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ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES
Recent Fast Food Consumption and Bisphenol A and Phthalates Exposures among the U.S. Population in NHANES, 2003–2010 Ami R. Zota, Cassandra A. Phillips, and Susanna D. Mitro http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510803 Received: 24 September 2015 Accepted: 10 March 2016 Advance Publication: 13 April 2016
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Environ Health Perspect DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1510803 Advance Publication: Not Copyedited
Recent Fast Food Consumption and Bisphenol A and Phthalates Exposures among the U.S. Population in NHANES, 2003–2010 Ami R. Zota, Cassandra A. Phillips, and Susanna D. Mitro
Department of Environmental Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA Address correspondence to Ami R. Zota, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Suite 414, Washington, DC 20052 USA. Telephone: 202-994-9289. E-mail:
[email protected] Running title: Fast food consumption, phthalates, and BPA Acknowledgments: This study was funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R00ES019881). We thank Dr. Kim Robien for her input on the manuscript. Competing financial interests: The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests, and that their freedom to design, conduct, interpret, and publish research is not compromised by any controlling sponsor.
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Environ Health Perspect DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1510803 Advance Publication: Not Copyedited
Abstract Background: Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are widely used industrial chemicals that may adversely impact human health. Human exposure is ubiquitous and can occur through diet, including consumption of processed or packaged food. Objective: To examine associations between recent fast food intake and BPA and urinary metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (ΣDEHPm) and diisononyl phthalate (DiNPm) among the US population. Methods: We combined data on 8877 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2003-2010). Using 24-hour dietary recall data, we quantified: 1) fast food intake (percent of total energy intake (TEI) from fast food); 2) fast food-derived fat intake (percent of TEI from fat in fast food); and 3) fast food intake by food group (dairy, eggs, grains, meat, and other). We examined associations between dietary exposures and urinary chemical concentrations using multivariate linear regression. Results: We observed evidence of a positive, dose-response relationship between fast food intake and exposure to phthalates (p-trend
