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Research and Innovation in Education Institute

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INBIE

IJOAICT

DECEMBER 2016 Volume 1, Issue 1 www.ijoaict.inbie.pl

International Journal of APPLIED INFORMATION αnd COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

ISSN: 2543-6589 Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1_1

International Journal of APPLIED INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Volume 1, Issue 1

December 2016

Applied Information and Communication Technology

Editor-in-Chief: Luis Ochoa Siguencia Research and Innovation in Education Institute

IJOAICT Sponsoring Organization: Fundacja “Instytut Badań I Innowacji w Edukacji” www.inbie.pl

Published online by: Publishing House of the Research and Innovation in Education Institute ul Czecha 13 lok. 65 42-224 Czestochowa - Poland IJOAICT url: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl

Applied Information and Communication Technology Editor-in-Chief

Luis Ochoa Siguencia PhD. Research and Innovation in Education Institute Czestochowa POLAND [email protected]

Associated editors: Pelagia Boyko PhD., Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego – Poland Renata Ochoa-Daderska, Jan Dlugosz University - Poland

Review Board: José Jesús Delgado Pena PhD., University of Malaga, Malaga - Spain Janusz klisiński PhD., University of Bielsko-Biala, Bielsko Biala - Poland Egils Ginters PhD., Riga Technical University, Riga - Latvia Irma Spudyte PhD., University of Applied Sciences, Kaunas - Lithuania Hala Fawzi PhD., University of Bahrain - Kingdom of Bahrain

Scientific Committee M. Pilar Barrios Manzano PhD., University of Extremadura – Spain Gilberto Marzano PhD., Rezekne Academy of Technologies – Latvia Irma Spudyte PhD., University of Applied Sciences – Lithuania Radomir Čurek PhD., Technical University of Ostrava - Czech Republic Francisco Hector Ochoa Díaz PhD., ICESI University – Colombia Agata Chmielarz PhD., Academy of Fine Arts in Katowice – Poland Gergana Zhelyazkova PhD., Varna Free University – Bulgaria

Original file at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/front-pages.pdf

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José Carlos Fernández García PhD., University of Malaga, Spain Kazimierz Nagody-Mrozowicz PhD., Academy of Physical Education in Katowice – Poland Edyta Sadowska PhD., WSB University - Poland

Layout Editor and Proof-readers: Afroditi Kamara, Time Heritage, Greece Katarzyna. Kruszynska, Radom Higher School, Poland

Technical Support: Damian Herman PhD. Academy of Physical Education in Katowice - Poland

ISSN: 2543-6589

About the journal International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology [IJOAICT] published by the Research and Innovation in Education Institute [INBIE] is an International, peer-reviewed research publication covering all aspects of information and communication technology applied to Education and Business. The Journal offers a worldwide and unique forum to exchange the ideas and thoughts by presenting their latest researches and findings.

Coverage The journal aims to publish research that helps advance the theoretical and practical understanding of advanced Distribution Systems and Strategies, E-Marketing and Social Media Strategies, E-strategy and e-Business models, ICT Adoption, Use, and Value Creation, ICT and Tourism Experience, ICT for Innovation and Service Design, ICT for Regional Development and Sustainability, Internet-of-Things and Smart Destinations, Legal and Social Aspects of ICT, Location-based Services and Context-Aware Systems, Mobile Services and Wearable Technologies, Networking, Social Media and Social Inspiration, Travel Information Search and Retrieval and Issues related to education like integrating ICT into education, the eLearning phenomenon, Software and hardware used in education, Educational projects, Personalized learning, 21st Century Educational Technologies and Collaborative learning. Original file at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/front-pages.pdf

Applied Information and Communication Technology

Call for Papers/Articles The journal invites short and long length (minimum 4 pages in double columns) high-quality, original papers that explicitly address technical challenges encountered in the Application of Information and Communication Technologies to Education and Business. Each submission will be reviewed by experts in the field and the first round review generally takes two months and the whole process takes about four – five months. The Editors welcome submissions at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/submit/paper.php

Open Access Policy Our open access policy is aimed to facilitate exchange of knowledge. Authors are required to agree with this open access policy which enables unrestricted access and reuse of all published articles.

Publication Frequency There will be two issues of IJOAICT per year, in a continuous publication cycle. Articles will be published immediately in the current issue of IJOAICT on completion of the review / editing process.

Peer Review Process Papers submitted for possible publication are subjected to a double-blind, peer review process. The process: 1.

Papers are reviewed by editors.

2. The editor may reject it if does not fit the objectives and quality of the Journal. 3. Articles that are found suitable for review are then sent to two experts in the field of the paper. Referees of a paper are unknown to each other. 4. Referees are asked to classify the paper as: publishable, publishable improvements, or not publishable. 5. Referees comments are sent to author’s by the editor Original file at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/front-pages.pdf

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6. The review process is usually completed within four weeks. 7. Accepted articles are usually published within four months.

Fees No fees are required from authors. Authors pay neither a submission fee nor a publication fee.

Copyright Policy The International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology uses Creative Commons copyright licence policy CC-BY.

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Publication Frequency If errors are found that are so significant that the paper cannot remain in the journal, the article will be removed and replaced with a note stating the reason of retraction.

Digital Preservation The journal is digitally preserved by the National Library of the Polish Republic

Publication Ethics Statement The editors of International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology are seriously concerned about the increase of plagiarism and other forms of fraud and misconduct in academic publishing.

Original file at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/front-pages.pdf

Applied Information and Communication Technology

Fraud and misconduct We consider fraud and misconduct an essential part of our ethical responsibilities as editors to be aware of and to meet these challenges and to develop strategies for coping with them. We expect the same awareness of our journal's peer reviewers. International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology is committed to ethical standards in its own editorial policy. The editors of International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology do their best to ensure fair, unbiased, and transparent peer review processes.

Important Any detected cases of misconduct, whether on the part of authors, reviewers or editors, will be vigorously pursued.

Instructions for authors Please note that the same article cannot be published both in a conference proceedings and in our journal. Authors are asked to submit their papers in MS Word format and using our Online paper Submission System.

Submission The editors reserve the right to edit articles to conform to the style of the journal. Please use the template available on the homepage of the journal for your paper:

Be aware It is the author´s responsibility to ensure that where copyright materials are included within an article the permission of the copyright holder has been obtained.

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Registration / submission The author(s) authorize the INBIE to publish the submitted text and agree with the publisher´s open access policy. The author(s) declare that the submitted manuscript is original work, has not been published in any other journal and is not currently submitted to any other journal. The authors agree with editorial modifications of the manuscript.

Author Guidelines The suggested length of the paper is minimum 4 pages. The preprint has to be in Microsoft Word format, the page format has to be A4, the text must be double column, line spacing – Single, alignment - Justified, left margin – 25mm, right margin – 25 mm, top margin – 25 mm, bottom margin – 25 mm. All authors are kindly requested to use the Paper Format Sample (PFS) and prepare their contributions accordingly. It should be noted that papers must be written in exact PFS format before they are sent to The online submission tool for the International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology or by e-mail to [email protected], as this contributes to the best appearance of the proceedings. If the final version of a paper is considerably different to the desired format, it will not be published even if it is accepted and registered. Please send the authorship statement form and fill the relevant required text. A completed form must be signed by all authors. Please note that due to cross border difficulties we cannot accept electronic signatures; all authors must sign by hand. Please upload the signed copy with your submission or scan and email to: [email protected], Please remember to send: 1. The Paper on PFS format: 2. Authorship Statement on the Submitted Paper 3. If you would like to become part of the scientific committee, you will be asked to review some papers Authorship statement, Paper Format Sample http://ijoaict.inbie.pl

can be downloaded from the website

Original file at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/front-pages.pdf

Applied Information and Communication Technology

Language All articles must be written in English. If English is not your first language, please ask an English-speaking colleague to proofread your paper.

Structure of the Article 1. Abstract 2. Keywords 3. Introduction 4. Research methodology 5. Body of the article 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Appendices(if applicable)

Metadata Title, author details, abstract and keywords are vital part of a paper, since it is these metadata which are freely available to all users and from which online searches can find the paper.

Copyright Notice Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. By virtue of their appearance in this open access journal, articles are free to use, with proper attribution, in educational and other non-commercial settings.

Original file at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/front-pages.pdf

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Privacy Statement The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.

Principal Contact and Mailing Address Luis Ochoa Siguencia PhD. Editor-in-chief IJOAICT Research and Innovation in Education Institute, Czestochowa ul Czecha 13 lok. 65 42-224 Czestochowa - POLAND Homepage: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/ Email: [email protected]

International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. By virtue of their appearance in this open access journal, articles are free to use, with proper attribution, in educational and other non-commercial settings

Original file at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/front-pages.pdf

International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology IJOAICT (2016) Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 1-2 Czestochowa – Poland http://ijoaict.inbie.pl

Table of Contents Applied Information and Communication Technology

Editorial

Applied Information and Communication Technology Luis Ochoa Siguencia

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Refereed articles

Managing corporate identity through Internet: the case of the Górnik Zabrze handball Ltd Ochoa Siguencia L., and Grzesiaka S

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Between digital and physical identities: Uses of ICT by Greek spa establishments as points for analysing perceptions of cultural heritage and economic development Tzedopoulos Y., Kamara A., Lampada D., Ferla K.

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Table of contents

2

Innovation approach to safety management during football match in Poland in football fans identification practices: Legal and organizing aspects Mikrut G., Malicki W.

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Tourism - New challenges and possibilities Kwasnik Z., Kruszynska K., Ochoa-Daderska R.

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International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology: Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 1-2 Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. By virtue of their appearance in this open access journal, articles are free to use, with proper attribution, in educational and other non-commercial settings Original file at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/table-of-contents.pdf

Editorial:

Applied

Information

and

Communication

Technology

L. Ochoa Siguenciaa a

International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology IJOAICT, 2016, Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 3-4 Czestochowa – Poland http://ijoaict.inbie.pl

Research and Innovation in Education Institute (INBIE), Czestochowa – Poland

Welcome to Volume 1 Issue 1 of the International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology [IJOAICT] published by the Research and Innovation in Education Institute [INBIE]. Our Journal is an International, peer-reviewed research publication covering all aspects of information and communication technology applied to Education and Business. The Journal offers a worldwide and unique forum to exchange the ideas and thoughts by presenting their latest researches and findings. This issue brings articles from or about Poland and Greece. IT has changed traditional methods of making profit from marketing and management not only from the point of view of managers but also from customers and all activities that take place in a business relation. Managing corporate identity through Internet: the case of the Górnik Zabrze handball Ltd., makes an interesting analysis of the interrelationship between company image and Internet development. The authors present Internet as a tool that allow an enterprise to run smoothly and in terms of creating the image of the sports club it gives often more possibilities than traditional media. The research shows the possibilities offered by Internet in the area of creating the image of the sports clubs, as is the case of Górnik Zabrze Handball Ltd club.

Between digital and physical identities: Uses of ICT by Greek spa establishments as points

for analysing perceptions of cultural heritage and economic development present some examples of ICT use by spa establishments in northern Greece in comparison to the spas’ actual situation and development potential. One of the main objectives of the research is show how thermalism and cultural heritage are perceived, represented and promoted in the spas’ websites.

Innovation approach to safety management during football match in Poland in football fans identification practices: Legal and organizing aspects presents a complex analysis of a current state of safety of football supporters during football matches, focusing on the safety management and identification of persons. The authors introduce the discussion on how a innovative and effective solutions for safety management should be based first on a prior risk analysis, an assessment of sense of security and needs of football match participants, as well as the current experience in the field of security management and the implementation of latest technical and technological measures.

Tourism - New challenges and possibilities focuses on three essential topics of deliberations. characteristics of tourism as a mass mobility, general analysis of tourism as a social phenomenon, to end in al analysis of the changes that occur in the development of tourism related to the development of modern information technologies and technological advances (ICT). The objective has been reached and the article can inspire researchers for the creation of innovative business ideas connected with new trends in tourism.

L. Ochoa Siguencia

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The journal aims to publish research that helps advance the theoretical and practical understanding of advanced Distribution Systems and Strategies, E-Marketing and Social Media Strategies, E-strategy and eBusiness models, ICT Adoption, Use, and Value Creation, ICT and Tourism Experience, ICT for Innovation and Service Design, ICT for Regional Development and Sustainability, Internet-of-Things and Smart Destinations, Legal and Social Aspects of ICT, Location-based Services and ContextAware Systems, Mobile Services and Wearable Technologies, Networking, Social Media and Social Inspiration, Travel Information Search and Retrieval and Issues related to education like integrating ICT into education, the eLearning phenomenon, Software and hardware used in education, Educational projects, Personalized learning, 21st Century Educational Technologies and Collaborative learning.

The journal invites short and long length high-quality, original papers that explicitly address technical challenges encountered in the application of information and communication technologies to Education and Business. The background of this publication can be found in the project “Cultour + Strategic Partnership of Erasmus+ in the field of Higher Education” that has the aim of coaching and fostering innovative and creative business ideas in cultural management for pilgrimage and religious cultural and thermal tourism. The Project has planned to coach entrepreneurs from 6 European and offer high quality university training and education to transfer to their business plans and professional expertise.

