Putting theory into practice: Learning from the first

Putting theory into practice: Learning from the first year of the Tamaki Action Research Project with diverse ethnic minorities in an Auckland suburb. Dr. Theresa (Tess) Chow Wah Liew and Dr. Sari Andajani-Sutjahjo ABSTRACT The 2011/12 Tamaki community action research (CAR) project is a strengths-based community development and mental health promotion exercise, aimed at actively engaging and involving the ethnically diverse peoples living and working in the Tamaki community (encompassing Glen Innes, Pt. England and Panmure suburbs). It was designed to continue and build upon findings from an earlier Glen Innes research study conducted between 2002 and 2010. The main aim of the 2011/12 Tamaki CAR project is to help create and sustain a more inclusive and resilient Tamaki population by increasing peoples’ connectedness, capacities, cultural celebration and sense of control over social determinants of their experienced health and wellbeing.

The authors will focus the discussion in this paper on three main aspects of this research that had significant impact during its first year. Firstly, they will outline and describe some ongoing challenges for translating participatory community action research principles into practice when working with an urban and ethnically diverse population. Secondly, they will present new insights into our current understanding of what constitutes “community assets” for target populations. Thirdly, they will conclude by exploring some possible implications for envisioning, planning and managing public facilities and services that will ensure the communities they were set to serve will actually benefit from having these.

Liew, T.C.W & Andajani-Sutjahjo, S (2012) Putting theory into practice: Learning from the first year of the Tamaki Action Research Project with diverse ethnic minorities in an Auckland suburb: In Sobrun-Maharaj, A., Parackal, S., Rossen, F., Nayar, S., Ho, E., Hand, J., Ratnasabapathy, Y., Newcombe, D., and Ameratunga, S. (Eds.) Social Environment, Migration and Health: Proceedings of the Fifth International Asian and Ethnic Minority Health and Wellbeing Conference, June 27-28 (pp??-??). Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland. Corresponding author: Dr Theresa (Tess) Chow Wah Liew Positions: Community Projects Manager with Ka Mau Te Wero; Honorary research fellow Organisations: Ka Mau Te Wero Charitable Trust; University of Auckland Email: [email protected]

Liew, T C W & Andajani-Sutjahjo, S (2012). Putting theory into practice: Learning from the first year of the Tamaki Action Research Project with diverse ethnic minorities in an Auckland suburb. Proceedings of the Fifth International Asian and Ethnic Minority Health and Wellbeing Conference, June 27-28 (pp??-??). Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland.

INTRODUCTION Widely informed by the findings from an earlier 2002-2010 study conducted by the first author in Glen Innes1 (Hancock & Chilcott, 2005; Liew, 2011), this current 2011/12 Tamaki community action research (CAR) aims to continue enhancing the health, wellbeing and quality of life for the diverse peoples living and working in the Tamaki community (encompassing the Glen Innes, Pt. England and Panmure suburbs) in Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand. This community was chosen, in part, because the deprivation index from the last 2006 census (NZDep2006) indicated that a majority of households in Tamaki are among the most deprived in New Zealand (White, Gunston, Salmond, Atkinson, & Crampton, 2008)2.The Tamaki CAR project uses a strengths-based research approach to actively engage the different peoples of Tamaki to participate in different research phases; from designing it, developing appropriate research instruments, conducting interviews with individuals or groups, and entering and managing the data. This research project also promotes opportunities for increasing community participation, strengthening connectedness and resilience and building capacities while acknowledging cultural diversity (Krile, Curphy, & Lund, 2006; TIES Team, 2010) Tamaki CAR employs theoretical principles from the Population Mental Health Promotion (PMHP) paradigm (Lahtinen, Joubert, & Raeburn, 2005) to underpin a practical application of the Planning and Evaluation Of People-Led Endeavours (PEOPLE) System (Raeburn, 1992). The PMHP paradigm proposes that people are inherently resourceful and motivated towards positive health and wellbeing. This natural resourcefulness, however, can be depleted when used to cope with vicissitudes and stresses of daily living. To replenish resourcefulness and maintain resilience, people also require supportive and resourcing environments that provide appropriate networks, infrastructure, information and opportunities for rebuilding (Joubert, 2009; Lahtinen et al., 2005). When working with diverse communities, inclusive community participation and empowerment means ensuring as many people as possible, and representing as many diverse elements of the communities as possible, take part. Respecting differences by enabling people to freely choose the points of participation in the research demonstrates effective translation of PMHP and PEOPLE principles of social justice and equity into practice (Raeburn, 1992). In the field, these idealistic intentions are more easily imagined than achieved with the heterogeneity of cultural, ethnic, socioeconomic, political backgrounds of community members. Regardless, the ambition to address these challenges remains strong for the Tamaki CAR project.

