussions. Invited expert gave presentations about the local African country specific economic environments and business culture.  Training workshops and lectures.  Networking with local actors. Company delegation visits to selected high priority target countries.  Planning of next steps  Dissemination of knowledge 4. A framework based on the action research approach Individual projects create collaboration between individual local (in Finland and in Africa) partners both in research and in company ecosystems. Figure 1 illustrates the research framework in the example of a Tanzania case. Local projects “push” for both bilateral research collaboration and bilateral company networking. In the research networking dimension VTT “pushes” for closer collaboration with target country universities and research organisations. (In Figure 1 from lower left corner upwards). The participating REAfrica companies need local partners and “pushes” for practical collaboration with target country companies. (In Figure 1 from lower left corner to the right). The research collaboration needs to evolve into “ecosystem” level collaboration to create enough “push” or momentum that starts the formation of active “Three level collaboration ecosystem”. (Towards the upper right corner in Figure 1). This is similar to the suc-

cessful innovation ecosystem present for example in Finland. This then creates pull that brings companies into “Three level collaboration ecosystem” enabling better informed, more secure and effective business environment. To enable this evolution, research and business has to access each country and market area in close cooperation, “Action research” approach. This makes faster networking, learning and business execution possible. Action research involves the process of actively participating in organizations’ change situation whilst conducting research. Through research collaboration in an active research ecosystem where participants from both countries are present learning and knowledge transfer is bilateral. 5. Results and Further Work Interviews conducted among the participating companies proved that the most important five topics for the companies are 1) Finding partners, 2) Market information, 3) Networking, 4) Funding, and 5) Risk management. There are several channels to access the information needed to understand and overcome these challenges. However, the steps from information to impact in business, especially in SMEs, are challenging. It is also important to understand the individual information needs of different companies and offerings. Thus close “action research” type of collaboration between researchers’ and companies’ is needed to ensure the effectiveness of research. In REAfrica-project VTT has successfully established personal working relations to local industrial, governmental and research partners in all the target countries as a result of the networking and facts finding trips. However, there is a need to continue the work but through the more practical pilots based business cases. The three levels approach is needed; (1) Elaborate collaborating business/company networks both in all target countries and Finland (2) Elaborate research collaboration network between local research organizations and VTT. (3) Contributing to governments’ actions that enable and create operational environment in all target countries. 6. Acknowledgement This work has been partly funded by Tekes (The Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation, Finland) through the Groove (Growth from Renewables) Programme 2010–2014. We would also like to acknowledge our gratitude and appreciation to all the funding organisation and participating companies for their contributions. References 1. Africa Partnership Forum. Climate Change and Africa. 8th Meeting of the Africa Partnership Forum Berlin, Germany 22-23 May 2007. 2. A. Belward, B. Bisselink, K. Bódis, A. Brink, J.-F. Dallemand, A. de Roo, T. Huld, F. Kayitakire, P. Mayaux, M. Moner-Girona, H. Ossenbrink, I. Pinedo, H. Sint, J. Thielen, S. Szabó, U. Tromboni, L. Willemen. Renewable energies in Africa, JRC 67752, EUR 25108 EN, SBN 978-92-79-22331-0 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2011 3. T. Ryynänen and K. Jansson. A Method to Advance Mutual Understanding in a Multi Partnership Project. The Business Review Cambridge. Vol. 8 (2007) No: 1, 326 - 331


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Theme: Energy Efficiency In Production Sectors This theme covers case studies which use energy efficiently or which recommend sustainable resource uses.

Using a modern low cost retort technology to carbonize bamboo left over (waste) from factories Chris J. ADAM, J. Ladomerský, E. Hroncová Assistant Professor, Member of VDID, Germany and Ethiopia Email: [email protected]

Abstract Approximately 2 billion people (1/3 of the world population) are using traditional biomass like wood (charcoal for urban centers) for cooking. Charcoal is more convenient and more easy to use for many of these users. About 50 million tons of charcoal per year (or probably much more, www.FAO.org) are used worldwide and this charcoal is mainly produced using inefficient traditional earth mount kiln methods. Research was done to generate a modern “low-cost retort” to carbonize biomass in order to save up to halve (1/2) of this biomass and reduce emissions up to 75%. The target group is rural communities and for semiindustrial application. Increasingly industries have left over of biomass (saw dust, wood chips, etc.) from production which can be successfully converted into household fuel. We show the example of a factory which works with bamboo to produce bamboo flooring. All left over from its production can be converted into household fuel (briquettes). Research was carried out to compare improved retort production for charcoal with traditional production done by a cottage kiln. Bamboo left over was successfully converted into bamboo charcoal by a high efficiency rate of about 35% efficiency. Traditional carbonization does have about 15% efficiency.

1. Introduction Bamboo and its use as a fuel and as biochar The Adam retort works well to carbonize wood into charcoal or biochar (Adam, C. 2004), but we had no certainty how the retorts will work with bamboo left over. Bamboo is a big challenge to be used as biomass fuel. (ZENG, Xian-yang, 2009). The world bamboo market is currently worth USD 7 Billion/year, of which China has USD 5 Billion. The largest markets are handicraft (USD 3 Billion), bamboo shoots (USD 1 Billion) and traditional furniture (USD 1 Billion). Traditional markets cover handicrafts, blinds, bamboo shoots, chopsticks and traditional bamboo furniture, which count for 95% of the market. Emerging bamboo markets are wood substitutes such as flooring, panels and non-traditional furniture (Green flip, 2011). Production of the above mentioned products implies some considerable left over of small bamboo pieces which might be suitable for carbonization to be used as fuel or as biochar for agriculture. (Steiner, 2009).

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Adam-retort and its introduction The Adam-retort is an improved low-cost carbonization system for biomass. (Adam, 2006). This retort saves about half (1/2) of the biomass needed to produce charcoal, compared to traditional carbonization. The retort reduces harmful emissions of methane and other syngas to the atmosphere of about 75%, compared to traditional carbonization. Under the guidance of Prof. Ladomerský and Prof. Hroncová at the Technical University of Zvolen, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Technologies, work was done to evaluate the emissions and efficiency of the Adam-retort. Conclusions were that emissions are considerably reduced by such a retort, compared to traditional carbonization (Adam, 2011). The emissions of traditional charcoal kilns and the pyrolysis of wood causes excess methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and the concentration over average ambient air is about 12%. The corresponding emission factor (21 g CH4/kg dm) is 4–20 times higher than that observed in the other types of combustion. Other emissions are a combination of chemically active species such as CO, odd nitrogen (NOx), N2O, non-methane hydrocarbons (NMGCs), methyl chloride and others. As a result, traditional charcoal making appears to be a significant source of methane. Methane is 21 times more effective and dangerous on the greenhouse effect than CO2. Taking into account the biomass burned annually in the different processes, the global amount of methane emitted by biomass burning from the African continent (5–11 x106 t yr -1) is similar to the emissions from animals or natural wetlands, and represents about 30% of total emissions in Africa (Delmas, 1992). A retort kiln could significantly reduce these harmful emissions. The retort technology is characterized by 3 elements, one is;


Theme: Energy Efficiency In Production Sectors

• The external fire box Lack of burning (flaring) of smoke and wood gases produced during pyrolysis in traditional kilns, generates pollution. One of the main differences of this low-cost retort system is that during the second phase of operation the smoke and the wood gases are channeled by the hot zone of the fire box and are then cleanly burned. The heat and energy gained during this process are recycled and used to accelerate the carbonization process. The wood and partly carbonized wood (torrified wood) are more quickly carbonized and there is a shorter carbonization period of 10–12 h, compared to the traditional (older) carbonization method which takes 4–7 days (Nyang, 1999). Wood contains a lot of water which has to be completely evaporated before carbonization takes place. On an average there is about 15%–20% of water content in sun-dried wood. This means100 kg of wood loaded into the wood chamber of the retort contains 15 kg–20 kg of water. The 3 m³ volume of the wood chamber can be loaded with about w750 kg of wood which contains about ~112 kg–~150 kg of water. In the traditional carbonization process the high quality wood to be carbonized will be partly burned for this purpose to evaporate the water. However the retort uses a different concept: that of a ‘fire box.’ Waste wood and agricultural waste can be burnt in the fire box in order to heat the wood chamber where carbonization is also initiated. About 60 kg of waste wood is burned per batch of operation. • The insulation of the retort. Traditional kilns do not have good insulation. Wet soil covers the hot wood and charcoal, causing heat loss to occur during the long period of operation. The retort is built with double walls of bricks or even stabilized earth blocks; the double wall provides a natural insulation, and the average temperature of the outer wood chamber wall is roughly only 50°C. The top of the wood chamber is covered by a thin metal sheet and additional 4 insulating lids. The lids offer better insulation for wood drying and for pyrolysis. For quick cooling (preferably at night) the lids can be removed and the wood chamber can cool within 12 h (Fig. 1). • The two-phase operation. During the first phase of operation, which takes about 4 h to 6 h, the hot volatiles from the fire box directly are channeled to the wood chamber and the wood is dried. Once the smoke from the chimney, which is mainly steam, becomes more yellow in colour, this is an indication that the second phase, the retort operation, can begin. The smoke and wood gases are redirected towards the fire box by a simple device, the wood gases are flared and the heat generated is recycled. A standard retort contains a wood chamber of about 3m³ volume which can be filled with about 1000kg of wet (green) wood, or 750kg of wood oven-dry (no water content). About 250kg to 300kg of charcoal can be harvested per batch. About 2-3 batches per week are possible which results in a production capacity of about 0,750 tons of charcoal per retort and week. Construction cost of such a retort are about 600€ to 1000€, depending on the country of construction. 2. Results Adam-retort and its ability to carbonize bamboo Bamboo is used as a raw material at a factory near Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in the town of Akaki/Galan, about 30km from the city center of Addis Ababa. The factory produces wooden bamboo floor, bamboo curtains, incense sticks, tooth picks and the famous “Bamboo Charcoal Briquettes”, the only household fuel briquettes available in Ethiopia. There is a considerable amount of bamboo-left-over available from production: A) Bamboo saw dust and B) Bamboo cuts (bamboo knots) of about 5-15cm length. The bamboo knots (left over) are carbonized in a large cement-brick kiln called “cottage”. It takes Monday to Friday to produce one batch during rainy season. The idea came to use the “Adam-retort” for carbonizing this bamboo more environmentally friendly and more efficient. The new retort works well with wood and we assume that bamboo wood also be suitable for carbonization. (Adam C., 2010). A test retort was built from bricks within one week. The test retort itself had a slightly reduced effective volume of about 2m³, compared to a standard retort of about 3m³; we used 3mm metal sheets of 2m x 1m for the bottom plate, the only standard size easily available in Ethiopia. The wood chamber was modified in such a way that 2 additional grids which functioned as a distance holder for the biomass, where placed to the front and back wall of the wood chamber. The 3rd test ran on Thursday 13.1.2011, is representative for a retorts’ operation with bamboo. We loaded 52 bags of biomass and received about 21 ½ bags of charcoal.


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Operation of the retort took about 7 ¾ hours, drying period (Phase-1) of biomass took 6 hours, gasification started after 6 hours and continued for 1 ¾ hours (Phase-2). At the end of the operation “accelerator tube” and chimney of the wood chamber (chimney-1) was re-opened during the time we sealed the fire box with sand, this for knowing about the temperature inside the wood chamber. The temperature rose to 490°C on the top of the wood chamber and to 290°C on the bottom of the wood chamber (= temperature in chimney-1). Wet bamboo loaded (52 bags) 533kg (bag à 10,2kg) -139kg of water (~26% of water content estimated dry weight) 394kg of bamboo oven dry loaded in wood chamber This corresponds to 1m³ = ~197kg bamboo (oven dry) bulk weight (or 266kg/m³ wet weight, 26%) Charcoal received and efficiency of charcoal production 533kg of bamboo (wet) → 145kg of charcoal Considering about 26% of humidity (533 - 139kg water): 394kg of bamboo (oven dry) → 145kg of charcoal Follows: 100kg of bamboo (oven dry) → 37kg charcoal ( = ~37% efficiency) or efficiency in the case of considering and adding the waste wood burned in our calculations. 82kg of wet wood and bamboo left over burned minus ~26% of estimated humidity 82kg - 21kg = ~61kg of waste wood (oven dry) 455kg of total biomass (bamboo + waste wood) → 145kg of charcoal Follows 100kg of biomass (oven dry) → 31kg of charcoal ( = ~31% efficiency) 3. Conclusions Carbonizing bamboo left over in an Adam-retort works well. The efficiency and operation time was similar to the experience we had from carbonizing wood. As the density of bamboo left over is less than wood, a standard retort(3m³) could be loaded with about 600kg of oven dry bamboo (~800kg wet weight 26%), compared to ~750kg for dry wood and ~1000kg for wet wood. The retort should be suitable to carbonize bamboo in an efficient and environmentally friendly way.