Luis Ochoa Siguencia Editor-in-chief IJOAICT

International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology: volume 1, Issue 1, pp 3-4 Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. By virtue of their appearance in this open access journal, articles are free to use, with proper attribution, in educational and other non-commercial settings. Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/editorial.pdf

Managing corporate identity through Internet: the case of the Górnik Zabrze handball Ltd

L. Ochoa Siguenciaa* S. Grzesiaka

International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology IJOAICT (2016) Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 5-20 Czestochowa – Poland http://ijoaict.inbie.pl

a The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Tourism and Sport Management, Katowice - Poland

Abstract: Research reported in this paper looks at the interrelationship between company image and Internet development. Internet allows for comfortable and modern operating of the enterprise, and in terms of creating the image of the sports club it gives often more possibilities than traditional media. The research shows the possibilities offered by Internet in the area of creating the image of the sports clubs, and how it is already used in practice in this area. The paper describes the theoretical approach of image, what role the public relations play in creating the image and what is the relation of Internet to these components within the club Górnik Zabrze Handball Ltd. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Research and Innovation in Education Institute Publications House Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the scientific committee of the international conference; ICTT 2016 Keywords: Company image, hand ball, sport management, information and communication technology

Introduction The image is the way in which a particular product, service, company or individual person are seen by the surroundings. In the case of products, services or their brands just the image has a fundamental impact on the level of interest in them on the market. It means an idea or opinion about the company and its products. This is a conviction of the company that people perceive, with which they identify and against which they express their opinions and feelings. Image is the carefully designed individualistic profile of the particular enterprise. Creating the image is the use of manipulation in order to camouflage

what is hidden behind the created image of a given entity. The key to image building is the consistency of marketing communication at all the levels. Communication should be designed so that all the contact points of the club with the customers act consistently with its main objectives We can highlight four types of image (Tabernacka, 2012):  plain image: in other words this is external image, which refers to the image seen by the general public,  mirror image: in other words this is internal image, which refers to perception of the entity by its employees,

* Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected]

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/managing-corporate-identity.pdf

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 the desired image: regarding the image that the entity would like to create in a long-term perspective,  optimal image: realistic look at the company's ability to create the image. The nature of the image is considerably affected by two factors: visual and non-visual. Visual factors include: the name, logo, audiovisual materials and forms (eg. company letterhead, business cards, leaflets). Non-visual factors of the image are the: personal and indirect contacts, opinions, successes and failures as also the behaviour of the employees. Positive and broadly recognizable image is valuable for every enterprise, because it decides how the public opinion will see the company's operations. The image fulfils important functions; among others it:

 constitutes a guideline, based on which clients can draw conclusions about the product or service, a positive image increases the effectiveness of marketing communications, thereby allowing to reduce expenses for promotion and advertising (Skowronek, 2012). The image of the company plays a dual role in creating the customer satisfaction, i.e. it enhances customer expectations and influences the result reception. Perceived quality of service in return affects the image, which means that if a customer assesses favourably the quality he may recommend the company to others (Skowronek, 2012). Creating a good image requires the control of all contact points between the client and the organization in terms of shaping the good emotions, thoughts, impressions, creating attitudes and behaviours propitious to the image, i.e. satisfaction, recommendation, and consumer loyalty (See figure 1).

 facilitates faster recognition of the company by the customer,  enables the formation of consumer expectations,  simplifies the customer decision-making process, Figure 1. The process of shaping the enterprise image images of competitors

Assessment of the starting corporate image target groups strategic development goals Planning

the desired corporate image

ways to achieve

Implementation undertake actions to achieve set goals - partial images

Control Verification of the degree of implementation of the operational objectives Evaluate the effectiveness of actions Source: Developed by the authors

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/managing-corporate-identity.pdf

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Managing corporate identity through Internet

The role of public relations in creating of image Public relations (PR) is the management of the flow of information between the organization and its environment. The philosophy of public relations assumes that the targets are easier to achieve with the social understanding and support (Pogorzelski, 2010). Public relations as a management function involves a set of activities [planning and decision making, organizing, leadership and control] directed to the organization's resources [financial, inventory, human, production and information technology] and executed to achieve the objectives of the organization in an efficient and effective manner. Since this is a long-term, purposeful, regular and managerial range of activities, it requires the involvement of top management. Therefore it is important that the managers and business owners know, understand and are convinced of the utility activities and the effectiveness of expenditures incurred to obtain recognition and sympathy from the environment (Biernat, 2004). Public relations as a management function concerns the determination of the mission; formulation of the objectives to stakeholders; the cooperation elements of the enterprise social space; design a campaign bringing to the fore authentic achievements, coexistence with the public interest; two-way communication; tracking of the processes, the effectiveness of the activities (Pogorzelski, 2010). Public relations aims at promoting, as well as taking care of the company’s or product’s good name. It has the task of shaping expected by the management team of the company, market image and create and main-

tain good relations with the company's stakeholders using the reliable information. Information policy based on real and accurate information allows one to create a positive image of the company, product and brand (Pazio, 2013). There are four models of PR:    

renown, publicity public information, bidirectional asymmetrical, bidirectional symmetrical.

The first model is based on the dissemination of a particular case [positive or negative]. It consists of introducing in circulation the information, which presents in a positive light the delivering articles to the mass media. Publicity model has to obtain the influence over society. It is characterized by unilateral communication between the sender and recipient and it is usually used in relation to the sport. The second model is based on reliable information and telling the truth. Its aim is to promote information in order to attain and take on its side the public opinion. The main objective of the third model is to control society by communicating truthful information. Communication is a bilateral in its character, however uneven. It is a relationship of sender-recipient type with the feedback information. And the fourth model is based on searching a bilateral understanding through the dialogue, in the closeness with public opinion. The employees involved in the public relations act as intermediaries presenting concepts of enterprises, public and vice versa.

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/managing-corporate-identity.pdf

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Bronowicz (2014) refers that activities from the scope of public relations include:

media. From the perspective of public relations the most important mass media are:

       

   

internal public relations, cooperation with media, managing an emergency situation, creating the company identity, external public relations, patronage in sponsoring, lobbying, creating the image of persons.

In the process of company image shaping there are very important activities of the public relations scope focused on the mass Image on the Internet Creating the company image by using the traditional media is insufficient in the 21st century. Internet PR is defined as a public relations’ activities carried out by using the Internet. Activities in the area of Internet PR

press, Internet, television, radio.

Marketing benefits of public relations:  market competition takes place on perceptions, not products,  PR techniques perfectly pass the exam when promoting products, that advertising is restricted or prohibited.

should be carried out as planned, consciously with a manner consistent with the public relations strategy adopted by the company (Kaczmarek-Śliwińska, 2010). Nowadays the Internet provides more opportunities of transfer than traditional media as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Transfer forms of sports information in various types of electronic media Radio

Television

Internet

Information about the outcome used of event

used

used

Announcing of event

used

used

used

The voice relation

used

used to a limited used extend

Summary of event (studio)

used

used

used

Interview during the event

used

used

used

Comment after the event

used

used

used

Expert comments

used

used

used

Statistics after the event

used

used

used

Statistics live

used to a limited ex- used to a limited used tend extend

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/managing-corporate-identity.pdf

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Managing corporate identity through Internet

Audio visual relation

-

used

used

Shortcut of event

-

used

used

Replays

-

used

used

Program about a player

-

used

used

Advertisement of the club / used to a limited ex- used player tend

used

Podcast

-

-

used

Links to other materials

-

-

used

Picture gallery of event

-

-

used

Websites and shops of sports fans

-

used

Source: P. Popek, M. Piechota, Komunikowanie z mediami elektronicznymi w sporcie, [in] Public relations w sporcie, red. P. Godlewski, W. Rydzak, J. Trębecki. Sportwin, Poznań 2010, s.71.

Thanks to the tools available on the Internet we can create the image, communicate with electronic and traditional media, broaden the base of journalists in charge of news services and online media. The main objective in the area of the Internet PR is creating, improving or managing the image on the Internet based on the target groups for which the communication using the Internet is the most effective. Internet PR is usually associated with building online social communities around the particular content, expanding popularity of the brand among Internet users and enlargement of the activities effectiveness in case of crisis management. Primary benefits of the Internet PR are:  better identification of the brand, and therefore - greater credibility and trust among the potential customers,  the possibility of direct contact with customers, so that the company can quickly

know the opinion of customers, which can be used to improve the company's actions,  the popularity of the Internet is transferred to the attention of traditional media,  the possibility of simultaneous reaching a sizeable audience all over the world. Website is the basic type of the company's presence on the Internet. A properly designed website is a field to the advantageous company self-presentation (Tabernacka, 2012). These are the following elements of a good website of sports club:  news’ section  information about the club, its structure and authorities  contact details  media files (press materials, videos, etc.)  contact to the press spokesman or a person authorized to conduct contact with the media (Popek, 2010).

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/managing-corporate-identity.pdf

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Figure 2. Activities of Internet public relations

E-PR Social media

Website / Internet service

Newslet ter

Video confere ncing

Chat

Forum Instant Messaging

Internet shop

Blogs

Microbl ogs

Mobile services

Source: own study

Social Media The social network is a type of website. Its aim is to concentrate within the site the people interested in the particular topic and create the possibility of a simple exchange of information. A specific feature of social networking sites is that they are created by their recipients. The most important feature of social networking is communication. The users of the biggest social networking sites are often very involved, regularly visit the favourite page and spend a lot of time on it. The enterprises noticed that they can find there the consumers and made social networking the new communication channels. It is possible that companies or products mutually recommend each other on social media. . In social media the enterprises are looking for new clients, but they also engage those who already purchased their products or used their services. Social media are useful to strengthen ties with customers (Podlaski, 2011) .

There are three types of social networks: specialized, universal and hybrids. Specialised services deal with one particular department. The example of specialised service is Twitter. Since its emergence Twitter had one task: to give the possibility to send SMS to the public by tracking and searching. Universal social network is a place where you can meet all your needs related to participation in online communities, entertainment and communication. Hybrid social networks are focused on one essential functionality, giving the other, additional social functions. In many cases, the service, which was created as a specialized in scope of its development transformed into a hybrid. The example of a hybrid service may be YouTube, which besides its main purpose watching and posting videos-, includes also the features characterizing the social networks (Smith and Treadaway, 2013).

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/managing-corporate-identity.pdf

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Managing corporate identity through Internet

Methodology The aim of the study is to examine the possibilities offered by the Internet in the area of creating an image of the sports club, as also how it is used in practice in this field. Within the assumed aim the necessary research is carried out, which helped to solve the problem of research, verify the hypothesis and answer the questions posed in the research work. The main problem of the research is to check whether the club Górnik Zabrze Handball Ltd. effectively uses the tools to create the image on the Internet. In order to implement the research the following study hypothesis has been formulated: club Górnik Zabrze Handball Ltd. effectively uses the tools to create the image on the Internet. In order to verify the hypothesis the following questions were put in the qualitative study:  What forms of existence on the Internet are used by club Górnik Zabrze?  Does the club have a strategy of placing the content on the Internet and what is this strategy if it exists?  What objectives does the club realise via the Internet?  How does the club use the possibility of two-way communication with fans through the social media?  What image does the club want to create?  Are any actions taken to distinguish Górnik Handball and Górnik Football? In the quantitative survey there were put the following questions:  Do respondents visit the website of Górnik Zabrze Handball and how do they evaluate it?

 Do the respondents have contact with the club’s fan page on the Facebook and how do they evaluate it?  What media are used by respondents to contact with the club?  Would the respondents like the club to use the other media, if yes which one?  What sport discipline does the name Górnik Zabrze remind the respondents?  Does the name Górnik Zabrze bring the club a profit or loss? The study is based on data from primary sources. Within the primary research we used the quantitative method in the form of a questionnaire survey and qualitative research in the form of expert interview. Quantitative research was carried out on sympathizers of Górnik Zabrze, participating in events organized by the club, by means of an online survey. The available questionnaire concerned the assessment of tools used on the Internet by Górnik Zabrze Handball Ltd. The survey was conducted in April and May 2016 using a questionnaire, consisting consisted of 10 closed-type questions (9 single-choice, 1 multiple-choice) and one open question. The survey was made available on the official fan page of the club Górnik Zabrze Handball on the Facebook. The interview was conducted with a specialist in public relations and spokesman of Górnik Zabrze Handball Paul Franzke on May 25, 2016. The initial study was conducted in the form of the survey in order to investigate the assessment of the way in creating the image of the club Górnik Zabrze Handball on the Internet. The respondents were only the participants of events organized by the club, the research group consisted of 101 people. The characteristics of the group were known

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/managing-corporate-identity.pdf

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through the imprint at the end of questionnaire. The table below presents data on the

respondents:

Table 2. Characteristics of the research group Criterion

Percentage value

Sex Female

41%

Male

59%

Age 17 years and less

6,94%

18 - 24 years

29,70%

25 - 34 years

15,84%

35 - 44 years

24,75%

45 - 54 years

14,85%

55 - 64 years

7,92%

65 years and more

0%

Place of residence Zabrze

68%

Katowice

8%

RudaŚląska

12%

Świętochłowice

2%

Gliwice

1%

Koszalin

1%

Stirling – Wielka Brytania

1%

Mikołów

1%

Chorzów

1%

Częstochowa

1%

Lipowa

1%

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Managing corporate identity through Internet

Żywiec

1%

Abroad

1%

Marital status single

50%

married

45%

divorced

4%

widow/widower

1%

Quantity of children 0

51,49%

1

19,8%

2

17,82%

3

9,90%

4 and more

0,99%

Source: own study

Using tools to create the image on the Internet by Górnik Zabrze Handball Handball Zabrze has been established with the Notarial Act written on 29.11.2012. The club changed its name to Górnik Zabrze Handball on November, 27.2013. From December 2012 till April 2015 the sole owner of Górnik Zabrze Handball was Bogdan Kmiecik. In April 2015 the City of Zabrze joined the shareholders. Currently, Bogdan Kmiecik has 60% of the shares, while the

City of Zabrze 40%. The club is located at ul. Wolności 406 in Zabrze. At this place, there is also a sports hall, where the team Górnik plays their home games. The owner of the hall is the city of Zabrze. In Górnik Zabrze Handball there is a linear structure, characteristic for the small organizations, as the club. Bogdan Kmiecik is the President of Górnik Zabrze Handball. Francis Michór is the Vice President. Together they form the Management Board of the club.

