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Newsletter of the INSTITUT FÜR DIE WISSENSCHAFTEN VOM MENSCHEN, Vienna and of the INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN SCIENCES at Boston University
CONTENTS 4 IWM-Vorlesungen Claus Offe: Soziale Macht 6 Panel Discussion Religion in the New Europe – an Integrative Force?
Reforming the Social Models
8 Fellows’ Meeting Tony Judt: Europe in the American Mirror 10 Political Salon Stanley Greenberg: How to Win Elections? 12 Workshop Trafficking in Women 14 Workshop Paradigma Kollaboration 15 Junior Visiting Fellows’ Conference 16 Tischner Debates “On Europe” and “On Truth” 21 IHS Boston 22 Tuesday Lectures 24 Fellows & Guests 27 Publications, Travels & Talks, Varia 29 Obituary Márton Tardos (1928 - 2006) by Janos Matyas Kovacs 30 Gastbeitrag Die Zukunft der sozialen Sicherheit von Kurt Biedenkopf
Europe’s social systems waver under the combined pressure of globalization, technological development and demographic change – and the consensus is that reforms are needed. Yet how and to what end should our social models be reformed? Those were the questions at the focus of an international conference in May which combined European and American perspectives.
Europas Sozialmodelle wanken unter dem Druck von Globalisierung, technologischer Entwicklung und demografischem Wandel. Man ist sich einig, dass Reformen notwendig sind. Doch wie und mit welchem Ziel sollen diese umgesetzt werden? Eine internationale Konferenz ging im Mai unter Einbeziehung der US-Perspektive diesen Fragen nach.
31 Imprint 32 Upcoming Events Calls for Applications 11 Körber Fellowships 13 Andrew W. Mellon Fellowships 17 Józef Tischner Fellowships
Europe’s social models – though differing in detail – have the same objective: to protect the population from risks such as unemployment, poor health or poverty. US social policies are much less protective. But Europe’s Lisbon Agenda has set the US as a benchmark in many policy areas. Moreover, on both continents approaches to major chal-
lenges, namely globalization, demographic change and technological progress, are widely discussed. The conference aimed to connect these debates by bringing representatives of both continents and from the entire political spectrum into a common discussion. On May 19 and 20, the Institute gathered more than 70 participants and observers
CONFERENCE |
Tony Atkinson, Martin Bartenstein, Kurt Biedenkopf, Charles Taylor, Vladimir Spidla, Anne-Sophie Parent and William Kristol at the “Jacek Kuron Debate on Solidarity”
– experts and academics as well as policy makers – from Eastern and Western Europe and the United States in Vienna’s Orangerie at Schönbrunn castle. Entitled “Cultural and Political Conditions for the Reform of Social Models in Europe and the USA,” the meeting was hosted by the Austrian Ministry of Economics and Labor in the framework of the Austrian Presidency of the Council of the European Union, and co-financed by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities. It was the second in a series of IWM working conferences on questions of social and international solidarity. The first meeting on “Values and Social Policy” took place last September in Boston. An introduction by Austrian Minister of Economics and Labor Martin Bartenstein opened the conference and addressed a central issue of current debates: the connection between social security and economic growth. Referring to the Scandinavian countries, which offer a high degree of protection combined with economic success, Bartenstein said that the European social model could potentially be a precondition of competitiveness. Along similar lines, Vladimir Spidla’s keynote speech argued fervently in favor of Europe’s various social models, emphasizing the productive effects of social politics. Yet he also acknowledged that in comparison to the US, growth in Europe is lagging behind. Europe’s aim, however, is to combine economic success with social justice. “We need to develop a social and economic model,” said Spidla.
Regional Divisions The first session of the conference dealt with the influence of regional differences on social policies. In US elections, for example, these regional differences are currently quite bal-
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anced in the process of aggregating state-level outcomes. As the presentation of the two political scientists Earl Black and Merle Black showed, both major parties in the US have developed regional strongholds; as a result, neither party can currently hope to win a considerable majority. However, bold and expensive new ventures in public policy would require such a majority. A longstanding geopolitical division has characterized Europe during the Cold War. But is this division still effective today? Sociologist and political scientist Claus Offe, a member of the IWM Academic Advisory Board, had a close look at social policy developments in the EU’s new member countries – and found less differences between East and West as might have been expected. None of the countries has abandoned the commitment to state responsibility, and their welfare policies show a mix of traditional characteristics of the existing European models. Their social policy models do not differ fundamentally from those of the old member states, Offe concluded.
Jacek Kuron Debate on Solidarity The first day of the conference ended with a public panel debate named after the prominent figure of “Solidarity” and later Minister of Labor, Jacek Kuron. Philosopher Charles Taylor, Chairman of the IWM’s Academic Advisory Board, moderated the debate in which Vladimir Spidla once again emphasized the achievements of the European social model. Martin Bartenstein and William Kristol, Editor of The Weekly Standard, both pointed out the significance of steady economic growth. German politician Kurt Biedenkopf, on the other hand, expressed skepticism concerning the possibility of maintaining high rates of growth which would sus-
Observer at the conference
tain our social systems (please find a guest contribution by Kurt Biedenkopf on p. 30-31). British economist Tony Atkinson in turn challenged the “value of talking about the European social model” as giving too much weight to policy instruments. Rather, he suggested, the focus should be on social objectives. “One thing the EU got right,” he added, “is recognizing that the best way of achieving any given objective may vary from country to country.” Anne-Sophie Parent, President of the European Social Platform, similarly pointed out the importance of Europe’s social objectives, “which are based on the notion of public good and general interest.” Also, she considered it as unlikely that Europe’s citizens would agree to move away from those principles; a view which proved true during a final discussion with the audience.
Demographic Change A central and highly debated issue in all ongoing debates on social reform is demographic change. Social models have been based on a certain mix of younger employed and older post-employed populations to sustain welfare programs, but low birth rates combined with increasing life spans challenge this design. Additional factors such as immigration lead to further complications. Session II which opened the second day of the conference was dedicated to these problems. According to the American sociologist Charles Hirschman, immigration “seems to be a continuing source of tension, not only in the US but in many societies.” Major policy discussions thus focus on immigration control. Hirschman referred to research that shows that rewards to migrants, employers and societies (both sending and receiving) are enormous. His suggestion was thus to
| CONFERENCE
focus on the socioeconomic advancement and social integration of immigrants. Austrian demographer Rainer Münz analyzed demographic change as a global phenomenon particularly problematic for Europe. Aging societies and an eventual decline of native work forces are the core issues. Münz also suggested strategies to cope with this development: higher labor force participation rates (for example, regarding women), a higher retirement age and a “pro-active economic migration policy,” as he called it.
Influence of Political Systems Session III of the conference focused on ties between political systems and social models. Joakim Palme from the Institute for Future Studies in Stockholm emphasized the great influence of social policy design, for example with regard to modern family policy in times of aging societies. He suggested that sharing the costs of raising children could help reduce population decline and its consequences. How social policies interact with fertility, education and labour supply (the future tax base) is of vital concern, Palme said. Political Scientist Paul Pierson listed political trends in the US – for example, a decline of working-class organization reflected in the weakening of the unions – which have set the context for policy reform over the past quarter-century. He concluded that these conditions have effectively blocked many public sector efforts to address long-standing holes in the American system of social protection or to respond to newly emerging social risks.
A Need for Debate The fourth and final session – starting with short contributions by Maarten Camps from the EU’s Employment Committee; Joe Grice from the Economic Policy Committee; Gerhard Huemer from the European Association of Craft, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises; Tom Mulherin from the Social Protection Committee and Anne-Sophie Parent – revisited all of the central issues discussed at the conference. Once again, the positive elements of the European social model were mentioned, as was the need for reform and interaction between Europe’s economic agenda and its social model(s).
Participants: Johanna Alatalo, Senior Planning Officer, Finnish Ministry of Labour Jens Alber, Director, research unit “Inequality and Social Integration,” Social Science Research Center, Berlin
Anna Coote, Commissioner for Health, UK Sustainable Development Commission
Elzbieta Kotowska, Professor of Economics, Collegium for Economic Analysis, Warsaw
Vibeke Dalbro, Head of Division, The National Danish Directorate of Labor
Janos Matyas Kovacs, IWM Permanent Fellow; Member, Institute of Economics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Karin Enodd, Labor Counsellor to the EU, Norwegian Ministry for Labor and Inclusion
Tony Atkinson, Former Warden of Nuffield College, Oxford
Bela Galgoczi, Senior Researcher, European Trade Union Institute
Martin Bartenstein, Austrian Minister of Economics and Labor
Edeltraud Glettler, Director of EU Coordination and International Affairs, Austrian Federal Ministry for Social Security, Generations and Consumer Protection
Kurt Biedenkopf, Ombudsman of the German government for the labor market reform; Former Prime Minister of Saxony Merle Black, Professor of Politics and Government, Emory University, Atlanta Earl Black, Professor of Political Science, Rice University, Houston Francois Brillanceau, Legal Adviser in Community Law, Delegation of European and International Affairs, acting for the French Ministries of Labor, Employment, Health and Social Affairs Miguel Cabrita, Political Advisor, Portuguese Ministry of Labor and Social Solidarity Maarten R.P.M. Camps, Chairman, EU Employment Committee; Director, Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment Pio Carotenuto, Senior Official, Italian Ministry of Labor Marie-Soline Chomel, Senior Officer of European Affairs, Delegation of European and International Affairs, acting for the French Ministries of Employment, Social Cohesion and Housing, Health and Social Affairs Jerzy Ciechanski, Counselor to the Minister, Polish Ministry of Labor and Social Policy
Stanley Greenberg, Chairman and CEO, Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Joe Grice, Chairman, Economic Policy Committee; Executive Director, UK Centre for the Measurement of Government Activity Antoinette Hetzler, Professor of Sociology, University of Lund Charles Hirschman, Professor of Sociology, University of Washington Peter Hicks, Assistant Deputy Minister at Human Resources and Social Development, Canada Gerhard Huemer, Director, European Association of Craft, Small and MediumSized Enterprises Ralf Jacob, Head of Unit “Social and Demographic Analysis”, European Commission Aco Janewski, State Secretary, Macedonian Ministry of Labor and Social Policy Joachim F. Kersten, Desk Officer, German Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs Ira Katznelson, Professor of Political Science and History, Columbia University, New York; Vice-Chairman, IWM Academic Advisory Board
William Kristol, Editor, The Weekly Standard, Washington Helmut Lang, Desk Officer, Austrian Federal Ministry for Social Security, Generations and Consumer Protection Claus Leggewie, Professor of Sociology, University of Gießen; IWM Körber Visiting Fellow Jane Lewis, Professor of Social Policy, London School of Economics Katarina Lindahl, Policy Officer, European Commission Miroslawa Marody, Professor of Social Psychology, Warsaw University Cathie Jo Martin, Professor of Political Science, Boston University Sven Matzke, Administrator, European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities Michael Mertes, Partner at dimap consult GmbH, Bonn/Berlin; Member of the Party Platform Drafting Committee of the CDU Rainer Münz, Head of Research, Erste Bank der oesterreichischen Sparkassen AG Tom Mulherin, Chairman, EU Social Protection Committee; Irish Ministry of Social & Family Affairs Maria Nadazdyova, Director General, Slovak Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Family Katalin Nagy, Social Councelor, Permanent Representation of Hungary to the EU continued ❯
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❯ Ton Nijhuis, Academic Director, Amsterdam Institute for German Studies Claus Offe, Professor of Political Science, Humboldt University (em.) and Hertie School of Governance, Berlin Paolo Onofri, Professor of Economics, Bologna University Joakim Palme, Director, Institute for Future Studies, Stockholm Christoph Parak, EU Social Policy Officer, Austrian Association for Public and Social Economy Anne-Sophie Parent, President, European Social Platform Paraskevi Peristera, Special Expert in Demographic Analysis and Labor Market, Greek Ministry of Employment and Social Protection Alexandrina Petrea, European Integration Councelor, Romanian Ministry of European Integration Paul Pierson, Professor of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley Kenneth Prewitt, Chairman, Dept. of International & Public Affairs, and Professor of Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York Orlaigh Quinn, Principal Officer, Irish Ministry of Social Affairs Marek Rymsza, Director of the Social Policy Program, Institute of Public Affairs, Warsaw; Chief of the Prophylaxis Function of Social Policy Unit, Institute of Applied Social Sciences, Warsaw University
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IWM-VORLESUNGEN |
Juha Saari, Ministerial Adviser, Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health Zlatina Shperova, Senior Expert, Bulgarian Ministry of Labor and Social Policy Aleksander Smolar, Research Director, Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique; Chairman of the Board, Stefan Batory Foundation, Warsaw Vladimir Spidla, European Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities Charles Taylor, Professor of Philosophy and Law, Northwestern University, Chicago; Chairman of the IWM Academic Advisory Board Igor Tomes, Professor in Social Policy, Labor Law and Social Security, Charles University and Private University of Applied Law, Prague Istvan György Toth, General Director at TARKI, Social Research Center, Budapest; Associate Professor, Budapest University of Economics Max Uebe, Member of the Cabinet of Commissioner Vladimir Spidla Peter Van Lieshout, Member of the Scientific Board, Scientific Council for Government Politics, Den Haag Gabriele Wallner, Social Affairs Counselor, Permanent Representation of Austria to the EU Enis Yeter, Undersecretary, Turkish Ministry of Labor and Social Security Viola Zentai, Director of the Center for Policy Studies, Central European University
Soziale Macht: Formen, Kontrolle und Nutzen An drei Abenden im Mai reflektierte der Soziologe und Politikwissenschaftler Claus Offe in den diesjährigen IWM-Vorlesungen zu den Wissenschaften vom Menschen das Thema „Soziale Macht“.
