Indian J Agric Biochem 23 (2), 141-142, 2010
Short Communication
Quality Attributes of Different Species of Mushroom ANURADHA SINGH, MOHD. SHAHID, RAVI MISHRA, VED RATAN and MUKESH SRIVASTAVA* Department of Plant Pathology, CSA University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur-208002, India Present investigations were carried out to study the cultural and morphological characters and protein content of eight different species of mushroom namely Pleurotus sajor-caju, Calcocybe indica, Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus eous, Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus florida, Agaricus bisporus and Hypsizygus ulmerius. The fruit bodies of eight species were of different colours. Diameter of the fruit body ranged 5.4-8.5 cm whereas length ranged between 4.9-13.0 cm. Hypsizygus ulmerius was found to be the best yielder with the highest percentage of protein (33.6).
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Key words: Mushrooms, morphological character, protein content
Mushrooms are macroscopic fruiting bodies produced by certain fungal groups. There are more than 14,000 types of mushrooms out of which only about 3,000 are edible and about 700 are known for their medicinal properties. There are many species of mushrooms which are poisonous. The world over, only 20 mushrooms are
were shaken to avoid clumping of the grains. Next day the bottles were inoculated with bits of agar medium colonized with mycelium of pure culture (7-10 days old). Inoculated bottles were incubated at 25°C. After 7-10 days of inoculation, bottles were shaken vigorously so that mycelial threads were broken and become well
commercially cultivated. Appropriate technologies for cultivation have not been developed for rest of the mushrooms. The Indian production scenario has been negligible amounting to 50,000 tonnes per annum as against the world’s production of 55 lakh tonnes (1).
mixed with the grains. Entire grains get covered with fine mycelial growth after 18 days of inoculation (3,4).
The cultures of eight species of mushroom as described in Table 1 were obtained from Mushroom Research Laboratory of C.S. Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur. Cultural characters such as growth pattern, colour, diameter and length of fruit bodies were observed on PDA medium and wheat straw substrate. Grain spawn of all eight species was prepared using the standard methodology suggested by Garcha (2). Healthy, uncrumpled wheat grains were washed and boiled (grain:
The different substrate (wheat straw, paddy straw and wood saw dust) filled in gunny bags were soaked in a tank with water chemically treated with Bavistin (7 g) + formalin (115 ml) per 100 liter water for 12 hr. (Tank was covered with polythene sheet to prevent the evaporation of formalin. Thereafter, substrates were taken out from tank and spread on cemented floor treated with 2 per cent formalin solution for 2-4 hr. to drain out excess water. The correct water content of the substrate was determined by squeezing the substrate in the palm, About 67 per cent moisture was maintained. Spawning was done under aseptic conditions. The grain spawn of
water 1:25 w/v) to tender without rupturing the seed coat. Extra water was drained off and the grains were allowed to dry on sieve. Commercial grade gypsum and calcium carbonate were mixed @ 3 per cent of grain. The grains were filled in clean glass bottles and the bottles were plugged with non-absorbent cotton and sterilized at 22 Ibs steam pressure for 90 minutes. Sterilized bottles were taken out from the autoclave. While still hot these
different species of mushrooms were mixed thoroughly @ 2 per cent in the substrate containing 65-70 per cent moisture filled up in polythene bags @ 4 kg each. After spawning, bags were kept in the crop room in 4 tier racks. Temperature (24 to 28°C) and relative humidity (80 to 85 per cent) was maintained for spawn run. Humidity was maintained by spraying water twice a day. After the completion of spawn run in the straw, it becomes
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Indian J Agric Biochem 23(2), 2010
a compact mass, which is also sticking to the polythene bags. The polythene bags were then cut by sharp and sterilized blade and opened for sporophore formation. At the time of sporophore formation the windows were kept open for 1-2 hour to provide humidity 80-90 per cent. Total harvesting period given was 40 days. The required care was taken to avoid the occurrence of pests by spraying Dimacron @ 0.2 per cent.