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/managing-corporate-identity.pdf

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L. Ochoa Siguencia, S. Grzesiak

Figure 3. Organisation structure of Górnik Zabrze Handball

President

Vice-president

Coach

Physiotherapist

Administration

Team players

Source: own study

Club indicates as its goals:  maintenance of the team in the highest league in Poland- PGNiG Mens’ Super league  attracting the new sponsors, in particular title sponsor, and good cooperation with existing partners,  100% attendance at the events organized by the club,  promotion of handball. The club provides the following paid services for customers:  organization of mass events, handball matches in the framework of competitions, where a team Górnik Zabrze participates,  the resale – club is the intermediary between the manufacturer of gadgets dedicated to fans of Zabrze handball, and

their producer (mainly T-shirts and other sports equipment). Distribution channels, used by the club (ticket sales):  The Club Secretariat, at ul. Wolności 406 in Zabrze,  Salons Empik,  Points STS,  Salon Speed Travel in Ruda Śląskaj (Halemba) ul. 1 -go Maja 35  Portal kupbilet.pl. Club Górnik Zabrze Handball uses the website to the create its image on the Internet: http://handballzabrze.pl/ and fan page on the Facebook: https://www.facebook.com /handball Zabrze. In order to identify the activities of the club Górnik Zabrze Handball there was conducted the expert interview with a specialist of public relations and spokesman of the club - Paul

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/managing-corporate-identity.pdf

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Managing corporate identity through Internet

Franzke. From the interview it results that the club uses the website and the fan page portal on the Facebook. Club uses the Internet tools mainly as part of its information policy. On the website in addition to information on current news, there are also news about players and coaching staff. This information is presented mainly in the form of interviews. Fan page on the Facebook is used to promote the content posted on the club website. Górnik Zabrze Handball tried to share with fans their content by means of other media sites such as Twitter and Instagram, however the fans and potentially interested persons do not benefit from these media or do not use them in such a way that the club could promotionally use it. In addition, some of the players individually do a good job in social media, and they also promote Górnik Handball. There is a strategy of the activity on the Internet, but not in such an advanced stage as large media enterprises or promotions. The club strives to make the information that appears in all media to first appear on the pages of club media. Due to the fact that in the club there is one person who is responsible for media services of Górnik sometimes it's very difficult to achieve that goal Deficiencies related to human resources also lead o the fact that the club is not able to use fully the possibilities of communication offered by the Internet. According to the specialist of Górnik PR it is easier to create the image of the club where there is sports’ success. The club is trying to create its image through the sport category discipline that it presents, i. e. handball.. And handball is presented as an alternative to football, which is a leading discipline in Poland. Górnik points out that the handball matches are sporting events taking place in a relaxed, friendly and family

atmosphere. Employees of Górnik Zabrze also indicates that the name of the club is quite problematic, because few people in the Zabrze realizes that in their city besides the Górnik football there is also a handball team Górnik. The club is aware that Górnik Handball is not able to jump in any respect Górnik football. All sponsors who appeared from the change of club name, offered cooperation with the club because of its name. Sponsors as a motive to cooperate with Górnik Handball pointed out that the club is a reliable business partner, and presents satisfactory sport results. Thus, the club does not promote itself by name, and through sports scores and discipline it represents. In order to check the opinion of Górnik Zabrze Handball fans [about the activities of the club on the Internet] there was conducted the survey. The majority of respondents, 93% had contact with the official web page of the club. Only 7% of respondents had never visited the official website of Górnik Zabrze Handball. Respondents who have visited the website of the club assessed its individual elements in a 5-point scale. A rating of 1 was the worst assessment and 5 the best. The rating of zero meant that the subject does not have an opinion about a particular item. 51% of respondents rated ease of use the site at 5. 36% of respondents rated at 4 the ease of use. This section also collected 1 rating2% and 3% of the respondents had no opinion on the subject. Appearance and aesthetics of the page were also positively assessed by the majority of fans. This item: 5 was rated by 51% of respondents, 4 by 33%, 3 by 7% of respondents, 2 received by 3% of respond-

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/managing-corporate-identity.pdf

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L. Ochoa Siguencia, S. Grzesiak

ents. The lowest rating for appearance of the site gave 4% of respondents, and 1% had no opinion on the subject. Assess the completeness of the information on the website is as follows:      

5- 34% 4- 38% 3- 17% 2- 1% 1- 4% I have no opinion- 5%.

Date information on the website was rated at 5 by 38% of respondents and at 4 by 36% .

This section evaluated at 3 received from 15% of the respondents. The lowest rating 1% of respondents, and 4% have no opinion on the subject. The last element of the subject evaluated by the fans was the time to find information on the website. In this case also the majority of respondents issued the highest score, and it was 40%. Subsequent evaluation of this aspect of the site was as follows:: • • • •

4- 39%, 3- 13%, 2-4%, I have no opinion - 3%.

Figure 4. Assessment of the official website of the club

100% 80%

Time to find information on the website

60%

Up dated information

40% Completeness of information 20% Appearance and aesthetics

0%

Easy-to-use website

Assessment of website handballzabrze.pl. 1 being worst - 5 rating the best - 0 no opinion Source: own study based on survey results

The study examined whether respondents had contact with the official account Gornik Zabrze Handball on Facebook. 83% of fans indicated that they visited the club's fan page on Facebook, and 17% do not visit the club account on this website. Among the respond-

ents up to 80% said they were constantly watching the actions of the club on Facebook. They do this by "liking" Górnik fan page on this website. Only 20% of people do not constantly watch the club in this way. Not every fan who came into contact with the club's profile on Facebook has decided to

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/managing-corporate-identity.pdf

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Managing corporate identity through Internet

"like" the club fan page. Fans who declared the contact with club account on Facebook were asked to assess it. Most of the respondents, i.e. 77% agree with the statement that the fan page is frequently updated, and the information contained in it is interesting. Only 12% of respondents disagree with this statement, while 11% of respondents have no opinion on this issue. With this, the club conducts an active and two-way communication agrees up to 46% of respondents, the

opposite view has 20%, and 33% have no opinion, 79% of respondents think that information that is posted on the fan page is useful. Only 8% do not consider as useful information on the club Facebook, and 13% have no opinion on this subject. Answers to the question about reaction from the club to the notes from the fans are quite similar. 35% of fans agree that the club responds, and 29% think the opposite. 37% of respondents have no opinion.

Figure 5. Assessment of method of conducting the club's account on Facebook 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Fanpage is updated frequently with interesting information I agree

I do not agree

The club conducts an active, two-way communication with fans

The information posted on the fan page is useful

no opinion

Source: own study based on survey results

Most of the respondents indicated that contact with Górnik club via Facebook- [56 people]. Website as a tool to contact with the club there indicated 38 people. Contact with

Górnik via the club’s channel on YouTube indicated 6 respondents and. 23 respondents do not contact via the listed means in the survey .

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/managing-corporate-identity.pdf

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L. Ochoa Siguencia, S. Grzesiak

Figure 6. Communication way of the fans with club via Internet Facebook 60 50 40 30 None of the above

20

Twitter

10 0

Channel on Youtube

The website of the club

Source: own study based on survey results

Half of the fans want the club to use other social media on the Internet, while 17% believe that it is not necessary. 33% of respondents do not have opinion on this subject. Among the people who declared that they would be interested in expanding Górnik’s presence in social media, 41 answered that the club should establish an account on Instagram. 9 people indicated Snapchat and Google+. During the study fans were asked to indicate what is more associated with the name of Górnik Zabrze - football or handball. In the first place most of the respondents placed football – it was 78% of respondents. Only 22% of respondents indicated handball in the first place. The last question of the study was an open question. The respondents had to write if the name of Górnik Zabrze

brings the handball club the loss or benefits. Many of the fans - 36 people- believe that the name brings to the club loss. They argue the most that the name is associated with the football club and through this suffers their club image. Often also they indicate that as fans of Górnik they feel uncomfortable because they are associated with football hooligans. They also say that renaming the club discouraged fans from neighbouring towns. Some respondents would like to return to the historical name of the club Pogoń Zabrze. 26 people see the benefits of the name. These people indicate that the name Górnik Zabrze is a brand known throughout the country. There were also 5 people who believe that the name does not matter for the club. Some fans see the benefits and losses of name Górnik- 5 people. 25 people have no opinion on the subject

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/managing-corporate-identity.pdf

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Managing corporate identity through Internet

Conclusion The image of the organization increasingly decides about customer preferences. In the era of popularisation of mobile devices using the Internet, it is important for the companies not to neglect their image in the network. The Internet provides many opportunities, one only needs to use it skilfully, purposefully and in accordance with company strategy. The study hypothesized that club Górnik Zabrze Handball Ltd. effectively uses the tools to create the image on the Internet. Completed research confirmed this thesis. Responded fans of Górnik Zabrze Handball who participate in the events organized by the club, evaluate the activities of the club on the Internet positively. Most of them are satisfied with method of conducting the website and accounts on the Facebook. A large part discovers for themselves the communication channels with the club via Internet. Fans perceive some shortcomings, such as the

destruction of the handball club identity because of name mainly associated with football. However, most of them see the benefits from the name of the club. Fans of Zabrze club understand that long-standing tradition of football in Zabrze pushes them to the second track. In the study, fans pointed out that very welcome would be closer cooperation of Górnik Zabrze Handball sp. z.o.o. with Górnik Zabrze SSA. The club, as their small human resources optimally operates in the area of creating its image on the Internet. It consistently implements the strategy of reliable information through the available means of transmission, for anyone interested in the life of the club. Górnik Zabrze Handball should respond more quickly to the needs of their fans and expand the offer of communication channels in social media, which are in fans interest. Studies have shown their interest in the application Instagram that is not offered by the club.

References: Bonek T., Smaga M., Biznes w Internecie: praktyczny poradnik o marketingu, sprzedaży, public relations on-line i promocji w mediach społecznościowych, Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa 2012, Bronowicz M. , Komunikacja wizualna. Public relations, reklama, branding, Astrum, Wrocław 2014, Figiel A., Reputacja w zarządzaniu przedsiębiorstwem: ujęcie marketingowe, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego, Kraków 2013. Grzeganek-Więcek B., Kantyka J., Hadzik A., Cieślikowski K., Anatomia organizacji sportowych i turystycznych, Wydawnictwo Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego Innowacyjne rozwiązania biznesowe VI, Red. Popović M., Błaszczyk M., Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 2013, Jakościowe badania marketingowe w Internecie, Red. Jaciow M., Maciejewski G., Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Katowicach, Katowice 2013, Kaczmarczyk S., Badania marketingowe: metody i techniki, Polskie Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne, Warszawa 2000, Kreft J., Za fasadą społeczności : elementy zarządzania nowymi mediami, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków 2015,

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Marketing - aktualne problemy i kierunki, Red. Gębarowski M., Witek L., Zatwarnicka-Madura B., Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Rzeszowskiej, Rzeszów, Metody zarządzania przedsiębiorstwem w przestrzeni marketingowej, Red. Krupski R., Akademia Ekonomiczna we Wrocławiu, Wrocław 2004, Motała D., Ragin-Skorecka K., Włodarczyk Z., Skuteczność rynkowa organizacji : toż-samość, wizerunek, systemy informatyczne, Wydawnictwo Politechniki Poznańskiej, Poznań 2013, Pazio N., Marketing. Teoria pragmatyczna. Podręcznik akademicki, Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej, Warszawa 2013, Podlaski A., Marketing społecznościowy. Tajniki skutecznej promocji w social media, Helion, Gliwice 2011, Public relations – nie tylko Facebook, Red. Stasiuk-Krajewska K., Tworzydło D., Chmielewski Z., News line, Rzeszów 2013, Public relations w sporcie, Red. Godlewski P., Sportwin, Poznań 2010, Skowronek I., Marketing doświadczeń: od doświadczeń klienta do wizerunku firmy, Pol-text, Warszawa 2012, Smith M., Treadaway C., Godzina dziennie z Facebook marketingiem, Helion, Gliwice 2013 Tabernacka M., Szadok-Bratuń A., Public relations w sferze publicznej : wizerunek i komunikacja, Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa 2012, w Katowicach, Katowice 2014, Zmiany medialne i komunikacyjne : media, wizerunek, biznes, Red. Kopecka-Piech K., Wydawnictwo Naukowe Katedra, Gdańsk 2015.

Netografia Alterweb, http://alterweb.pl/-instagram-i-marka-w-jaki-sposob-ja-zbudowac, Alterweb, http://alterweb.pl/-spolecznosc-internetowa-a-marketing-cz-3, Alterweb, http://alterweb.pl/-youtube-jako-kanal-promocji, Platforma wspieramy e-biznes, http://www.web.gov.pl/g2/big/2010_04/f04ee99ec58388dba befe3aa16f86e54.pdf, Platforma wspieramy e-biznes, http://www.web.gov.pl/g2/big/2010_02/34672 10bfa25c5d3a 3b8084c4638f55a.pdf, Platforma wspieramy e-biznes, http://www.web.gov.pl/g2/big/2010_02/fe231c5914c783f94 d682ba79379bac8.pdf, Platforma wspieramy e-biznes, http://www.web.gov.pl/g2/big/2013_10/71ea 9aa1442e7a8c1 47a374ec33a2f5b.pdf, Sprawny Marketing, https://sprawnymarketing.pl/wizerunek-firmy-w-internecie/.

Received: June 22, 2016 Accepted: November 16, 2016 Online Published: December 18, 2016 URL: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl

International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology, Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 5-20 Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. By virtue of their appearance in this open access journal, articles are free to use, with proper attribution, in educational and other non-commercial settings Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/managing-corporate-identity.pdf

Between digital and physical identities: Uses of ICT by Greek spa establishments as points for analysing perceptions of cultural heritage and economic development Y. Tzedopoulosa* A. Kamaraa D. Lampadaa K. Ferlaa a

International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology IJOAICT (2016) Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 21-36 Czestochowa – Poland http://ijoaict.inbie.pl

Time Heritage, Cultural Heritage Consultants, Athens - Greece

Abstract: The paper deals with some examples of ICT use by spa establishments in northern Greece in comparison to the spas’ actual situation and development potential. Particular emphasis is put on how thermalism and cultural heritage are perceived, represented and promoted in the spas’ websites, and on how the comparison between the spas’ digital and physical identities reveals challenges that lie at the core of thermalism development in a time of economic crisis and paradigm change in communication, cure and recreation. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Research and Innovation in Education Institute Publications House Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the scientific committee of the international conference; ICTT 2016 Keywords: Thermalism, thermal springs, curative tourism, wellness tourism, cultural heritage, cultural identity, digital identity, development strategies

Introduction In this paper we will try to analyse the importance of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in shaping an “identity” for Greek thermal destinations and, subsequently, to show some aspects of how the very concept of thermal tourism as a category of cultural tourism is affected and transformed by the use of ICT (Katsoni, 2015). We will deal with three of the most important thermal centres in northern Greece and we will compare their digital identity to their actual situation, prospects and development

strategies, as regards both their specific cultural heritage and their choices between reproducing and adapting to current attitudes and practices in order to maintain and/or raise their economic potential. The relevant fieldwork was carried out in August 2016 in the framework of the Erasmus project Cultour+.1 I In the brave new world of ICT things can often be misleading. The print screen shown in plate 1 is not taken from an escort service 1

Cultour +, http://www.cultourplus.info/en/ (last retrieved on October 12, 2016).

* Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected]

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl /1-1/between-digital.pdf

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Y. Tzedopoulos, A. Kamara, D. Lampada, K. Ferla

website, but from the one of Apollonia Spa, the thermal establishment by the Lake Volvi in northern Greece.2 When we visited the place in August 2016, instead of the ethereal beings who haunt the spa’s website (plate 2) we met charming old ladies like the one on plate 3 who slowly walks down the road on her way to a thermal treatment subsidized by a social tourism programme. As for the spa’s facilities, they were surely not as glossy as suggested by the website (plate 4) but rather in need of improvement and restoration (plate 5), while advertised wellness services like massage, reflexology treatment and sauna (plate 6) are rarely sought after by the elderly clientele. However, the spa is not at all dysfunctional. During our tour, in which we were escorted by the spa’s manager, we couldn’t help but feel an atmosphere of community and human warmth. Wherever we went, eyes opened wide to the sight of us (being both unknown and relatively young), while some old ladies took the opportunity for a small talk with the manager. Later, at the restaurant where we sat for some refreshment and a discussion on the spa’s identity and prospects, an old gentleman insisted on buying the manager a beer; at the nearby tables people were exchanging in friendly but animated tones their views on the political situation. What is more, the spa’s management has a very clear view on what is indispensable for running a thermal establishment: contrary to the luxury wellness hotel “Galini” in the spa town of Kamena Vourla in Central Greece, which in fact focuses more on beauty and fitness than on thermalism (Papageorgiou & Beriatos, 2011), and, according to our discussion with 2

Apollonia Spa, http://www.apollonia-spa.gr/ (last retrieved on October 12. 2016).

the staff, does not provide for any medical treatment before a bath in the thermal springs, Apollonia Spa offers thermal expertise and medical examination and advice to its clientele. In the case of Apollonia Spa, the use of ICT, instead of enhancing the thermal establishment’s potential as a tourist destination, sends wrong messages and reveals strategic weaknesses (Mariani et al., 2014). In simple words, the spa’s website conveys an image that does not correspond to reality. This discrepancy, easily demonstrable by a short visit, can contribute to undermining the aims inherent in the digital presentation (namely, the expanding of the clientele into younger audiences) and sooner or later work in the opposite direction. As a matter of fact, the discrepancy is evident in the rather low visitors’ evaluation of the place on the relevant TripAdvisor webpage.3 On the other hand, the website does not focus on the spa’s comparative advantages, namely the staff’s know-how and the prevailing communal atmosphere. In addition, it fails to include the spa in an integrated frame of places to visit and things to do in the region. Although the website hosts a section on the nearby Lake Volvi (plate 7), it does not provide any concrete information (or even hyperlinks) on activities concerning the natural environment, such as swimming, trekking, cycling, birdwatching etc. Only a few words are devoted to the surviving old Ottoman bath (plate 8), a few kilometres from the spa, in a very small section on the history of thermalism in the area. This is a pity, since the 3

“Apollonia Spa”, TripAdvisor, https://www .tripadvisor.com.gr/Attraction_Review-g4604604d3741370-Reviews-Apollonia_Spa-Nea_Apollonia _Thessaloniki_Region_Central_Macedonia.html (last retrieved on October 12, 2016).

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl /1-1/between-digital.pdf

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Between digital and physical identities

information contained in this section is really well-documented, based by scholarly research (Vingopoulou-Papazotou, 19891990), and makes one beg for more. Of course, part of the above is due to the lack of a holistic, transversal approach of cultural and environmental tourism (Franquesa & Morell, 2011) that, one would argue, is simply beyond the capacities of the spa’s management. However, the biggest shareholder in the company that owns the spa – and the body that in fact runs the establishment–is the Municipality of Volvi, a public authority that should play an important role in planning strategies for local touristic promotion. The digital presentation of Apollonia Spa highlights eloquently the contradictions in the formation of an identity for thermal centres in a wider cultural environment and in a period of acute crisis and developmental dilemmas. We will return to this point later. II Now we will move from the shores of Lake Volvi to the outskirts of Thessaloniki, in the small town of Langadas, one of the most well-known thermal centres in northern Greece that has been hit hard by Greece’s financial and economic crisis. From the many lodging facilities that used to operate in the town there is left only one hotel, which offers poor services and accommodation. When we visited the Baths of Langadas, at a small distance from the town, we discovered that the place was actually much more pleasant, welcoming and well-kept than its digital counterpart from the Baths’ website.4 In the section “Pictures” of the website, the 4

Iamatika Loutra Langada, http://www.loutralagada. gr/ (last retrieved on October 12, 2016).

webpage displays some unimaginative boxes with the names of the thermal pools (plate 9). If the visitor clicks on the respective boxes, a series of not particularly clear pictures appear, sometimes in an eerie light that does not forebode anything pleasant (plate 10). Nowhere is anyone to be seen, visitor or staff; this, together with the coldness of the colours and the detachment from any emotional warmth, makes the place look strangely abandoned (plate 11). Sometimes, the webpages remind of a notice board at the entrance of some big public building, a fact demonstrating a gross misunderstanding of the potential and the function of ICT (plate 12). As for any information concerning other things to do and other places to see in the area, it is simply lacking. Even the history of the Baths of Langadas since their exploitation in the 1920’s and their connection with the development of Thessaloniki is not covered at all. And yet, the place is lovely, well-kept and efficiently managed. There is a big open space between the facilities nicely arranged with trees, pathways, a café and a playground for children (plate 13). Two of the establishment’s thermal pools are actually renovated Byzantine baths, one dating to the 9th and the other to the 14th century, while at the one side of the open space there is the hotel “Megas Alexandros” (plate 14), a splendid example of modernist mid-war architecture. The hotel is out of operation and the Municipality of Langadas, to which the thermal establishment belongs, is looking for an investor. Like Apollonia Spa, the Baths of Langadas offer to the visitors medical advice and thermal expertise. However, their clientele is

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Y. Tzedopoulos, A. Kamara, D. Lampada, K. Ferla

different. Instead of social tourism groups, the Baths of Langadas are focusing on the middle strata of nearby Thessaloniki. After all, the small town was a thermal centre for Thessaloniki’s bourgeoisie already in the mid-war period. The emphasis is now put on a combination of spa and wellness services (e.g. aromatherapy, jacuzzi) and on a relative detachment from strictly medical thermalism (Papageorgiou, 2009: 224-229). However, the Baths’ strong points, attested also in the largely positive evaluation in TripAdvisor,5 are not actually evident in the spa’s digital identity as conveyed by its website; nor is its potential to evolve into a centre for multiple tourist activities. On the other hand, the management of the Baths is quite extrovert in what concerns alternative forms of ICT use. Apart from the website, there is a rich and regularly updated Facebook account (plate 15), full of pictures from various events that have taken place in the premises.6 Few of them, however, have to do directly with bathing in the thermal springs and as such do not add much to the identity of the place as a thermal centre (plate 16); still, the account’s role in promoting the Baths as a meeting place for a multitude of events as concerts, exhibitions etc. should not be underestimated.

III We think that a comparison between the websites of Apollonia Spa and the Baths of Langadas is fruitful for our discussion and that it could lead also to other analytical insights. Both establishments are managed by municipal authorities; both have experienced the overwhelming results of the financial and economic crisis that led to the collapse of state-supported thermalism and to its rather poor substitution by the inclusion of thermal bathing in isolated social tourism programmes;7 what is more, both establishments try to cope with the crucial issue “curative thermalism versus wellness services” (Naraindas & Bastos, 2011; Weisz, 2011). How comes ICT into this nexus? The pretentiousness of Apollonia Spa’s website shows an urgency for the widening of the establishment’s operations within an illconceived strategic analysis that treats ICT as old-school advertisement. On the other hand, the digital presence of the Baths of Langadas displays a bureaucratic tick-box attitude that conveys a sense of self-sufficiency. Both digital presentations fail to stress out the strong points of the respective spas in a way that would attract potential visitors while staying true to the identity of the places. In addition, and this is rather telling, both websites do not have an English version, as if attracting non-Greeks were a superfluous effort.

5

“Thermal Springs Lagada Spa”, TripAdvisor, https://www.tripadvisor.com.gr/Attraction_Reviewg189473-d6612772-ReviewsThermal_Springs_Lagada_SpaThessaloniki_Thessaloniki_Region_Central_Macedonia.html (last retrieved on October 12, 2016). 6 Thermal Springs of Lagadas, https://elgr.facebook.com/loutralagada/ (last retrieved on October 12, 2016).

7

EKKE-Ethniko Kentro Koinonoikon Erevnon [Centre for Social Research], Erevnitiko programma “Iamatikes piges kai loutrotopoi” [Research programme “Thermal springs and spas”], Athens, July 2016, http://www.thermalsprings.gr/index.php/el/neaanakoinoseis-2/448-i-episkepsimotita-stis-ellinikisiamatikes-piges-to-2015-erevna-tou-ekke (last retrieved on July 20, 2016).

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In short, we think that the use of ICT in the realm of Greek thermal establishments reveals approaches and contradictions that lie at the core of thermalism development. An institution that plays a crucially supportive role in promoting and monitoring municipal spa centres all over Greece is the Hellenic Association of Municipalities with Thermal Springs (HAMTS). In its website,8 the Association provides very useful information on the thermal establishments of Greece and presents them one by one in an integrated and much more measured way, while it also provides query possibilities according to geographical place and specific ailment (plate 17). A great part of the website’s content, particularly the informative one, is available also in English, German and Russian, even if the quality of the translations is often questionable. This is an important step towards a balanced and cooperative effort that would use creatively the possibilities of ICT. In fact, an important aspect of ICT is its role in displaying and supporting cooperation networks. This has been put to use in the website of the European Historic Thermal Towns Association (EHTTA), as evident in the formation of a European Route of Historical and Thermal Towns (plate 18). The Association’s latest project is called “Thermal Atlas”; according to Giuseppe Bellandi, the president of EHTTA, the project “can become the best available database about European thermal heritage and a prime source of information, easily available for the general public”.9 8

Hellenic Association of Municipalities with Thermal Springs, http://www.thermalsprings.gr/index.php/en/ (last retrieved on October 12, 2016). 9 “EHTTA gains political support for thermal heritage in Europe”, European Historic Thermal Towns Association,

One of the few Greek members of EHTTA is the establishment of the Mud Baths of Krinides near the city of Kavala in northeastern Greece. This is in itself a sign of extroversion. In the following analysis we will see whether this is verified in the Mud Baths’ digital identity, whether this digital identity conforms to the actual situation of the establishment, and what all these can tell us on how the Mud Baths’ role and prospects are being conceptualized. IV First, the website is in its totality available also in an English version, a fact that supports our extroversion hypothesis and stands in gross contrast with the digital identity of Apollonia’s and Langadas’s establishments, which we examined above.10 Second, the Mud Baths’ website is particularly informative on the properties of the natural substance that is being used (plate 19). Of course, this is also due to the fact that mud bathing is not everybody’s taste and might require some explanation as to how splashing naked in a pool of mud, usually associated with dirt and sliminess, can contribute to health and wellbeing. Nevertheless, the relevant section is squarely placed within the overall architecture of the website and, without taking refuge in medical jargon, is composed in a matterof-fact and yet user-friendly tone. In the text it is explicitly stated that “it is important to obey to the instructions of the consulting physician in order to have a successful re-

http://www.ehtta.eu/index.php?option=com_content &view=article&id=130:ehtta-gains-politicalsupport-for-thermal-heritage-ineurope&catid=1:last-news&Itemid=41 (last retrieved on October 11, 2016). 10 Krinides Mud Bath, http://www.pilotherapia.gr/ (last retrieved on October 12, 2016).

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Y. Tzedopoulos, A. Kamara, D. Lampada, K. Ferla sult”.11 In other words, wellness expectations are indeed allowed, particularly as to skin cleansing, but not without medical advice. Third, and most telling, the website displays an entirely different approach of thermalism than the ones we have encountered so far. Mud bathing is presented as a collective experience that is open to all, young and old, ailing and healthy, comfort- and wellnessseeking alike (plate 20). Side by side in the pool and covered in therapeutic mud, the visitors are transformed into a healing community of equals (plate 21). In contrast to understanding thermalism as a product that must be over-personalized in order to be promoted within a competitive economic arena, the Mud Baths of Krinides are exploiting creatively the historical and cultural potential of thermalism as a collective and healing procedure. Nowhere are pictures of beautiful girls in minimal clothing or clinically clean spaces devoid of human presence; instead, the pictures of mud-covered humans bring thermalism back to the basics, that is, to a rich and shared perception of one’s body. The photographs are loaded on Flickr, a fact that contributes to the Mud Baths’ visibility in an online community framework. A similar attitude is displayed in the website’s section on accommodation (plate 22). The presentation of all lodging facilities near the Mud Baths, municipal and private, forms a cluster of public and private enterprises that can be used for mutual benefit. According to the study on the impact of European Cultural Routes on SMEs’ innovation and competitiveness, which was jointly launched by the 11

“Mechanism of action”, Krinides Mud Bath, http://www.pilotherapia.gr/index2.html (last retrieved on October 12, 2016).

European Commission and the Council of Europe in 2010, the role of the public sector in fostering and supporting creative clusters of small and medium-sized enterprises along cultural routes is particularly important.12 In the case of Krinides, we cannot actually talk about particularly innovative enterprises; still, this cooperative attitude under municipal guidance is a good start that can acquire wider participation and prospects. As for exploiting the potential of holistic tourism, the Mud Baths’ website offers a section on sightseeing that focuses on the archaeological site of nearby Philippi (plate 23), which has been recently included in UNESCO’s list of World Heritage Monuments.13 Despite the brevity and poor documentation of the section (no hyperlink to the website of the archaeological site is provided), this interest could serve as a starting point for a strategic planning on the mutual development of thermal, religious, and cultural-archaeological tourism: after all, the ancient city of Filippi was visited by St Paul in his travels, and was the seat of one of the first Christian Churches in Europe. It is particularly important that the digital identity of the Mud Baths conforms to the actual situation of the establishment (plate 24). The Mud Baths, run by a municipal company (Municipality of Kavala), are in very good condition; apart from the mud pool, there is a very beautiful Ottoman bath that has been restored and renovated as a 12

“Impact of European Cultural Routes on SMEs’ innovation and competitiveness”, pp. 47-48, Council of Europe, https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/ cultureheritage/culture/routes/StudyCR_en.pdf (last retrieved on September 14, 2016). 13 Archaeological Site of Filippi, http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1517 (last retrieved on September 14, 2016).