Das Phänomen Macht kennzeichnet alle Formen menschlichen Zusammenlebens, Beziehungen zwischen Generationen und Geschlechtern ebenso wie die Kommunikationsstrukturen des Alltags oder das Verhalten der Staaten nach innen und außen. Wenig überraschend ist denn auch „Macht“ ein in den Sozialwissenschaften viel verwendeter Grundbegriff. Doch wie definiert sich soziale Macht? Welche Formen nimmt sie an? Wem nützt sie und wie viel Macht benötigen Gesellschaften? In seinen drei Vorlesungen – am 16., 18. und 23. Mai 2006 – ging Claus Offe diesen Fragen nach und beleuchtete kulturelle, politische und wirtschaft-
On three evenings in May, German sociologist and political scientist Claus Offe reflected on “Social Power” in this year’s IWM Lectures in Human Sciences.
liche Aspekte der Entstehung und Verwendung sozialer Macht. Von einem konsolidierten Konzept sei man heute in den Sozialwissenschaften, so Offes Ausgangspunkt, noch weit entfernt; der Begriff der Macht bleibe nach wie vor grundsätzlich umstritten. Der Kern des Machtbegriffs, mit dem Offe in seinen drei Vorlesungen operierte, besteht in der Idee, „dass Akteure, die miteinander in Interaktion stehen, in unterschiedlichem Maße über Handlungsoptionen verfügen. Soziale Macht lässt sich demnach als ein Optionsgefälle zwischen Akteuren beschreiben.“ Macht ist dabei immer an Akteure gebunden. Genau genommen sei es sinnlos, von
| IWM-VORLESUNGEN
Foto: David Ausserhofer
der Macht von Institutionen zu sprechen – etwa der „Macht des Marktes“; es sei denn, damit ist gemeint, dass Institutionen bestimmte Akteure ermächtigen. „Akteure“, so Offe, „haben aufgrund der Beschaffenheit von Institutionen, in die ihr Handeln eingebettet ist und nach deren Regeln sie operieren, Macht über andere Akteure im Hinblick auf Interessen, die zwischen beiden zumindest potentiell strittig sind. Unter Einwirkung sozialer Macht tun oder lassen Akteure, weil sie von dieser Macht betroffen sind, etwas, das sie in Abwesenheit dieser Machtbeziehung nicht getan bzw. nicht unterlassen hätten.“ Macht kann demnach definiert werden als „asymmetrische Durchsetzungschancen von Akteuren aufgrund ihres Optionsvorteils gegenüber anderen Akteuren.“ Der Schlüssel liegt hierbei im Konzept des Aversionsgrades: der machtunterlegene Partner möchte die Folgen, die eine Handlung des Machthabers für ihn haben würde, mit größerer Intensität vermeiden, als der Machthaber selbst seine Handlung. Diese (institutionell begründete) Asymmetrie gilt nach Offe für alle drei Arten von Macht: kulturelle, politisch-organisatorische und wirtschaftliche. Claus Offes Vorträge werden in der Reihe der IWM-Vorlesungen zu den Wissenschaften vom Menschen auch als Buch erscheinen. Die Vorlesungen werden publiziert von Harvard University Press, Suhrkamp Verlag (Frankfurt/Main) und ZNAK Publishers (Krakau). Bereits erschienen sind: Charles Taylor, Die Formen des Religiösen in der Gegenwart Paul Ricoeur, Wege der Anerkennung. In Vorbereitung: Cornelia Klinger, Die Erfindung des Subjekts, Ryszard Kapuscinski, On Others und Zygmunt Bauman, On Insecurity and Other Fears.
Claus Offe zählt zu den international führenden Theoretikern der modernen Gesellschaft. Seine sozialpolitischen Analysen haben die Diskussion um die Zukunft des Wohlfahrtsstaats und der Arbeit entscheidend mitgeprägt. Offe, langjähriges Mitglied des Wissenschaftlichen Beirates des IWM, gehört der zweiten Generation der Frankfurter Schule an. In den 1960er Jahren arbeitete er als Assistent am Institut für Sozialforschung (Lehrstuhl Jürgen Habermas). Von 1975 bis 1988 lehrte er Politikwissenschaft und Soziologie an der Universität Bielefeld, von 1988 bis 1995 an der Universität Bremen. Bis zu seiner Emeritierung 2005 hatte er den Lehrstuhl für Politische Soziologie und Sozialpolitik an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin inne und ist heute Fakultätsmitglied der Hertie School of Governance in Berlin. Publikationen (Auswahl): Geschichte und Zukunft der Arbeit, Hg. gemeinsam mit Jürgen Kocka, Frankfurt/Main: Campus, 2000. Institutional Design in Post-Communist Societies, Cambridge University Press, 1998. Modernity and The State. East and West, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996. Der Tunnel am Ende des Lichts. Erkundungen der politischen Transformation im Neuen Osten, Frankfurt, New York: Campus, 1994. Arbeitsgesellschaft. Strukturprobleme und Zukunftsperspektiven, Frankfurt, New York: Campus, 1984. Strukturprobleme des kapitalistischen Staates. Aufsätze zur politischen Soziologie, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1973; Neuausgabe 2006.
Seit nunmehr zehn Jahren ist die Globalisierung ein Dauerthema. Und seit ebenfalls zehn Jahren wird in diesem Zusammenhang auch darüber diskutiert, ob der Staat an Macht verliert: Hat die Politik noch ihre ehemalige gesellschaftliche Gestaltungskraft? Oder erfolgt eine Machtverschiebung in Richtung Wirtschaft und Konzerne? Allein - welche Macht wird denn wohin verschoben? Kann man Macht überhaupt verschieben? Und, nur so ganz nebenbei gefragt: Was ist denn Macht eigentlich? Dieser Frage ging der Berliner Politikwissenschafter und Soziologe Claus Offe […] nach wohl auch mit dem Ziel, das Phänomen Macht der empirischen Sozialforschung zu erschließen. Claus Offe eröffnete seine Ausführungen damit, dass er danach fragte, wie man denn soziale Macht überhaupt analysieren und in einen Begriff fassen kann; wie man also einen sozialwissenschaftlich interessanten Machtbegriff schafft. Denn wirklich existieren tut ein solcher bisher nicht - zumindest nicht im deutschen Sprachraum. In diesem, sagte der Politikwissenschafter und Soziologe, bleibt die Diskussion über das Thema Macht nämlich oft nebulos und trüb; „vor lauter Bedeutsamkeit“, nach der das Wort „Macht“ klingt, „nimmt die Klarheit des Denkens immer wieder Schaden“, wie es Claus Offe durchaus ein wenig boshaft gemeint formulierte. Und dabei unter anderem den Namen Friedrich Nietzsche ins Spiel brachte. Was aber nicht so sein müsste. Für Offe zeigen das Franzosen wie Angelsachsen immer wieder vor, die sehr wohl die relevanten Fragen zum Thema „Macht“ zu stellen wissen. Und dementsprechend etwa analysieren, wer die Akteure sind, die Macht zum Beispiel gebrauchen. Oder die in wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen auch immer wieder herausarbeiten, welche Folgen Machtgebrauch im „positiven“, gestaltenden wie im „negativen“, repressiven Sinne hat. Und schließlich auch noch thematisieren, wie sich Macht kontrollieren, respektive wandeln, das heißt anders nutzen lässt, erklärte Offe. Womit auch schon die Kernthemen einer Analyse von Macht am Tisch sind. Bloß: Was heißt das alles? Claus Offe ging die Beantwortung dieser Frage wohltuend genau an. [...] Christian Eigner / DER STANDARD Der hier gekürzt wiedergegebene Artikel ist in Der Standard, Ausgabe vom 14./15. Juni 2006 erschienen. No. 93
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PANEL DISCUSSION |
Michael Landau, Bhikhu Parekh (with translator) and Terezija Stoisits
Religion as an Integrative Force? In the context of EU enlargement and growing migration, the issue of Europe’s religions – particularly Islam – is of growing importance. What is the role of religions in the integration processes within and between European societies? And what is the place of Islam in the European public sphere? Questions such as these were discussed on June 7 in a panel debate, organized by the IWM in cooperation with the Austrian daily Die Presse and hosted by Investkredit.
EU-Erweiterung und zunehmende Migration verleihen der Frage nach der Rolle der Religionen – vor allem des Islam – in den europäischen Gesellschaften wachsende Brisanz. Welche Funktion kommt den Religionen im Rahmen der Integrationsprozesse innerhalb und zwischen unseren Gesellschaften zu? Und welchen Platz soll der Islam in der europäischen Öffentlichkeit einnehmen? Diese Fragen wurden am 7. Juni im Rahmen einer Podiumsdiskussion erörtert – organisiert vom IWM in Kooperation mit Die Presse. Gastgeber des Abends war Investkredit.