Fresh wt. of fruit body Biological efficiency x 100 Dry wt. of substrate
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The nitrogen content of different species of mushroom was estimated by Kjeldahl method (5). Protein content was calculated by multiplying N percentage with 6.25. Observations on the morphological characteristics viz growth pattern of mycelium, colour, diameter and length of fruiting bodies are summarized in Table 1. Table 1: Growth pattern and fruit body characters of different species of mushroom Name of the species
Growth pattern on PDA
Characteristics of fruit bodies on wheat straw substrate Colour Diameter Length (cm) (cm) Pleurotus sajor-caju Compact Whitish 5.4 11.0 Calcocybe indica Slightly fluffy Milky white 8.5 12.8 Volvariella volvacea Compact Dark grey 6.1 9.5 Pleurotus eous Highly fluffy Creamy 7.6 11.4 Ganoderma lucidum Sparse Yellowish 7.5 4.9 Pleurotus florida Sparse Milky white 6.7 12.5 Agaricus bisporus Compact White 5.9 11.6 Hypsizygus ulmerius Cottony Bluish grey 8.1 13.0
The pattern of mycelial growth was compact in case of Pleurotus sajor- caju, Volvariella volvacea and Agaricus bisporus, highly fluffy in Pleurotus eous slightly fluffy in Calcocybe indica, sparse in Pleurotus florida and Ganoderma lucidum and cottony in Hypsizygus ulmerius. Different colour of fruit body was obtained in different species. The diameter and length of fruit body ranged between 5.4 - 8.5 cm and 4.9 -13.0 cm, respectively. Quality attributes of all these eight different species have been summarized in Table 2. Hypsizygus ulmerius have significantly higher protein content (33.6%) followed by Pleurotus florida (33.0%), Pleurotus sajor caju, Agaricus bisporus (32,3%), Calcocybe indica (31.5%), Ganoderma lucidum (30.6%), Volvariella volvacea (28.4%) and Pleurotus eous (27.6%) estimated by Kjeldahl method
Table 2: Yield, biological efficiency and protein content of different species of mushroom Name of the species No. of fruit Yield Biological Protein % body (g/kg substrate) efficiency (on dry (%) weight basis) Pleurotus sajor-caju 45.0 638.5 63.85 32.3 Calcocybe indica 86.0 685.2 68.52 31.5 Volvariella volvacea 74.0 538.0 53.80 28.4 Pleurotus eous 82.5 750.5 75.05 27.6 Ganoderma lucidum 58.2 650.5 65.05 30.6 Pleurotus florida 96.2 531.7 53.17 33.0 Agaricus bisporus 68.0 501.2 50.12 32.3 Hypsizygus ulmerius 48.0 975.0 97.50 33.6
(Table 2) Danel et al. (6). Ingale and Ramteke (8) and Dundar et al. (9) found similar results with Pleurotus sp. Biological efficiency was found maximum (97.50 per cent) in case of Hypsizygus ulmerius on wheat straw substrate. Biological efficiency was evaluated by many workers. Kulshrestha et al. (7). used different substrate for Pleurotus in which maximum was obtained with hand made paper + wheat straw substrate whereas Ingale and Ramteke (8) found 85.5 per cent on rice straw substrate. Hypsizygus ulmerius gave significantly higher yield (975g) followed by Pleurotus eous (750.5g), Calcocybe indica (685.2g), Ganoderma lucidum (650.5g), Pleurotus sajor caju (638.5g), Volvariella volvacea (538.0g), Pleurotus florida (531.7g) and Agaricus bisporus (501.2g) per kg of substrate (Table 2). Dundar et al. (9) found similar yield in Pleurotus. Thus, from the present study it was concluded that Hypsizygus ulmerius was found to be the best mushroom having yield of 975g/kg of substrate and the highest percentage of protein (33.6). Received October 10, 2010; accepted December 15, 2010
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