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The 2002-2010 Glen Innes study began with six Asian refugee and migrant community groups in 2002 before it was expanded to the wider Glen Innes community in 2004. Findings from this study informed a seven-year strategic and action plans for Ka Mau Te Wero (Maori: Rising to the Challenge), the local community development project to deliver within the GI communities (Liew, 2011). One of the identified community goals was a clear expression of interest to repeat the study, to encompass assets-mapping, and to include Point England and Panmure. Hence, this current 2011/12 Tamaki CAR project was carried out. 2

The NZDep2006 is a small census area-based index of deprivation across eight variables: income, home ownership, support (single-parent families), employment status, qualifications, living space, communication and transport (access to a car). Scores of Quintile 1 = least deprived; Quintile 5 = most deprived.


RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Informed by PMHP and PEOPLE principles and values, this Tamaki CAR project has a clear commitment to promote inclusive community participation and empowerment. The participatory research methodology involved recruiting community volunteers to join the Research Advisory and Design Team (RADT) and CAR team to help develop research design, survey instruments and protocols, as well as conduct household surveys and in-depth or group interviews. This resulted in our adopting a unique community and cultural development approach for identifying collective aspirations and assets. This paper will give examples of how such a values-driven community and cultural development approach can be applied in the context of the marginalised, diverse and youth-ful urban Tamaki community. The approach leverages off local knowledge and wisdoms to develop research that is culturally-appropriate and relevant. These include using various socio-cultural dialogue techniques for engaging with diverse community informants, building research knowledge and skills together, using field diaries and ‘korero’ or verbal discussions to make meaning of findings from local cultural perspectives. Interviewers also keep records of their field experiences to review with other team members. The survey instruments (household survey questionnaires and New Zealand version of the World Health Organisation Quality of Life Measure or WHOQOL BREF3) collect and code both quantitative and qualitative data for analyses. Indicative questions were developed with the RADT to guide assetsmapping interviews. Quantitative data were entered using the Excel-Spreadsheet and later analyzed using PASW Statistical Package version18; qualitative data were subjected to a thematic analysis. At time of writing, the Tamaki CAR team completed 350 household surveys, 13 focus group and 23 in-depth individual assets-mapping interviews. Respondents were aged between 16-89 years. 50% of respondents were under 45 years of age, 20% were under 24 years, and 22% were 65 years or older. 60% of them were females and 40% males. Approximately 42% of respondents had English as their first language, followed by 14% whose first language was Cook Island Maori, 8% Samoan and 6% Te Reo Maori. The remaining 30% spoke Chinese, Mandarin, Cantonese, Hindi or other Asian languages. Vast ethnic diversity in the research population was also reflected by how ethnicities were identified by respondents, with 30% of them choosing multiple ethnicities. Overall, the ethnic makeup was recorded as follows - Maori (24%), New Zealand Pakeha4 (22%), Cook Island Maori (21%), Samoan (11%), Chinese (10%), Tongans (8%) and the rest included European, Asian, Indian, African or Middle Eastern backgrounds. The following are some of the main challenges encountered by our Tamaki CAR project team during its first year (March 2011 – April 2012).