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hydrotherapy facility (plate 25). The area is functional, welcoming and relatively wellvisited. While the number of visitors has been severely reduced since 2009, the blow has not been as hard as elsewhere, a fact due largely to the good cooperation between the municipality and the local society.

process and common experience. This, in its turn, reflects different strategies on overall development and cultural tourism as envisaged by local authorities, while bringing forth the role of network- and clusterbuilding in a time of reduced public spending.

The municipality has applied for a fund from the Greek National Strategic Reference Framework for the construction of a vaulted roof over the pool, so that the spa can operate all-year round. For the time being, most of the visitors are supported by social tourism programmes, while there are also some wellness tourists. Many visitors seem to be wellacquainted with the place and to have developed a sense of community, a fact reinforced by the presence of a municipal camping that creates small “neighbourhoods” in the area it occupies. In general, the Mud Baths of Krinides present a balanced example of popular curative thermalism that is now widening the scope of its clientele.

What could be said in the way of preliminary conclusions is, first, that some things do not need to be seen as totally incompatible: neither social thermalism has to be below quality standards nor wellness has to be as exclusive and “individualistic” as lifestyle discourse would have us believe. The notions of healing and community, we think, as well as the active enhancement of thermalism as a popular European cultural habitus that goes back to classical antiquity (Yegül, 1992; Ergin, 2011; Lucore & Trümper, 2012; Walton, 2014) can play a role in a synthesis between expectations coming from different socio-cultural groups.

V The use of ICT reveals some of the most crucial issues concerning the development of thermalism in Greece in a time of crisis. In our case, the fact that all three establishments we examined are run by municipal authorities and face similar difficulties is characteristic for the convergences and deviations we noted above. Indeed, the way the three establishments construct their digital presence, together with the comparison between their digital and physical identity, underlines different perceptions on thermalism and its development: curative thermalism versus wellness services; social thermalism versus individual visitors; thermalism as advertised product versus thermalism as

Second, thermalism must be linked to other forms of cultural and environmental tourism in a holistic approach that, apart from economic development in a direction of “local branding”, may fuel processes of reconstructing, negotiating and sharing identities on the digital and the physical level (Smith & Robinson, 2006). Third, there is no point in “pretending an identity into existence” as if it were an object to be desired and consumed (Apter, 1999: 134). Knowing who we are is a process of constant interaction with the others. The effective use of ICT for understanding and presenting the historical emergence and evolution of thermalism in Europe, as well as for constructing cooperation networks, clusters and routes, could contribute to finding out

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Y. Tzedopoulos, A. Kamara, D. Lampada, K. Ferla one’s strong points, to anchoring them in one’s historical and cultural experience, and to combining them with the others’ in a fair division of labour. This, in its turn, could lead to an iterative process between physical and digital identity, between being and becoming, between cure and wellness, which,

in the end, would go back to the basics: people finding relief and joy in thermal bathing like their predecessors used to do for so many centuries, and people providing them with this opportunity in fair and sustainable terms.

Plates: Plate1: From the website of Apollonia Spa

Source: http://www.apollonia-spa.gr/newsite/?page _id=74

Plate 2: From the website of Apollonia Spa

Source: http://www.apolloniaspa.gr/newsite/?page _id=74

Plate 3: At Apollonia Spa, August 22, 2016

Plate 4: From the website of Apollonia Spa

Source: Photo by the authors

Source: http://www.apolloniaspa.gr/newsite/?page _id=74

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Plate 5: At Apollonia Spa, August 22, 2016

Plate 6: From the website of Apollonia Spa: Advertised wellness services

Source: Photo by the authors

Source: http://www.apolloniaspa.gr/newsite/?page _id=95

Plate 7: From the website of Apollonia Spa: Plate 8: From the website of Apollonia Spa: Lake Volvi The Ottoman bath

Source: http://www.apollonia-spa.gr/newsite/?page _id=14

Source: http://www.apollonia-spa.gr/newsite/?page _id=14

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Y. Tzedopoulos, A. Kamara, D. Lampada, K. Ferla

Plate 9: From the website of the Baths of Lan- Plate 10: From the website of the Baths of gadas Langadas: Pool “Mygdonia”

Source: http://www.loutralagada.gr/%CF%86%CF% 89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%C F%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%85%CE%B B%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF %8C/

Source: http://www.loutralagada.gr/%CE%B4%CE %B5%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE %BD%CE%AE%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%B3%CE %B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF% CE%B1/

Plate 11: From the website of the Baths of Plate 12: From the website of the Baths of Langadas: Pool “Koroneia” Langadas: Wellness services

Source: http://www.loutralagada.gr/%CE%B4%CE% B5%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B D%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%8E %CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9% CE%B1/

Source: http://www.loutralagada.gr/%CF%86%CF% 81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B4 %CE%B1%CF%83%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1%C F%84%CE%BF%CF%82/

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Plate 13: At the Baths of Langadas, August Plate 14: At the Baths of Langadas, August 22, 2016: The garden and the café 22, 2016: Hotel “Megas Alexandros”

Source: Photo by the authors

Source: Photo by the authors

Plate 15: Facebook account of the Baths of Plate 16: Meeting of lovers of vintage VolksLangadas wagen models at the Baths of Langadas

Source: https://el-gr.facebook.com/loutralagada/

Source: https://el-gr.facebook.com/loutralagada/

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Y. Tzedopoulos, A. Kamara, D. Lampada, K. Ferla

Plate 17: Map and query tool of Greek thermal establishments, from the website of the Hellenic Association of Municipalities with Thermal Springs

Plate 18: Map of the European Route of Historic Thermal Towns, from the website of the European Historic Thermal Towns Association

Source: http://www.thermalsprings.gr/index.php/en/ thermal-springs/geographical-search

Source: http://www.ehtta.eu/index.php?option=com_ content&view=article&id=73&Itemid=61

Plate 19: Properties of therapeutic clay, from Plate 20: Visitors at the Mud Baths of the website of the Mud Baths of Krinides Krinides

Source: http://www.pilotherapia.gr/index2.html

Source: N05/show

https://www.flickr.com/photos/8300107@

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Between digital and physical identities

Plate 21: The pool at the Mud Baths of Plate 22: The section on accommodation from Krinides the website of the Mud Baths of Krinides

Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/38300107@ N05/show

Source: http://www.pilotherapia.gr/index2.html

Plate 23: Ancient Philippi, from the website Plate 24: At the Mud Baths of Krinides, Auof the Mud Baths of Krinides gust 23, 2016

Source: http://www.pilotherapia.gr/index2.html

Source: Photo by the authors

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Y. Tzedopoulos, A. Kamara, D. Lampada, K. Ferla

Plate 25: At the Mud Baths of Krinides, August 23, 2016: The Ottoman bath

Source: Photo by the author

Bibliography Apter, E., Continental Drift: From National Characters to Virtual Subjects, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. Ergin, N. (ed.), Bathing Culture of Anatolian Civilizations: Architecture, History, and Imagination, Leuven: Peeters, 2011. Franquesa, J., & Morell, M., “Transversal Indicators and Qualitative Observatories of Heritage Tourism”, in Greg Richards (ed.), Cultural Tourism: Global and Local Perspectives, Abingdon: Routledge, 2011, 169-194. Lucore, S., & Trümper, M. (eds.), Greek Baths and Bathing Culture: New Discoveries and Approaches, Leuven: Peeters, 2012. Katsoni, V. (ed.), Cultural Tourism in a Digital Era: First International Conference of IACuDit, Athens, 2014, Heidelberg: Springer, 2015. Mariani, M., Baggio, R., Buhalis, D., & Longhi, C., (eds.), Tourism Management, Marketing, and Development, Vol. 1: The Importance of Networks and ICTS, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Naraindas, H., & Bastos, C., “Healing holidays? Itinerant Patients, Therapeutic Locales and the Quest for Health: Introduction”, Anthropology and Medicine 18:1 (2011), 1-6.

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl /1-1/between-digital.pdf

Between digital and physical identities Papageorgiou, M., “Choriki organosi, anaptyxi kai schediasmos tou thermalistikou tourismou stin Ellada” [Spatial organization, development and planning of thermal tourism in Greece], Doctoral dissertation, School of Engineering, University of Thessaly, 2009. Papageorgiou, M., & Beriatos, E., “Spatial Planning and Development in Tourist Destinations: A Survey in a Greek Spa Town”, International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 6 (2011), 34-48. Smith, M., & Robinson, M., (eds), Cultural Tourism in a Changing World: Politics, Participation, and (Re)presentation, Clevedon: Channel View Publications, 2006. Vingopoulou-Papazotou, I., “I chronologisi tou othomanikou syngrotimatos stin Apollonia (1566-1574)” [The dating of the Ottoman complex in Apollonia (1566-1574)], Makedonika 27 (1989-1990), 409-411. Walton, J., (ed.), Mineral Springs Resorts in Global Perspective: Spa Histories, London & New York: Routledge, 2014. Weisz, G., “Afterword: Historical Reflections on Medical Travel”, Anthropology and Medicine 18:1 (2011), 137-144. Yegül, F., Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity, Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1992.

Webliography (last retrieved in September and October 2016) Apollonia Spa, http://www.apollonia-spa.gr/. “Apollonia Spa”, TripAdvisor, https://www.tripadvisor.com.gr/Attraction_Review-g4604604d3741370-Reviews-Apollonia_Spa-Nea_Apollonia_Thessaloniki_Region_Central_ Macedonia.html. Archeaological Site of Filippi, http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1517. Cultour +, http://www.cultourplus.info/en/. “EHTTA gains political support for thermal heritage in Europe”, European Historic Thermal Towns Association, http://www.ehtta.eu/index.php?option=com_ content&view=article&id= 130:ehtta-gains-political-support-for-thermal-heritage-ineurope&catid=1:last-news&Itemid=41. EKKE-Ethniko Kentro Koinonoikon Erevnon [National Centre for Social Research], Erevnitiko programma “Iamatikes piges kai loutrotopoi” [Research programme “Thermal

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springs and spas”], Athens, July 2016, http://www.thermalsprings.gr/index.php/el/neaanakoinoseis-2/448-i-episkepsimotita-stis-ellinikis-iamatikes-piges-to-2015-erevna-touekke. Hellenic Association of Municipalities with Thermal Springs, http://www.thermalsprings.gr/ index.php/en/. Iamatika Loutra Langada, http://www.loutralagada.gr/. “Impact of European Cultural Routes on SMEs’ Innovation and Competitiveness”, pp. 47-48, Council of Europe, https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/culture/ routes/StudyCR_en.pdf. Krinides Mud Bath, http://www.pilotherapia.gr/. “Thermal Springs Lagada Spa”, TripAdvisor, https://www.tripadvisor.com.gr/ Attraction_Review-g189473-d6612772-Reviews-Thermal_Springs_Lagada_Spa-Thessaloniki_ Thessaloniki_Region_Central_Macedonia.html. Thermal Springs of Lagadas, https://el-gr.facebook.com/loutralagada/. Time Heritage, Cultural Heritage Consultants, http://en.timeheritage.gr/.

Received: June 22, 2016. Accepted: November 16, 2016. Online Published: December 18, 2016 URL: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl

International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology, Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 21-36 Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. By virtue of their appearance in this open access journal, articles are free to use, with proper attribution, in educational and other non-commercial settings. Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl /1-1/between-digital.pdf

Innovation approach to safety management during football match in Poland in football fans identification practices: Legal and organizing aspects

G. Mikruta* W. Malickia

International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology IJOAICT (2016) Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 37-52 Czestochowa – Poland http://ijoaict.inbie.pl

a

The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Faculty of Tourism and Sport Management, Katowice - Poland

Abstract: The main aim of presented work is a complex analysis of a current state of safety of football supporters during football matches, focusing on the safety management and identification of persons. Primarily, the study was based on analysis of the current legal solutions in Poland and their practical application in one of the First-division football clubs considering the point of view of the match Organizer and football supporters. An organizer is a crucial subject responsible for providing a required safety level of participants of a football match. The principles of football match security management in Poland are defined by the Act on mass events security, FIFA and UEFA guidelines, internal regulations of Polish Football Association and football clubs. Over the last decade, these regulations have been updated several times, but these amendments to the law has not yet been completed. The introduction of innovative and effective solutions should be based on a prior risk analysis, an assessment of sense of security and needs of football match participants, as well as the current experience in the field of security management and the implementation of latest technical and technological measures. These criteria should be taken into consideration in subsequent amendments to the Polish law and further protective implementations in this regard. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Research and Innovation in Education Institute Publications House Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the scientific committee of the international conference; ICTT 2016 Keywords: Football supporters, Innovation, safety management, technological measures

Introduction Football matches has always triggered controversial emotions. They are a kind of mass events with great cultural power that unite the whole nation escalating to a range of fes-

tival. Football games are associated with strong emotions, both good and bad. Usually, these emotions are massive support for the team, but from time to time, due to relatively small groups of hooligans, may turn into aggression that brings a serious threat to the

* Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected]

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safety of all participants, not only during the match but also in the real life and sometimes cyberattacks (Ochoa Siguencia, Panisoara, Ochoa-Daderska, 2010) . Therefore, there was a need to take on strong lawful actions to suppress these events, which lead to an establishment of a complex system that can provide a high security level of mass events. A heart of this system is an obligatory personal identification. Obviously, the system generates a number of difficulties associated with accomplishment of requirements for both, clubs and supporters. Having been introduced amended legal solution, a decrease in the number of aggressive incidents was observed. The aim of research was the evaluation of efficiency of personal identification as a measure to improve the safety of mass events participants. Particularly, attention was paid to a scope of identification data and its impact on the security level. Evaluation was based on opinions of Ruch Chorzów1 supporters and stewards, club security manager and lawyer. Analysis of obtained results allowed to conclude that personal identification increases the level of supporters safety. However, present system requires modifications, but without launching additional legal solutions.

