Project Based Teaching Methodology for embedded engineering

Journal of Engineering Education Transformations, Special Issue: Jan. 2015, eISSN 2394-1707

3URMHFW%DVHG7HDFKLQJ0HWKRGRORJ\IRU(PEHGGHG (QJLQHHULQJ(GXFDWLRQ 05DMHQGUD3UDVDG 'HSDUWPHQWRI(&( 9LG\D-\RWKL,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\ +\GHUDEDG,QGLD UDMHQGUDSUDVDG#YMLWDFLQ

'.ULVKQD5HGG\ 'HSDUWPHQWRI(&( &KDLWDQ\D%KDUDWKL,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\ +\GHUDEDG,QGLD GNUHGG\#FELWDFLQ

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²(PEHGGHG 6\VWHP (PEHGGHG (QJLQHHULQJ (GXFDWLRQ 0LFUR 3URFHVVRU DQG 0LFUR &RQWUROOHU $FWLYH /HDUQLQJ0HWKRGRORJ\&RXUVH

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

52


,,, '(6,*12)352-(&7%$6('7($&+,1* 0(7+2'2/2*@7KHFODVVLQWKLVFRXUVHLVGHVLJQHGZLWKVWXGHQW FHQWHUHG DQG LQWHUDFWLYH VHVVLRQV ZLWK WKH OLYH H[DPSOHV DQG GHPRQVWUDWLRQV ZLWK VLPSOH DSSOLFDWLRQV OLNH 7UDIILF /LJKWV $SSOLFDWLRQ $XWRPDWLF 9HQGLQJ 0DFKLQH HWF ,Q WKLV FXUULFXOXP ,QVWUXFWRU ZLOO LGHQWLI\ DFWLYH OHDUQLQJ WRSLFV OLNH PLFUR SURFHVVRU DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG LWV LQVWUXFWLRQ VHW LR

)LJ 0LFURYHUVLRQ.HLO6LPXODWRUIRU,QWHO0LFURFRQWUROOHU

53


)LJ 6WXGHQWV'HPRQVWUDWLQJ3URMHFWV

7KHPDLQDFWLYLWLHVZKLOHLPSOHPHQWLQJSURMHFWVKRZQLQ ILJXUHDQGILJXUHDUH x $VVHPEOLQJWKHFRPSRQHQWVOLNHPLFURFRQWUROOHU 0D['&PRWRUV5)(QFRGHU5)'HFRGHU675 DQG677 x 7KH.HLO6RIWZDUHGHYHORSPHQWWRROVDUHXVHGWR GHYHORSFRPSLOHRIDSSOLFDWLRQVRXUFHFRGHZULWWHQLQ HPEHGGHG&ODQJXDJH )LJ 0LFURYHUVLRQ.HLO6LPXODWRUIRU,QWHO0LFURFRQWUROOHU

54


$Q$VVHPEOHULVXVHGIRUOLQNLQJVRXUFHILOHVWRFUHDWH +(;ILOHZKLFKLVWUDQVSODQWHGWRWDUJHWERDUGDQGLWLV WHVWHGVXFFHVVIXOO\ 7KHRXWFRPHVRIDERYHDFWLYLWLHVWKHVWXGHQWDEOHWRQRWRQO\ DVVHPEOHDQGFXVWRPL]HHOHFWURQLFGHYLFHVDOVRGHYHORSWKH FRGHIRUDVSHFLILFDSSOLFDWLRQ x

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

DUPOLQX[JFF±Y 7KLVFRPPDQGZLOOJHWWKHYHUVLRQRIFURVVFRPSLOHUDQGJLYHV WKHVWDWXVRILWVLQVWDOODWLRQ7KHQVWXGHQWVGRZQORDGHGOLQX[ NHUQHO VRXUFH FRGH IURP .HUQHORUJ 7KLV ERDUG VXSSRUWV OLQX[YHUVLRQ % &RQILJXULQJWKHNHUQHOIRU$50PLQL 6WXGHQWV FRQILJXUHG OLQX[ NHUQHO IRU PLQL XVLQJ PHQXFRQILJDVVKRZQLQWKHILJXUH 7RVHWFRQILJXUDWLRQIRUWKHWDUJHWERDUGDQGEXLOGWKHNHUQHO LPDJHXVHWKHIROORZLQJFRPPDQGV FGOLQX[ FSFRQILJBPLQLB[FRQILJ PDNH$5&+ DUP&& DUPOLQX[PHQXFRQILJ

)LJ &RQILJXUDWLRQRI.HUQHOIRU$50PLQL

)LJ /LQX[NHUQHOVRXUFHWUHH

%HIRUHVWDUWLQJWKHSURFHVVRILPSOHPHQWDWLRQRISURMHFWEDVHG WHDFKLQJ PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU (PEHGGHG 6\VWHP FRXUVH VWXGHQWV QHHG WR LQVWDOO D FURVV FRPSLOHU WRRO IRU EXLOGLQJ WKH NHUQHO LPDJHXVLQJDUPOLQX[JFFDUPDVFURVVFRPSLOHU $ ,QVWDOO&URVV&RPSLOHU $IWHU GRZQORDGLQJ FURVV FRPSLOHU DUPOLQX[JFFWJ] FRPSUHVVHGILOHXQWDULWE\H[HFXWLQJWKHIROORZLQJFRPPDQG VXGRWDU[IY]DUPOLQX[JFFWJ] FGRSW$50WRROVFKDLQELQ H[SRUW3$7+ 3:'3$7+ 7R WHVW ZKHWKHU LW LV LQVWDOOHG RU QRW XVH WKH IROORZLQJ FRPPDQG