Fig.1 back view of an “Adam-retort”

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Literature ADAM, C., Report on the Mission to Build an ICPS (Improved Charcoal Production System) / “Adam-retort” for the Production of Sustainable Wood Charcoal;2005. Author Information: Chris Adam is an Assistant Professor, Member of VDID, Germany and Ethiopia. Since 2000 he is doing studies for adam+partner consulting for improved charcoal production techniques. In 2006 he won a silver Energy FOCUS Award 06 for the design for the “adam-retort”, and since 2010 he is doing a research project (PhD) on the emission of charcoal production of retorts at Technical University of Zvolen /Slovakia. Since 2011 he is lecturing Industrial Design and Eco Design (Green Design) at Addis Ababa University Ethiopia.



Contribution of road transport to changing climate as a strategy for sustainable reduced air pollution Salisu lawal Halliru Department of Geography Federal college of education Kanu Nigeria. Email: [email protected] Abstract Urban transport problems have become major community concern in urban Kano. Transport is an especially challenging sector in which there is need to reduce carbon emission largely because it is so dependent on oil: 99% or more of all transport media in Nigeria currently runs on oil products, and road transport accounts for 80% of the Nigerian consumption of oil. This means that it is difficult to seperate carbon emissions in the transport sector from economic growth and social services. The study lays more emphasis on road transport, which is a principal source of carbon emission in urban Kano. The ultimate objective of this study was to develop strategies that will reduce GHG emission produced as a result of road transport system in our urban centers. The research used data gathered from both primary and secondary sources, including cross section surveys designed to determine the environmental challenges caused by road transport. Cars, buses, trucks, lorries and motorcycles were the largest contributors of carbon emission in urban Kano. The strategies developed will feed into environmental sustainability interventions in urban centers and Nigeria in general. Keywords: road transport, climate change, environment, urban Kano, sustainability 1.

Introduction

Virtually all human activities have an impact on our environment, and transportation is no exception. While transport is crucial to our economy and our personal lives, as a sector it is also a significant source of green house gas emission. Air pollution, contamination of air noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter in concentrations all cause harm to human and other creatures’ health. The major sources of air pollution in urban Kano are transportation engines, generators industrial processes. The combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels from automobiles produces several primary pollutant, nitrogen oxides, gaseous hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, as well as large quantities of particulates. In developing countries, transport energy use is rising faster (3 to 5% per years) and is projected to grow from 31% in 2002 to 43% of world transport energy use by 2025 (IPCC, 2007). In Kano state the level of vehicle ownership are much higher and currently there is a greater reliance on three – wheeled motorized vehicles (Adaidaita Sahu) and public transport. As incomes grow and the value of travelers time increases, the use vehicles for transportation has created congestion and air – pollution problems in the large cities all around the world, leading to increased emission of GHG (IPCC, 2007 P. 48 – 49).

Reducing Carbon Emission from Road Transport Road transport is responsible for the biggest share of carbon emission from the transport sector. In 2004 it made up around 95%of domestic transport emissions, the same percentage as 1990 within this sector cars are responsible for over 60% of emissions with heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) and light vehicles (vans) making up almost the rest. Land Use Planning and Road Building One of the most effective means the government has of constraining emissions from road transport is to reduce reliance on car use through planning regulations which can shape the areas in which people live. Residential developments that are more densely populated, include a mix of local shops and public services, and features good public transport links and favorable provision for walking and cycling will necessarily give rise to fewer car journeys than their opposite. Failure to embed sustainable transport practices into the community, such as the provision of good bus services (House of Commons, 2006). Road Transport Personal motor vehicles consume much more energy and emit far more GHGs per passenger km than other surface passenger modes and the number of cars (and light trucks) continuous to increase virtually, everywhere

in the world. Growth in GHG emission can be reduce by restraining the growth in personal vehicle ownership. Such as strategy can how every only be successful if high level of mobility and accessibility can be provided by alternative means in general, collective modes of transport useless energy and generate les GHGs than private cars, walking and biking emit even less. There is important worldwide mitigation on potential if public and non motorized transport trip share loss is reversed. The challenger is to improve public transport systems in order to preserve or augment the market share of low emitting modes. If public transport gets more passenger. It is possible to increase the frequency of departure, which in turn may attract nee passenger (Akerman and Hojer, 2006). The ultimate objective of this study is to develop strategies that will contribute in reducing GHG emission produced as a result of road transport system in our urban centers by 2030. Materials and Methods Study Area The study area is the urban Kano comprising of the following local government areas of Dala, Tarauni, Kano Municipal, Gwale, Fagge, Kumbotso, Nasarawa and Ungogo, the state covers an area extending between latitude 12o3`N and 12o4`N. longitude 32o0oE and 34o0`E.


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Fig 1 Kano being the center of commerce in northern Nigeria with increasing industries in Bompai, Sharada Phase I, II, III and Hadeijia road respectively. This attracts people from far and near this contributes greatly to traffic connection in the city (Salisu, 2008).

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Methods The research used data gathered from both primary and secondary sources. The instrument used to collect data was the questionnaire. Six local governments were selected purposively. This is because our urban centers were over populated. 600 questionnaires were distributed, 100 each at selected local government for in – depth personnel interview, special care was taken in the selection of respondent to ensure some level of representation of the different groups of people found in the local government. This serve as control or protection against bias that the researcher may consciously or unconsciously introduce into the process: structure questionnaire were administered on respondents along transect walk for those who could not read and write. Result and Discussion The totals of 600 questionnaires were administered to respondent for the period of 6months, December 2010 to June 2011. Based on the air quality in Urban Kano respondents were asked to compare the quality of air on the last 10 year and now 186 respondents are of the opinion that the quality was much worse which means is deteriorating, while 169 they feel the quality was the same one can say that the air quality in urban Kano keep changing if that true definitely it affect the climate of the

area. 422 respondents believe that motor vehicle pollute the air which released carbon dioxide (GHG) that traps heat in the atmosphere and is a significant contributor to global climate change. While 491 respondents strongly agree that the contribution of road transport on changing climate in urban Kano is primarily through green house gas emission, and air pollution affected the teaming population negatively as it affected their health condition such as Irritation of eyes and nose while others experiences difficulties with their breathing. In view of the above 476 respondents strongly agree that polluting companies should be fine, at the same time 250 where of the view that power stations and factories should switch to cleaner processes. Government should do more to promote and encourage better environment even if it involve payment of taxes, while 241 respondents strongly agree that security agent such as police or road safety personal should be use to check car emission all the times even if it will causes traffic delays. All the respondents are of the opinion that improving the environment is the responsibility of every citizen. And recycling programs and awareness campaign should be put in place in the whole city. Both respondents are neither agree nor disagree pollution is out of control.377 respondents sees pollution as a serious problem. Strategies for reducing GHG emission • Provision of public transport systems and their related infrastructure and promoting non – motorized transport will contribute to GHG mitigation. If the share of buses increase by then carbon emission will go down. • Transport demand management strategies will manage traffic congestion and reduce air pollution. If rigorously implemented and supported • Increasing the efficiency with which the chemical energy in the fuel is transformed into work, this will also reduce GHG emission • Biofuel describes fuel produced from biomass. A variety of teaching lieu and

can be use to converts a variety of Carbon dioxide NUTURAL biomass. Conclusion This paper high lightens the contribution of road transport on changing climate in urban Kano. The research identified the need to advocate and create greater awareness among policy makers, managers and public, initiate polices and extend environmental guidelines to include and mainstream climate impact into planning process; review design standards and practices; establish organization units and enhance coordination among various stake holders. Adaptation measures in road transport are coastally and it take time to mean stream the process. We hope that awareness and coordination would motivate all stakeholders to be more concerned with climate change and towards development of sustainable road transport. Availability of limited literatures on transport and climate change studies in Kano indicates further research needs. References Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) James Leather and Ate Clear Air Initiative for Asian Cities Center Team (2009) Rethinking Transport and Climate Change Asian Development Bank, Sustainable Development Working Paper Series No. 10 House of Common Environmental Audit Committee 2006: Reducing Carbon Emission from Transport Ninth report of session 2005 – 6 volume 1 Published by the Authority of the House of Commons London. Akerman, J., and M. Hojer, 2006 How Much Transport Can the Climate Stand? Sweden on a Sustainable Path in 2050. Energy Policy, 34, Pp. 1944 – 1957 Salisu L.H., (2008) Urban Poor livelihood in the time of unemployment in Kano: 50th Annual Conference Association of Nigerian Geographers (ANG) Books of proceeding, being a Paper Presented at the Department of geography and Regional Planning, University of Calabar, Calabar 2008



Infrared Detection in Power Generation and Industrial Equipment Oluga Daniel Eskom Uganda Ltd E-mail:[email protected] Abstract The principle that an object will radiate and absorb electromagnetic radiation at a particular wavelength and frequency visible in colour is important in industrial machinery condition monitoring and predictive maintenance. The characteristic distribution of an object’s electromagnetic radiation or absorption is known as the electromagnetic spectrum of that object. The electromagnetic spectrum as a whole is the range of all possible frequencies and wavelength of electromagnetic radiation. It is essential that this electromagnetic spectrum be studied and utilised for industrial equipment monitoring. Of interest in this paper is the infrared radiation (IR). All industrial, power generating, transmission and distribution equipment radiate, absorb and reflect heat in form of infrared radiation, it is possible to conduct condition based monitoring and predict breakdowns on these equipment. This helps to predict pending possible failure patterns and recommend corrective measures thereby preventing catastrophic equipment damage and possible loss of life due to a major brake down. This paper presents a brief theory behind thermal imaging (presenting heat patterns in form of pictures) and how the principle of infrared radiation detection if adopted in an industrial, power generation, transmission and distribution setup can be a very cost effective solution in equipment condition monitoring and predictive maintenance. Introduction Infrared radiation is in the region of electromagnetic frequencies (about 300GHz to 405 THz) higher than microwaves and lower than visible light. This radiation is in the form of heat which cannot be detected by the human eye but is often emitted, reflected and absorbed by all matter. All matter with absolute temperatures between 0 Kelvin and 773 Kelvin emit energy known as infrared radiation. This energy is in form of heat and is characterised by the surface distance, surface emissivity, reflected temperatures, relative humidity, atmospheric temperature and thermal conductivity. For electrical and mechanical equipment, surface temperature as a monitoring parameter is essential in assessing its condition and for this reason, thermography is an important tool for fault analysis condition monitoring and predictive maintenance on both rotating and non rotating industrial equipment. Thermographic inspections can be done on domestic appliances, commercial equipment, industrial equipment, mining machinery, electricity power generation, transmission and distribution equipment Before an inspection, a thermographer should have knowledge on the expected temperature pattern for the target in healthy state. For electrical systems, increased resistance resulting into increased current flow will lead to difference in temperature and colour patterns while for rotating parts, friction differences result into distinctive temperatures. This difference in temperatures can be used to locate and classify electrical and mechanical faults. A thermographer has to take caution because overheating on an equipment part can also be as a result of fault in another part. A defect in a part can either result into higher temperatures or lower temperatures compared to the healthy part. Correct fault diagnosis is vital for proper predictive maintenance. On detection of a hot spot, information on load (current or newtons ) parameters has to be established for correct interpretation of severity of fault. The use of current meters may be necessary for certain inspections. It is not advisable to extrapolate temperatures with current conditions because the temperature-current relationship is not linear.

When temperatures beyond theirand designed thermal firesinand major damages result for A thermograher should of alsomaterials know the rise thermal behaviour conductivity of thelimits, materials question including the surroundexample; motor heated beyond its thermal limit will result into damage in the stator or deformation of the rotor ing thermalaprofile. When temperatures of materials rise beyond their designed thermal limits, fires and major damages result for conductors, a cable with insulation failure asresult a result of temperatures beyond the thermal limit will lead to a example; a motor heated beyond rise its thermal limit will into damage in the stator or deformation ofresult the rotor When temperatures of materials beyond their designed thermal limits, fires and major damages for example; a motor major fault aand a possibility of a fire, as uncontrolled temperatures withinthebreakers in circuit willtolead to welding of conductors, with insulation result of beyond thermal limit will lead heated beyondcable its thermal limit will failure result intoadamage in temperatures the stator or deformation of the rotor conductors, aacable with insulacontacts and sometimes explosions when opening on a fault, a coupling defect in a pump will result into damage majorfailure fault and a possibility of a fire, uncontrolled breakers in circuit to welding tion as a result of temperatures beyond the temperatures thermal limit within will lead to a major fault will andlead a possibility of aoffire, uncontrolled contacts and sometimes explosions when opening onwelding a fault, aofcoupling in a pump will result intowhen damage of the coupling bearings, motor andwill affect pumping cycles. temperatures within breakers in circuit leadthe to contactsdefect and sometimes explosions opening on a fault, a of the coupling motor affect pumping cycles. coupling defectbearings, in a pump will and result intothe damage of the coupling bearings, motor and affect the pumping cycles. Principles in object Infrared radiation