Michael Landau, Norbert Mayer, Bhikhu Parekh, Krzysztof Michalski and Wilfried Stadler (from left)
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The host of the evening, Wilfried Stadler, Director General of Investkredit, warmly welcomed the audience in the rooms of the bank situated in Vienna’s first district. The audience had gathered to listen to the discussion, entitled “Religion in the New Europe - an Integrative Force?” The event also served as the presentation of a two-volume book, Conditions of European Solidarity (see the advertisement on page 7), based on the work of the IWM’s Reflection Group on the Spiritual and Cultural Dimension of Europe and recently published by the IWM with Central European University Press. Norbert Mayer, Editor of Die Presse’s Feuilleton, and IWM Rector Krzysztof Michalski moderated the debate. British political scientist Bhikhu Parekh opened the floor with an introductory statement. Going far back into the history of the continent, he pointed out that European civilization itself is a product of many different cultures, including Greek, Roman, Judaic and Arab – a fact that he considers to be often underestimated. “It would be wrong to say that European civilization is fundamentally Christian,” he concluded. For Parekh, Europe is in fact a multicultural civilization given its roots. Thus, concerning the evening’s leading question, the Indian-born scholar showed some skepticism. He reminded the audience that European societies are far more secular than almost all other parts of the world. Very often, he suggested, Christianity is perceived as a culture rather than a religion. So for him, religion by itself – though important – cannot be the uniting factor in Europe. Among all religions to be found in Europe, Islam is certainly the most heatedly debated at the moment. For Bhikhu Parekh, however, Europe hosts “different Islams.” Those 16.5 Million Muslims in Europe, he explained, are coming from very different backgrounds; it is thus a mistake to homogenize them. Using the British situation as an example, Parekh described the tension between “fundamentalist,” usually Pakistani Muslims and “secular,” mostly Indian Muslims. In other words, there are considerable differences between Muslim cultures depending on the country of origin, and immigrants in turn have brought with them different
| PANEL DISCUSSION
Conditions of European Solidarity Participants: Michael Landau Director of Caritas, Archdiocese Vienna Bhikhu Parekh Centennial Professor at the London School of Economics and Professor Emeritus for Political Theory at the University of Hull; Chairman of the commission “The Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain” (1997-2000); Member of the House of Lords Terezija Stoisits Member of Parliament and Spokesperson of the Green Party for human rights, minorities and justice
forms of their religion. This “flexibility” might also offer hope: Parekh envisioned a three-stage development, starting with “Muslims in Europe,” moving to “Muslims of Europe” and finally resulting in “European Muslims.” As a politician, the Green party’s expert on human rights and minority issues, Terezija Stoisits, is concerned with institutional approaches. In her remarks, she particularly emphasized that, in Austria, Islam was already acknowledged as a religious community decades ago. In fact, the so called “Islam law” which regulates the legal status of members of the country’s Muslim community was passed in 1912. But Stoisits also mentioned several points at which she saw a need for advancement, for example calling for a better religious education with respect to Islam. In the context of the debate on Europe’s identity and values, Islam to her poses a great challenge. Along the same lines as Parekh, theologian and Vienna Director of Caritas Michael Landau acknowledged that Islam has shaped Europe’s cultural identity in an essential way. But Landau also called the relationship of Islam
and Europe a “history of conflict” – and suggested that trust, a readiness to discover positive things about the other and self critique are essential for any dialogue. And similar to Stoisits he added: “Austria has the advantage and chance of a long and positive tradition of dealing with Islam, just as our country possesses an institutionalized model – the Islamic community of believers as an acknowledged religious group – which could be an example on the European level as well.” Landau went on to describe the role of the churches and religious communities in Europe, saying that he considers it their duty to watch out for and to oppose religious as well as secular fundamentalism. Referring to Joseph Ratzinger, now Pope Benedikt XVI, he said that there are pathologies of religion which are highly dangerous, but that there are also “pathologies of reason” which are no less hazardous and seem even more menacing with respect to their potential efficiency. The following discussion mainly centered on the issue of Islam in Europe. Referring to Parekh’s distinction between “fundamentalist” and “secular” Muslims in Britain, “who will win?” was one of the questions. The scholar refused to view this problem in a solely British context and argued that the answer, on the European level, depends at least partly on how European societies are reacting to their Muslim communities. Integration would thus favor the liberal streak while exclusion might strengthen the fundamentalists among them. But overall, hope prevailed that evening. In her final remarks, Terezija Stoisits – along with Parekh – showed optimism concerning the “voice of enlightened Islam,” as she called it. “I do in fact have the hope that there is something like an Islam shaped by Europe which could be that voice. […] And we must support this.”
vol. I
What Holds Europe Together? With contributions by Bronislaw Geremek, Kurt Biedenkopf, Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde, Heather Grabbe, Janos Matyas Kovacs, Jacques Rupnik, Krzysztof Michalski, and Michel Rocard. Comments by Samuel Abraham, Giuliano Amato, Rainer Bauböck, Jan Carnogursky, Ute Frevert, Danuta Hübner, Lech Kaczynski, Ira Katznelson, Ivan Krastev, Claus Leggewie, Ulrike Lunacek, Michael Mertes, Alexei Miller, Kenneth Murphy, Anton Pelinka, Mykola Riabchuk, Jan Rokita, and Timothy Snyder.
vol. II
Religion in the New Europe With contributions by Charles Taylor, José Casanova, Danièle Hervieu-Léger, David Martin, Peter L. Berger, Tariq Modood, Bhikhu Parekh, Nilüfer Göle, and Olivier Roy.
Edited by Krzysztof Michalski The enlarged European Union faces the greatest challenge in its history. It seems that the older forces that animated European integration are no longer able to provide political cohesion. What can hold Europe together in the future? Does Europe’s common culture offer a new source of energy? What moral concepts, what traditions, what goals are capable of bringing together the Union’s diverse inhabitants in a democratic polity? Contributions are centered around two main questions: How can a truly European solidarity be established in a Union full of diversities and inequalities? What is the role of religion in the integration processes within and between European societies? The volumes offer a unique transdisciplinary collection of essays written by highly renowned scholars, intellectuals and politicians.
Budapest/New York, Central European University Press 2006 www.ceupress.com
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FELLOWS’ MEETING |
Through a Glass Darkly? Europe in the American Mirror Once a year, the Institute invites fellows, friends and supporters to an informal meeting. On June 20, this year’s “Fellows’ Meeting” opened with a talk by IWM Non-Resident Permanent Fellow Tony Judt, Professor for European Studies at New York University. His lecture focused on the rift in transatlantic relations – and also explained why the European social model, despite current debates about its crisis, could well prevail in the future. In front of a packed audience of fellows and friends of the IWM, Tony Judt delivered a thought-provoking lecture about the transatlantic relations. The author of numerous books – the latest among them being the widely acclaimed Postwar, a history of Europe after World War II –, Judt has already written several articles on the subject of antiAmericanism and the cultural and political differences between the “New World” and the “Old Continent.” Admittedly not a fan of current American foreign policy, a major cause of the trans-
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Einmal im Jahr lädt das Institut seine Fellows, Freunde und Förderer zu einem informellen Treffen ein. Den Eröffnungsvortrag des „Fellows-Meetings“ hielt in diesem Jahr IWM Non-Resident Permanent Fellow Tony Judt, Professor für Europäische Studien an der New York University. Am 20. Juni reflektierte er über das transatlantische Verhältnis – und erklärte auch, warum er das Europäische Sozialmodell trotz aller gegenwärtigen Debatten über dessen Krise für zukunftsfähig hält. atlantic rift, Judt still wanted to do “something a little bit different” than simply offering a critique of the present administration’s actions. Instead, he invited his audience to carry out a thought experiment to highlight the roots of existing differences, invoking Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle. Had he fallen asleep in the United States during the 1920s to wake up in 1955, he would have found himself in a very different setting: an industrial, prosperous country, “which had moved very fast into the forefront of modernity.” In contrast, had he
undertaken the same long sleep in Europe, the awakening experience would have been entirely different: after two wars and the Great Depression, “very little had changed.” However, repeating the same experiment between the 1960s and today, Rip Van Winkle’s experience would be quite the opposite, said Judt. While America displays a remarkable continuity, in Western Europe he would find everything transformed: the continent has changed enormously and become economically prosperous; it underwent significant social changes, among them widerange secularization. Thus, while in the 1960s it rightfully “seemed as if the United States were the future of Europe,” today, even though we still live in this assumption, “this is clearly no longer true.” “America,” said Judt, “is no longer the measure of modernity.” One telling example of this is that among the developed nations only the US does not offer its citizens universal healthcare coverage. Another indicator is the ever widening gap between wealth and poverty: in America, a CEO makes 425 times the salary of a skilled manual worker. This difference is much smaller in Europe, as Judt pointed out. Furthermore, while, according to a recent poll, Europeans have a fairly accurate view about their countries’ economic performance and rank in the world, both in the present and the near future, including their personal prospects, Americans tend to overestimate their own situation. This might contribute to their aversion to taxation and budgetary spending on welfare. As Judt concluded, “the US is not, as it was, ahead of Europe – but it is clearly different.” Although the Cold War and its collective notion of “the West” camouflaged the differences between the emerging American and European ways of life, their “different 20th century experiences produced different 20th century societies,” said Judt. The most important among them is the stark discrepancy in the two continents’ war experiences. European losses in WWI and WWII were disproportionately larger than the losses suffered by the US during the Vietnam War. Thus, although the Americans also have a “memory of war,” Judt attributed a large part of the mutual misunderstanding to these very different memories. As Judt further explained, postwar European social models were a direct consequence of the memory of the first half of the 20th century: the purpose of the builders of the
| FELLOWS’ MEETING
welfare states was the “restoration” of prewar Europe, drawing on the lessons of two wars, as well as of the interwar years – an experience Americans do not share. And this European model, stated Judt, could still very well be the future. This might be a surprising conclusion in the light of the current debate about the crisis of the European model, but where else to find the future model, if it is to be neither Europe, nor the US? Nowadays, many might look towards China. But while that country, locked in a circular dependency of exchange with America, might well become the largest economy in the world, said Judt, it will certainly never be a social model. India offers a similar picture. Europe, on the other hand, has some important factors to commend it. Those younger than 65 “have lived in a remarkably stable world since the 1950s,” and thus have “forgotten how it is to live in endemic insecurity.” Such times, however, might just be ahead, many indicators suggesting that we are about to enter a period in which the general feeling of an overall loss of control might very well become the basic experience. Under such circumstances, the European model, which was built precisely to overcome similar feelings, might turn out remarkably attractive. So, despite current criticism of too much state involvement, the desire for a state able to (re)act could easily return. In conclusion, Judt warned those who assume that the European model will not work in the era of globalization against too much determinism. At the wake of the last century, he said, nobody expected those events that would soon overtake Europe. Neither war, nor the breakup of the AustroHungarian Monarchy appeared likely, or even plausible. War was deemed both economically and socially unsustainable, and the formation of numerous nation states in place of the Empire, unwise. However, within a few years, both implausibilities became reality. Although he finished with the warning that we should all “assume the worst,” Tony Judt’s talk suggested that he still has hope for the success and endurance of the European social model. The question period offered the opportunity to further elaborate on issues of convergence and divergence between the European and American models. In response to a suggestion that the American model might
British historian Tony Judt is Director of the Remarque Institute for European Studies at New York University, which he founded in 1995. His major interests include modern European history, French history and the history of ideas. Selected Works: Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (2005); The Politics of Retribution in Europe: World War Two and Its Aftermath, editor (2000); The Burden of Responsibility: Blum, Camus, Aron and the French Twentieth Century (1998); and A Grand Illusion? An Essay on Europe (1996).
be better regarded in Europe than he was willing to give credit for, Judt argued that the popularity of the American model of minimal state intervention in some of the new EU member states is the result of their communist experience. Understandably, after forty years of state socialism, they would like to restrict the state’s role to a minimum. However, they, too, might soon reevaluate
Judt giving an interview to Eva Pfisterer from the Austrian Broadcasting Corporation
the state’s role as a benevolent actor in the field of social policy. In this respect, Judt suggested, Great Britain may not be a striking exception either. While often distinguishing itself from the rest of Europe, Great Britain is not so different from the Continent, according to Judt: despite her neo-liberal aspirations, Margaret Thatcher’s government resulted in more, rather than less state involvement, he said, if by this we do not exclusively mean state ownership. Another comment offered a comparison favorable to the US. After all, America is managing to integrate its minorities, especially its black population, with much greater success than Europe can claim with respect to its non-European inhabitants. Yet Judt disputed the veracity of this claim in the US, citing personal views of black Americans. Also, while not denying the serious problems Europe faces in its dealings with immigrants (France serving as an illustration of what is wrong in Europe: in this case, the grave situation in the banlieues), he suggested that the explanation again lies in the different social models. In the US, where, with the exception of the very old and very poor, nobody is entitled to social welfare, the expectations of minorities and immigrants as regards their future and prospects, are shaped accordingly. In the European welfare states, however, expectations of new immigrants are much higher, and the failure of these states to deliver can easily result in social conflict and disenchantment. Finally, Judt underlined the main difference between the American and European dreams, especially in the context of current and future enlargement, and with reference not only to the states of the former Yugoslavia, but also to Turkey. “If you want to live the American dream, you have to pack up, leave your home behind and move there. If you want to be European, you can stay put and Europe will come to you.” Despite the current difficulties, Tony Judt certainly struck a more optimistic cord in his lecture regarding the future of the European Union, including the prospects of enlargement, than in his A Grand Illusion? An Essay on Europe, ten years ago. Csilla Kiss
Csilla Kiss obtained her Ph.D. in Political Science from McGill University, Montreal. From January to June 2006, she was a Bosch Junior Visiting Fellow at the IWM.