Ensuring inclusive participation of diverse Tamaki peoples

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The WHOQOL-BREF is a high quality cross-cultural generic measure of quality of live containing 25 dimensions organised in physical, psychological, social and environmental domains. It has been translated into different languages and can be self-administered and completed within 5 minutes. TAMAKI CAR staff were trained to administer the questionnaire to participants who requested this support. The WHOQOL-BREF has been evaluated for its validity (Li, Young, Xiao, Zhou, & Zhou, 2004; Power, 2003; Skevington, 2010) 4

Pakeha is a Maori term for European New Zealand.


Previous research conducted by Liew (2011) recorded that many community members lacked confidence in professional researchers. Unfavourable past experiences left many members feeling ‘exploited’ and suffering from ‘research fatigue.’ Most previous research projects left communities isolated from and ignorant of visible benefits from their participation, sharing their voices and needs (Liew, 2011). Consequently, many community people who were approached by us expressed initial reluctance to be trained as researchers. Many believed they lacked the interest, required skills or capacities to be able to participate (Liew, 2011; Tamaki Research Team, 2011a). Such attitudes would have made it hard to promote the project widely as the preferred channels were by ‘word of mouth’, talanoa5 and kanohi-ki-te-kanohi (Maori phrase meaning ‘face-to-face’). Also, here were high numbers of non-English speaking members or residents, especially among those from migrant or refugee backgrounds that we wanted to reach. The first year of this research was also conducted amid much social unrest and anxiety pervading some sections of Tamaki where state tenants were being re-located for new housing developments (Tamaki Research Team, 2011a), and probably contributed to some of the apathy we faced then. Within the first year of this research, a total of 40 community consultations and hui (Maori word for ‘meetings’) were conducted to invite community participation. Within three months after commencing, the RADT was formed. Members included community leaders and commentators from diverse groups and networks including ethnic and cultural minority groups, faith-based organisations, service providers, youths, professionals and agency workers 6. The work of the RADT was important for ensuring that recruitment of CAR participants, development of survey instruments, and modes of research publications are conducted in ways that are culturally- appropriate (Tamaki Research Team, 2011b). The members of the advisory team also shared their social networks and resources e.g. help with translation and interpretations when interviewing non-English speaking residents, promoting project on ethnic radio channels. For delivering to social equity and justice considerations, project participants would ideally be reflective of Tamaki demographics (TIES Team, 2010). One challenge is the existence of prior prejudices and histories among some community people, groups and sectors that have precluded them from working together naturally. Also, some minority groups have few members and may not be well-connected into the community for a variety of reasons. Other challenges related to conflicts from attendant differences in culture, language, faith, political beliefs, working or learning styles, identity, interests, aspirations or socio-economic status. As nearly half of the community are youths, it was 5

Talanoa is a Pacific research tool to collect and analyse information in a way that is culturally appropriate to Pasifika ways of communicating and understanding (Ahio, 2012). The word talanoa is derived from the words tala means ‘to tell or to communicate’ and noa means ‘anything.’ In general it means sharing of ideas, sharing of realities and a sharing of experiences. Talanoa is promotes an open style of deliberation, focusing on respect, tolerance, flexibility, openness and fairness (Robinson & Robinson, 2005). 6

Those invited and came to a series of research scoping meetings included, but not limited to representatives from Ka Mau Te Wero, Auckland University of Technology, the University of Auckland, Tāmaki Transformation Programme, Glen Innes Family Centre, Housing New Zealand Corporation, Eric Holmes Foundation Trust, Te Waipuna Puawai, Auckland District Health Board, Community Action on Youth and Drugs (CAYAD), P.A.C.I.F.I.C.A., Sharat Trust, Faith Baptist Ministries, Glen Innes Drug and Alcohol working group, Island Child Charitable Trust, Eastside Youth Network, and Glen Innes Parenting network, local residents of diverse ethnic groups including Maori, Pacifica, Chinese, Indian, other migrant and refugee groups.