Principles in object Infrared radiation Principles in object Infrared radiation By rule of thumb, if an object’s temperature is below 773K, emissions are in frequencies of IR radiation. An By rule rule of of thumb, thumb, ififan anobject’s object’stemperature temperatureisisbelow below773K, 773K,emissions emissionsareare in frequencies of radiation. IR radiation. By in frequencies of IR An An object will not only object willnotnot only radiation, willabsorb, also absorb, reflect refract incident IR radiation its object will emitemit radiation, it will reflect and refract incident IR radiation its in thefrom emit radiation, itonly will also absorb, reflect anditalso refract incident IR radiation fromand its surroundings. This isfrom presented followsurroundings. This is presented the following equation: ing equation: This surroundings. is presented in theinfollowing equation: 𝟏 …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… … .… …… …… 𝟏= =𝝉+ 𝝉+∝∝+𝝆 +𝝆 ……………………… ……………………… …… ……………………… ……………………… ……………. ..[𝟏] … … … … … . . [𝟏] Where: Where: Where: ′ ′ 𝜏𝜏 = 𝑠 ′𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, ∝ = 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 ′ 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, ∝ = 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌 = 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 ′ 𝑠 ′𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝜌 = 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. The energy (spectral radiant emittance) radiated by a black body at a thermal equilibrium can be established The (spectral radiant emittance) radiated by a black at abody thermal can be established planck’s Theenergy energy radiated by abody black at aequilibrium thermal equilibrium can beusing established using planck’s (spectral equation asradiant indicatedemittance) below. equation as indicated below. 𝟓 𝒉𝒄/𝝀𝒌𝑻 using planck’s𝟐 equation as −indicated below. 𝑾 𝟏� × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . … … … … … … … … … [𝟐] 𝝀 = �𝟐𝝅𝒉𝒄 ⁄𝝀 (𝒆 𝟐 ⁄ 𝟓 𝒉𝒄/𝝀𝒌𝑻 PILOT INTERNATIONAL − 𝟏� × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 … NEWSLETTER … … … …ISSUE … …NO.11 … …SEPT-DEC … … … 2012 … … … . … … … … … … … … … [𝟐] 𝑾𝝀 = �𝟐𝝅𝒉𝒄 𝝀 (𝒆 Given: W 𝜆 = Spectral radiant emittance at a wavelength 𝜆, 𝜋 = 3.142, h = Planck’s constant (6.6×10-34 joule sec), Given: C = Speed of light (3×108m/s), 𝜆 = wavelength (μm), k = Boltzmann’s constant (1.4×10-23 joule/K), T= Absolute

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using asa indicated below. =planck’s 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠 equation 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦of 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, ∝ 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 -34 Spectral emittance aa =wavelength 𝜆, ==𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 3.142, hh ==𝑎𝑛𝑑 Planck’s constant sec), W As𝜆𝜆𝜏 ==the temperature thermalat changes, observed surface through an IR detector -34 joule ′ ′ radiant Spectral radiant emittance atradiator wavelength 𝜆, 𝜋 𝜋the 3.142, Planck’stemperatures constant (6.6×10 (6.6×10 joule sec), W 𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝜌 = 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝟐 𝟓 𝒉𝒄/𝝀𝒌𝑻 −𝟔 𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝜌 = 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 ⁄ 𝑾 = �𝟐𝝅𝒉𝒄 𝝀 (𝒆 − 𝟏� × 𝟏𝟎 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . … … … … … … … … … [𝟐] 8 -23 C ==𝝀 Speed of light 𝜆 (μm), kk == Boltzmann’s constant (1.4×10 joule/K), T= 8m/s), -23 also change. This(3×10 phenomenon explained by displacement lawcan derived from law stated as m/s), 𝜆 == iswavelength wavelength (μm), Boltzmann’s (1.4×10 joule/K), T= Absolute Absolute C Speed light (3×10 The energy radiant emittance) radiated by Wien’s abody black at equilibrium a constant thermal equilibrium canPlanck’s be established The energyof(spectral (spectral radiant emittance) radiated by a black at abody thermal be established Given: temperature (K). below: usingplanck’s planck’s equation asas indicated below. temperature (K). using equation indicated below. -34 joule sec), = Spectral emittance 𝜆, 𝜋 = …3.142, =… Planck’s constant (6.6×10 W 𝟐radiant 𝟓object, 𝒉𝒄/𝝀𝒌𝑻 −𝟔wavelength 𝜆𝑾 Note: For a given the maximum plank’s can be 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟖 ⁄ = �𝟐𝝅𝒉𝒄 𝝀 (𝒆 − 𝟏� ×at 𝟏𝟎a… …spectral … …… …radiant … … …… …h… …(according … ………… …to … … ………… …law) [𝟐] 𝟐 ⁄� object, 𝟓 [𝝁𝒎] 𝒉𝒄/𝝀𝒌𝑻 −𝟔 𝝀 Note: For a given the maximum spectral radiant emittance (according to… plank’s law) can be… found and = … … … … ……… …… ……………emittance …… …… ……. … … … … … … …found …[𝟐] …and . … . [𝟑] 𝝀 = �𝟐𝝅𝒉𝒄 𝝀 (𝒆 − 𝟏� × 𝟏𝟎 … … … … … … … … … … … . … … … … … … … … 𝑾 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝝀 8 -23 𝑻 C = Speed of light (3×10 m/s), 𝜆 = wavelength (μm), k = Boltzmann’s constant (1.4×10 joule/K), T= Absolute Given: noticeably, a high high temperature temperature will will correspond correspond to to aa shorter shorter wavelength wavelength at at which which the the maximum maximum spectral spectral radiant radiant noticeably, a Given: AsWproven by law, theatwavelength the emitter the sec), same as that calculated by Given: radiant emittance a wavelength of 𝜆, a𝜋 colour = 3.142,as h =per Planck’s constantsurface (6.6×10-34isjoule temperature (K).Wien’s 𝜆 = Spectral emittance occurs. emittance occurs. -34 joule sec), 8 -23 = Spectral radiant emittance at a wavelength 𝜆, 𝜋 = 3.142, h = Planck’s constant (6.6×10 W 𝜆 Wien’s displacement law. , =k =3. 142 m/s), =a wavelength wavelengthspectral (μm), Boltzmann’s constant (1.4×10 joule/K), T= Absolute = Speed of light (3×10 W =C Spectral emittance h =emittance Planck’s constant (6.6×10 joule sec) Note: For a radiant given object, theat𝜆 maximum radiant (according to 34 plank’s law) can an be found and As the temperature of a thermal radiator changes, the observed surface temperatures through IR detector As the temperature of a8m8thermal radiator changes, the observed surface temperatures an IR detector -23 through /s) , = wavelength Cnoticeably, ==temperature Speed of alight (3×10 (μm) k = Boltzmann’s constant (1.4×10 23 joule/K) T= Absolute temperature m/s), 𝜆 = wavelength (μm), k = Boltzmann’s constant (1.4×10 joule/K), T= Absolute CBy Speed of(K). light (3×10 applying Stefan-Boltzmann formula derived by intergrating Planck’s equation from wavelength of zero to high temperature willis correspond to Wien’s a shorter wavelength law at which thefrom maximum spectral radiant also change. This phenomenon by derived law also change. Thisobject, phenomenon is explained explained by emittance Wien’s displacement displacement law law) derived from Planck’s law stated stated as as Note: For a (K). given the maximum spectral radiant (according to plank’s can be foundPlanck’s and (K) temperature wavelength of infininty, wewill cancorrespond be able totoaobtain the total emittance power inspectral watts of an object. This in principle emittance occurs. below: noticeably, a high temperature shorter wavelength at which the maximum radiant Note: For a given object, the maximum spectral radiant emittance (according to plank’s law) can be found and noticeably, a below: Note: For a given object, the maximum spectral radiant emittancesurface (according to plank’s law) canan be IR found and is emittance presented below as:a thermal As the temperature of changes, the observed temperatures through detector occurs. 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟖 high temperature will correspond to… aradiator shorter wavelength at which the maximum spectral radiant emittance occurs. As the [𝝁𝒎] 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟖 = � … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . … .. [𝟑] 𝝀 𝒎𝒂𝒙 [𝝁𝒎] = � … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . … [𝟑] 𝝀 noticeably, a high temperature will correspond to a shorter wavelength at which the maximum spectral radiant 𝑻 As= the𝜺𝑨𝝈(𝑻 temperature of𝑻a𝟒 thermal radiator changes, the surface temperatures through an IR … detector 𝑻−phenomenon also change. is explained by…observed Wien’s law from Planck’s law as . . . [𝟒] temperature of aThis t𝟒 changes, the observed temperatures detector This 𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 ) [𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔] … …… … …surface … …displacement ……… … …through … …derived …an…IR… … … also … …change. … …stated … …phe… 𝒓 𝒓hermal 𝒔radiator As proven by the wavelength of aaderived colour as the surface is emittance also change. This phenomenon is explained bylaw displacement law emitter derived from lawsame stated as as that As proven by Wien’s Wien’s law, thedisplacement wavelength ofWien’s colour as per per the emitter surface is the the same as that calculated calculated by by nomenon is occurs. explained bylaw, Wien’s from Planck’s law stated asPlanck’s below: below: Where: Wien’s displacement law. below: As the temperature of a thermal radiator changes, the observed surface temperatures through an IR detector Wien’s displacement law. … … …𝜀…=…𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟖 [𝝁𝒎] �𝑻 [𝝁𝒎] ………………… … …… ……… … ……… …… ……… …… … …𝑡ℎ𝑒 … …𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟, … … … . … . [𝟑] 𝝀𝑃𝒎𝒂𝒙 == 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑, 𝐴……= 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟖 𝑟𝝀applying = � … … … …formula … …derived …Wien’s … …intergrating … … …Planck’s …… … … from …from ….… .wavelength [𝟑] By Stefan-Boltzmann by equation of also change. This phenomenon is… … explained by displacement law… … derived Planck’s law stated 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑻 By applying Stefan-Boltzmann formula derived by intergrating Planck’s equation from wavelength of zero zeroasto to 4 ′ −8 As proven Wien’s law, the wavelength ofobtain a colour as per the emitter surface isas the same asbythat calculated by 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (5.6703 × 10 ), 𝑇 = emittance 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎proven = 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑛 As byby Wien’s law, thewe ofofaato colour the emitter surface isthe the same that calculated byThis As proven by Wien’s law, thewavelength wavelength colour as per the emitter surface ispower same as that calculated 𝑟total wavelength of infininty, can be able the in watts of an object. in principle below: wavelength of infininty, we can be able to obtain the total emittance power in watts of an object. This in principle 4Wien’s Wien’s law. By applying Stefan -Boltzmann formula derived by intergrating Planck’s equation from wavelength of displacement law. Wien’s displacement law. =displacement 𝑜𝑓…𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑠presented 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟖 is below as: [𝝁𝒎] =𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 �is𝑻presented … …𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠. …derived … … …by…intergrating … … … …Planck’s … … …equation … … …from … …wavelength … … … …of…zero … …to… … … . … . [𝟑] 𝝀 is presented below as: 𝒎𝒂𝒙 zero toapplying wavelength below as By Stefan-Boltzmann formula By applying Stefan-Boltzmann formula derived by intergrating Planck’s equation from wavelength of zero to 𝟒 𝟒 Kirchhoff’s law presents a fundamental principle that a… body capable of absorbing radiation is 𝟒 𝟒 [𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔] 𝑷 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. .. .. by [𝟒] = 𝜺𝑨𝝈(𝑻 − 𝑻 ) 𝒓 𝒓 𝒔 [𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔] 𝑷 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …at …any …… …wavelength [𝟒] = 𝜺𝑨𝝈(𝑻 − 𝑻 ) As proven by the a colour as per the emitter is the as that calculated wavelength ofWien’s infininty,𝒔law, we can bewavelength able to obtainofthe total emittance power in watts surface of an object. Thissame in principle 𝒓 𝒓 wavelength of infininty, we can be able to obtain the total emittance power in watts of an object. This in principle also capable of radiation Where: is presented below as: law. emission presented as ∝ (𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) = 𝜀 (emittance). Where: Wien’s displacement is presented below 𝟒 𝟒 [𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔] 𝜺𝑨𝝈(𝑻 𝑻as: …𝜀 …= … …derived … …emittance. … …by …𝐴 …… … object … … 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 … …with … … a…𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 … … …surface …… … …emittance . . . [𝟒] Of interest to is An high will a greater = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑, 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦, = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑃 𝒓 = 𝒓 a−thermograher 𝒔) 𝑟𝑟 𝑷 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑, 𝜀formula =…surface 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝐴…intergrating = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑃 By applying Stefan-Boltzmann Planck’s equation from wavelength of have zero to 𝟒 𝟒 [𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔] 𝑷infrared = 𝜺𝑨𝝈(𝑻 − 𝑻 ) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . . [𝟒] Where: 4 ′ −8 𝒓 𝒓 𝒔 −8 ), signature as compared one with a the lower 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (5.6703 × 𝑇𝑟4 total = emittance. 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑛 wavelength of′ 𝑠𝑠infininty, we can be to able obtain emittance power watts of an object. 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ×to10 10 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓in 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑This in principle 𝜎 = 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑛 𝑟 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑,(5.6703 𝜀 = 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝐴 ), =𝑇 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑃𝑟 = Where: 4 4 A perfect blackbody will reflect no radiation, transmit no radiation and absorb all incident radiant energy implying = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠. 𝑇 is𝑠𝑠 presented below as: 𝑜𝑓(5.6703 ′ −8 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝜀𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠. 𝑇 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 × 10 ), 𝑇𝑟4 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝜎= =𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑛 𝑃 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑, = 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑟 = 𝟒 𝟒 4 𝜺𝑨𝝈(𝑻 Kirchhoff’s law aa fundamental of absorbing at wavelength that 𝜀 ′= 1.𝑻𝒔𝑜𝑓 𝑷 … … …principle …−8 … … that …4 …aa…body … …capable ………… … … … … …radiation ………… …… … . . . [𝟒] is − ) [𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔] == 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠. Kirchhoff’s law presents fundamental principle that body capable of𝑜𝑓 absorbing radiation at…any any wavelength is 𝒓𝑇𝑠=∝ 𝒓presents 𝜎 = 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑛 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (5.6703 × 10 ), 𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 Kirchhoff ’s law presents a fundamental principle that a body capable of absorbing radiation at any wavelength is also capable of radiation emission presented as ∝ (𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) = 𝜀 (emittance). Kirchhoff’s law presents a fundamental principle that a body capable of absorbing radiation at any wavelength is Where: also 4 capable of radiation emission presented as ∝ (𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) = 𝜀 (emittance). 𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒presented 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠. also capable of radiation emission as capable ofa radiation emission presented asemittance. ∝ (𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) 𝜀with (emittance). 2= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Of interest to thermograher is object aa high surface emittance will have greater = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑, 𝜀 surface = 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝐴 An = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑃𝑠𝑟 also Of interest to a thermograher is surface emittance. An object with surface emittance willinfrared have aasignature greater Of interest tolaw atothermograher An high surface emittance will have a greater Kirchhoff’s a isfundamental principle that awith body capable ofhigh absorbing radiation at any wavelength is Of interest apresents thermograher issurface surfaceemittance. emittance. Anobject object with aa high surface emittance will have a greater 4 ′ −8 infrared signature as compared to one with a lower emittance. 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (5.6703 × 10 ), 𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑛 infrared signature ascompared compared to presented oneawith lower 𝑟 emittance. as compared to of one with a lower emittance. infrared signature as to one with loweraemittance. also capable radiation emission as ∝ (𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) = 𝜀 (emittance). 4perfect blackbody will reflect no radiation, transmit no radiation and absorb all incident radiant energy implying A 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠. A𝑇perfect blackbody will reflect nosurface radiation, transmit noobject radiation and absorb all radiant incident radiant energy implying AOf blackbody reflect no transmit radiation and absorb all incident A= perfect blackbodywill will reflect no radiation, transmit nono radiation and absorb all incident radiant energy energy implying 𝑠perfect interest to a thermograher isradiation, emittance. An with a high surface emittance will have a greater that ∝ = 𝜀 = 1. that = 𝜀𝜀law = presents 1. Kirchhoff’s a fundamental principle that a body capable of absorbing radiation at any wavelength is that ∝∝=signature = 1. as compared infrared to one with a lower emittance. also capable of radiation emission presented as ∝ (𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) = 𝜀 (emittance). 2 in no A perfect blackbodyemissivity will reflectconstant no radiation, transmit radiation and absorb all incident radiantradiators energy implying For change radiant while for selective 22 energy Of greybodies interest to ,athe thermograheris is surfacewith emittance. An object with awavelength high surface emittance will have a emissivity greater that ∝ = 𝜀 = 1. varies with radiant energy wavelength. In principle, most object surfaces are neither greybody nor blackbody emitters such infrared signature as compared to one with a lower emittance. that their emissivity values vary with wavelength. Thermography and imaging Thermography can be referred to as capturing A perfect blackbody reflectand nocalibrated radiation,totransmit no 2radiation and absorb incident radiant energy implying pictures using a camera will designed display heat patterns resulting from all radiation in wavelengths of infrared. The that ∝ = 𝜀 = 1. emission of electromagnetic waves carrying energy away from the target object is known as heat radiation. An infrared (IR)