No. 93
Summer 2006
9
POLITICAL SALON |
Stanley Greenberg (middle) with Krzysztof Michalski (left) and Michael Fleischhacker
© Die Presse / Harald Hofmeister
How to Win Elections? For the fifth time, the IWM, together with the Austrian daily Die Presse, has organized an event in its popular series of “Political Salons.” On May 21, US political scientist Stanley Greenberg was invited to the Institute. As a pollster, he has advised a multitude of projects and campaigns; his international clients include statesmen such as Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, Nelson Mandela and Ehud Barak. After a decade of teaching at Yale University, political scientist Stanley Greenberg founded the international consulting firm Greenberg Quinlan Rosner – and set out to advise a multitude of political campaigns, projects and institutions. “I try to (where possible) not only carry forward a political project but also to carry forward a theoretical project about society and the kinds of societies we want to create and shape,” he explained to the audience. Moderated by Michael Fleischhacker, the Editor of Die Presse, and IWM Rector Krzysztof Michalski, the fifth “Political Salon” once again attracted around 100 people – this time to a Sunday matinee in the IWM’s library. They came to hear Greenberg answer the question how to win elections? “I am specifically trying to work for people who have a mission, who have a project,” Greenberg went on. Decidedly dismissing any cynicism, he emphasized that respect for the individual voter lies at the heart of what
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Zum fünften Mal hat das IWM gemeinsam mit der Presse zu einem „Politischen Salon“ eingeladen. Am 21. Mai sprach der US-Politikwissenschaftler Stanley Greenberg vor rund 100 Gästen am Institut über seine Erfahrungen als Berater politischer Kampagnen. Die Liste seiner internationalen Klientel umfasst so prominente Namen wie Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, Nelson Mandela und Ehud Barak.
he does. So, how should political campaigns be designed in order to be successful? “I believe voters have very considerate opinions,” said Greenberg. And they “will take campaigns seriously if campaigns are serious.” In his experience, voters look for campaigns that are relevant and that address social problems. For examples, Greenberg drew on his own work, including his role as advisor to Nelson Mandela and the ANC in its first election. One might think that under the circumstances the elections would have been a sure win. Yet the campaigners had to deal with a large group of undecided voters – according to Greenberg, “mostly rural, illiterate African women.” The women were very engaged because they were concerned about their children, and they feared that the ANC might encourage them to violent behavior, Greenberg recalled. These women, he concluded, in fact had “very considerate reasons why they were holding back.”
According to Greenberg, voters also look for candidates with ideas; “they want leaders who have a direction and who have a purpose.” Referring to John Kerry, who lost the 2004 US presidential race to George Bush, Greenberg explained that voters were not – as the election results might indicate – concerned about terrorism; rather, their biggest worry at that time was that Kerry had no ideas on how to deal with problems such as creating jobs in times of outsourcing and global competition. Also worthy of consideration, according to the pollster, is authenticity, belying the common perception that elections are all about a slogan, image or haircut. “Authenticity is what matters,” as reflected in, for example, a commitment to politics or one’s personal history. Again, Greenberg recalled a campaign he had advised: When Ehud Barak was running for Prime Minister in Israel, his opponent, Benjamin Netanjahu, was very fluent and media savvy. Barak’s TV
| POLITICAL SALON
Political Scientist Stanley Greenberg is Chairman and CEO of the international consulting firm Greenberg Quinlan Rosner, which he founded in 1980 after a decade of teaching at Yale University. Greenberg has advised a broad range of political campaigns and provides research and strategic advice for companies, non-profits and NGOs trying to advance their issues amid shifting social currents. Selected publications: The Two Americas: Our Current Political Deadlock and How to Break It, New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2004. The New Majority: Toward a Popular Progressive Politics, with T. Skocpol (eds.) New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997. Middle Class Dreams: the Politics and Power of the New American Majority, New York: Times Books, 1995.
Körber Fellowships: History and Memory in Europe 2007/2008 NS O I T A C I L P AP CALL FOR 15, 2006 ember c e D : e n i l d a De
Legitimating the Illegitimate: State, Markets, and Resistance in South Africa, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
appearance on the other hand was less appealing. Yet “given the problems Israel was facing, being good on TV turned out to be a setback,” remembered Greenberg. A question asked during the lively discussion with the two moderators and the audience was if and how much the problems currently faced by America and Europe might coincide. “The problems overlap,” said Greenberg, “yet given the different political traditions, the solutions look very different.” Europeans are concerned about the effects of globalization and worry whether their leaders have a strategy for the future. Meanwhile two thirds of Americans also think that the US is heading in the wrong direction. “The difference,” said Greenberg, “is that we don’t have a welfare state,” and this presents a unique opportunity. “The challenge for the Democrats is on how they step up to address these issues.” In contrast, European countries have welfare states which have to be adapted, something “which is much more difficult to achieve.” Some skepticism was expressed concerning one of Greenberg’s main points, namely that a candidate or party should clearly say what they would do in case of winning the elections – wouldn’t populism “do the trick” in most cases? “You have to show your relevance to the problems that people face,” replied Greenberg. He referred again to the time he advised the ANC in South Africa. “Why,” he asked, “would Nelson Mandela have to tell people what he was going to do?” After all, he was running for the presidency in the first democratic elections after decades of an apartheid regime. In fact, when Greenberg joined the campaign, the ANC’s slogan was Now is the Time. It was, according to Greenberg, a slogan directed towards the black voters and thus not inclusive. Finally, after lengthy discussions, the slogan was changed – to one which was not only inclusive, but which also captured the ANC’s goals: A Better Life for All.
The Körber Foundation and the Institute for Human Sciences jointly award Visiting Fellowships and Junior Visiting Fellowships on “History and Memory in Europe”. The objective is to support projects that contribute to a transnational perspective on modern European history. They should not consider Europe as a given territorial entity but as a historical experience, a cultural imagination, and/or a political point of reference. Projects are particularly invited to reflect on the role of historiography as well as the position and significance of memory. This includes in particular analyses of the different ways in which history, historiography and memory are used and abused for political purposes and discourses of exclusiveness in the European context. Interdisciplinary approaches are highly welcome. Candidates for the Fellowship must be citizens of any European country or permanently reside in Europe. Please visit the IWM website for further details www.iwm.at/fellowships.htm
The “Political Salon” series was established in 2004 by the IWM in cooperation with Die Presse. Former speakers include Ralf Dahrendorf („Problems of Democracy Today“), Bernard Lewis („The Role of Islam in the Integration of Europe“), Klaus Naumann („Is Europe on the Way to Supra-Regional Responsibility?“) and Zbigniew Brzezinski („American Democracy at Home and Abroad?“).
No. 93
Summer 2006
11
WORKSHOP |
Theresa Philippi, Christiane Weidel and Eva Kaufmann at the round table (from left)
Trafficking in Women and Prostitution Trafficking in women and prostitution have become serious problems in Central and South-Eastern Europe. In the frame of an IWM workshop on May 12 and 13, scholars and experts from Austria, Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia discussed questions such as: To what extent are these problems linked? Which necessities for action and research are apparent, and where are they most urgently needed? Reliable estimations are difficult to get, some speak of up to 500.000 women who are annually forced into prostitution in Western Europe, most of them coming from Eastern European countries. But trafficking in women has many more aspects. It concerns the “trading” into insecure labor conditions, typically characterized by a complete lack of rights; a kind of modern form of slavery. In May, an international group of scholars and experts met at the IWM to discuss these issues. The public round table and subsequent workshop were the concluding events of the networking project “Gendered Migration, Sex Work and Exploitation: Trafficking in Women and Prostitution,” led by political scientist and IWM Research Associate Birgit Sauer. At the round table, two questions were at the center of attention, namely, where
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Menschenhandel und Prostitution sind – vor allem in Mittel- und Südosteuropa – zum ernsten Problem geworden. Im Rahmen eines IWM-Workshops am 12. und 13. Mai diskutierten WissenschaftlerInnen und ExpertInnen aus mehreren betroffenen Ländern Fragestellungen wie: Wo besteht der dringendste Forschungs- und Handlungsbedarf und welche Chancen liegen in der internationalen Zusammenarbeit?
research on these issues is most needed and how cooperation in South-Eastern and Central Europe could contribute to resolve some of the most urgent problems in both fields. Eva Kaufman, for example, introduced the work of the NGO LEFÖ, an association dedicated to counseling, education and support for migrant women, respectively its center of intervention (LEFÖ-IBF) for women affected by trafficking. Trafficking, she pointed out, must not necessarily be interpreted as prostitution. The center’s experiences show that women are also trafficked into household work. However, women trafficked into sex work are much more stigmatized, and the scale of this trafficking is largely underestimated. According to Kaufmann, trafficking is generally involved in the process of migration. She emphasized that this phenomenon
needs to be considered as violence against women – and as a matter of human rights. Kaufmann also called for protective measures, as it is of utmost importance to improve the rights of trafficked women, independently of their willingness to cooperate and testify. As for trafficking into other areas than sex work, the intervention center demands more research, both on the effects and on the mechanisms. Following Kaufmann’s statement, Theresa Philippi presented the perspective of the Austrian Ministry for Health and Women’s Affairs. The Ministry’s view is that trafficking of women into sex work is embedded in a broader context, and that prostitution is linked to the lack of other occupations and to structural developments. She also reported on policy advances in the field, among them a plan of measures adopted by
| WORKSHOP
International Round Table Introduction Birgit Sauer, Professor for Political Science, Vienna University; Project Leader Statements Eva Kaufmann, Lefö/IBF, Vienna Theresa Philippi, Federal Ministry for Women’s Affairs, Vienna Comments Simona Zavratnic Zimic, University of Primorska, Science and Research Centre of Koper Dunja Bonacci Skenderoviç, NGO Zenska Soba, Zagreb Simona Zavratnic Zimic
the European Union Council of Ministers. In Austria, trafficking in human beings is now part of the criminal law, and victims can get a residence permit for six months and access to legal and psychological aid, although the provision is not mandatory. The Ministry’s view is that it is important to empower women so that they can go to court and testify against their traffickers. The Vienna workshop was part of a series of meetings organized in the frame of the project “Gendered Migration, Sex Work and Exploitation: Trafficking in Women and Prostitution.” The project was based at the IWM and was financed by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture within its South-Eastern European science co-operation initiative. Its aim was to establish an interdisciplinary network of both experienced scholars and young researchers in Austria, Croatia, Slovenia and Serbia-Montenegro to animate scientific exchange and dissemination as well as public debate on the issues.
Karin Tertinegg
Discussion Chair: Christiana Weidel, Project “W.E.S.T. – Women East Smuggling Trafficking,” Vienna
Andrew W. Mellon East-Central European Research Visiting Fellowships in the Humanities and Social Sciences 2007/2008 ONS I T A C I L P P A CALL FOR 15, 2006 mber e c e D : e n i l d Dea
Further participants/ project partners: Majda Hrzenjak, Mirovni Institut/Peace Institute, Ljubljana Ana Kralj, University of Primorska, Science and Research Centre of Koper Alenka Kukolj, NGO Kljuc, Slovenia Simona Kuti, Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, Zagreb Sandra Ljubinkovic, Anti Trafficking Center, Belgrade Silva Meznaric, Institute for Migrations and Ethnic Studies, Zagreb Jelena Milic, Anti Trafficking Center, Belgrade Jürgen Nautz, Vienna University
The three-month fellowships will enable scholars from Eastern and Central Europe to work in Vienna on research projects of their choice within the framework of the scholarly community and activities of the IWM. Applications are accepted from scholars from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia. Candidates must be citizens or permanently reside in one of the above-mentioned countries. The fellowships are intended for younger postdoctoral scholars and, although there is no specific age limit, preference will be given to those under 45 years of age. Research projects must be thematically related to the IWM’s research fields. Please visit the IWM website for further details www.iwm.at/fellowships.htm
Mojca Pajnik, Mirovni Institut/Peace Institute, Ljubljana Karin Tertinegg, IWM Research Associate, Vienna
No. 93
Summer 2006
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WORKSHOP |
Paradigma Kollaboration Wie hat der Einsatz digitaler Medien die interne Kommunikation zwischen WissenschaftlerInnen verändert? Und was folgt daraus für Lern- und Lehrformen, aber auch für die Evaluation akademischer Arbeit? Am 10. Mai ging ein Workshop am IWM diesen Fragen nach.