Methodology: Evaluation of a current personal identification system was based on the opinion of interviewee about: a necessity and an adequacy of identification, an influence of the 1

Ruch Chorzów is a football club founded in 1920, 14-times champion of Poland. Ruch is playing in polish first division (Ekstraklasa SA) from season 2007/2008 which coinsides with period of insertion of identification system

system on an increase in the sense of personal safety and the level of mass events security. In order to perform the research, following methods were selected: - an analysis of the past and the current norms of the universal law in Poland, as well as proposals, justifications and literature; - a survey of two groups of respondents: fans and stewards; - an interview with a representative of Organizer of football matches and the data protection lawyer. The questionnaire addressed to the fans of the Ruch Chorzow football club allowed to get to know their opinion on the necessity of the system to identify supporters and whether it is appropriate. The fans answered questions on whether the introduction of the system actually improved the security level in football stadiums and peoples’ sense of security. The examined group was also asked to propose additional solutions which they believe would improve the safety at football matches. The survey participants responded also to what they think about the scope of personal data (name, last name, social security number, facial image), which was in force at the time of the survey in 2014, before the last UBIM amendment and whether they share their personal data readily. Similar issues were raised in the survey to stewards. In addition, they were asked about the impact of the identification system on an improvement of quality of their working conditions, a frequency of incidents involving fans, a decrease in hooligans’ impunity and whether they think the fans feel safer and share their personal data readily. The interview with the

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representative of Organizer has provided a professional opinion about changes in safety conditions on stadiums, which have occurred after implementation of the personal identification system for identification of persons, and about difficulties related with this process. Moreover, the personal data protection lawyer outlined his approach towards the complexity of the system for identifying persons in the light of UBIM. The collected information was analyzed and compared with available references and literature on the subject in an attempt to carry out a real assessment of the system for identifying persons functioning and its impact on the safety of football games.

Analysis results Football because of its ubiquity is the most popular sport what is evidenced by masses of fans gathered in stadiums cheering their club or national teams. Massive character of these events, occurring hazardous incidents and risk analysis resulted in the need to assign them the status of so-called mass event. Football games are not the only mass events in Poland, however, due to their size and number they are both the most common and most popular. The specific nature of mass events and the need to provide the safety of their participants engendered the need of deployment of separate regulations. In 1997, occurrence of these facts supported by the assessment of legal status at that time, resulted in the development of a new legal solution. Act on mass events security was adopted by the Polish parliament on 22 August 1997.

The act of 22 August 1997 on mass events security (Dz. U. 1997), which entered into force on 19 March 1998, was the first one which comprehensively regulated the safety of mass events in Poland. This document defined the powers and duties of the Organizer, the procedure for issuing permits to carry out the events, and the extent of liability for damages caused during the event. Participants of mass events have been obliged to abide by the rules of mass events and also behave so as not to affect the safety of other people. The act also regulated the procedure of imposition of the stadium ban and obligated to identify participants of mass sports events, as well as the rules of the collection and processing of information on mass events. This act during the term has been amended on several occasions (Dróżdż, 2015). The fact is that the 12-year-old legacy of the Act of 1997 significantly improved the situation of security at mass events. However, in the face of the growing danger on the stadiums, the bill was not an effective tool to ensure safety. In 2008, the work on a new bill had begun in order to provide a legal base for more effective protection and enforcement of safety regulations. The main reason for introducing the changes was an allocation of the 2012 final tournament of the UEFA European Football Championship in Poland and Ukraine. Justification for the change stated that "in its current form, after the amendment on 6 July 2007 the provisions of the Act of 22 August 1997 has lost an internal cohesion and could no longer protect

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spectators from growing phenomenon of stadium hooliganism".2 The current law on mass events security of 20 March 2009 (Dz. U. 2009 ), which replaced the earlier regulation entirely, comprehensively describes the management of mass events. The law came into force on 1 August 2009, with an exception that article 13 paragraph 1, in relation to football matches organized outside the framework of the professional league, entered into force on 1 August 2010. The act is divided into 10 chapters and includes 80 articles. It should be noted that section 9a expired on 31 December 2012. The reason for this was the nature of the article, which referred to UEFA EURO 2012 (Sabat, 2012). The last UBIM amendment took place in September 2015 and major changes were made within article 15 on electronic identification systems of people at football matches. First of all, the range of required personal data was reduced to name and social security number, excluding a facia image. Previously, stadium identification systems were integrated with the central systems by the identification number generated by an administrator of the central systems. The number was valid for five years since release date. This provision has been repealed and now fans identification systems are based on their Social number (PESEL) (Dróżdż, 2015). Latest amendment also limited the obligation to hold the compatible identification system on the highest three football class divisions, discharging football clubs of the lower classes, for which implementation of the system constituted far too heavy financial challenge. Also the way of appealing against the stadium ban, which 2

Justification for the draft law on mass events security, Parliament VI term, printing nr 1074, s. 59.

may be imposed by the Organizer against a person who committed the violation of mass events regulations, has been modified. Previously, a punished supporter had a possibility of sending an appeal to the institutions managed by the Polish Football Association and Ekstraklasa S.A., while now the only way of defence is a request to a match Organizer to reconsider the case. Latest amendment resulted also in shortening of the notification deadline for mass events from 30 to 14 days before the scheduled start date, on condition that the nature of a mass event is consistent with the intended use of the object or in exceptional and duly justified cases. Electronic identification system of spectators is a technologically modern, comprehensive solution developed to improve the safety of mass sport events participants. The amendment UBIM of 31 August 2011 obliged all football stadiums and sports facilities to implement this system (Kąkol, 2012). Prior to the amendment, the Polish Football Association, pursuant to a the resolution, created the Central Database Fans in order to harmonize the principles of functioning of system of identification of person. The amendment of UBIM committed all football clubs affiliated with the Football Association, organizing mass events to carry out an identification of football matches supporters and keep records of the data described above (Kąkol, 2012). Previously, this duty was applied only toward football fans of clubs belonged to the professional league [Ekstraklasa SA] (Kąkol, 2012). Integrated personal identification system, beside a compliance with the rules imposed by UBIM, must also meet the requirements set by the guidelines of UEFA and the International Federation of Football Association

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(FIFA - fr. Fédération Internationale de Football Association); PZPN guidelines on certain technical requirements for the location and construction of new stadiums (PZPN, 2007); Ekstraklasa SA guidelines in relation to the card fan (Karta kibica) and stadium identification systems of persons (Control system) and finally the Act on the protection of personal data (Dz.U. 1997) and the Polish Accounting Act (Dz.U. 1994). Features of the system include: identification of persons, management of ticketing, control of the fans’ site of staying in football match

duration, control of an access to specific sites and verification of information on stadium bans and judicial decisions (Dz.U. 2009). Its main role is to prevent crime, particularly the activity of hooligans (Sabat , 2012), by the control over the identification of persons, tickets sale, a site and residence time of fans during football matches and especially, verification of decisions on prohibition of participation in football matches (Kotowski, Kurzępa, 2012). Functioning of the identification system of football spectators and all its components are presented in Fig.1.

Figure 1. The block diagram of the interaction between the various modules of the electronic identification system.

1. Applying for a card fan.

2. Issuing a fan. 3. Purchase of a ticket using the card fan. 4. Request the status of the card fan sent by electronic ticket sales to the central identification system fans.

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5. Answering the question about the status of the card fan in real time - in the case of a positive result of the verification of the status of the fan, to electronic ticketing system are sent feedback data necessary to issue the ticket. As a result of negative verification of the status of the fan, is sent back the information on the prohibition of the sale of the ticket for the specified query card fan. 6. Inform the access control system for the sale of the crossing of the ticket associated with the card fan. 7. Access control based on the fan card when crossing zones, access control readers equipped with non-contact scanning card. 8. Information in real time about the crossing zones, access control using card fan. 9. Periodic transmission of collecting information about the status of the card fan. 10. Notifications in real time about events related to the security of mass events. 11. Record information about prohibitions club. Source: Developed by the authors

The first fan identification system has been implemented in England in 1989, after the tragedy in Sheffield. Lord Popplewell ordered that every fan must have ID that contains personal data of supporter assigned number and photography. Receiving person identifier, was treated as a ban to entry the stadium. Introduced in the 90s in England the monitoring systems of stadium, was used to suppress the hooligans sense of anonymity. In 1996,on the stadiums of Premier League clubs the Photophones computer system has been installed. It takes photos of hooligans that within 30 seconds are transmitted to the stadium police stations, enabling quick response of the Police and strangle the stadium riot in the bud (Dudała, 2004). The identification of people at football matches is mandatory to the Organizer, the seller and legitimized participant of the match. Anyone who want to purchase a ticket for the game of football is obliged to present an identity document, namely: identity card, temporary identity certificate, passport, driv-

ing license, student card or document confirming the identity of a person based on the image of her face and address. The seller need to put on the ticket a personal data of the buyer and the number of seat at the facility where the event is organized. The Organizer is obligated to attach information about system of identification in the application for organization of a football game (Kotowski, Kurzępa 2012). In practice, the introduction of the obligation to have compatible electronic systems for all football clubs conducting events proved to be troublesome for some financial reasons, especially for clubs from lower leagues. It came to the fact that local authorities seemed permission to carry out a mass event, despite the lack of the required system. The Organizers started putting off football matches from the category of mass events, by setting the maximum number of fans to 999 (Dróżdż, 2015). The biggest challenge during the implementation of the identification system of fans was

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Innovation approach to safety management

a range of required personal data in relation to the degree of their usefulness as well as provisions on the protection of personal data, which resulted in the recent amendment of UBIM. Act The data stored on the fan ID despite of those required by UBIM may be extended, depending on the requirements of a particular sports club, including biometric data. Identity verification based on biometric data is determined by the use of biological information. This solution is the most perfect example of identifying people as the human body has some properties unique to each individual, which can be used to distinguish one person from others. Biometrics uses: scanning a fingerprint or iris, voice identification and face recognition. Therefore, the biometric system immediately verifies the "who we are", skipping the stages of identity verification appearing in the classic system identification of persons, that is what a person has (chip card, key), and what a person knows [a password, PIN] (Dereniowsk, 2012). Security technologies, including advanced solutions allow entrance to the stadium(building), only the owner of the card, not the holder, for example thief. However, even fingerprint scanners are not infallible. Optical scanners can confuse a real fingerprint with its picture and capacitive scanners, can be deceived by applying thin, gelatin cast of finger. If there is a falsification of biometric data, the problem is much bigger than for example in case of theft of magnetic card / chip or fraudulent use of personal identification number (PIN). Unlike fingerprint or iris, PIN code or magnetic card / chips you can always form again (Utkin, 2005).

43

Fans faces system identification has great potential. Programs which recognize the face change its geometrical properties into the code and compares with thousands or even millions of others in the system (Dereniowski, 2012). One of the most popular programs is FaceIt, which compares the images captured in the crowd at the stadium with photos from the criminal cards (Utkin, 2005). Currently, virtually every stadium where the matches are played within the Ekstraklasa or I League have installed a monitoring system, but the clubs do not show particular interest in the introduction of the faces system identification, although such a system could help searching for supporters responsible for vandalism or riots. Nowadays this is an extremely arduous process, causing the demission of searching the recordings from the monitoring, because it is considered as difficult and inefficient. The image of the face is identification data with high unused potential. The only club who introduced a similar system is Cracovia. It involves scanning the faces of fans before entering the stadium. Face scan of a ticket/season pass holder is compared with database. By using biometric identification system of fans, Cracovia reduced to a minimum verification of the identity of the fan by steward. The arguments against the introduction of face scan as a identify supporters tool sued Legia Warszawa. It has been found that in the case of stadiums system has a low efficiency and is easy to disrupt, through a different angle of inclination, hats, scarves, sticking chewing gum, or the use of spray paint. Cracovia admitted that the system of scanning the face is not flawless, but his learning ability makes it

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functioning better from game to game (Bodziach, 2010). Analysis of the supporters and steward service opinions presented in the framework of the questionnaire and interview with the executive in charge of safety and a personal data protection lawyer, allowed to answer the most important question. Is the identification of spectators improves safety at the stadium? 85% of respondents supporters said that the identification is a factor that improves the security at the stadiums in at least moderately (Fig. 2). Of the same opinion were all interviewed stewards. Interviewed, both the

manager of security and lawyer, responded affirmatively to this question. Therefore It can be concluded that the identification of people contributes significantly to improving safety at mass events - football matches. This means that the participants of football matches are aware that since the adhibition of personal data to a system of identification their actions are monitored and controlled, and therefore there was an elimination of the sense of anonymity and impunity among the hooligans. Viewers know that the need for a fan card is to eliminate cases of attempt to purchase tickets by people punished with stadium bans or club prohibitions.

Figure 2. Respondents' opinions about how the identification improved safety at the stadium.

1%

9%

5%

21%

Improves greatly Improves significantly Improves by average degree Improves in a small way

31%

Improves minimal 33%

A lack of improvement

Source: Developed by the authors

 In the survey presented to stewards they were asked that in their opinion introduction of the identification of persons restricted fans impunity. As many as 90% of respondents admitted that they felt that

identification reduces the feeling of impunity.  It can be assumed that the threat of rapid detection of offenders by identifying people, and responsibility for the act

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Between digital and physical identities

committed, effectively deters many potential perpetrators and tends to think about their behavior during the event.  Fans were also asked to propose additional solutions, which, in their opinion, can increase the level of safety at the stadium (Fig. 3). In the opinion of fans, security at the stadium would be greatly improved through the organization of Ruch Chorzow matches on a new modern stadium, as the ul. Cicha 6 stadium in Chorzów is not. Spectators of football matches also pointed the need to

increase the number of stewards during match and suggested effective enforcement of stadium bans and higher penalties imposed for violation of a mass event or object regulations. It is notable that the two abovementioned proposals to improve safety have been independently from fans, quoted also by the stewards. This suggests that being in the stadium, fans still have contact with people who violate the rules of a football game, and they are not punished. This respondents opinion may constitute a contribution to reflect on tightening of rules in ACT.