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camera consisting of a lens (silicon or germanium),a detector, and software for image processing is used to physically see this heat radiation. Silicone preferably is used for detection of medium 2 wavelength infrared radiation while germanium for detection of long wavelength infrared radiation. The detector of an IR camera is either a thermal detector or quantum detector. Of importance to note is that IR cameras are normally calibrated for specific ranges of IR frequencies therefore a thermographer must select detectors for the preferred range. The optics embedded in IR cameras are such that they must transmit close to 100% of incident infrared radiation. Important factors to consider when capturing an object’ s infrared signature An Infrared signature imaged by an IR camera will not only be a component of an object’s surface temperature, but will inherently possess some properties of the following; object’s surface emissivity, distance, a temperature component of reflected surrounding temperatures, wind effect, sun effect, camera to object atmospheric absorption and transmittance , focus, atmospheric humidity and temperature. Compensation of these influencing factors is therefore recommended when establishing an object s infrared signature. A brief theory on the influence of some of these factors is stipulated below. 1. Distance Between the target and IR lens is an atmosphere. Part of the radiation from the target surface is absorbed by the particles (for example dust) in this atmosphere and also these particles (for example dust) emit radiant energy into the camera. his distance compensation as set into the IR camera will compensate for this emission and absorption by these particles in the atmosphere between the target object and the IR camera lens. 2. Surface emissivity Emissivity is a ratio of radiation emitted from a surface in comparison to a blackbody at an identical temperature. An IR camera will constitute a small processor that measures radiant energy from target surfaces and compares the same with that of a perfect blackbody at an identical temperature. As a rule of thumb, for a thermographer to detect correct emissions, the emissivity of the target surface must be known. If the emissivity of a surface is not known, a technique not discussed in this paper can be used which involves using a urface whose emissivity is sknown and comparing the temperaturesso as to establish the required emissivity for the target. 3. External optics (lens) transmission and temperature. In case a thermographer uses additional lenses to the IR camera lens, the transmittance and temperature change resulting from these lenses must be compensated for. 4. Hot spots due to reflected temperatures A target will have a number of objects inits surrounding with varying cross section areas and distances. These object surfaces reflect infrared radiation at varying rates to the target with the closest reflecting the highest temperatures given a constant emissivity value. It is therefore important to master the art of differentiating reflecting PILOT INTERNATIONAL NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.11 SEPT-DEC 2012

surfaces from actual targets. Methods not discussed in this paper can be used but nonetheless a thermographer has to compensate for these reflections. A rule of thumb to differentiate reflections from actual hot spots is to focus onto the target at different angles. Movement of the hot spot will be symbolic of a reflection. 5. Effect of the sun on thermographic studies. Outdoor components often absorb a lot of radiation from the sun and objects with high emissivity values are often most affected . It is advisable to conduct thermographic surveys in outdoors such as substations at night when the effect of the sun is eliminated. A thermographer is also advised not to be in direct line of focus to the sun as the sun’s radiation may damage the IR came ra lens. This damage may some times be permanent. 6. Wind effect in thermographic surveys Although wind will not have a considerable effect on the transmittance of infrared radiation, it will always tend to cool the target. A target subjected to lower wind speeds will tend to indicate higher temperatures as compared to the same target at higher wind speeds. Correction factors not indicated in this paper are available for different wind speeds however it is advisable to conduct the survey when the wind speeds are reasonably low so as to have consistency with previous results. 7. Rain effect in thermographic surveys It is recommended not to conduct a survey under rainy or drizzlingconditions because the rain drops will absorb much of the infrared radiation and the radiation detected will be of the rain drops and not of the target. This will lead to misleading results and also rain will have a cooling effect on the target in focus. 8. Humidity Atmospheric humidity for atmospheres between the target and the IR camera lens affects radiation transmittance Setting correct relative humidity values is vital for this radiation transmittance compensation. 9. Atmospheric temperature The temperature of the atmosphere between the target and the IR camera can be picked up by the camera thereby compromising on the measured temperature In outdoor substation equipment excluding transformers and switchgear, the normal operating temperature is between 0.70C to 2.50 C above the ambient temperature In indoor substation equipment, this difference tends to be much higher (greater than 40C) For detailed thermograph ic studies, this atmospheric hot spot and hotadjacent spot andidentical adjacentsurface identical at surface maximumat load. maximum Category load.1Category faults are1 classified faults arefor classified temperature for temperature 0c and temperature must be compensated for best thermography results. Classification hot spots forimmediate predictive condias urgent would and warrant would warrant immediate attention.and Category attention. 2Category faults for2 faults for differences differences of greater than of greater 340c as thanurgent 34of 0 0 0 0 C to 34 20 C and C tocall 34 for C and arranged call forshut downsshut and downs repair. and Category repair.3 Category faults 3 faults temperaturetemperature differences differences between 20between tion monitoring A thermographer should take care of the following before classifying a50defect on aarearranged target; The type and 0C where C to 190C Cwhere to 19repairs repairs to be done are toatbeplanned done atshut planned downs.shut downs. for temperatures for temperatures differences differences between 50between 0 0 amount of load especially if it is a current in different phases, temperature of adjacent themonitoring. C which which investigations warrant whether investigations and monitoring. and Category 4 Category faults for temperature 4 faults for temperature differences differences less thanidentical 5 less thanwarrant 5 Csurfaces, hot spot is from the target and the position of the target in the entire circuit. A thermograher can classify faults according to degrees of severity but it is a recommend ation that the actual repair schedules be decided by the responsible person in charge so as to have a consistency with an adopted maintenance philosophy. The following criteria can be adopted based on temperature difference between the hot spot and adjacent identical surface at maximum load. Category1 faults are classified for temperature differences of faults greater than 340c asforurgent and would warrant immediate attention. Category 2 hot spot and hot adjacent spot and identical adjacentsurface identicalat surface maximum at maximum load. Category load. 1Category are 1 faults classified are for classified temperature temperature as urgent andurgent wouldand warrant would immediate warrant immediate attention. attention. 2Category faults faults for for arranged shut downs and repair. Category 3 faults differencesfaults differences of greater greater 340c than 340c as forofthan temperature differences between 200C Category to 34 0C andfor2 call 0C to 3420 0C0C and to call 340Cforand arranged call forshut arranged downsshut anddowns repair.and Category repair. 3Category faults 3 faults temperature temperature differencesdifferences between 20between for temperatures differences between 50C todone 19 C done where repairs are toinfrared be done planned at shut downs. Category 4 faults 0C to 1905C 0Cwhere Fig.1. An shut infrared Fig.1. An fused imagefused of a control image of circuit. a control circuit.Fig. 2. An infrared Fig. 2. An fused infrared imagefused showing image a defect showing on a defect on to 190repairs C wherearerepairs to be are to atbeplanned atshut planned downs. downs. for temperatures for temperatures differencesdifferences between 5between 0C which 0C which a motor coupling a motor coupling investigations warrant investigations and monitoring. and monitoring. Category for 4Category faults for4temperature faults for temperature differences differences less than 5less less than 5warrant temperature differences than 50C which warrant investigations and monitoring.

Fig. 3. An infrared Fig. 3. An image infrared showing image a hot showing a hot Fig.1. An infrared Fig.1. An fused infrared image fused of aimage controlofcircuit. a control circuit. Fig. 2. An infrared Fig. 2. An fused infrared image fused showing imagea showing defect ona defect on spot on a voltage spot ontransformer a voltage transformer a motor coupling a motor coupling

Fig. 4. An infrared Fig. 4. An image infrared showing image a hot showing a hot spot at a jumper spot at connector a jumper connector

ConclusionConclusion Thermography Thermography is an important is an tool important for condition tool formonitoring condition monitoring and predictive and maintenance. predictive maintenance. Hidden defects Hidden in defects in electrical circuits electrical and circuits mechanical and mechanical systems cansystems be seencan which be seen whenwhich addressed when minimise addressed maintenance minimise maintenance costs that costs that are usually high are usually in unplanned high in break unplanned downs. break downs. It is advisable It isthat advisable when athat survey whenisastarted, survey the is started, same thermographer the same thermographer should alsoshould finish italso so finish that there it so isthat there is consistencyconsistency in the imageininterpretations. the image interpretations. Thermal behaviour Thermalofbehaviour materialsofinmaterials healthy state in healthy shouldstate also should be known. also be known. Before purchasing Before purchasing an infrared an camera, infrared onecamera, has to consider one has to theconsider kind of inspections the kind of inspections that are to be thatconducted are to be for conducted for example whether example a global whether positioning a global positioning system is needed system inis cases neededof intransmission cases of transmission and distribution and distribution power lines.power lines. A correct choice A correct of detectors choice offordetectors the desired for the frequency desiredrange frequency should range also should be established. also be established. Fig. 4. An infrared Fig. 4. An image infrared showing imagea showing hot a hot Fig. 3. An infrared Fig. 3. An image infrared showing imagea showing hot a hot ReferencesReferences spot at a jumper spot atconnector a jumper connector spot on a voltage spot ontransformer a voltage transformer [1] The relationship [1] The relationship between current between loadcurrent and temperature load and temperature for quasi-steady for quasi-steady state and transient state andconditions transient by conditions by Bernard R. Lyon Bernard Jr., R. Gary Lyon L. Jr., Orlove, Garyand L. Orlove, Donna and L. Peters. Donna L. Peters. Conclusion Conclusion FLIR 600 series FLIRusers’ 600 manual. users’ manual. Thermography Thermography is an important is an tool important for condition tool for monitoring condition monitoring and predictive and predictive maintenance. maintenance. Hidden[2]defects Hidden in [2] defects in series [3] Infrared detectors [3] Infraredselection detectors guide selection October guide 2010 October by Hamamatsu. 2010 by Hamamatsu. electrical circuits electrical andcircuits mechanical and mechanical systems can systems be seen canwhich be seen whenwhich addressed when addressed minimise maintenance minimise maintenance costs that costs that [4] Characteristics [4] Characteristics and use of infrared and usedetectors of infraredbydetectors Hamamatsu. by Hamamatsu. are usuallyare highusually in unplanned high in unplanned break downs. break downs. It is advisable It is advisable that when that a survey when isa started, survey isthestarted, same the thermographer same thermographer should alsoshould finish also it sofinish that there it so that is there is 5 5 consistencyconsistency in the image in interpretations. the image interpretations. Thermal behaviour Thermal of behaviour materialsofinmaterials healthy state in healthy should state alsoshould be known. also be known.