Der Workshop „Paradigma Kollaboration. Wie computervermittelte Kommunikation („neue Medien“) (auto-) evaluative Lernprozesse stützen und fördern kann“ fand im Anschluss an einen IWMVortrag von Rainer Kuhlen, Professor für Informationswissenschaft an der Universität Konstanz, statt. Claus Leggewie Neben Kuhlen nahmen Wissenschaftler aus Deutschland und Österreich teil, die sich mit Wissenschaftskommunikation befassen; darunter der Initiator des Workshops, Claus Leggewie, Direktor des Zentrums für Medien und Interaktivität (ZMI) an der Universität Gießen und derzeit Körber Visiting Fellow am IWM. Gegenstand der Forschung in den vergangenen Jahren war meist, wie das System Wissenschaft mit anderen Systemen – etwa Politik und Öffentlichkeit – kommuniziert. Im Rahmen des Wiener Workshops konzentrierten sich die Teilnehmer auf die Fragestellung, wie WissenschaftlerInnen intern kommunizieren, und wie der Einsatz digitaler Medien diese Kommunikation verändert hat. Im Blickpunkt stand das an der Universität Konstanz entwickelte Modell des kollaborativen Wissensmanagements. Drei Beobachtungen standen zur Diskussion: Zum einen ist der wissenschaftliche Kommunikationsprozess strukturell durch hierarchisch-kompetitive und egalitär-kollaborative Dimensionen gekennzeichnet. Generierung, Distribution und Verwendung von Wissen folgt beiden Mustern, die auf der einen Seite individuell zurechenbare und gratifizierte „Spitzenleistungen“, auf der anderen Seite emergente Gemeinschaftsleistungen hervorbringen.
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How have digital media changed the internal academic communication? And what are the implications for the forms of learning and teaching, but also for the evaluation of academic work? On May 10, a workshop at the IWM addressed those questions.
Teilnehmer: Christoph Bieber (ZMI Gießen) Gerhard Fröhlich (Universität Linz) Gerhard Hatschenberger (Wien/Linz) Sabine Heymann (ZMI Gießen) Rainer Kuhlen (Universität Konstanz) Claus Leggewie (ZMI Gießen) Henning Lobin (ZMI Gießen) Klaus Nellen (IWM) Michael Nentwich (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften) Rainer Kuhlen
Michael Straehle (Universität Linz)
Zweitens erfolgen Evaluationen wissenschaftlichen Wissens ähnlich: in offenen, relativ egalitären Diskussionen (Konferenz, publizierte Kritik und Replik); aber auch in (semi-)geheimen Begutachtungsprozessen sowie (halb-)offenen Qualitätssicherungsverfahren. Diese sind in der Regel als so genannter Peer Review organisiert, prämieren jedoch Seniorität, angenommene und tatsächliche Wissens-, Erfahrungs- und Machtvorsprünge älterer und etablierter WissenschaftlerInnen. Drittens verbinden Lernprozesse in der Regel instruktive Komponenten des Wissenstransfers (ex cathedra) mit kollaborativen Arrangements des Wissenserwerbs (Seminar, Forschungsgruppe, Arbeitsgemeinschaft etc.). In der Diskussion kamen unterschiedliche „Trendbeobachtungen“ zur Sprache; etwa dass interaktive Kommunikationsformen die Entwicklung einer von Studierenden zunehmend nachgefragten e-learning-Umgebung begünstigen. Zu beobachten ist auch, dass so genannte „Wiki-Formate“ – offene Inhalte im kollaborativen Verfahren – für die wissenschaftliche Fachinformation interessant werden. Und schließlich sind die Peer-ReviewVerfahren nach spektakulären Fehlbegutachtungen und nicht erkannten Fälschungen und Plagiaten in Misskredit geraten.
Im Blick auf evaluative Dimensionen wissenschaftlicher Kommunikation ergaben sich zwei interessante Entwicklungen: die Vorteile des kollaborativen Paradigmas, dem bisher ein eklatanter Mangel an Qualitätssicherung vorgeworfen wurde, treten deutlicher hervor; und die Schwächen des Peer-ReviewVerfahrens werden offenbar. Die verschiedenen kollaborativen Formate, beispielsweise Schreibprojekte, Lernplattformen und Internet-Enzyklopädien, wurden auf folgende Aspekte untersucht: normative und empirische Vorzüge und Gewinne kollaborativer Wissensgenerierung und -distribution; kollaborative Qualitätssicherung und offene Evaluation; und schließlich technische Anforderungen an kollaboratives Wissensmanagement. Die Ergebnisse des Wiener Workshops fließen ein in einen größeren interdisziplinären Projektzusammenhang am Gießener ZMI, an dem analoge Kommunikationsformate in „alten Medien“ (Brief, Vorlesung) und neue Präsentationsformate wie Powerpoint unter linguistischen und theatralen Inszenierungsaspekten analysiert werden. Aus diesen Blickwinkeln sollen Veränderungen der Wissenschaftskommunikation sowie grundlegende Aufschlüsse über die Wirkungsweise interaktiver Medien erschlossen werden.
| CONFERENCE
Junior Visiting Fellows’ Conference During each term, the IWM’s Junior Visiting Fellows meet on a regular basis at seminars to discuss their ongoing projects. Their research results are then presented at a conference at the end of their stay. Last terms conference took place on June 8.
Ingvild Torsen, Thomas Szanto and Csilla Kiss (foreground, from left)
MORNING PANEL:
Alice MacLachlan (right) with an external participant
AFTERNOON PANEL:
Csilla Kiss
Georg Maißer
Assistant Professor, Institute for Social and European Studies, Dániel Berzsenyi College, Szombathely, Hungary
Ph.D. Candidate in Philosophy, Vienna University; ÖAW DOC-Stipendiat
Transitional Justice. The (Re)Construction of Post-Communist Memory
Eric Michael Dale
Terrorism. Perception and Justification of Violence
Ph.D. Candidate in Religion, Boston University
Evil and the End of History in Hegel’s Lectures on the Philosophy of World History
Ingvild Torsen Ph.D. Candidate in Philosophy, Boston University
The Metaphysical Discipline of Aesthetics. Martin Heidegger on the End of Art
Eric Michael Dale
Alexander Vezenkov
Alexander Vezenkov
Regional Fellow in History, New Europe College, Bucharest; Körber Junior Visiting Fellow
History Against Geography. Should We Always Think of the Balkans as Part of Europe?
Thomas Szanto Ph.D. Candidate in Philosophy, Vienna University; ÖAW DOC-Stipendiat
What ‘Science of Consciousness’? A Phenomenological Take on Naturalizing the Mind
Adam Kozuchowski Ph.D. Candidate in History, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw; Körber Junior Visiting Fellow
Why and How Do States Fall? The Case of Austria-Hungary in the Inter-War Historical Discourse
No. 93
Summer 2006
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TISCHNER DEBATES |
The Tischner Debate On Europe at Warsaw University
Photo: Marcin Baba
“What is Truth?” and “On Europe” In 2005, the IWM and Warsaw University jointly launched a series of public debates in memory of Polish priest and philosopher Jozef Tischner, founding president of the IWM. In May, two debates reflected on “Europe” and the question of “What is Truth?” The following texts by participants of both debates are shortened versions of articles which were published in the Polish daily Rzeczpospolita.
Pilate therefore said unto him, “Art thou a king then?” Jesus answered, “Thou sayest that I am a king. To this end was I born, and for this cause came I into the world, that I should bear witness unto the truth. Every one that is of the truth heareth my voice.” Pilate saith unto him, “What is truth?” And when he had said this, he went out again unto the Jews, and saith unto them, “I find in him no fault at all.” (The Gospel of John, 18:37-18:38)
Leszek Kolakowski, “On Truth” Pilate asked his question in 33 A.D., almost two thousand years ago. By then, the problem of the essence of truth had occupied the minds of outstanding thinkers for several hundred years. After Pilate, tens, hundreds if not thousands of leading Europeans tried to cope with this seemingly trivial albeit deba-
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2005 startete das IWM gemeinsam mit der Universität Warschau eine Reihe von öffentlichen Debatten, benannt nach dem polnischen Philosophen und Priester Jozef Tischner, Gründungspräsident des IWM. Im Mai beschäftigten sich zwei Debatten mit „Europa“ und der Frage „Was ist Wahrheit?“. Die folgenden (gekürzten) Texte von Teilnehmern der beiden Debatten wurden ursprünglich in der polnischen Tageszeitung Rzeczpospolita veröffentlicht.
table issue. The history of fied conventions or are this inquiry has seen a they really existing phemultitude of approaches nomena? All these inquiand interpretations. […] ries cannot be erased from How did I come to human minds. These are this world? Was it a result the kind of questions to of simple procreation or which we would like to a consequence of some have definite and authenplan designed by Provitic answers. This is not a dence, a plan which my trivial matter. We can be existence is part of, a plan sure that these questions which I am not able to will always exist in our fully comprehend? Is the culture because they development of our preoccupy so many peoworld predetermined by ple. If they vanished or logic and a carefully elaaroused no interest, our borated scenario or is it civilization would underLeszek Kolakowski limited to a senseless and go a metamorphosis such aimless movement of that we would not be able atoms? Do our efforts and torments have any to recognize or describe. meaning or do they have no meaning at all? (Originally published in: Are good and evil the products of our codiRzeczpospolita, May 20, 2006)
| TISCHNER DEBATES
Adam Zagajewski, “On Truth”
May 8, What is Truth?
[…] As a genre, literature operates on two Introduction: Leszek Kolakowski, Profesprinciples, the perception of the world and sor em. of Philosophy, Oxford; member of creative imagination. These two forces the IWM’s Academic Advisory Board always compete with each other. Let us look Participants: at the first component, the perception of the Krzysztof Michalski, Professor of world. Above all, we, the Poles, are increaPhilosophy, Boston and Warsaw singly trying to understand why we always Universities; Rector of the IWM consider ourselves to be the innocent victims of historical cataclysms – as victims Wladyslaw Strozewski, Professor only. We cannot comprehend the Jedwabne of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, massacre. It is as if our past did not contain Cracow pogroms, people denouncing Jews, and barJanusz Tazbir, Professor of History, barian anti-Semitism. Similarly, we regard Polish Academy of Sciences the suffering of the millions of expelled GerAdam Zagajewski, poet, novelist and mans as the invention of anti-Polish propaessayist; Associate Professor of English ganda. “It cannot be. They exaggerate,” we in the Creative Writing Program, think. It is always easier to accept illusion Houston University than the truth. We believe that victimization Moderator: Marcin Król, Professor of applies only to us; we glorify it and take the History of Ideas, Warsaw University; great pride in it. “Please do not take it from member of the IWM Academic Advisory us,” we seem to tell the world. “Otherwise Board we have nothing left.” It is the experience of captivity, which saturated us with passivity and historical determinism, promoting a and globalization. Rather they must be the one-sided attitude toward ourselves and our victims of their own actions, the victims of neighbors. “Look sir. Here. They knocked the Kantian “bent tree of humanity” and the it out,” says the protagonist of Slawomir primal sin, the victims of their own greed. Mrozek’s “Moniza Clavier,” this Polish They must suffer as a result of their own illueveryman, showing his missing teeth to sions, malice, impulses, opportunism, astonished foreigners. […] ignorance, aspirations and hubris. A novePassivity and the cult of victimization list must be able to see and describe his prodeter us from coming to terms with the truth tagonists’ arrogance, cowardice and inabiliand the past. We do not want to see oursel- ty to judge themselves. He should observe ves as perpetrators and active beings who them with a smile and embarrassment. explore and err. But selfAlways ready to conascribed innocence does not demn them, he must also advance literature and polilearn how to love them tics. These two domains and how to find pathos have more commonalities and glory in their fall. than we tend to think. In But above all, a writer fact, politics is a literature must demonstrate to reathat took to the streets. This ders that even if his prois why we have bad writers tagonists are marionetand politicians. The protates in the hands of gonists of our novels cannot destiny, they are also free always be the victims of beings, lovable and deteexternal forces: serfdom and stable at the same time, partitions, tuberculosis and characters with which we sanacja (or endecja), Nazi can identify. occupation and the commuOur incapable polinist state, security police and ticians are the spitting Adam Zagajewski censorship. They cannot images of the protagoPhoto: Wojciech Koranowicz only suffer the consequennists of our bad novels. ces of the Roundtable Talks and unhappy They have a highly ‘selective’ conscience, childhood, just as they cannot constantly put which always highlights the calumnies they up with neo-capitalist corporations, the Insti- suffered. In fact, a politician is like a charactute of National Remembrance, mass media ter from a novel who has suddenly found
Józef Tischner Fellowships 2007 ATIONS C I L P P A R CALL FO 15, 2006 ecember D : e n li d a e D
The Institute for Human Sciences awards one Józef Tischner Fellowship per year to a young Polish or Polish-American researcher. The six-month fellowship is open to all academic disciplines in the humanities and social sciences. Research projects should be related to one of the IWM’s main research fields. Candidates for the Józef Tischner Fellowship must be Polish citizens or permanently reside in Poland. The fellowship is also open to Polish-American scholars. Józef Tischner (1931–2000) was one of the most eminent contemporary Polish philosophers. Solidarity’s first chaplain, he was an exceptional moral authority and at the same time one of the most famous and beloved figures in Polish public life. Please visit the IWM website for further details www.iwm.at/fellowships.htm
Józef Tischner Fellows are eligible for a grant under the HOMING Program of the Foundation for Polish Science (for details see www.fnp.org.pl).