Figure 3: The solutions proposed by the respondents, which they believe would improve the safety of the stadium Better cooperation with supporters

1

Lack of Ultras sector

1

"It's hard to say"

3

More discreet protection

4

Less number of stewards

4

Less number of police forces

5

"It's O.K."

6

No answer

6

Better monitoring system

11

Greater professionalism of security forces

12

Tougher penalties/effective execution

16

More stewards

18

New Stadium

39 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Number of responents Source: Developed by the authors

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40

45

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G. Mikrut, W. Malicki

All respondents and experts participating in the survey were also asked about the necessity of the system of identification. Based on widely popular opinions, it would seem that the fans recognize the identification of unnecessary and burdensome. However, the results of this survey indicate that fans agree on the need to identification. More than 84% of fans is of the view that the identification of people is essential, and 60% said that since the introduction, identification definitely improved security at the stadiums. You can presume that the impact on this state of affairs has a period of time that has elapsed since the introduction of the obligation to identify fans during purchase a ticket for the match. The fans managed to be somehow "tame" the current situation, look at it from a distance, to appreciate its advantages and indicate disadvantages. The identification system at the beginning of its operation caused frustration of many people. Additional formalities and activities associated with it have been perceived as some disadvantages, which obscured the participants the need and purpose of obligatory identification at football matches. Until fans noticed an improvement of safety, they were able to appreciate the advantages of the system of identification of people and accept the existing state of affairs. Yes to the above question answered all stewards ordinal judging that the identification of fans greatly reduced the sense of impunity among hooligan communities. Furthermore, 72.5% of them also said, the implementation of the identification improved their working conditions. With the introduction of an electronic identification system for fans at the entrance to the stadium stewards no longer have to verify the identity of any person crossing the gates of the stadium. This means they can work more efficiently, spending less time to person exceeding gates and, ultimately, focus more on guarding the order at the stadium. They are able to devote more attention to what is happening in the different sectors and

control people entering the stadium for possession of prohibited on mass events items and the state of their sobriety. The system of identification that makes fans and hooligans in particular, have a sense that each person sitting in the stands is "clipped tag". It can be expected that in the event of a confrontation with a security guard, identified fans have less tendency to resist and more humble restrict service orders. They have a consciousness of the fact that they do not escape from responsibility, and potential resistance from their side could only worsen the situation. According to the security manager and lawyer, identification of persons is necessary and is an important aspect to reduce the sense of anonymity of football matches participants. Security manager suggested, moreover, that the identification is only required when it is comprehensively and thoughtfully applied. It is fitting, therefore, that a person with many years of practical experience, is able to identify the best attributes of the system of identification, both errors and shortcomings, as the positive aspects of its operation. Respondents were also asked to present their opinion about identification fan card system. In response to a question, the vast majority of fans (83%) indicated fan card system introduced by Ruch Chorzow SA as appropriate. Those who responded to this question negatively had a chance to develop their response. The most common argument was decrease in attendance at the matches due to the introduction of additional procedures. Most likely, people treat the need to develop the additional document as an inconvenience and difficulty in accessing the spectacle. This is a very legitimate view, as the to make the fan card is only approx. 5 minutes from the submission of a correctly completed short application. Cost is

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Between digital and physical identities also not high, it is because 5 zł. Security Manager., in an interview confirmed that the functioning procedure of the production of fan card is not much difficulty, however, he is opposed to such a solution in the case of a single entrance to the stadium.

opinion of participants sense of safety, more than 40% said that viewers feel safer. 42% of employees could not clearly answer this question. This is somewhat understandable, since it was hard to put them in a situation of the fans. A similar position was also presented by lawyer.

He suggested that a better solution would be to replace the card fan with a biometric system, which could directly scan identity cards of participants of football game. In the current situation, the image of the face is characterized by a small utility, because in current system, based mainly on the identification data it is very little used. Security manager has rightly pointed out that comparing the image of the 27 000 people in the database with video material recorded during the match, almost does not bring any results. Because images in the database are often outdated and unclear.

The preceding opinions shows that feeling safety is very personal matter. Only when we ask about opinion directly the person concerned, we can get a credible and reliable answer. It can be presumed that, for each individual, personal safety may be at a different level and its affect various factors. For some people it may be, for example the potential threat during increased risk level mass events, for others insufficient security service, or real and direct threat to life and health.

Another argument contrary to the currently functioning system of identification, cited by the surveyed fans is the lack of a unified identification system of fans throughout the country for all possible matches. Commenting during the research the current scope of the personal data (ie. Social security number, name, face image) necessary to identify, 73% of the surveyed fans said it was suitable. The remainder of the respondents, which is the opposite opinion, mostly claimed that a sufficient range of data is the name and PESEL number . The survey also showed that about half of the fans were reluctant to provide their personal data. Despite this, the vast majority of them (nearly 82%) would still participate in Ruch Chorzow matches, if the scope of data required for identification has been increased. Compatible with the second group of respondents opting for resignation from the obligation to provide facial image was also a security manager. Among the interviewed stewards, only 3 people not approved current identification data range. More than 74% of fans said that with a sense of awareness that all participants at the match are identified, their sense of security has increased. When stewards where asked about the

Highly doubtful is the assumption that you can create a top-down system, which will ideally meet the security needs of all people participating in the event. The events that have taken place over the years, show how many factors can affect the state of the people sense of security and how that is nearly impossible to completely eliminate all risks. However, you can rightly conclude that the implementation of the system of identification significantly reduced the negative impact of one of the key factors - the human factor.

Discussion When we talk about the sense of security, we mean the subjective feelings of the person. No one wants to come to an event or a place where you do not feel safe. It is crucial for the Organizers to ensure the proper level of the sense of security during mass events, inextricably linked to the attendance at football matches. At the end of the nineties, football stadiums and football matches were synonymous of danger. Appearing on them, anonymous viewers, which came to the stadium, not in order to cheer and support their team, but to initiate a brawl with fans of the visiting team. Still today, in the terminology of sports fans there is a concept of "merry nineties." Identi-

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fication of the people in those days was voluntary and not mandatory (Ochoa, Wojcicki & Ochoa, 2013). Fan cards was documents entitling to purchase cheaper tickets. What is interesting is thanks to them in 1998. Club Ruch Chorzow applied to their fans involved in brawls a stadium ban (Dudała, 2004). Highly functioning system of identification primarily pursues a preventive function, not letting into the stadium people, which has been covered by all sorts of bans. The time and place of the event system serves as a "deterrent" to the fans who would like to afford impunity for violations of the law. In the reports published annually by Ekstraklasa SA (report of security at matches), we read that the most effective ways to combat aggression in the stadiums are, in the opinion of fans: effective detection and prosecution of perpetrators, high penalties for offenders and better control during entering the stadiums. Higher penalties and their efficient execution have also been suggested as a ways to improve stadium safety by interviewed community of Ruch Chorzow supporters and employees steward agencies. All the above methods are inextricably linked with the process of identification of persons. identified spectators are less likely to breaking the rules of the mass event or regulations of the object on which it takes place, knowing that the punishment that can meet them for it, would be rapid and painful. Identifying people at football matches creates among fans aware that by finding individual perpetrators it will not be applied to them the principle of collective responsibility. Currently statistics show that thanks to the effective enforcement of single stadium bans, there is less and less necessary to impose penalties on the football team playing matches without audience participation. Of the 296 matches played in the season 2014/2015 at only one there was a disturbance of violence. For comparison, in the season 2013/2014 such incidents recorded in the number of six. It can therefore be assumed that since the introduction of compulsory identification system fans turned the fan culture and

violence is accepted less and less. In a few years it may be that there will be modifications to the structure of community sports fans. Effective enforcement of sanctions will make to disappear "attractiveness" of being a hooligan, for the development to be an "ultras". Already, among the fans, greater weight is attached to the housing and quality conducted doping, than to demonstrate aggressive behavior. All this contributes to the decline of hooliganism at football matches and improve the level of safety. According to research carried out for this study one of the key issues to improve safety, in the opinion of the fans Ruch Chorzow, would provide a new facility for playing football matches. In the latest report on the organization of the Polish Football Association and the state security of a football match in the 2015/2016 season (PZPN, 2016), 81 year-old stadium Ruch Chorzow, came in last place in terms of the viewing conditions of the match and evaluation of the infrastructure facility. As the experience of the historical tragedy that took place at the football matches, the cause of many of them was outdated design object or a football stadium infrastructure inadequate adaptation to the contemporary requirements. Although the Ruch Chorzow stadium is allowed to functioning, fulfilling the licensing requirements, fans are calling for watching sports events in conditions of greater comfort and modernity. The vast majority of fans, employees of steward agencies, as well as the head security stated that the identification of people is necessary, but carries some burden and inconvenience. In the future, we might consider less restrictive forms of identification. The first step were made in this direction was the recent amendment UBIM dated 11.09.2015 of the year reduced the amount of data required to identify persons involved in mass events, eliminating the face image. For a set of data covering only the name and PESEL number opted both fans participating in the poll and the security manager., which gave as the reason for the low utility of the image of the face in the

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Between digital and physical identities

process of identifying people. The best solution would be the use of biometric system based on the measurement of the geometry of the face, but again it would be connected to it with huge financial outlays, while any, have already been incurred during the implementation of the current functioning identification system.

stadiums associated with huge costs, now it reduces the cost of the organization of the match. For example by reducing to a minimum the number of security personnel if a risk analysis shows no need to take any extraordinary measures. Sporadic occurrence of stadium riots, is directly related to lower losses in the property.

Introduced in 2011, the obligation to identify people at football matches has met from the beginning with considerable disapproval of the football clubs, particularly the lower classes divisions, as it was associated with huge financial outlay. However, the number adverse incidents, which, thanks to the efficient identification, there were undoubtedly an important argument in favor of maintaining the existing requirements and continuous improvement of identification system. Modern stadiums, as well as stronger presence of Polish football in a European areas must go hand in hand with efficient methods to ensure the safety and convenience of the participants of football events.

Indispensable to the functioning of the identification system is the process of collecting and processing personal data. Undoubtedly, this is a handicap, because you must ensure the security of these data in accordance with law. You must have the proper tools to protect data from access by unauthorized alteration, loss, damage or destruction. As commented a lawyer specializing in the protection of personal data, in practice, you should have a backup copy of the data and for the processing, electronic data must be encrypted.

Identification of people is now a tool that perfectly improved process of safety management at football matches. Starting from the technical issues, the reports of the entrance gates can accurately estimate the number of participants in the next matches scheduled in the schedule of the competition, which in turn makes it easier to estimate the quantities of required stewards. Compatible systems collect information about participants of matches contain data on high usability in the process of risk analysis and facilitate an opinion on the necessary size of the forces and resources required to secure the mass event, objections to the technical state of the object / area and the anticipated threats . Identification of persons unquestionably increased the value of some of the key elements of safety management systems, which are continuous improvement and prevention. It should also emphasize the economic aspect of identification during mass events. Although, implementation of the system of identification in the

Summary and conclusions Replies received from guests of an interview with the results of the survey were sufficient to confirm that the identification improving the safety of the mass sports events - football matches. The current system of identification of supporters, does not require additional solutions not specified in the current rules. The effectiveness of the system of identification fans manifests itself primarily in the efficient enforcement of club and stadium prohibitions, and the elimination of a sense of hooligans anonymity at the stadium, which contributes to a decrease the frequency of ascension inappropriate behavior. Identification of people at football matches is essential as it provides quick access to data of potentially dangerous and spectators disinterested in sport. Given the scope of the data required to identify, it can be narrowed down to the name and PESEL number. The removal of the requirement to present the image of the face should not affect the quality of the system of identification in the stadiums. Sharing the image of the face would be justified if introduced the

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biometric identification system. Following the above arguments, the legislator in recent amendment abolished the obligation to include the image of the face. It should be noted that the while maintaining the highest efficiency system should be the most simplified, increasing its accessibility for all potential participants of mass events. Identification of people at the same time facilitates the work of the organizers and provide them with additional problems. The problem may be a need to processing personal data and associated with it extensive procedures. The obligation to provide personal data by supporters met with their hand with greater resistance, but the participants of mass events admit that they do it reluctantly. Despite this, if, in the future the range of data required for identification will be increased, they still be attending matches. The implementation of identification greatly improved the working conditions of stewards. The guards do not have to face the anonymous crowd, but are in contact with recognizable participants

of mass events. Identification of people contributed to a reduction in the number of incidents involving fans. The perpetrators of these events can be easily recognized and effectively punished with the approval of the other participants, which now no longer fear common responsibility With the awareness that all participants in a football match are identified, the fans feel safer. Moreover, in the Ruch Chorzow SA fans opinion, playing matches on the new facility would greatly improve safety conditions. This would encourage a higher turnout of people coming to the matches and reduce the amount of incidents involving fans. The research helped to demonstrate that the identification of persons is one of the most important elements of safety management Introduced identification system acts as a highly proactive, so that the Organizers of football matches are able to anticipate and prevent many dangerous incidents. As a result, the order is saved and the fan culture and sense of security of participants continues to grow.

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Bodziach (n.n), Fans of Cracovia are scanned face. Legia uninterested, Magazyn Sportowy, 2010, Retrieved December 12, 2016, from http://legionisci.com/news/40554_Na_Cracovii _skanuja_kibicom_twarz_Legia_niezainteresowana.html Dereniowski D., Prawne i techniczne aspekty monitoringu na stadionach podczas Euro 2012, [w:] Przeciwdziałanie zagrożeniom terrorystycznym podczas imprez masowych w aspekcie EURO 2012, red. Bąk T., Konsorcjum Akademickie, Kraków-Rzeszów-Zamość 2012. s. 427. Dróżdż M., Ustawa o bezpieczeństwie imprez masowych. Komentarz, C. H. Beck, Warszawa 2015.s. XI. Dudała J., Fani-chuligani. Rzecz o polskich kibolach, Wydawnictwo Akademickie „Żak”, Warszawa 2004.