Conclusion Thermography is an important tool for condition monitoring and predictive maintenance. Hidden defects in electrical circuits and mechanical systems can be seen which when addressed minimise maintenance costs that are usually high in unplanned break downs. It is advisable that when a survey is started, the same thermographer should also finish it so that there is consistency in the image interpretations. Thermal behaviour of materials in healthy state should also be known. Before purchasing an infrared camera, one has to consider the kind of inspections that are to be conducted for example whether a global positioning system is needed in cases of transmission and distribution power lines A correct choice of detectors for the desired frequency range should also be established. References [1] The relationship between current load and temperature for quasi steady state and transient conditions by Bernard R. Lyon Jr., Gary L. Orlove, and Donna L. Peters. Before purchasing Before purchasing an infraredan camera, infraredone camera, has toone consider has tothe consider kind ofthe inspections kind of inspections that are to that be conducted are to be conducted for for [2] FLIR series users’ manual example whether example a whether global600 positioning a global positioning system is needed system isin needed cases ofintransmission cases of transmission and distribution and distribution power lines. power lines. A correct choice A correct of detectors choice offor detectors the desired for the frequency desired range frequency should range alsoshould be established. also be established. [3] Infrared detectors selection guide October 2010 by Hamamatsu. [4] Characteristics and use of infrared References References detectors by Hamamatsu [1] The relationship [1] The relationship between current between load current and temperature load and temperature for quasi-steady for quasi-steady state and transient state andconditions transient conditions by by Bernard R.Bernard Lyon Jr.,R.Gary LyonL.Jr., Orlove, Gary and L. Orlove, Donnaand L. Peters. Donna L. Peters. [2] FLIR 600 [2]series FLIR 600 users’ series manual. users’ manual. [3] Infrared[3] detectors Infraredselection detectorsguide selection October guide2010 October by Hamamatsu. 2010 by Hamamatsu. [4] Characteristics [4] Characteristics and use ofand infrared use of detectors infraredby detectors Hamamatsu. by Hamamatsu. 5

5


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Liquefied petroleum gas, a cleaner energy for a Green Economy Emmy Wasirwa Wana Energy solutions, Uganda Email: [email protected] Abstract Nearly 18% of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are attributed to energy and fuel use by the residential sector (International Energy Agency (EIA), 2008), including grid-electricity and biomass, oil, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking and heating. However, IEA estimates do not consider CO2 emissions from household biomass fuel combustion, which is a primary household fuel source in developing countries and may or may not be harvested sustainably. In addition to CO2, the poor combustion of traditional biomass and coal stoves also releases very high levels of other pollutants, as “products of incomplete combustion”. These include methane, a recognized greenhouse gas, as well as a number of other pollutants like carbon monoxide and black carbon particles – not regulated by any climate change convention. Many scientists now believe that, on balance these products of incomplete combustion contribute to global warming and indoor air pollution. There is consistent evidence that exposure to indoor air pollution can lead to acute lower respiratory infections in children under five, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer (where coal is used) in adults and global warming on the climate. LPG reduces health-damaging indoor air pollution exposures by more than 90% in comparison to open fires or traditional stoves. Although LPG is a fossil fuel, its combustion has a low climate impact in comparison to traditional biomass and coal at point of use. LPG provides opportunities for potential health and environment synergies for household energy Uganda.

THEME: RENEWABLE ENERGY This theme explores energy generation from natural resources, such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, waste-to-energy and so on. Increased production of energy from renewable sources means that we increase energy supply to the economy with minimized or no negative impacts to the environment, therefore reducing the impacts of climate change as well as environmental destruction.

Developing Effective Renewable Energy Policy Awareness Media Communication Campaign for Sustainable Environment

Wilson Okaka Kyambogo University Uganda Email: [email protected]

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Abstract The objectives are to: explain the importance of public awareness of the National Renewable Energy policy in the early adoption and widespread diffusion of renewable energy resources and technologies for community energy security and improved livelihoods in the developing countries like Uganda; describe the national energy balance, its impact on the environment, and climate; present the prospects and challenges of effective media communication campaigns for sustainable environment in Uganda; discuss a profile of renewable energy sources and technologies in Uganda, and to explain the role of communication research in designing and delivering effective public awareness communication campaign in Uganda and the rest of Africa. Data collection method involved the use of interview schedules collect baseline socio-economic data in both urban and rural areas. Literature review of key policy issues was documented. Initial findings show emerging progress and challenges in policy, regulations, incentives, institutional capacity, and technology transfer and development in renewable energy fields. There is massive overdependence on biomass energy sources for domestic, institutional, and industrial energy demands. Initial conclusions indicate: escalating overdependence on biomass energy for household, institutional and community needs in both urban and rural areas; lack of public awareness of fuel efficient renewable (alternative) energy technologies, need for progressive legislations; low investments, and conservation techniques for biomass energy; inefficient technologies, slow rate of diffusion of innovations due cultural and economic factors; increasing environmental degradation due to wood energy crisis. Ugandans must adopt efficient renewable systems. Public awareness campaign is still wanting. It should be theory driven; research based, policy guided, and gender sensitive with the active and visible participation of youth and women. Keywords: adoption, awareness, diffusion, environment, media, renewable energy, technology.


Theme: Renewable Energy

Solar Water Heating and education for change in Brazil

Tatina A. Diniz Centre for excellence in Learning and Teaching, University of Wales Newport, UK.

Abstract Hot water warmed up by the sun, available in home showers. Due to the popularity of a low cost water heater system, Brazilian families have been incorporatig this facility to their lives. The system was developed asa social technology by social enterprise “SoSol*(*Sociedade do sol, *The sun Society), Based at the univesrity of Sao Paulo’s. short courses on how to make the solar water heater are offered to the society, generating a network of community-based agents who multiply the knowledge in different cities of Brazil. Furthermore, since 2010, the inclusion of the technology in new social housing settings has been supported by governmental policies. This paper explores the educational strategy behind solar water heting implementation in Brazil. Primary data collected in community education settings record some of the programmes main features. Results highlight the existence of room for community-based training related to sustainable development asa major contribution for innovation, as well a s apotential policy trigger.

Combining teaching with practical training on benefits of renewable energy Eldadi Tumwine Kyambogo University Out Reach Activity, Uganda. Introduction The aim of the proposed project is to provide professional education and training for schools and communities on renewable energy, energy efficiency and energy saving measures. Most of the time teachers work hard during the school years and people in communities are busy with day to day activities, they don’t find time to know about benefits of renewable energy. This calls for a need of a Mobile Renewable Energy Training Workshop (MRETW). The project van will be equipped with basic material equipment and tools for lessons and practical projects and experiments on Renewable Energy (RE). Training activities can be adopted according to individual classes or communities. Slides videos, power point presentations and practical experiment support will be used during the training. A balance theory between practical will enable the trainees to develop knowledge and skills. There is need of translation science where communities are not versed with the English language. Objective of the project. This project is a university outreach activity whose purposes are to teach, research and reach out to communities. The purpose is to provide skills, knowledge and create awareness on efficient and sustainable use of RE. Significance The project is a positive example of clean energy and encourages energy users to consider use of RE as valid option (i.e. solar cooking in Uganda). Trainees will be inspired by the way RE is presented. The training will be done in focused groups where the groups will do their own practical experiments, e.g. setting up small solar homes, cooking with solar cookers, mobile phone charging, building biomass digesters and lots more. The trainees will become experts and teach others, involve themselves in RE awareness and practical projects both in their schools and communities. Sustainability During the training, trainees can use a bicycle generator to

experience the required to produce 60 Watts continuously. Compare how much power it would take to grind ground nuts with a 2Kilowatts electrical grinder to a manual one. After that then it would be easier for the trainees to understand why energy should not be wasted, while recognizing that it is comfortable and easier to use energy. In this project technology is important at the same time educational aspects are central mostly for schools because the main aim of the project is to teach the general principles of RE technology through practical experience and social learning methods. As for the communities the aim is to create awareness about Sustainable use of RE. They can be able to design, operate, use and install some of RE equipment (e.g. solar heaters, solar dryers, solar cookers, biogas digesters, wood gasifiers etc). Methodology The concept of the project is balanced between theory and practical. No previous knowledge of RE is needed to implement the project into curriculum (primary 5-7), even for training in both urban and rural communities and the actual knowledge of different training groups will be taken into consideration. The projects will cover renewable energy topics such as solar photovoltaic, solar thermal systems such as solar hot water, solar cooker, micro and Pico hydro power, energy saving cook stoves, biogas digesters and wood gasifiers as well as discussions and team work about energy saving efficiency and future scenario. The project will start by using a van which can later be replaced with a trailer to reduce cost on fuel. It is proposed that maintenance and new equipment be financed by rental fee and sponsorship. This project will need more time to be spent on planning, developing and maintaining the system. This project is possible if the schools and communities area to pay rental fee and facilitation for the trainers. At this stage the project is looking for partners and sponsors. Impediments The project is not a low cost investment scenario because of the equipment. However RE is becoming very attractive and


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Theme: Renewable Energy

environmental friendly we hope that government, local utilities and sponsors are willing to invest money in awareness raising, teaching activities and utilizing of RE. Kyambogo University (KYU) Department of Electrical Engineering is determined to put this concept into practice. Replicability This project has been replicated several times in different countries. The basic of having a MRETW is very cost effective because it saves money that would be used in schools to teach in same way, also for both urban and rural communities awareness and efficient sustainable use of RE is encouraged at a cheaper cost. The MRETW can be constructed according to the local needs. Recommendation Emphasis during the training is put on the practical application of available renewable energy sources. The training should be tailored to suit different trainees with different educational back grounds. To minimize the cost the van can later be replaced with a trailer. Conclusion At the end of the training the trainees will be able to install, operate and maintain renewable energy systems in their localities. They should be able to train others.

COSTS S/N

Description

Qty

Unit

1 2 3 4 5

Van Coaster1 Solar Cookers Biogas Plant 1 Wood Gasifier 1 Energy Saving Cook Stoves olar PV System 2 Tool Box 2 Ladders 2 Lap tops 2 rojector 2 DC Screen esktop Computers E Traning Kit1

N 12 N N N 8

o. 8 o. 1 o. 3 o. 3 No.

Unit price US$ 5,000 ,000 1 ,000 ,000 10

N N N N N

o. 3 o. o. o. o. No. No. No

,000 400 350 3,400 3,000 2,000 2,500 3,500

6S 7 8 9 10 P 12 L 13 D 14 R

2 2

Total costs US$ 85,000 2,000 3,000 3,000 800 6000 800 700 6800 6000 4000 5000 3500

References A.N Mathur N.S Rathore (1989). Renewable Energy Hishami Publications India. Alan Symonds (1980). Electrical Power Equipment Measurement. McGraw-Hill, Maiden Lead. International (UK) Ltd. WWW.wision.net

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Opportunities from Uganda’s Bio-wastes in Climate Change Adaptation and Carbon Trade, Waste-to-Energy: A Clean energy strategy for the common person David K. Nkwanga, Nature Palace Foundation Uganda E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Uganda was already wood fuel deficit by 2.7 million cubic metres in 1986. However, wood fuel - firewood and charcoal - remain the main sources of cooking energy available for the majority of Ugandans, providing about 93% of the country’s total cooking energy needs. Despite this, the country’s natural forest estate, which is the main source of charcoal and firewood is being lost at a rate of 2.3% pa, and overall forest cover dropped from 24% - 18% between 1990 and 2005, respectively. On the other hand, Uganda’s urban centers generate a lot of solid waste, approximately 70% of which is biodegradable. Recycling such waste into cooking energy utilizes positively the abundant bio-waste which would otherwise be a problem and provides an opportunity for an economic and cleaner energy source. In addition, a waste-to-energy strategy saves biodiversity by controlling deforestation; provides a more effective; improves peoples’ Health through improved Hygiene & Sanitation; improves peoples’ livelihoods through Poverty reduction; and, raises peoples’ capacity to adapt to climate change among others.


THEME: ACCESS TO CLEANER ALTERNATIVE ENERGY This theme explores cleaner energy sources that can be added to the energy mix for consumption.