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TISCHNER DEBATES |
himself in the real world. Like his literary cousins, he wants to be adored and often looks into the mirror, and like his compatriots, he is deeply convinced about his and his party’s innocence. But good literature and skilled politics are only possible when innocence has been lost, when innocent individuals and nations no longer exist, and after life has taught us that redemption comes after a tragedy, not before it. […] Fortunately, there have been great advances in Polish poetry in the last fifty years. Its leading authors grasped the metaphysical responsibility that fell on their shoulders. They understood that people had to overcome a focus on sacrifice and innocence because when free individuals look for the guilty party they always start with self-examination. The poets of this generation escaped the trap of messianism and did not shy away from searching for the truth, even the bitter one. They never forgot that poetry is also a game, Schiller’s game of imagination, a game, which is played for very high stakes. […] (Originally published in: Rzeczpospolita, May 27, 2006)
Joschka Fischer, “On Europe” Whenever I come to Warsaw I cannot forget the past. I cannot forget the crimes committed by Nazi Germany, I cannot forget the Holocaust, I cannot forget the massacres of the Poles and the destruction of this beautiful city in World War II. These memories constitute an integral part of the European discourse. This consciousness is particularly important for my country. Even the young generation of Germans born and brought up after the war will not erase these events from its memory. It is our historical and moral responsibility to remember. World War II divided not only Germany but the entirety of Europe. Following Nazi occupation, Poland found itself under Soviet domination. At the same time, our continent benefited from two strategic decisions. The first and fundamental one was taken by American policymakers who decided to engage the United States in Western Europe and to defend European security. The fact that the US did not evacuate its forces across the Atlantic was of paramount importance. I do not think that without this decision we would experience the situation in which the American president declared in a speech delivered in Warsaw the following: “We live in united and free Europe.” The second decision was taken by wise, French politician Robert Schuman who initiated the creation of the European Coal and
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Joschka Fischer
Photo: Marcin Baba
Steel Community, the forerunner of the European Community. Schuman believed that the previous political system that had dominated Europe set the continent on the course of selfdestruction in the twentieth century. The problem was not the existence of sovereign states. Rather it was the conflict of their interests that led to the war. But sovereign states do have opposite interests. What should be done to avoid a new, total conflict? The construction of the new system of European cooperation began with the reflection on the commonality of economic goals. This was the starting point of European integration. […] The crucial issue is whether we can preserve peace in Europe. Can we really build a united and free Europe? I am not going to talk about 1945. Rather I would like to refer to 1991 and the Balkan tragedy. There, we saw the rebirth of nationalism and racism instead of respect for European heterogeneity. We also witnessed the rehabilitation of the old principles stating that force alone determines borders and that mass rapes, murders and violence are legitimate means for changing the ethnic composition of a given region. This was our experience of the 1990s. Our answer to this catastrophe was a military intervention. As a German, I was educated in the spirit of two dogmas: “No more war. No more Auschwitz.” But under new circumstances, these two principles proved somehow contradictory. Still, I always believed that European integration was the key to peace in the Balkans. This is why we came up with the idea of the stabilization pact and began negotiations with Balkan states, opening to them the doors to NATO and the EU. I am a staunch advocate of the EU enlargement, even though – let’s be honest – the majority of my countrymen and other European citizens are deeply frustrated by this deve-
lopment. Still, I believe we would commit a grave error in terminating this process. I doubt that we will succeed in preserving peace on our continent if its one part, already integrated within the EU, is accompanied by the other Europe, rejected and abandoned by the community. We cannot live according to two contradictory principles, nationalism and integration. Such cohabitation will eventually produce a threat to peace and will paralyze the development of the whole continent. […] We all remember what happened in Kiev, in Majdan square, two years ago. At that time, we were inquiring not only about the future of Ukrainian democracy, but also about more global issues. The Ukrainian events took place only a few months after the EU enlargement. It is then hardly surprising that we posed the following questions: Will Europe accept the fact that in our relations with Russia we are returning to the old, imperial model of spheres of influence? Shall we agree that power is more important than the will of the citizens, expressed in free and unfettered elections? Two years ago, in Kiev, we realized that Europe had common goals. Thanks to the mediation of presidents Aleksander Kwasniewski of Poland and Valdas Adamkus of Lithuania, thanks to Polish diplomats, Javier Solana of the EU, and many others who acted behind the scenes, we sent a clear signal to Russia that one cannot falsify elections or conduct the policy of spheres of influence. If we had failed then, today our situation would be completely different. This is exactly what I have in mind when talking about the commonality of interests. Questions about the future of Ukraine were extremely important for Poland and the Baltic states. But the same inquiries were equally important for all of Europe, particularly in the case where we have been planning our common future. […] One of the main weaknesses of Germany and other member states is the belief that the problems they are facing are the direct result of enlargement. This is a faulty premise. When we joined our forces in the common market, Europe increased its position in the global economy. If we waste this opportunity, we will also lose our significance in the world markets. […] We can easily tell Turkey: “We do not want you.” However, we must understand what kind of price we will have to pay for this attitude. Turkey is a member of NATO and the European Council because during the Cold War it was in charge of defending the alliance’s southern flank. While signing the affilia-
| TISCHNER DEBATES
tion treaty with Turkey, the EU promised this country membership in the future because everyone understood Turkey’s international role. But now, facing a nuclear crisis in relations with Iran, witnessing a chaos in Iraq, seeing a threat to Israel and observing how the entire region disintegrates, we are telling Turkey: “We love you, we hug you, but our doors are closed to you. Good luck.” This is children’s play and I understand its roots – concerns over voters’ support in each country. In this context, I can easily distinguish populism from authentic political leadership. We owe our political posts to the vote of our citizens and we should never ignore our electorate. But we must never yield to popular pressure in principal matters, especially if we believe that we have adopted a right course. This is the essence of leadership. When a child sees something which it is afraid of, it simply covers his eyes and cries: “You are not here!” Yet danger is still there. I prefer to deal with the situation in an adult way by making decisions and accepting their costs.
May 24, On Europe Introduction: Joschka Fischer, former German Minister of Foreign Affairs Participants: Danuta Hübner, European Commissioner for Regional Policy, Brussels Bronislaw Geremek, Professor of History; member of the European Parliament; former Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs; member of the IWM’s Board of Patrons Radoslaw Sikorski, Polish Minister of National Defence Aleksander Smolar, President of the Stefan Batory Foundation, Warsaw; Vice Chair of the IWM’s Academic Advisory Board Moderators: Marcin Król, Professor of the History of Ideas, Warsaw University; member of the IWM Academic Advisory Board Krzysztof Michalski, Professor of Philosophy, Boston and Warsaw Universities; Rector of the IWM
If we stop the European integration on the current level, we will not build a strong Europe. Our citizens will hold us accountable but by then it might be too late. (Originally published in: Rzeczpospolita, June 17, 2006)
Danuta Hübner, “On Europe” Our debate about the conditions of the European integration has been dominated by pessimism and skepticism. Rather than emphasizing achievements and clarifying what constitutes the image of strong and healthy Europe, we feel much better pointing to weaknesses and failures. […] The liberalization of trade and globalization, which have greatly advanced in recent decades and which have dramatically increased Europe’s competition with the outside world, led to an unprecedented economic growth, but not on our continent. High rates of growth in new member states equal only 5 percent of the EU’s GDP. A mass influx of the producers of cheaply manufactured goods onto the European markets necessitates great
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TISCHNER DEBATES |
structural changes in our economy. But this Radoslaw Sikorski, “On Europe” reconstruction suffers from an inadequate I understand that the reason for which I have pace. Subjected to the strong pressure of exter- been invited to participate in this debate is my nal competition, the European institutions in euroskepticism. However, it will be rather difcharge of protecting job markets and social ficult to prove my euroskeptic credentials welfare often lack adaptive and innovative because we are not going to debate whether skills. The outcome of these processes is para- Poland should or should not be in Europe. It doxical: on the one hand, European consu- seems to me that for the Poles, the case in supmers benefit from the liberalization of trade port of their membership in the EU does not and the free movement of capital; on the need any further elaboration. Here I can see other, they oppose globalization as detrimen- some parallels with the attitude of Germany, tal to traditional economic sectors. If we add which advocated the unification of Europe and an intellectual and emotional failure to grasp Poland’s access to the European Union. We the breakneck speed with which our world can summarize the Polish line of reasoning evolves, fear and the uncertainties of life, it in the following way: we will become a noris hardly surprising that an average European mal European country when we have norcitizen does not obtain psychological comfort from the rising quality of everyday life. […] We have so many reasons to be proud of our achievements. Never before in peaceful times was our continent so closely integrated. Never before in Europe did the zone of peace and calm extend so widely and never before did the dialogue between neighbors (with the excepDanuta Hübner and Radoslaw Sikorski Photo: Marcin Baba tion of Belarus) flourish so freely. We cross borders between countries as mal European neighbors on both sides of our if moving from one parish to another. Those border. This logic also defines our stance in the who say that we are less mobile than the Ame- debate on the arrangement of Europe’s borricans should visit European universities whe- ders. We should get to the roots of this debare one can hear all languages spoken on our te. The Treaty of Rome of 1957 clearly states continent and elsewhere. Our internal market, that each European country can join the Unithe monetary-economic union, is functioning. on. In this respect, the term “European” applies We aspire to conduct more unified foreign and to a state which has the majority of its territory defense policy because we can see benefits deri- lying on our continent. […] As the minister of defense, I argue that ving from unity. European culture and civilization have been greatly admired by the whole Europe needs more precise solutions regarding world yesterday and today. A combination of a common defense policy. Let us look at our national and local traditions, regional identi- budget. At present, our expenditure on defenties, a great linguistic variety – all these factors se constitutes one third of the amount allocacontribute to the wealth of local cultures which ted to this domain by the US. But when it characterizes Europe. European values inspire comes to military potential, a disproportion nations, societies and individuals. Democracy, between the EU and the US is even greater – human rights, minority rights, freedom and Europe’s military capacities equal 5, at maxisolidarity with the poor have become an inte- mum 10 percent of what is at the disposal of gral part of our socio-political and cultural the US. This is hardly surprising. If each Amelandscape and permeated international trea- rican state had its own general staff, army, navy, ties. These values attract new members and air force and quartermaster, it would waste oblige us to open our doors to the world, to funds in the same inefficient way as we do on the old continent. Focus on specific miliour neighbors. […] (Originally published in: tary tasks as well as common funding of Rzeczpospolita, July 1, 2006) various defensive initiatives in the EU and the
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European pier of NATO are absolutely necessary. […] I fully agree that Europe needs a constitution. The Europeans need moral, political and social guidance. Until very recently I lived in the US. One of my favorite buildings in Washington D.C. was the US National Archive, styled after the Rome Pantheon. This place is the repository of the US Constitution, which is inscribed on four large sheets of paper. Thousands of Americans visit the archive every year, considering it the temple of American citizen rights. In the US, the constitution is sacred. I have thought about it during the ongoing constitutional debate in Europe and wondered if the document proposed by the former French president will ever acquire the symbolical status of those four sheets of papyrus stored at the US National Archive. I doubt it for several reasons. First of all, the US Constitution contains 7,000 words, whereas the European project has 77,000 words. As a young man growing up under communism, I managed to catch something from the science of dialectical materialism. According to one of its principles, quantity transforms itself into quality. But Marx was wrong – quantity does not transform itself into quality. I believe that the European Constitution should be a repository of laws, a tool serving citizens in confrontations with bureaucrats and their excessive aims. The constitution should clearly separate the federal from the national. I also believe that we, the citizens, could grant more prerogatives to the federation if we knew that certain powers would remain under the authority of the nation states. The US Constitution guarantees that the federation will never pass bills that concern religious matters. Here, in Europe, the volume of laws reserved for nation states can be even wider. Unfortunately, the proposed version of the European Constitution does not contain such clearly defined provisions. I think that we need a constitution, which is comprehensible not only to an educated person, but also to a high school student who can learn its preamble by heart. (Originally published in: Rzeczpospolita, June 24, 2006) The texts were translated by Mikolaj Kunicki. The Tischner Debates are sponsored by the oil company Orlen; media partners are the TV channel tvn24; the daily Rzeczpospolita; the internet provider onet.pl; and the first and second program of the Polish Broadcasting Corporation.
| IHS BOSTON
Minority Identities in Modern Europe In 2005 the Institute for Human Sciences at Boston University began awarding annual Milena Jesenská Fellowships for North American journalists to work on a topic of European scope and relevance during a three-month stay at the IWM in Vienna. Sarah Wildman, Senior Correspondent for American Prospect magazine and the first recipient of the new fellowships, spent March-May 2006 at the IWM working on her project “Abroad at Home: Muslims and Jews in Modern Europe.”