essential to involve young people so that their ‘voices’ may be heard. RADT members have strongly advised a deliberate inclusion of Tamaki residents who live alone, with chronic health issues and disabilities as research informants too, as these groups comprised 20% of the population. Intentional strategies to engage with diverse sectors of community included working closely with three local colleges, more than 50 church or faith-based groups, several parents’ groups and many after-school programmes, and holding information stalls at public events e.g. Child Safety Day, International Carnival. A snowballing technique was utilised to recruit participants who were usually left out. The CAR team members worked with health workers, support groups, care-givers and often dropped in at their usual assembly places (i.e. community library, local café) to recruit elderly people or those living alone. Close working relationships with local newspaper reporters and radio stations were cultivated strategically to ensure regular updates about the project get featured. The Tamaki CAR project team’s make-up is of women and men representing at least 24 ethnicities, and aging from 18 to 60 years. The CAR team started with 40 recruits who can opt in and out of the project, depending on their circumstances, and a regular ‘crew’ of about 10 members attend weekly. Relationship-building with key stakeholders, community members and organisations remains vital as reciprocal partnering and collaborating efforts among key stakeholders empowers the community and enables it to accomplish shared goals towards greater community health and wellbeing (Baker et al., 2007).

Ensuring open access to training and other opportunities for empowerment Tamaki CAR team training opportunities include research skills (interviewing, active listening, data entry, data management, note-taking, writing research diary skills); computer literacy (data entry and data management); and leadership or organisational skills (leadership, conflict resolution, team facilitation, public presentation skills). Trainees have different learning and working styles, family commitments, personality traits and affiliations that could restrict their access opportunities that the project offers e.g. literacy level, lack of familiarity with new technology, unfavourable past learning and schooling experiences. To empower and provide equal opportunities for them, flexible learning approaches were tailored to match participants’ needs e.g. workshops, cooperative group or peergroup learning; coaching and mentoring; role-playing; independent self-directed learning, use of internet and other audio visual aids. Members are encouraged to openly discuss their needs and how they want to structure learning sessions. For instance, every CAR learning, training or workshop activity would be opened and closed with karakia (Maori word for blessing), and provisions of appropriate refreshments made. All training or learning sessions are followed up by group debriefings in which CAR participants are encouraged to share their thoughts, insights or concerns. These reviews help identify any gaps in their learning or knowledge and enable collective problem-solving. Most of our activities are provided free to enable access. More experienced CAR members are encouraged to share their knowledge and skills with less experienced members. It is important for us to ensure learning experiences are


fun, enjoyable, challenging and culturally-appropriate. Laughter and songs are quintessential elements in all aspects of Tamaki CAR activities.

Ensuring safety of project participants Since one of our activities involve interviewing householders at home, safety for CAR team members and house-holders is essential. CAR teamsters have to undergo a vetting by police to eliminate any risks to others. Interviewers for household surveys work in pairs and have at least one cellular phone with them. Safety protocols remind interviewers not to approach houses they considered to be unsafe in any way e.g. dogs running loose in the yard, known gang or drug affiliations, ambiguous body language or personal intuitions. CAR interviewers have also inevitably encountered situations like over-crowding or poor living conditions, neglected children or pets, people experiencing depression, grief, chronic illness and disability in the course of their work. Such situations have elicited responses like empathy, sadness, frustration, anger or a sense of helplessness from some CAR volunteers. For example, two researchers felt disempowered and disrespected when the householder being interviewed challenged them for identifying as themselves as ‘researchers’ while having no formal university or tertiary qualifications. One of them responded by saying she was ‘community-educated’ but she still felt emotionally shaken by the experience after the householder chose to terminate the interview. Our daily debriefs allow for such episodes and responses to be aired and members learn to deal appropriately with them as a group. We also provide access to trained counsellors, psychologists and social workers if needed. Some house-holders have asked to join our training as interviewers after their positive experience with being interviewed by our researchers. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION The following discussion is based mainly on preliminary findings from 350 completed household surveys and WHOQOL BREF and 21 assets-mapping individual and group interviews. While we have not completed analysis of the assets-mapping data, we look forward to presenting these as they become available later. Nearly three quarters of respondents reported that low employment and unemployment have had significant negative impacts on the wellbeing of their families. The rate of full employment among respondents was low at 13%, and 40% were unwaged, beneficiaries, retired or full-time caregivers. Home ownership is also low at 16%. About a third of respondents lived with extended family or whanau (Maori word for extended family); 30% were couples with children; and 14% lived alone. Over 70% of respondents reported family violence; drugs, alcohol or gambling to be significant issues that affect their personal as well as family wellbeing and quality of life. Preliminary analysis of the WHOQOL-BREF show that, compared to national means, Tamaki respondents reported better social connectedness and, by implication, probably experiencing greater social and cultural wellbeing. On the other hand, they scored below the national means on