Biofuel production and sustainability

Edirin B. Agbro Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Nigeria Email: [email protected]

Abstract The development of sustainable liquid transport fuels, which can replace finite fossil fuels, is essential to guarantee the future security of energy supply. This paper examines the role biofuels might play in reducing GHG emissions and improving fuel security. It also explores the wider economic, social and environmental impacts of biofuels production. In general biofuels made from organic waste are environmentally more compassionate than biofuels from energy crops. One of the largest questions raised about biofuel is their net energy balance, particularly the question of whether the bio-based fuels produced contain more useful energy than fossil fuels used to make them. This paper also high lightens the fossil energy balance of various liquid fuel types. It is interesting to note that today, since advances in technology have improved production efficiency, virtually all current commercial biofuels have a positive fossil energy balance. Keywords: Biomass, Green House Gas (GHG) , Sustainability, Biofuel, Environment 1.0 Introduction To develop the full potential of bioenergy, growth has to be managed in a sustainable way to meet the requirement related to the economic, socio and environmental dimensions of sustainability (High level conference on food security, 2008) and (Achten et’al., 2007). Sustainable development refers to the pattern of resource use that meets human needs while preserving the environment so that generations unborn can also meet their needs in the future (Sambo, 2009 ). According to (Osaghae, 2009), assessment of a sustainable source of biomass will require a study of the economic, environmental and societal impacts- the three pillars of sustainability. In theory, bioenergy is economically sustainable if it is financially viable after all direct and indirect impactsboth positive and negative- has been accounted for. Biofuels are seen as having limitations. The feedstocks for biofuel production must be readily available (i.e. must be replaced rapidly) and in-expensive and biofuel production processes must be designed and implemented so as to supply the maximum amount of fuel at the cheapest cost, while providing maximum environmental benefits (Iheanyi et al., 2009). The tortilla crisis is one example of the many recent concerns about the impact of biomass on food production, the stability of food and feed prices and the availability of food for the poor. Other concerns include the possible adverse effect on nature and biodiversity and net energy savings and CO2 emission reductions that can be reached with bioenergy compared to conventional fossil energy (Louis, 2007). According to Calliope (2009) important sustainability criteria for sustainable biofuel production from biomass feedstock include: • A sufficiently positive green house gas balance • Food security i.e. no competition with foodstuff or other local uses • No adverse effect on the vulnerable biodiversity • No adverse effect on the environment • Low cost • Contribution to local prosperity • Contribution to the welfare of the employees and the local population • Public and political acceptance

1.1 Objective of Study The study’s objective is: 1. To review the current knowledge on the use of biomass for non-food purpose (i.e. for bioenergy). 2. To critically discuss the environmental sustainability implications of using biomass for biofuel production. 3. To explore the wider economic and social impact of biofuel production. 2 Methodology 2.1 Biomass sources and food security The use of agricultural crops like sugar cane, corn, cassava, sorghum, oil palm etc as biomass feedstock for the production first generation biofuel like ethanol and bio diesel has been criticized for diverting food away from the human food chain, leading to food shortages and price rises. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the rising demand for ethanol derived from corn is the main reason for the decline in world grain stocks during the first half of 2006 (Iheanyi et al., 2009). The use of agricultural land to grow energy crops also compete with the use of land and water for food and animal feed production, driving up the prices of commodities like cereals (Stiklen, 2010). However, Jatropha is not a food crop, so it will not affect the food scarcity issues of the nation. Jatropha has become a highly promising second generation bio diesel feedstock with high yields. The plant produces seed that contains easily extractable inedible lipid oil that is used to produce the fuel. Jatropha can be grown in a range of difficult conditions, including arid and otherwise non-arable areas leaving prime areas available for food crops. it needs little fertilizer too and does not require irrigation. In Africa and Asia, there are however, serious concerns about Jatropha’s environmental and social impacts. There are questions about growing Jatropha without irrigation. A key issue surrounding Jatropha is the productivity of the tree in the dry, degraded lands on which it is said to thrive. Indian studies show that, without irrigation, the average yield after five years is 1.1 to 2.75 tonnes per hectare, compared with 5.25 to 12.5 tonnes per hectare with irrigation. Rob Ballis, an assistant professor at the Yale School of Forestry and En-


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Theme: Access To Cleaner Alternative Energy

vironmental Studies, along with Yale PhD candidate Jennifer Baka, recently launched the first detailed “life cycle” environmental assessment of Jatropha as a biofuel. Although their study is in it’s early stages, Ballis notes that it’s already clear that, while Jatropha can indeed grow on lands with minimal water and poor nutrition, “ if you plant trees in a marginal area, and all they do is just not die, it doesn’t mean you’re going to get a lot of oil from it.” He says evidence suggests that the tree will grow far more productively on higher quality land with more rainfall or irrigation ( Jon, 2009). Current research on Jatropha has been directed towards enhancing the rate of propagation and optimizing the yields. Current trend in Jatropha cultivation is focused towards the use of improved germplasm for optimal yield of nuts with an optimal amount of oil, and matching this germplasm to sites with fertile soils and adequate moisture to enable it reach its genetic potential to produce optimal yields (Rajagopal, 2007). Large scale cultivation of crops for biofuel will trigger new competition for agricultural resources; between food production and biofuel production. Even with the strategy to focus more on non-grain crops such as Jatropha, which can even grow in marginal lands, massive production would require conversion of large agricultural and forest lands to grow these crops on commercial scale. Biofuel based on food crops or non-food crops will increase demand on land and water both of which are at a premium for average citizens in developing nations. With land being diverted for fuel, energy crops will be produced at the cost of food crops, driving the prices of food crops beyond the reach of most people (Rajagopal, 2007). This problem can be mitigated by using non-food and non-feed portions of agricultural crops, such as crop residues for production of cellulosic biofuel (Stiklen, 2010). Cellulosic biomass such as forestry and crop residues (e.g. sawdust, wood residues, rice husk, corn Stover, sugar cane begasse, cassava peels etc) and municipal solid waste is much more abundant than food crops and can be harvested with less strain on land, air and water resources (World watch Institute, 2006). The flexibility in these types of resources tackles the competition between the food industries and further ensues the sustainable development of biofuel (Darmartzis and Zabaniotou, 2010 ). Fast growing perennial grasses dedicated for energy, such as swithgrass, giant reed and mischantus are also better alternative sources for biofuel.

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2.2 Biomass feed stocks and environmental impact 2.2.1 Effect on climate change(Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) is one of the prime goals for producing biofuel. Therefore the extent to which biofuel from a particular feedstock reduces GHG emissions, compared with fossil fuels, is an important measure of their sustainability (World watch Institute, 2006). Carbon dioxide is the principal GHG that causes global warming, and the increasing levels of it’s concentration in the atmosphere are of great concern. The use of biomass resources, managed in a sustainable way, would reduce CO2 emissions and help tackle global warming (Milbrant, 2009). Life cycle assessment (LCA) of biofuel production show that under certain circumstances, biofuels produce only limited savings in energy and greenhouse gas emissions. Fertilizer inputs and transportation of biomass across large distances can reduce the green house (GHG) savings achieved. A European study on the greenhouse gas emissions found that well-to-wheel (WTW) CO2 emissions of biodiesel from seed crops such as rapeseed could be almost as high as fossil diesel. It showed a similar result for bio ethanol from starch crops, which could have almost as many WTW CO2 emissions as fossil petrol. Their study however showed that second generation bio fuels from lignocellulosic biomass like crop and forestry residues/waste and dedicated energy crops has far lower WTW CO2 emissions (Iheanyi et al., 2009). Other independent life cycle assessment (LCA) studies show that bio fuels save around 50% of the CO2 emissions of the equivalent fossil fuels. This can be increased to 80-90 % GHG emissions savings if second generation processes or reduced fertilizer growing regimes are used. Further green house gas (GHG) savings can be achieved by using by-products to provide heat, such a using bagasse to power ethanol production from sugarcane. The use of bio fuels could even increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions if land would be converted from forests, wetland and reserves for conservation to grow more food crops like corn or soya bean (ACP-EU, 2010). The global transportation sector is responsible for 25 % of the world’s energy related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and this share is rising (World watch Institute, 2006). A study by World Watch Institute (2006), point out that a dramatic increase in the production and use of bio fuels has the potential to significantly reduce those emissions, particularly with the development of advanced technologies that rely on agricultural wastes and dedicated energy cellulosic crops such as switch grass. However, if bio fuels are produced from low-yielding crops, are grown on previously wild grasslands or forest, and /or are produced with heavy inputs of fossil energy, they have the potential to generate as much or more GHG emissions than petroleum fuels do. Table 17 shows the range of potential GHG emissions reductions from the use of wastes and other second generation feedstock, relative to first-generation feedstock. Table 17: Potential reductions in GHG emissions, by feedstock type

Feedstock Fibers (switch grass, poplar) Waste (waste oil, harvest residues, sewage) 6 Sugars (sugar cane, sugar beat) Vegetable oils (rapeseed, sunflower seed, soybean Starches (corn, wheat) Source: (Word watch Institute, 2006)

Reductions i n CO2 E quivalent E missions per Vehicle-Kilometer (Percent) 70-110 5-100 40-90 45-75 15-40



2.2.2 Energy balance One of the largest questions raised about bio fuels is their net energy balance, particularly the question of whether the bio-based fuels produced contain more useful energy than the (fossil) fuels required to make them. This was a greater concern a decade e ago than it is today, since advances in technology have improved production efficiency, giving virtually all current commercial bio fuels a positive fossil energy balance The energy balance is the ratio of energy contained in the final biofuel to the energy used by human efforts to produce it (World watch Institute, 2006) and (Luois, 2007).Typically, only fossil fuel inputs are counted in this equation, while biomass inputs, including the biomass feedstock itself, are not counted. A more accurate term for this concept is fossil energy balance, and it is one measure of a biofuel’s ability to slow the pace of climate change. However, fossil energy balance does not take into account other ways that biofuel production contributes to climate change, such as changes in land us (World watch Institute, 2006). It varies by feedstock, location and according to the assumptions used. Ethanol feedstock such as sugar beats, wheat, and corn have been criticized because their fossil energy balance is close to 1.0, a threshold many consider is the line between an energy sink and an energy source. Biodiesel made from sunflower may produce only 0.46 times the input rate of fuel energy while biodiesel from soybeans may produce 3.2 times the input rate of fossil fuels. This compares to 0.805 for gasoline and 0.843 for diesel made from petroleum (Iheanyi, et al., 2009) and (World watch Institute, 2006). Plants use photosynthesis to convert solar energy into chemical energy, and as technologies improve and facilities begin to use more biomass energy (e.g. from agricultural residues like sugar cane bagasse and corn Stover), the amount of fossil energy used to produce the crops and convert them to bio fuels will continue to decline (World watch Institute, 2006). Table 18 shows the fossil energy balance of some selected fuel types/feedstock Table 18: Fossil energy balance of selected fuel types

Fuel (feedstock) Cellulosic ethanol Biodiesel (palm oil) Ethanol (sugar cane) Biodiesel (waste vegetable oil) Biodiesel (soybeans) Biodiesel (rapeseed, EU) Ethanol (wheat) Ethanol (sugar beets) Ethanol (corn) Diesel (crude oil) Gasoline (crude oil) Gasoline (tar sands) Source ( Worldwatch,2006)

Fossil energy balance (approx.) 2-36 ~9 ~8 5-6 ~3 ~ 2.5 ~2 ~2 ~ 1.5 0.8 -0.9 0.8 ~ 0.75

2.2.3 Ecosystem health and other environmental issues Biofuel production offers similar risks and opportunities with regard to the health of the world’s ecosystem. Some of the negative impact associated with the production and use of biomass resources include deforestation, increased GHG emissions, loss of biodiversity, and soil erosion. Deforestation is caused primarily by shifting cultivation (clearing of forest and grassland for crops production) and excess logging ((Milbrant, 2009; Stiklen, 2010). This could have reverse GHG effects. First, clearing is often done by burning, which releases CO2, and second, once removed, the trees no longer contribute to carbon storage. A large portion of Nigerian population relies heavily on biomass resources like firewood and charcoal for its energy needs; therefore, using alternative sources is critical to forest sustainability. Charcoal for example is produced mainly from trees, so using alternative sources like crop residues and forestry residues and waste (wood waste and sawdust) would relieve the pressure on native forest. Current farming practice is usually to plough these residues back into the soil, or they are burnt, left to decompose, or grazes by cattle. Crop residues are often left in place to help prevent erosion and promote soil health by cycling nutrients and maintaining or increasing, soil organic matter. A number of agricultural and biomass studies, however, have concluded that it may be appropriate to remove and utilize a portion of crop residue for energy production, providing a large volume of low cost material. Theses residues could be processed into liquid fuels or combusted/gasified to produce electricity and heat (Bringezu et al., 2009). There are however serious concerns about the amount of crop and forest residues that may be removed sustainably from farmlands without undermining soil quality (Abigail et al., 2008; Stephanie et al., 2006). Suggestion has been made to keep at least two-thirds of plant residues on the soil to ensure sustainability of microbial population. Another report suggests the development of advanced cropping systems (Stiklen, 2010). For corn stover, previous studies have also estimated residue removal at rates between 20% and 60% depending on conventional tillage practices or no-till practices and soil conditions. For adequate protection of soil from erosion, 30% ground residue cover after planting is the standard adopted in the US and Eastern Canada. It has been estimated that based on the need to adequately protect soil from erosion, 20% to approximately 30% of the actual amount of stover can be removed (Stephanie et al., 2006). PILOT INTERNATIONAL NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.11 SEPT-DEC 2012