)LJ 0HQXFRQILJIRUPLQLNHUQHO

$IWHU GRLQJ WKLV FRQILJXUDWLRQ WHFKQLFDO VSHFLILFDWLRQV DUH ZULWWHQLQWRFRQILJILOHDVVKRZQLQWKHILJXUHDQGILJXUH & &URVV&RPSLOLQJ.HUQHO

55


7KH /LQX[ NHUQHO VXSSRUWV PDQ\ &38 DUFKLWHFWXUHV ,Q WKH OLQX[ VRXUFHWUHHHDFKDUFKLWHFWXUH KDVLWVRZQGLUHFWRU\OLNH DUFKDUP IRU $50 DUFKLWHFWXUH >@ >@ )RU EXLOGLQJ WKH NHUQHOLPDJHDQGWREXLOGHPEHGGHGV\VWHPXVHWKHIROORZLQJ FRPPDQG PDNH$5&+ DUP&&DUPOLQX[ $IWHU FURVV FRPSLOLQJ WKH UHVXOWLQJ NHUQHO LPDJH LV SODFHG LQ DUFKDUPERRWGLUHFWRU\DQG WKH ODVW PHVVDJHVDUHGHSLFWHGLQ WKHILJXUH

3UHVV³N´WRIODVKWKHNHUQHO7KHQVWXGHQWVZLOOJHWIROORZLQJ PHVVDJHV ³(QWHU\RXUVHOHFWLRQN86%KRVWLVFRQQHFWHG :DLWLQJDGRZQORDG´ 6HOHFW86%SRUW!7UDQVPLWDQGFKRRVHWKHILOHWRVHQGWRWKH ERDUG 3RZHU RII ERDUG DQG VZLWFK WR QDQG PRGH WKHQ VWXGHQWV ZLOO JHWERRWPHVVDJHVRQK\SHUWHUPLQDOLQZLQGRZV5HERRWWKH SURFHVVRU ERDUG ZLWK WKH QHZ NHUQHO LPDJH %RRWLQJ RI WKH NHUQHORQ$507ERDUGLVVKRZQLQWKHILJXUH

)LJ 0HVVDJHVKRZLQJ],PDJHLVUHDG\

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

)LJ 1RUPRGHRI)ULHQGO\$50PLQL

)LJ%RRWLQJWKH.HUQHORQ$507%RDUG

56


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

>@

>@

>@

>@

>@

>@

>@

>@

5()(5(1&(6 >@ %RUUHJR 0DXUD -HVLHN%. %HGGRHV. ³$GYDQFLQJ *OREDO &DSDFLW\ IRU (QJLQHHULQJ (GXFDWLRQ 5HVHDUFK 3UHOLPLQDU\ ILQGLQJV´ ,((( &RQIHUHQFHRQ)URQWLHUVLQ(GXFDWLRQ&RQIHUHQFHSS)'±)' >@ .XPDU0HUFDGR0DQLPDUDQDQG5RYHU³(QKDQFLQJVWXGHQWOHDULQJZLWK KDQGVRQ 5726 GHYHORSPHQW LQ UHDO WLPH V\VWHPV FRXUVH´ )URQWLHUV LQ (GXFDWLRQ&RQIHUHQFHSS6+6+ >@ :DOG 0 ³7UHQGV LQ (QJLQHHULQJ (GXFDWLRQ´ ,((( FRQIHUHQFH RQ 0HHWLQJWKH*URZLQJ'HPDQGIRU(QJLQHHUVDQG7KHLU(GXFDWRUV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO6XPPLWSS >@ 0D\' 7HUNRZVN\& ³:KDW VKRXOG WKH\ OHDUQ" $ VKRUW FRPSDUVLRQ EHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWDUHDVRIFRPSHWHQFHDQGDFFUHGLWDWLRQERDUGV¶FULWHULD IRU HQJLQHHULQJ HGXFDWLRQ´ *OREDO (QJLQHHULQJ (GXFDWLRQ &RQIHUHQFH SS >@ 5HHG5KRDGV 7 ³HQJLQHHULQJ HGXFDWLRQ SURSRVDO ZULWLQJ DQG SURMHFW PDQDJHPHQW´)URQWLHUVLQ(GXFDWLRQ&RQIHUHQFHSS >@ 0LQD0³/LEHUDWLQJHQJLQHHULQJHGXFDWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJHGXFDWLRQDQG SUDJPDWLVP´ ,((( FRQIHUHQFH RQ )URQWLHUV LQ (GXFDWLRQ SS >@