environmental and physical aspects of life quality. So, whereas the Tamaki community may be considered a relatively resilient one, preliminary analysis suggest they need more resourcing to enhance their physical and environmental life-quality, including increased opportunities to meaningful employment, greater security in the community, improved housing and better access to leisure facilities for young people, children and family. Results from the household survey also confirm that Tamaki people are relatively well connected. About 70% of informants were proud of the community atmosphere and culture, ethnic diversity and community involvement. 90% of respondents liked living in Tamaki, and 80% believed in the importance of having a sense of community belonging, community spirit, connection, openness to diversity, and control over what happens in their communities. Further, 90% of respondents stated that communities should be a place that provides opportunities for learning, training and employment to improve their economic wellbeing. Local participation rates in community groups, networks, meetings, discussions or seminars are relatively high at 50%-60%. These preliminary findings concur with the first principle of the Population Mental Health Promotion paradigm suggesting that all people are inherently resourceful and motivated towards their own positive health and wellbeing. The resourcefulness of the Tamaki people, however, are constantly being eroded and depleted by them having to cope with everyday life stresses such as unemployment, family violence or impact of drugs, alcohol and gambling. To maintain these community assets (social connections, networks, community spirit, resourcefulness and resilience), we must identify the ways in which environmental factors (facilities, infrastructures, services) might contribute to helping to sustain and develop them to people’s betterment. More than 50% of the respondents had high hopes and dreams for the wellbeing of their families and wider community; with 43% of them desiring positive futures for youth and children (e.g. opportunities for good education, training and meaningful employment). A third of the respondents indicated the need for a ‘community friendly’ community centre where the people can have more access and control over the use of it. While respondents were very articulate in naming many public facilities and services (e.g. community hall, parks and beaches), they did not consider these facilities to be ‘assets’ owned by them because of a perceived lack of access or control over their use. They relegated ownership of those facilities to businesses, local or central government agencies. The userfriendly Glen Innes library, for example, was consistently identified as a community asset by 65% of the respondents, while the Glen Innes community hall was as consistently not7. As noted earlier, home ownership is very low at Tamaki community, with state housing comprising about to 50% of the community residencies. While one fifth of the respondents living in state housing reported the need to improve the condition of their houses, they did not see these houses being their

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The majority of community groups cannot afford the cost of hiring the local community hall. They find the hall to be unbearably cold during winter and the acoustic system very poor. The users are keen to clean the hall after their meetings, but there is no cleaning equipment supplied. Hiring the hall can be very frustrating because it can only be done through the call centre in the city and the hall can only be accessed with a swipe card sent in the mail. All complaints and feedback are also to be sent to the call centre and the response times are often long and follow ups very poor. Liew, T C W & Andajani-Sutjahjo, S (2012). Putting theory into practice: Learning from the first year of the Tamaki Action Research Project with diverse ethnic minorities in an Auckland suburb. Proceedings of the Fifth International Asian and Ethnic Minority Health and Wellbeing Conference, June 27-28 (pp??-??). Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland.