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Deforestation also leads to soil erosion and decline in biodiversity. Additionally, loss of biodiversity could result from an increase in monoculture crops and plantation. Study by the integrated framework in 2008, stated that where forest has been replaced by oil palm, and rubber trees, up to 80 % of reptiles, mammals, and birds species previously found cannot be supported by the new ecosystem (Milbrant, 2009). Depending on crop types and previous land use, soil erosion may be aggravated by introducing crops, especially if perennial or grassland are replaced by annual crops. Apart from the harmful downstream effects, erosion leads, ceteris paribuss, to reduced productivity of crops. The relative intensity of soil erosion under different biomass crop is therefore used as an indicator for sustainability of those crops. (Sanders et al., 2008). Municipal solid waste issue The world in the 21st century is facing a dual crisis of increasing waste and global climate change. Substituting fossil fuels with waste biomass-derived cellulosic ethanol is a promising strategy to simultaneously meet part of our energy needs, mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and manage municipal solid waste (MSW) ( Allen et al., 2009). Waste-energy combustion reduces the volume of trash by about 90%, decreasing the amount of land required for garbage disposal by 90% (Milbrant, 2009). Biodegradable municipal solid waste (BMSW) represents the cheapest and easiest means of providing substrate for our biofuel industry. (Ugochukwu, 2010; CleanTech Bio fuels, 2008). Nigeria is groaning under the burden of excessive municipal solid waste with about 25 million tonnes being generated annually. Many cities are suffused with wastes as a result of extremely poor/ inefficient disposal systems in place. Some of the systems in place were designed by the colonial masters and no longer technically feasible. The easiest form of disposal among city dwellers is to throw out the trash into drainages during high to heavy rainfall. This is of tremendous public health concern with the vast majority of Nigerians becoming ill due to contamination of our food and water sources ( Ugochukwu, 2010). The waste management problem in Nigeria which has serious environmental and health implications could be tacked if this endless source of cellulosic feedstock (municipal solid waste) generated in our everyday life is turned into bio fuels with the right technologies.

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2.3 Socio-economic implications The production of bio fuels feedstock could have a variety of positive and negative impacts on socio-economic conditions (Conference on Biological diversity, 2008). The socio-economic impact of biofuel development will depend upon the feedstock and the production system chosen (High level conference on world food security, 2008). As the majority of feed tocks used in the production of bio fuels are agricultural, the market for bio fuels and agricultural products are closely related. The expansion of biofuel production will increase global demand for agricultural products and result in the creation of new jobs at every stage of the production process, from harvesting, to processing, to distribution. As more countries become producers of biofuel, their rural economies will likely benefit as they harness a greater share of their domestic resources (World watch Institute, 2006) and (Conference on Biological diversity, 2008). Biomass cultivation, harvesting, and processing could have a direct impact on rural development and poverty reduction. It could improve rural livelihoods by providing new income opportunities to families and communities growing biomass, or through direct employment. Using biomass resources in stand-alone power generation units could insulate poor rural households from energy price fluctuations, allowing for an independent electricity source (Milbrant, 2009). Although there are numerous benefits, the expansion of biomass resources development could also have some negative socioeconomic effects on rural communities. Impact on food security is one of the core social factor to be considered in bio energy development. The rising demand for agricultural bio fuels is translating into higher market prices for some woody materials and agricultural products. There is evidence that attractive prices for some biofuel feed stocks, especially palm oil and sugar cane, have lead to land grabbing and the involuntary displacement of people. A range of social issues including poor working conditions for labourers and loss of land right for indigenous people where new plantations for feed stocks are established, have also been reported (High level conference on world food security, 2008). A study by the World watch Institute points out that in the biofuel industry, most jobs are found at plantations where wages and working conditions can be very poor. The study found that small farms could be more effective in job development than large scale plantations (Milbrant, 2009). However it has been noted, that as the production of bio fuels tends to favour large-scale and industrial agricultural practices, farmers utilizing traditional agricultural methods may be effectively excluded from the production of biofuel feedstock (Conference on Biological diversity, 2008). Commercial biofuel markets could become a major factor in raising the economic viability of rural enterprise, especially in developing countries. Increased investment in infrastructure for biofuel processing, distribution and transport would result. At least some of these infrastructures will also contribute to the overall development of the agricultural sector. Second generation biofuel technologies produced from non-food lignocellulosic feedstock are expected to become commercially viable on large scale, and hold considerable promise, compared to first generation bio fuels which are produced from food crops (Rock feller Foundation, 2008). The current costs (economic and environmental) to produce cellulosic biofuel are still relatively high. The industry is promising because no deforestation is needed for large-scale production of cellulosic bio fuels. With the current trend of researches on cellulosic biomass, involving genetic engineering it is likely that the technology and processes will improve over time, making the commercial production of cellulosic ethanol more practical economically (Stiklen, 2010).



Table 19: First- vs. second-generation Feed stocks/bio fuels

Bio fuels readily usable in existing petroleum infrastructure Proven commercial technology available today Relatively simple conversion processes Markets for by-products of fuel production needed Capital investment per unit of production Feedstock cost per unit of production Total cost of production Minimum scale for optimum economics Land-use-efficiency Direct food vs. fuel competition Feasibility of using marginal lands for feedstock production Ability to optimize feedstock choice for local conditions Potential for net reduction in petroleum use Potential for net reduction in fossil fuel use Potential for net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions Source: UNCTD (2008)

1st Gen. Yes Yes Yes Yes Lower Higher High* Modest Low Yes Poor Limited Good* Modest* Modest*

2nd Gen Yes No No Yes/No Higher Lower Lower Large High No Good High Better High High

* Except for first-generation Brazilian sugar cane ethanol, which would get a favourable mark 2.4 Conclusion The development of sustainable liquid transport fuels, which can replace finite fossil fuels, is essential to guarantee the future security of energy supply. Unsustainable biomass production would erode the climate- related advantages of bio energy. Biofuels can reduce green house gas emissions from road transport- but most first generation biofuels have a detrimental impact on the environment overall. In addition, most biofuels are not an effective use of bioenergy resources, in terms either of cutting green house gas emissions or value for money. The government must ensure that its biofuel policy balances green house gas emissions cut with wider environmental impacts, so that fuels are only used where they contribute to sustainable emissions reduction.

Ultrasonic method of biodiesel production from palm kernel

Onanuga Olutayo Kehinde Lagos State Polytechnic Nigeria. Email: [email protected]

Abstract Biodiesel fuel is a clean burning alternative fuel that is derived from chemical reactors. It is considered as the fuel for the future without rise in global warming. It has an advantage over the fossil fuel (Diesel) because it is free from carbon. 100kg of Palm kernel oil (1% fatty acid) at room temperature was added to pure methanol (21.7kg) plus granulated Sodium Hydroxide (1.5kg) subjected to ultrasonic method for 1hour. Unwashed Biodiesel was produced and allowed to settle. Two layers were obtained, containing unwashed biodiesel at the top and a darker layer of Glycerine. The unwashed biodiesel was collected and a small sample was used to ascertain if it was biodiesel. The biodiesel was washed by mixing with warm water and agitated in a closed container to remove excess methanol and catalyst. However, washing was done continuously until the water was tested neutral using a litmus paper. It was allowed to settle, lesser dense water settled beneath and the washed biodiesel was collected for drying by heating up to about 80degree Celsius. It was allowed to cool and a bright coloured biodiesel was obtained. Keywords: Palm kernel oil, Methanol, Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Ultrasonic, Glycerine Biodiesel

Introduction Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel produced from renewable biological sources like vegetable oil and animal fat of very low fatty acid for diesel engine. This is done by reacting, the oil(triglycerides) with an alcohol (mainly methanol or ethanol ) in the presence of a suitable alkali or acid catalyst yielding straight chain molecules of methyl or ethyl esters (Attanatho et al..2004; Khalisanni et al., 2008; Younis et al., 2009).Biodiesel is highly favoured as alternative to fossil fuel diesel because it is renewable and environmentally friend-

ly (Zhang et al., 2003). Over a century ago, Rudolf Diesel tested vegetable oil as fuel for engines, but the use was abandoned with the advent of petroleum diesel. However, the supply of these non-renewable energy sources is threatening to run out in a foreseen able future (Sambo, 1981; Munock et.al., 2001), and it was widely reported that not less than ten major oil fields from the 20 largest world oil producers are already experiencing decline in oil reserves. Published data also revealed a total of 29 major world oil producing countries already experiencing declining oil reserves (EIA, 2007;


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Alamu et al, 2007). In comparison of Biodiesel to petroleum diesel fuel has distinct advantages which include its non-toxic-high biogradable and non-flammable characteristics(Bajpai and Tyagi,2006).It gives less exhaust emissions, cleaner-burning alternative, improved biodegradability and high cetane rating which improve performance and emissions. According to Margaroni, 1998; Ryan etal, 1982; Knothe and Steidley, 2005; Krahi etal, 2006 said typical biodiesel produces about 65% less net carbon monoxide, 78% less carbon dioxide, 90% less sulphur dioxide and 50% less unburnt hydrocarbon emission. Due to the increasing global urgency to reduce dependence on fossil fuel diesel, Europe has been researching along that trend , Nigeria inclusive. The prospecting of Biodiesel production in Nigeria is bright now, with a larger variety of oil crops planted in various parts of the country depending on the climatic conditions. The oil crops include; coconut palm (Cocus nucifera) and oil palm (Elaeis guineesis) in the South, while in the northern part we have soyabean (Glycine max), groundnut (Arachis hypogea), shea butter (Sesomum indicum). Nigeria is rated as one of the world producers of palm Kernel (vegetable oil) next to Malaysia, Indonesia and ahead of Cote d’ivore, Colombia, Thailand, Zaire and Equador. Inaddition, with the present drive on agricultural reforms by the Federal Government of Nigeria, the yields of oil crops are expected to increase significantly in the near future which implies, continuous availability of these renewable oils yield from the crops. Recently, with the increase in the price of fossil fuel (diesel) and the scarcity of the diesel cope with the negative environmental concerns (i.e global warming), there is need to focus on an alternative use of vegetable oils and their derivatives as an alternative Biodiesel fuel. Biodiesel has also been found to have relatively high heat value, high oxygen value and does not contribute to global warming due to its closed carbon cycle (Demirbas, 2003;Fukuda et al.,2001).According to Krawczyk,1996; Connemann and Fischer,1998; Zhang et al.,2003 reported that approximately 70-95% of the total biodiesel production cost arises from the cost of the raw material; that is, vegetable oil or animal fats as a result of its direct competition with food. For the full benefits of biodiesel production to be realized, therefore, the use of waste cooking oil and non edible oils such as castor oil, rubber seed oil, jatropha oil, citrus seed oil and sunflower oil are currently being considered by many researchers (Haque et al.,2009; Banerjee et al.,2009; Oghenejoboh et al.,2010; Agarry et.,2010). For optimum performance of biodiesel for internal combustion engines, there may be needed to blend the biodiesel in various ratios with conventional petroleum-based diesel (Khan et al., 2000). Table 1: Oil yields of some oil crop products

Products Products Palm Oil Palm Oil Palm Kernel Oil Palm Kernel Oil Groundnut Oil Groundnut Oil Coconut Oil Coconut Oil Cotton Seed Oil Cotton Seed Oil

Oil/Fruits Ratio Oil/Fruits Ratio 2 20 – 26% 1, 30 1 – 60% 20 – 26% , 30 – 60% 2 36 – 40% 3, 44 – 65% 2 36 – 40% 3, 44 – 65% 2 42 – 44% 1, 45 – 55% 2 42 – 44% 1, 45 – 55% 2 2 60 – 62% 1, 63 1 – 65% 60 – 62% , 63 – 65% 2 13 – 15% 1, 18 – 25% 2 13 – 15% 1, 18 – 25% 2

Kg of Oil/hectare Kg of Oil/hectare 5000 1 1 5000 4087 3 3 4087 890 1 1 890 2260 1 1 2260 273 1 1 273

Litres of Oil/hectare Litres of Oil/hectare 5950 5950

1059 1059 2689 2689 325 325

Table 2: Fatty Acid composition (% by weight) of Palm Kernel Oil2, 3

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Fatty Caprylic Capric Lauric Myristic Palmitic Palmitoleic Stearic Oleic Fatty Caprylic Capric Lauric Myristic Palmitic Palmitoleic Stearic Oleic Acid Acid Symbol C8:0 C10:0 C12:0 C14:0 C16:0 C16:1 C18:0 C18:1 Symbol C8:0 C10:0 C12:0 C14:0 C16:0 C16:1 C18:0 C18:1 % by 3–5 3 – 7 40–52 14 – 18 7–9 1–3 11-19 % by 3–5 3 – 7 40–52 14 – 18 7–9 1–3 11-19 weight weight