Seit 2005 vergibt das Institute for Human Sciences an der Boston University Milena Jesenská-Fellowships für US-Journalisten, die an einem europäischen Thema arbeiten. Sarah Wildman, Senior Correspondent für American Prospect und die erste Stipendiatin des neuen Programms, verbrachte März – Mai 2006 am IWM; ihr Projekt: “Abroad at Home: Muslims and Jews in Modern Europe.”
It’s not often that a journalist stays in Sarah Wildman one place for any length of time – let alone a city as lovely as Vienna. But with a Milena Jesenská Fellowship I was required to do just that: to be in residence at the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna, to glean from the experience of the other fellows in residency there, and to delve fully into my subject without the pressure of a daily or weekly deadline. It was not only a great privilege – this I knew before I began – but also a tremendous opportunity, one that provided a huge boost to my work, my understanding of Muslim head-covering often associated with Europe, and my usefulness as a translator of Taliban’s Afghanistan. Across the top the European issues to an American audience. FPÖ – Austrian Freedom Party – posed the For several years now I have been fasci- purposefully ominous question „Austria, is nated with the interconnected iconographies this your future?“ At the same time letters of foreigners in Europe. This curiosity in the popular (or, perhaps, populist) Kroextends from new ideas about European citi- nen Zeitung warned against a „third Turkish zenship to how new immigrants in Europe seige“ referring to both the burgeoning Tur– namely Muslims – have intersected with kish population of Vienna and the 14th centhe other long-time outsiders of Europe; tury trauma of Ottoman-Austrian history. namely, Jews. It extends to ways, recently, These fanned anxieties – xenophobic, IslaMuslims and Jews re-enact the Middle East mophobic, aggressively hostile – represent conflict on this continent. What I had not the direction of right wing energy in Eurofully considered was the role of indigenous pe and became one of the focal points of my Europeans in shaping those identities, and work as a Milena Jesenská Fellow. how, in turn, outsiders shape European perIn the last decade and a half the relaticeptions of self. Equally important, I dis- onship between Muslims in Europe and covered in Vienna, is the complicated posi- their adopted home countries has been straitioning of modern European history. The ned by external events – the bombings on Milena Jesenská Fellowship allowed me to 9/11, 7/11, and 3/11. But the tension in the commence an investigation into these, presence of a Muslim minority in Europe is admittedly wide-ranging, issues. not confined to, nor defined by, terror alone. One of the peculiar perks of living in a Europe has come to question whether Islam new city is a heightened awareness of one’s itself can coexist in the context of European surroundings. In Vienna this spring, bus and or „Enlightenment“ values. This is a broad tram stops were plastered with posters of a ranging debate with tentacles that stretch white woman wearing a full burka – the from bestowing EU citizenship (Turkey) to
education (girls wearing the veil and participating in mixed-sex sports). As part of my Milena Jesenská Fellowship I listened to the rhetoric of the far right – and the not so far right. I interviewed Marine Le Pen in Paris (daughter of Jean Marie Le Pen, the founder of Front National), and Filip Dewinter, a Flemish nationalist and head of the Vlaams Belang Party in Antwerp. I read texts by liberals – reviewing a handful of polemics for a new American journal called Democracy – who sincerely believe that Europe is being „colonized“ from within, and I analyzed how ostensibly mainstream law makers like Nicholas Sarkozy in France and Liese Prokop in Austria have adopted the language of the Far Right in shaping policy concerning Muslims in Europe. At the same time I found myself unable to pull my own identity out of the debate. As the granddaughter of refugees from Nazi Vienna, Holocaust memory, memorials, and a modern relationship to history became a starting point for other areas of investigation. I published several articles while I was in Vienna. But more importantly, the seeds of many more stories took root. Having a Milena Jesenská Fellowship gave me three months of intellectual breathing room. Not every line of investigation will become a story, but every analysis made, book read, lecture attended, and conversation engaged will inform my future work, broaden its scope, and deepen the context of what is to come. Sarah Wildman
www.iwm.at/boston No. 93
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TUESDAY LECTURES |
Tuesday Lectures The IWM regularly hosts a speaker, often a current fellow or guest, who holds a public lecture related to one of the Institute’s projects or research fields. These lectures normally take place on a Tuesday evening. An e-mail information service on upcoming events is available at www.iwm.at/events.htm
Die Bibliothek des IWM ist regelmäßig Schauplatz eines öffentlichen Vortrags, gefolgt von einer informellen Diskussion. Fellows und Gäste des Instituts sowie internationale Wissenschaftler und Intellektuelle werden – in der Regel an einem Dienstag - eingeladen, ihre aktuellen Forschungsergebnisse zu präsentieren. Einen E-Mail-Informationsservice zu bevorstehenden Veranstaltungen bietet die Website des IWM: www.iwm.at/events.htm
May 2
May 9
Mirela-Luminita Murgescu
Rainer Kuhlen
A Test Case for the Construction of Historical Memory: Young Romanians Dealing with 1989
Wem gehören Wissen und Information?
December 1989 is still sensitive for many Romanians. In dealing with this issue, historians and social scientists are outnumbered by political analysts, writers and journalists. Besides, many people still remember the events.
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Der Vortrag behandelte die weltweiten Auseinandersetzungen um die Verfügung über Wissen und Information, die heute zum einen über die Intensivierung der rechtlichen Regelungen, also über die Anpassung des Urheberrechts, und zum andern durch die zunehmende Verwendung von technischen Schutzmaßnahmen geführt werden. Von beidem sind sowohl die allgemeinen Publikumsmärkte betroffen als auch Bildung und Wissenschaft, denen im Urheberrecht angesichts der politisch geförderten fortschreitenden Kommerzialisierung von Wissen und Information kaum noch Spielraum für den freien Zugriff auf publiziertes Wissen gegeben wird. Rainer Kuhlen ist Professor für Informationswissenschaft an der Universität Konstanz. Kommentator: Wolfgang Zinggl, Kultursprecher der Grünen im Nationalrat In Zusammenarbeit mit der Grünen Bildungswerkstatt
Yet the generation now reaching adulthood has no personal remembrance of 1989, having to rely either on family memory or on public discourse. Mirela-Luminita Murgescu analyzed aspects of 1989 considered relevant by Romanian youth, outlining their relevance not only for the public mind of current Romania, but also as a test-case for the construction of historical memory. Mirela Murgescu is Professor of History at the University of Bucharest and currently Körber Visiting Fellow at the IWM.
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Reihe: GAPS – Aktuelle und zukünftige Polarisierungstendenzen in der Gesellschaft
Politischer Salon May 17 Stanley Greenberg Challenges for Democratic Politics in the US and in Europe Please read a report about the Political Salon with Stanley Greenberg on pages 10-11 of this issue of the IWM Post. In cooperation with
| TUESDAY LECTURES
May 30 Enikö Magyari-Vincze
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Social Exclusion and Reproductive Control. The Case of Roma Women Gendered and ethnicized social differentiation and the underlying cultural mechanisms that produce and legitimize these newly constituted hierarchies are part of postsocialist transition. Enikö Magyari-Vincze looked at the hierarchical distribution of economic and social resources through the issue of reproductive control in Romania. The empirical research on which her analysis is based was done in the city of Orastie within Roma communities, whe-
Religion und politische Kultur Alessandro Ferrara Religion und postsäkulare Vernünftigkeit Olivier Mongin / Für eine Erneuerung des Laizismus Jean-Louis Schlegel in Frankreich
June 13 Helga Krüger Lebenslauf und Ungleichheit oder: Die Frage nach einer Familienpolitik der Zukunft Reihe: Bruchlinien der Ungleichheit
re she could observe how gender, ethnicity and class were intertwined in the production of Roma women’s disadvantaged position and classified them as underserved social categories. Enikö Magyari-Vincze is Professor of Cultural Anthropology at the Babes-Bolyai University, Romania, and currently Andrew W. Mellon Fellow at the IWM.
Eine Familienpolitik der Zukunft hat es mit drei Ungleichheiten zu tun – und mit einem Gespenst, wie Helga Krüger in ihrem Vortrag ausführte. Es gilt demnach, ungleiche soziale Lagen, aber auch regionale Differenzen ausgleichend in den Blick zu nehmen, und sich schließlich mit Ungleichheitsdynamiken zwischen den Geschlechtern auseinanderzusetzen. Denn das Gespenst, das umgeht, signalisiert, dass die Familiengründung wenig in den modernen Lebenslauf passt – weder in den männlichen, noch in den weiblichen. Die europäischen Länder gehen verschiedene familienpolitische Wege.
Mikolaj Kunicki Zwischen Anpassung, Widerstand und Dialog. Das Verhältnis von Kirche und Staat im kommunistischen Polen 1945 - 1989 Andrea Roedig Das Fleisch der Zeichen Ein Versuch über Katholizismus, Gretchenfragen und die postmodernen Zeiten Abdessalam Cheddadi Toleranz im Islam Shlomo Avineri Staatskunst ohne Staat – ein jüdischer Beitrag zur politischen Geschichte?
Soody Sharifi Teenager. Photographien
Aleksander Smolar Polen: Die Radikalen an der Macht Wojciech Orlinski Ex oriente horror. Osteuropa in den Stereotypen der Populärkultur Timothy Snyder Der vergessene Geheimkrieg. Der polnisch-sowjetische Kampf der Geheimdienste um die Ukraine und wie das Europa von heute zustande kam
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No. 93
Summer 2006
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FELLOWS & GUESTS |
Visiting Fellows Andras Barabas Translator, Editorial Board Member of the journal 2000, Budapest Paul Celan Visiting Fellow April – June
Ernest Gellner: Nations and Nationalism In the framework of his fellowship, Andras Barabas translated Nations and Nationalism into Hungarian.
Anna Bergmann Privatdozentin der Europa Universität Viadrina, Cultural Studies, Frankfurt / Oder May - October
Animismus, Sterben, Totenkult und Tod im Kontext der Transplantationsmedizin Das Projekt analysiert die Organtransplantation unter dem Aspekt der Tabuüberschreitung und daraus folgender magischer Ängste. Im Zentrum stehen sowohl Konfliktpotentiale, die aus der Kollision von Bräuchen der Sterberituale und des Totenkults hervorgehen, als auch das bei Organempfängern zu beobachtende Phänomen, dass animistischmagische Vorstellungen über ein Weiterleben der ihrem Körper einverleibten Toten virulent werden.
Tymofyi Havryliv Habilitand (Literaturwissenschaft), Ivan Franko Universität Lviv Non-stipendiary Visiting Fellow April – December
Identitäten in der Literatur Tymofyi Havryliv untersucht verschiedene Fragen zur Identität in der Literatur. Der Autor steht dabei ebenso im Zentrum seines Interesses wie auch der Protagonist eines literarischen Textes und schließlich der Text selbst.