‘assets’ as reflected in some comments such as “I don’t see my house as my asset, recently I was asked to leave my home... after 25 years... so I don’t have any control over my house...” Likewise, safety issues have been a major concern for many community informants doing in-depth interviews with many reports of burglaries, pick-pocketing, house breaking, bag snatching and homeinvasions. One 80-year old Maori woman, who has been working as a community volunteer with elderly groups for the past 10 years, stated that community safety should be the first priority: “I would like to see the police force strengthen through a difficult time…the Government, they haven’t got the money for extra police...I would have thought that’d be the first priority, you know, the security? We had shops broken into here and everywhere…ring up the police...they have no availability at that stage because it’s closed up!...nine to four then it’s closed up after four! We’ve signed petition after petition, doesn’t seem to take any effect ...falls down on deaf ears ... how are we protected?” We noted earlier that communities of Tamaki seem relatively well-connected and very proud of their ‘community spirit’. Half of research respondents have been involved in community meetings, discussions and research in the past 12 months. Research with communities are perceived as a ‘community asset’ when people feel they contribute to planning and running the project. They want to be able to have continuing conversations and disseminations of the research findings. They also want to know what value the research brings to the community. The following is a quote from a Cook Island Maori woman, aged 60 years, who has been working and living in Glen Innes for 24 years. “...like the other project [naming a project]... we didn’t even know what the project was... it took them a year or two to came back to tell us about it. A lot of Pacific Island groups were involved in that project, they never came back to us and tell us, these are the plans, these are some of the plans that have been implemented … this is what happened from that focus group ... that really annoyed me. [they] don’t acknowledge the people who were involved with it, and then when they needed more information, they came back to us ...I say No, I actually put my foot down and said ‘you’re not coming back to my community and use my community for your projects’ and now they’ve gone back into another black hole. It is very frustrating for people, who’ve worked here in this community ... all of that information never came back. They never invited us back to the meeting, I was so angry.” She was then asked by the interviewer “What kind of things do you think we need to do in this community, in terms of reporting back?” She replied “What the CAR project is all about, to this community ... an asset.”

CONCLUSION The paper included discussion on some challenges encountered during the first year of the Tamaki CAR project, as well as some preliminary findings from it. We shared some strategies developed to help deliver a community research experience that was truly participatory, inclusive and empowering for the diverse ethnic and cultural people and groups calling the Tamaki community their home. This study shows that assets or strengths-based community development can be an effective way to get community participation and engagement for achieving community health and wellbeing aspirations. Respondents thought ‘community assets’ included personal commitment, time, motivation, social networks and connection; local leaders; language literacy, local knowledge and Liew, T C W & Andajani-Sutjahjo, S (2012). Putting theory into practice: Learning from the first year of the Tamaki Action Research Project with diverse ethnic minorities in an Auckland suburb. Proceedings of the Fifth International Asian and Ethnic Minority Health and Wellbeing Conference, June 27-28 (pp??-??). Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland.

cultural wisdom. Community perceptions of tangible ‘assets’ (e.g. physical building, parks, leisure facilities) however, depended on perceived sense of ownership and control over the use of such facilities. The state of local public spaces, facilities and social services can often have important impacts on personal and general health and wellbeing (Forjaz et al., 2011). A safe neighbourhood, for example, is identified as an important contributor to perceived wellness by many elderly informants. Community satisfaction with places of residence and neighbourhoods are strongly related to health, life satisfaction, and quality of life (Morris, McAuley, & Motl, 2008; Patterson & Chapman, 2004; Westaway, 2007). Environmental ‘assets’ may support or put barriers to social development, quality of community lives and resilience. Results from this first year show clearly that wide and inclusive participation is best promoted through the use of existing community networks, personal and social connections. A new insight on notions of ‘assets’ suggests that having a sense of control over access and usage of them seems paramount to the degree of ownership felt towards these public facilities or services. Failure to listen to and respect this expression from the people may be construed as a violation of their rights to equal access to opportunities for economic, social and cultural development. However, these same rights might be protected and fulfilled when existing and future planners of public ‘assets’ (facilities, services, policies or programmes) endeavour to 1) invite wider local community representation and inclusive participation in the design, planning and managing of facilities and services in their localities; 2) ensure the local community is kept well-informed about how the information collected from them is being used to for matching those facilities and services to local requirements; and 3) use existing community networks and social infrastructures to evaluate the effectiveness and usefulness of those facilities and services. If done with fidelity, these inclusive and people-centred practices will help achieve greater population health and wellbeing as they will be translating PMHP and PEOPLE social justice and empowerment principles into practice.


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