! now lauric vegetable oil on both tables 1 and 2 in Nigeria which had the highest on both fatty acid profile, composition Until ! (%by weight) been underutilized as edible oil. In this study, biodiesel was produced through transesterification of palm kernel oil with methanol (5:1) using granulated sodium hydroxide (catalyst) and expose to ultrasonic method. The palm kernel oil biodiesel produced was characterized as alternative diesel fuel through standard tests (ASTM) for basic fuel properties such as viscosity, cloud point, pour point and specific gravity. Materials and method One mole of vegetable oil is required to react with three moles of methanol to produce three moles of the biodiesel and one mole of glycerol by stoichiometry. Vegetable oil (1%fatty acid) was purchased at Ikorodu market, Lagos Nigeria. Methanol was used (99.5% pure) as the alcohol, the catalyst was granulated sodium hydroxide (NaOH), a dry and wet mill blender with a clear glass ,; electronic balance and scale;, two funnels, pipette, measuring beakers; container, PET bottles, thermometers, a Bunsen burner, aluminum pot with cover ; Pensky martens (flash point Tester),Gravity Hydrometer, viscous meter machine; petroleum fuel diesel. Experimental procedures The pipette, measuring beakers, blender cup (reactor) and funnels were washed with methanol and allowed to dried before use. 875g vegetable oil was measured out, warmed to 600C to remove moisture from the oil and allowed to cool to the ambiPILOT INTERNATIONAL NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO.11 SEPT-DEC 2012


ent temperature. 13g of granulated sodium Hydroxide was gently dissolved inside 175g of methanol in the catalyst premix beaker and continuously stirred until it dissolves completely to form sodium methanol. The pre heated 875g vegetable oil plus sodium methanol poured inside the blender with the blender lid tightly secured ,the blender switched on with lower (1) power button intermittently for 3 occasions before pressing button (3) for the next one hour . The final liquid product was left to settle for several hours, preferably overnight to ensure complete separation. Two liquid phases were obtained; biodiesel (ester) and raw glycerin, the top biodiesel was separated by using a pipette funnel sipped gently from the blender into big ragolis plastic bottle containing warm water to wash away excess methanol. The unwashed biodiesel will float inside the warm water and agitate gently punctured underneath to remove excess methanol and catalyst from the ragolis bottle, washing of biodiesel continue until the underneath punctured water tested neutral using a litmus paper. The washed biodiesel collected poured inside a towel aluminum pot covered and heated until no sound was heard and was brought down from the fire to cool. It shows the water has been removed completely from the biodiesel. It was allowed to cool and a bright coloured biodiesel was observed. ASTM standard fuel tests were carried out to compare the control diesel (fossil fuel) with the produced biodiesel. Bio-diesel fuel characterizations ASTM standard fuel test were conducted on the Vegetable (pko) biodiesel and low sulphur diesel of 0.3% rate max, with diesel index 47 and the colour was clear and bright purchased at Total filling station Odogunyan, Lagos State,

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Nigeria. Specific gravity and Viscosity measurements were carried out using the Hydrometer apparatus and Viscometer. The flash point measurement was carried out Pensky Mortens flash points testers, following ASTM standard. The biodiesel was analyzed for cloud and pour point using Baskeyl Setapoint cloud and pour point apparatus following ASTM standards respectively. Fuel Characteristics Analyses The produced vegetable (PKO) biodiesel and the Fossil fuel diesel, used as control over the biodiesel were analyzed at the NNPC laboratory/Lagos State Polytechnic (Biochemistry) for basic fuel properties. Results obtained as shown in Table 4. With raw PKO (vegetable) have viscosity 32.40 mm2/s as earlier reported (Abigor et al, 2000, Alamu et al, 2007a, Alamu et al, 2008), the PKO (vegetable) biodiesel viscosity obtained showed about 87% reduction. This will promote the biodiesel’s fluidity in diesel engines. The results obtained over Fossil fuel diesel were higher in terms of density, pour point, cloud point and flash point. At 15.6 oC, the specific gravity of PKO (vegetable) biodiesel was 1.01176 times that of petroleum diesel. The Flash point of the produced bio-diesel from the research work satisfied the Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) standard which the minimum is 66 oC for Diesel engine, the higher the temperature the better the quality of the product but should not be below 66 oC. These values were also matched with international standards for biodiesel including EN14214 (Europe). Comparison made revealed good agreement as can be seen from Table 3. Table 3: Result of Fuel characteristics analyses of bio-diesel produced from Palm kernel oil (Vegetable)

Table 3: Result of Fuel characteristics analyses of bio-diesel produced from Palm kernel oil (Vegetable)

Fuel characteristics (Properties/parameters)

PKO biodiesel

Fossil fuel diesel

EN14214 European biodiesel standard

Specific gravity kg/m3

860

850

860 – 900

Kinematic Viscosity @ 37.8oC(mm2/s)

4.8

4.5

3.50 – 5.00

Pour point (oC)

-15.0

-27.5

Cloud point(oC)

8.0

4.4

Flash point

98

72

>66

Experimental Conditions

1st Run

2nd Run

Average

Reaction temperature (approximately) (oC)

60

60

60

Reaction time (minute)

65

65

65


Palm kernel Oil (PKO) (g)

875

875

875

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Table 4: Result for the transesterification Experiment.

Experimental Conditions

1st Run

2nd Run

Average

Reaction temperature (approximately) (oC)

60

60

60

Reaction time (minute)

65

65

65

Palm kernel Oil (PKO) (g)

875

875

875

Methanol quantity (g)

175

175

175

NaOH (Catalyst( (g)

13

13

13

PKO biodiesel obtained (g)

840

844

842

Glycerol obtained

180

179

179.5

Losses (g)

43

40

41.5

PKO (vegetable) biodiesel yield %

96.00

96.46

96.23

Conclusion From the yield of Palm Kernel (Vegetable) biodiesel and fuel characterization of PKO biodiesel carried out, analyzed and ! compared with fossil fuel diesel under International Standards (i.e ASTM -900 and EN14214). The transesterification process carried out using Palm Kernel oil/methanol ratio (5:1), 1.1% NaOH (by total weight of mixture) at 600C reaction temperature and 65minutes reaction time yielded 842g PKO biodiesel. The specific gravity of PKO biodiesel was 860Kg/m3 against 850Kg/m3 fossil fuel diesel. At 37.80C, the Viscosity of PKO biodiesel was 4.8mm2/s of the fossil fuel diesel. Pour point (0C) was -150C of PKO biodiesel against -27.50C of diesel cloud point 80C and the flash point 980C compared to 4.40C and 720C obtained for commercial grade and found very suitable substitute for conventional fossil fuel diesel. The yielded biodiesel produced can fuel a diesel engine.

Business Presentations 24

This session features a variety of mini business presentations showcasing Green initiatives from key leading sectors: Strengthening Philanthropy and Green living in families by Family support Group Inc. Uganda The Role of Students in Environmental Management, A case study of Plastic Waste Management by Plawaste Recycling Company Limited Uganda. Electronic Waste Recycling, Closing the Loop: Urban Mining in the Mobile Sector. Closing the Loop, The Netherlands


Media Partners:

We would like to acknowledge the following media partners who have promoted the world clean technology summit for international visibility:

Official Publication: We would like to acknowledge the following media partners who have promoted the World Clean Technology Summit For International Visibility: Official Publication:

Media Partners:

Media Partners

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2012 GLOBAL PILOT AWARD WINNERS!

Pilot International takes great pleasure to announce, acknowledge and congratulate global innovators and clean technology leaders who have come up as the finalists for the 2012 Global Pilot Awards. This recognition is in regards to their efforts to spearhead global sustainable innovations which are beneficial to human life, economic growth, with reduced or no negative impacts to the environment. Well done to you the 2012 Global Pilot Award Winners!

Award: Nominee: Position: Organization: Country:

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARD CHRIS ADAM ENVIRONMENTALIST AND INDUSTRIAL DESIGNER ADAM + PARTNER GERMANY/ETHIOPIA

Profile (Justification for Recognition): With his discovery of the Adam-retort, Adam had the vision that there must be an alternative to traditional charcoal production. Traditional charcoal production is the main source of worldwide charcoal supply for household fuel and this traditional pro duction becomes more and more unacceptable under environmental considerations. He had the idea to cleanly burn the volatiles during charcoal production, to create an installation which is pushing efficiency and to design it in a way that the system is acceptable to its user. Adam is specialized in industrial design and appropriate technology and the “Adam-retort” was designed to this guidelines. The retort reduces harmful emission to the atmosphere to up to about 75% and saves about have (½) of the trees of biomass needed to produce charcoal. The retort now works successful in many countries like Senegal, Kenya, South Africa, India, Thailand, etc. and it can be built by its owner due to a comprehensive construction manual. The “Adam-retort” is also useful to produce biocharcoal for the new trend to use charcoal as a soil amendment. Agricultural residues and some left over from industrial production can be carbonized. The retort is a low-cost installation. Up to about 750kg of charcoal can be produced more environmentally friendly per retort per week. (See also Youtube. com, type search: “Adam-retort”).

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Award: Nominee: Position: Company:

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AWARD PROSCOVIA NALUKWAGO SEBUNYA CEO PROMOTERS OF EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Country: UGANDA Profile (Justification for Recognition): Proscovia Nalukwago Sebunya has been involved in the promotion of efficient renewable energy technologies since 1991. She has made sure that she includes innovations that have enabled utilization of the promoted energy technologies in a more sustainable way. She has promoted these technologies among people and institutions throughout the districts of Uganda. As a result Proscovia has made sure she shares, imparts knowledge and skills which have improved the livelihoods of the people and sustainable development of the communities.

Award: GREEN AWARD Nominee: ESKOM UGANDA LTD Position: HYDRO POWER GENERATOR IN UGANDA Company: ESKOM UGANDA LTD Country: UGANDA

PROFILE (Justification for Recognition): Eskom Uganda Limited was awarded a 20 year Concession in April 2003 to operate and maintain the Nalubaale and Kiira Power Stations in Jinja and generates about 55% of Uganda’s electricity. Eskom Uganda generates hydro power, a green energy, from the waters of River Nile in Jinja. Our Vision is to be Uganda’s Electricity Generator of Choice and our mission is to provide Reliable and Sustainable Hydro Power for National Development. We are the leading hydro power generator in Uganda, a renewable energy, and are working to conserve the environment around the river and our community by engaging in the greening and tree planting initiatives.


The 2012 Global Pilot Award Winners!


CLEAN ENERGY AWARD NAYAN DESAI MANAGER-PROJECTS AND CDM SUGAR CORPORATION OF UGANDA LTD (SCOUL) UGANDA

PROFILE (Justification for Recognition): Mehta Group owes its existence in Uganda since 1904. Sugar factory was however put up in 1924, since then Mehta Group being conscious of environmental issues and was taking action to improve the environment and ensuring that it is not spoiled. With the installation of new distillery at SCOUL, it was decided to implement an advanced treatment plant to collect and use the biogas arising from the waste water decomposition whereas there is no regulatory requirement for the implementation of such a specific waste water treatment technology as against the current practice of anaerobic lagoons without methane recovery system. We are proud to pioneer anaerobic digester technology in Uganda and pave the way for further utilization. This first of its kind project requires higher investment and technological risk than open lagoon system which will contribute to the sustainable development of Uganda in a number of ways next to the reduced GHG emissions: The project will optimize the use of natural resources by using agro-industrial waste water, towards the generation of clean and renewable energy displacing fossil fuel and it will contribute to the development of renewable sources as per Uganda’s sustainable development objectives; The project will enable the use of biogas instead of furnace oil which emits sulphur dioxide (SO2) and other objectionable emissions during its combustion; The controlled environment in which spent wash is treated will reduce strong odour being emitted from degradable component of spent wash; The use of domestically available biogas as an energy resource helps conserve foreign exchange, by reducing the need to import fossil fuels to meet the country’s growing energy requirements.


CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AWARD PETER ARIHO MANAGER- EHS SUGAR CORPORATION OF UGANDA LTD SCOUL) UGANDA

PROFILE (Justification for Recognition): Sugar Corporation of Uganda Limited (SCOUL) is a company following ISO 9001, 14000 and QEMS standards. SCOUL has a total of 6500 Employees with almost 4000 House members. All house members get free medical treatment in one hospital of 60 beds with x-ray facility and maternity ward and 10 other dispensaries located in different areas. SCOUL also provides free lunch to almost 5000 employees everyday. Besides this, 6000 Students get subsidized education from 3 Nursery, 15 Primary and 1 secondary school managed by SCOUL. The Company has planted more than one million trees on 1500 Acres of land with latest agro-forestry techniques, and maintains almost 1000 km of roads for nearby villages at own cost. SCOUL management also organizes medical awareness camps for HIV/AIDS and Malaria at frequent intervals. SCOUL supplies free of cost electricity to their workers’ accommodation. SCOUL has provided hand pumps for easy availability of water to their Estate camps. The company has from time to time supported victims during emergency like land slide in 2009. SCOUL helps out growers for training, land preparation and subsidized fuel and loan at low interest rates. VOTE OF THANKS: A great thank you to all you who have contributed in the various ways to make the World Clean Technology Summit 2012 a success. ROUNDTABLE NETWORKING SPONSOR:

27 NAME TAG SPONSOR:

SUPPORTING PARTNER:

EXHIBITORS:


Mr. Samuel Kakuru Wonderland Uganda Safaris Ltd. Tel: +256772195704 +256702818538 Email:[email protected] [email protected] www.wonderlandugandasafaris.com

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