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G. Mikrut, W. Malicki J. Dudała, Fani-chuligani. Rzecz o polskich kibolach, Wydawnictwo Akademickie „Żak”, Warszawa 2004. Raport dotyczący organizacji i stanu bezpieczeństwa meczów piłki nożnej szczebla centralnego PZPN, Departament organizacji imprez, bezpieczeństwa i infrastruktury PZPN, sezon 2015/2016.

Received: July 25, 2016 Accepted: November 16, 2016 Online Published: December 18, 2016 URL: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl

International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology: Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 37-52 Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. By virtue of their appearance in this open access journal, articles are free to use, with proper attribution, in educational and other non-commercial settings Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl /1-1/innovation-approach.pdf

International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology IJOAICT (2016) Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 53-60 Czestochowa – Poland http://ijoaict.inbie.pl

Tourism - New challenges and possibilities

Z. Kwasnika* K. Kruszynskaa R. Ochoa-Daderskab a b

Higher School of Radom - Poland Research and Innovation in Education Institute - Poland

Abstract: The article focuses on three essential topics of deliberations. The first one is the characteristics of tourism as a mass mobility not for work or change of residence purposes. The second part is the general analysis of tourism as a social phenomenon as also the analysis of tourist industry in Poland and in the world. In the third part there have been signalled the changes that occur in the development of tourism related to the development of modern information technologies and technological advances in transport. All the discussed in this article topics can be an inspiration for the creation of innovative business ideas connected with new trends in tourism. The best example of interest in this economic area is Project Cultour + - Strategic Partnership of Erasmus+ in the field of Higher Education with the mission of coaching and fostering innovative and creative business ideas in cultural management for pilgrimage and religious ,cultural and thermal tourism. The aim of the Project is to search committed entrepreneurs from 6 European countries to foster and coach their ideas and offer high quality university training and education to transfer to their business plans and professional expertise. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Research and Innovation in Education Institute Publications House Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the scientific committee of the international conference; ICTT 2016 Keywords: Business, challenges, Internet, tourism, trends

Introduction The contemporary tourism is a mass social and cultural movement. The process of its development has been rapidly growing since the mid-twentieth century including the traveling of people in all the purposes: cognitive, leisure, business, spiritual and health. Traveling as part of many human lives on the Earth

has accompanied the people from ancient times till today. Intensification process and changes in the people migrations for the cognitive purposes from many thousands years evokes not only the positive or negative effects, but also triggers the new behaviours. Transformation in the sphere of tourism creates the new structures forming essential institutional changes. From the very begin-

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/new challenges-and-possibilities.pdf

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Z. Kwasnik, K. Kruszynska, R. Ochoa-Daderska

ning these changes, like in other areas of economic and social life, evoke specific emotions but also are the particular subject of study. These changes, and the mass character of some new phenomena in tourism were and are, as it seems, the most anticipated and exerting the substantial impact on human behaviour and many areas of modern socioeconomic living, and they are felt by the general public (Ochoa Siguencia, Chandler, Ochoa-Dąderska).

economic activities. All the reforming processes implemented in Poland, were based on the experience and acceptance of standards and rules from the advanced capitalist countries. There followed also the widespread recognition of private property as the most effective form of management, and continuing there have been made the efforts to implement as soon as possible the privatization processes in all sectors of economy, also in the sphere of tourism.

At the beginning of the twenty-first century together with the accession to the European Union there took place the revolutionary changes in Poland. There were widespread recognition and promotion of the market and market economy as the overriding and exclusive allocation tool for all the socio –

Growth factors in importance of tourism: Bibliographic review The universal characteristic features of tourism contributing to the growth of its importance in the community, which reveal themselves everywhere in the same way, are presented in the following diagram:

Diagram 1 : Growth factors in importance of tourism. The rapid growth of world population, the concentration of urbanization in certain places

The desire to spend free time in the un-degraded environment

The increase in affluence, education – awakening of cognitive awareness

Prolongation of life, holidays, weekends, days off

Increasing the pace of everyday life, the need to release, abreaction from stress

More and more perfect and varied tourist infrastructure

Policy of the state and local authorities Data source: Own study based on: ĎURIČEK M., OBODYŃSKI K. : Syntetyczne podstawy rekreacji i turystyki. - Rzeszów : Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2006; GAWORECKI W. : Turystyka. - Wyd. 5 zm. - Warszawa : Polskie Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne, 2007; KOMPENDIUM wiedzy o turystyce : praca zbiorowa / red. G. Gołembski. - Wyd. 1, 2 dodr.. - Warszawa : Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2006

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Between digital and physical identities

What, therefore, always and everywhere the

tourists look for - we can present it in the diagram below:

Diagram no 2: What the tourists look for

No other tourists

Nature

Trends for the directions

Desire to help Fascination by otherness

TOURIST

the others that are weaker poorer

Culture Pioneering, I have been to….

Economic factors

Data source: Own study based on: KRUCZEK Z., WALAS B. : Promocja i informacja turystyczna. - Kraków : Wydaw. Proksenia, 2004; KOWALCZYK A. : Geografia turyzmu. - Warszawa : Wydaw. Nauk. PWN, 2000.

Economic arguments demonstrate the most emphatically the role of tourism. A good example of the comprehensive business ap-

proach is the use of economic indicators. The importance of the tourism economy presents diagram 3.

Diagram no 3.: Economic aspects of tourism business:

Data source and iconography: www.unwto.org. UNESCO, UNWTO.2016 [downloaded: 10.10.2016]

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Among the most popular tourist destinations in Europe and North America the journeys leaders are also residents of Europe, Asia and America - the inhabitants of other continents are not as widely represented among the tourists. In the twenty-first century there may be noted the appearance and consolidation of the

new forms of tourism. To the earlier forms regarding the tourism industry functioning there joined the next ones, often they are a modification of the previous forms. Apart from exploring and learning there is also experiencing, individualization, quality, time and quick decisions at first about a spontaneous trip and then making a specific choice

Diagram no 5 presents: Overview of some new tourism forms ECOTOURISM

Active and in-depth sightseeing of the areas, which do not disturb the natural ecosystems and cultural distinctness of local communities COMMUNITY BASED Tourism, where local communities are the hosts and often the TOURISM beneficiaries - part of profits is obtained by whole of local community. PRO POOR TOURISM Tourism oriented so that the people from the poorest countries gain the most. VOLUNTARY TOURExploring the visited places and communities combined with ISM the active help in its favour - building of schools, wells, learning of new skills, developing the complete courses and extracurricular teaching. RELIGIOUS AND PILTravels and stays that focus on religious aspects. GRIMAGE TOURISM TOURISM IN ACActivities and utility: CSR in building of tourism promotion. CORDANCE WITH CSR For example, the hotel managed and socially responsible in accordance with the Corporate Social Responsibility / CSR / URBEX Urban exploration . exploring the abandoned buildings Tourists outside the tourist centres QUESTING Idea for commitment and distinction of travel destinations, such as: Bałtowska Switzerland, In the Footsteps of Father Matthew in Sandomierz, Silesian Flavours SOCIAL MEDIA Travel Blogosphere as a channel to organize and promote the places, use of social media in tourist marketing CULINARY TOURISM Enotourism – wine, tasting, cooking, THERMAL TOURISM Tourism combining medical treatments and health Luxury and water

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BACKPACKING THE OTHER - NICHE

Non-commercial travel style in pristine areas, with the real sensations without limits. Extreme, survival, visiting the slums, cemeteries, divorce tourism

Data source: Own study based on: SOKOŁOWSKI D., TOMCZYKOWSKA P. ” Kreatywność w turystyce. Nowe trendy w rozwoju turystyki.- Toruń: WN UMK,2016; WILCZEK Z.: Ekologia w turystyce. - Warszawa ; Lublin : Wydaw. Akademickie Wyższej Szkoły Społeczno-Przyrodniczej, 2004; WSPÓŁCZESNE tendencje w turystyce i rekreacji / red. nauk. Jerzy Wyrzykowski, Kazimierz K. - Wrocław : Wydaw. Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego, 2004; ZARĘBA D. : Ekoturystyka. - Wyd. 2, zm. - Warszawa : Wydaw. Naukowe PWN, 2006 .

The response to changes and new challenges in tourism are the assumptions of the socalled. Cape Town Declaration. The full text of the declaration in English can be found at www.capetown.gov.za/en/tourism/Document s/Responsible%20Tourism/Toruism_RT_200 2_Cape_Town_Declaration.pdf. www.capetown.gov.za above Declaration stresses the importance of responsible tourism. First Polish website dedicated to responsible tourism formulate assumptions for responsible tourism as follows. Source: wwwturystykaodpowiedzialnie.pl [downloaded 10.10.2016.]: Responsible Tourism:  "minimizes the negative impacts on the economic, environmental and social sphere”  "generates in greater economic benefits for the local communities and supports the welfare of the host communities”  "improves the working conditions and the access to tourism industry”  ”involves the local residents in decision making that will affect their lives and life opportunities”  "supports the preservation of heritage in the sphere of nature and culture, and thus contribute to the preservation of diversity of the world”

 "provides the tourists with the interesting, enjoyable experience thanks to the closer and more substantial contacts with the local residents, tourists, and increase the understanding of the local culture, society and the environment”  "provides the access for disabled people”  "is culturally sensitive, it generates respect between tourists and host communities and builds local pride" Summing up these assumptions the website concludes: „Signatories of the Declaration call all the parties involved in the organization of tourism to elaborate homogeneous practices for the development of responsible tourism. Principles of actions have been grouped around the three spheres: economic, social and environmental”. Data source: wwwturystykaodpowiedzialnie.pl [downloaded 10.10.2016.]: Current challenges are also the new opportunities. At the beginning of the twenty-first century the information revolution has become a reality. The next step after the development of information technology must be the development of mobile applications that can revolutionize the travel industry (Ochoa Siguencia, Chandler, Ochoa-Daderska).

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Z. Kwasnik, K. Kruszynska, R. Ochoa-Daderska

Diagram no 7: Development and use of information technologies in tourism

Data source and iconography: BARTOSZEWSKI A.: Najnowsze osiągnięcia technologii informacyjnej a turystyka - nowe wyzwania i możliwości.- Politechnika Radomska www.bartoszewski.pr.radom.pl /dorobek/ 2010 / - stan z dnia 10.10.2016/; KIEDROWICZ Grzegorz : Technologia informacyjna w turystyce i rekreacji.Radom Wydawnictwo Naukowe ITE, 2009

recreation is an endless process of the complex nature of organizational activities.

Conclusion Based on the previous experiences and development of tourism especially in the developed economy countries, it is clear that the vigorous development of tourism and

What then we will have to deal with in the nearest future:

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 



with new trends and tourism products adapted to the changing needs of an increasingly developed societies, with a further spatial differentiation and new travel targets, with development of new forms of use the previously known tourist attractions / instead of watching - active use /, with the global exchange of experiences of travellers and specialists in the field of tourism and the related fields,



with the new use of tourism information connected with the modern information technologies. Determinants of tourism issues, just signalized, presented in this article are the proof but also an important expression of the fact that tourism is a continuous process of changes and the transformation in tourism also involve the Poles. In this regard, the Polish citizens are in the vanguard of global trends. Polish accession to the European Union and thus the free movement and the growing affluence of society, helped to raise the standards in this so important and interesting for all of us area.

Bibliography

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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Bartoszewski A., Najnowsze osiągnięcia technologii informacyjnej a turystyka - nowe wyzwania i możliwości.- Politechnika Radomska www.bartoszewski.pr.radom.pl /stan z dnia 10.10.2016/. Bosiacki S., Sikora J., Podstawy marketingu w turystyce i rekreacji. - Poznań : Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego, 1999. Ďuriček M., Obodyński K., Syntetyczne podstawy rekreacji i turystyki. - Rzeszów : Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2006 . Gaworecki W., Turystyka. - Wyd. 5 zm. - Warszawa : Polskie Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne, 2007. Kaczmarek J., Stasiak A., Włodarczyk B., Produkt turystyczny : pomysł, organizacja, zarządzanie. - Warszawa : Polskie Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne, 2005 . Kiedrowicz G., Technologia informacyjna w turystyce i rekreacji.- Radom Wydawnictwo Naukowe ITE, 2009. Kompendium wiedzy o turystyce : praca zbiorowa / red. G. Gołembski. - Wyd. 1, 2 dodr.. - Warszawa : Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2006 . Kowalczyk A., Geografia turyzmu. - Warszawa : Wydaw. Nauk. PWN, 2000 . Kruczek Z., Walas B., Promocja i informacja turystyczna. - Kraków : Wydaw. Proksenia, 2004. Ochoa Siguencia L., Chandler K., Ochoa-Dąderska R., Business innovation management : the role of information and communication technology in tourism industry, in:

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11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Regionalne i lokalne strategie rozwoju turystyki : materiały i studia, Stefan Nowak (ed). Katowice : Wydaw. AWF, 2012. - S. 151-160 Sokołowski D., Tomczykowska P., Kreatywność w turystyce. Nowe trendy w rozwoju turystyki.- Toruń:WN UMK,2016. Wilczek Z., Ekologia w turystyce. - Warszawa ; Lublin : Wydaw. Akademickie Wyższej Szkoły Społeczno-Przyrodniczej, 2004 . Współczesne tendencje w turystyce i rekreacji, J. Wyrzykowski, K. Klementowski (ed). – Wrocław. Wydaw. Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego, 2004. Zaręba D., Ekoturystyka. - Wyd. 2, zm. - Warszawa : Wydaw. Naukowe PWN, 2006 . Deklaracja z Kapsztadu: www.capetown.gov.za/en/tourism/Documents/Responsible %20Tourism/Toruism_RT_2002_Cape_Town_Declaration.pdf. UNESCO,UNWTO. www.unwto.org /stan z dnia 10.10.2016/ . Zasady Odpowiedzialnej Turystyki. www.turystykaodpowiedzialnie.pl /stan z dnia 10.10.2016 /.

Received: June 22, 2016. Accepted: November 16, 2016. Online Published: December 18, 2016 URL: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl

International Journal of Applied Information and Communication Technology: Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 53-60 Copyright for articles published in this journal is retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. By virtue of their appearance in this open access journal, articles are free to use, with proper attribution, in educational and other non-commercial settings Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1-1/new challenges-and-possibilities.pdf

Original article at: http://ijoaict.inbie.pl/1_1