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Claus Leggewie Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for Interactive Media, Gießen University Körber Visiting Fellow February – August
How Many Pasts to Master? The Construction and Convergence of Collective Memories in Europe
Enikö Magyari-Vincze Mikhail Khorkov
Professor of Cultural Anthropology and Gender Studies, Babes-Bolyai University, ClujNapoca Andrew W. Mellon Fellow April – June
Privatdozent, Institut für Philosophiegeschichte, Universität für Völkerfreundschaft, Moskau Paul Celan Visiting Fellow July – September
Max Scheler: Philosophische Fragmente aus dem Nachlass Im Vordergrund des Projekts steht die Bemühung um die Übersetzung (aus dem Deut-
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schen ins Russische) und Publikation der unveröffentlichten Fragmente Max Schelers aus dem Max-Scheler-Nachlass in der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek in München. Diese nicht immer sauber und geschlossen ausgearbeiteten Fragmente sind für mehrere Themen der Spätphilosophie Max Schelers nicht nur wichtigstes, sondern auch einziges Fundament der Forschung.
Mirela Murgescu Associate Professor of History, University of Bucharest Körber Visiting Fellow February – August
Youngsters and 1989. An Inquiry into the Emergence of Historical Memory The revolutions of 1989 were a major event at the European level. Now, the emergence of a new generation without personal experience and remembrance of 1989 allows scrutinizing the ways in which various, sometimes competing discourses shape historical memory.
Michael Staudigl Habilitand (Phänomenologie, Politische Philosophie), Universität Wien, APART-Stipendiat der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften October 2003 – December 2006
Phänomen Gewalt. Perspektiven phänomenologischer Forschung Sarah Wildman
Social Exclusion at the Crossroads of Gender, Ethnicity and Class. A View Through the Control of Reproduction
Senior Correspondent, American Prospect, Washington
The project looks at the distribution of economic and social resources through the issue of reproductive control in Romania. Within Roma communities, Magyari-Vincze could observe how gender, ethnicity and class were intertwined in the production of Roma women’s disadvantaged position.
Abroad at Home: Muslims and Jews in Modern Europe
Milena Jesenská Fellow March – May
Please read a report by Sarah Wildman on her fellowship on page 21 in this issue of the IWM Post.
| FELLOWS & GUESTS
Milan Zitny Lecturer in German language and literature, Comenius University, Bratislava Paul Celan Visiting Fellow July - December
Soren Kierkegaard: Enten – Eller The division of Europe during the Cold War period led to significant gaps in the availability and reception of seminal texts in the humanities and social sciences. In 1987, the Paul Celan Fellowships for Translators were established to help overcome these gaps and thus to promote the exchange of ideas and scholarly discussion between the East and the West, and within Central and Eastern Europe. In the frame of his fellowship, Milan Zitny will translate Soren Kierkegaard’s Enten - Eller into Slovakian.
Junior Visiting Fellows Herwig Czech
Anna Czuchry
Ph.D. Candidate in History, Vienna University; ÖAW DOC-Stipendiat
Ph.D. Candidate in Philosophy, University of Zurich
January - September
Cleansing the National Body: Public Health, Welfare and “Racial Hygiene” in WWII Vienna The history of public health and welfare during the Third Reich is characterized by a profound dichotomy between medical crimes on one side, and the creation of an extensive welfare system for the majority on the other. The project will inquire into a crucial chapter of the history of the modern welfare state.
Józef Tischner Junior Visiting Fellow July – December
On Civic Virtue and Religion in a Liberal Political Order The concept of virtue, rediscovered recently as a subject of public debate and of phi-
losophical inquiry, provides for bridging distinct debates on the nature of active citizenship. A variety of critics of liberalism, known as communitarians or civic republicans, advanced complaints that focused on the lack of positive liberal ideals. Anna Czuchry’s study draws on the arguments of the philosophers including Rawls, Galston, Petit and Sandel and discusses whether, how and what kind of virtue should be incorporated into the concept of citizenship in a liberal polity.
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Eric Michael Dale Ph.D. Candidate in Religion, Boston University January - June
Freedom in History: Revisiting Theodicy in Hegel’s Philosophy of World History Eric Michael Dale’s research is centered around Hegel’s Philosophy of History and an investigation into the ethical limits of theodicy.
Csilla Kiss Assistant Professor, Institute for Social and European Studies, Dániel Berzsenyi College, Szombathely, Hungary Bosch Junior Visiting Fellow January – June
Austria-Hungary, as it was shaped by the generation which remembered the monarchy from its own past.
Alice MacLachlan
Mikolaj Kunicki
The Nature and Limits of Forgiveness
Assistant Professor of History, University of Notre Dame, Indiana Józef Tischner Junior Visiting Fellow July 2005 – June 2006
The Red and the Brown: The Life and Politics of Boleslaw Piasecki, 1915-1979 Mikolaj Kunicki’s research provides a comprehensive political biography of Boleslaw Piasecki, a prominent Polish nationalist politician who started his career as a fascist in the 1930s and ended it as a pro-communist Catholic activist in post-war Poland.
We Are Not Like Us – Transitional Justice and Post-Communist Memory Csilla Kiss’ research project focuses on post-communist identity through the study of transitional justice in Central Europe, arguing that the primary function of transitional justice is an attempt at the reconstruction of national history.
Adam Kozuchowski Ph.D. Candidate in History, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw Körber Junior Visiting Fellow January – June
The Unbearable Lightheadedness of History: Remembering and Reconstructing Austria-Hungary in Austria and Poland in the Inter-War Years The project aims at reconstructing and reinterpreting the historical discourse on
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Ph.D. Candidate in Philosophy, Boston University January - June
This project is a philosophical analysis of forgiveness’ place in moral philosophy and of its recent appropriation by political discourse. MacLachlan considers the nature of ordinary forgivingpractices, and what can be described as a limit case: the unforgivable.
Georg Maißer
Thomas Szanto
Doktorand (Philosophie, Universität Wien); ÖAW DOC-Stipendiat
Doktorand (Philosophie, Univerisät Wien), ÖAW DOC-Stipendiat
January - September
November 2005 – July 2006
Terrorism. On Perception and Justification of Violence
Consciousness and Mental Representation. Towards a Phenomenological Critique of Naturalistic Theories of the Mind
Lydia Mulvany Ph.D. Candidate in Philosophy, Boston University July – December
Nietzsche’s Gay Science
Sophie Loidolt Ph.D. Candidate in Philosophy, Vienna University; ÖAW DOC-Stipendiatin September 2005 - June 2006
Right and Appeal. Outline of a Phenomenology of Reason as Legitimizing Intentionality What happens in our consciousness if we judge something as ‘right’ in theoretical, moral or juridical terms? And what is the meaning of justification involved in these judgements? The project focuses on this formal teleology of justification.
of the past in valuation, the juxtaposition and poeticization of knowledge vs. life, and the meaning of “la gaya scienza,” or gay knowledge. Besides surveying Nietzsche’s ideas about the different relationships we have with knowledge and the past, Lydia Mulvany’s research also engages Nietzsche’s complex relationship to Romanticism, the Enlightenment, and his own appropriation/idealization of past cultures, especially classical antiquity.
The project focuses on interpreting madness and untimeliness in Nietzsche’s writings, and is using these concepts to illuminate problems of valuation. These include the role of history or knowledge
The project is dealing with the question of how to conceptualize conscious experience representing one of the most intriguing concerns of both contemporary philosophy of mind and classical transcendental phenomenology.
Ingvild Torsen Ph.D. Candidate in Philosophy, Boston University March – August
After Aesthetics: Martin Heidegger and the End of Art Ingvild Torsen is working on her dissertation which defends the thesis that Heidegger cannot have a philosophy of art in the traditional sense, since such an enterprise would be in conflict with his own recommendations for philosophy.
| FELLOWS & GUESTS | PUBLICATIONS
Publications
Alexsander Vezenkov
Iryna Vushko
Regional Fellow of History, New Europe College, Bucharest
Ph.D. Candidate in History, Yale University
Körber Junior Visiting Fellow January – June
September 2005 – June 2006
Ryszard Kapuscinski
Claus Leggewie
Enlightened Absolutism, Imperial Bureaucracy and Provincial Society: The Austrian Project to Transform Galicia, 1772-1815
Ten Inny, Krakow: ZNAK, 2006. Polish edition of the IWM Lectures in Human Sciences, held by Ryszard Kapuscinski in 2004, “On Others”. The lectures are published by Harvard University Press, Suhrkamp Verlag (Frankfurt/Main) and ZNAK publishers (Cracow).
Körber Visiting Fellow
Csilla Kiss
Andrea Roedig
Bosch Junior Visiting Fellow
Milena Jesenská Fellow 2006
„Transitional Justice und die Schaffung einer post-kommunistischen Identität“, in: science.ORF.at, 7. Juni 2006.
„Heiliger Kitsch“, in: die tageszeitung, Berlin, 27. Mai 2006; der Text entstand im Rahmen des Fellowships am IWM – ein längerer Beitrag erscheint im September in Transit – Europäische Revue 31.
Pretending to Be European: Balkan vs. Ottoman/Islamic/Turkish in Urban Studies
Guests Maria Moser Assistentin am Lehrstuhl für Sozialethik und Praktische Theologie, Universität des Saarlandes
Fredrik Svenaeus Professor at the Centre for Studies in Practical Knowledge, Södertörn University College, Huddinge (Sweden) June - July
Philosophy of Health and Health Care
July – September
Vom Opfer erzählen. Feministisch-ethische Analysen breitenwirksam kommunizieren Durch die theologische bzw. theologienahe Publikationslandschaft zieht sich ein Gap: Veröffentlicht werden zum einen wissenschaftlichtheoretisch komplexe und meist sehr ausführliche Studien und zum anderen Erbauungsliteratur. Damit bleiben die neuesten Ergebnisse theologischer Forschungsarbeit einem breiten Publikum weitgehend verschlossen. Maria Mosers Projekt besteht in dem Versuch, wider dieses Entweder-Oder von Erbauung und wissenschaftlicher Reflexion die Analysen und Ergebnisse ihrer Dissertation, die sich aus feministisch-ethischer Perspektive mit dem OpferBegriff beschäftigt hat, breitenwirksam aufzubereiten.
Philipp Ther Junior Professor für Polenund Ukrainestudien, EuropaUniversität Viadrina, Frankfurt/Oder May – June
Cornelia Klinger
Nationale Konflikte und ethnische Säuberungen im Europa des 20. Jahrhunderts
IWM Permanent Fellow
Das 2005 im Rahmen eines Körber-Fellowships am IWM begonnene Projekt untersucht die Vorgeschichte, die Ursachen und den Verlauf gewaltsamer nationaler Konflikte und „ethnischer Säuberungen“ im 20. Jahrhundert. Dabei werden die verschiedenen Phasen und regionalen Schwerpunkte erzwungener Migrationen in Europa verglichen. Die Forschungen sind bereits abgeschlossen; aktuell arbeitet Philipp Ther an einem Manuskript, das 2007 als Buch erscheinen soll.
„Zwischen Auflösung und Verfestigung: Zur Transformation des Begriffs Kultur im Prozess von Globalisierung“, in: C. v. Braun, U. Brunotte, G. Dietze, D. Hrzan, G. Jähnert, D. Pruin (Hg./Eds.), ‚Gotteskrieg’ und Geschlecht - ‘Holy War’ and Gender. Gewaltdiskurse in der Religion - Violence in Religious Discourses, Münster: LIT Verlag, 2006.
Sophie Loidolt Junior Visiting Fellow
“Working With Husserl,” in: The Husserl Archives, New School University, New York [online publication].
Wettbewerbsspiele. Die Inszenierung von Sport und Politik in den Medien, Jürgen Schwier, Claus Leggewie (Hg.), darin: „Marke Deutschland. Sport als Medium kollektiver Identität im Globalisierungsprozess“, Frankfurt/ Main: Campus, 2006. „Denken und Gedenken“, in: Die Presse, 22. Juli 2006. “Equally Criminal? Totalitarian Experience and European Memory,” in: Eurozine, June 2006 [online publication].
Michael Staudigl Visiting Fellow
„Spuren der Gewalt. Über Ansätze phänomenologischer Gewaltanalyse bei Husserl, Merleau-Ponty und Lévinas“, in: R. Pilat (Hg.), Phenomenology of Evil. In Memory of Jozef Tischner (forthcoming).
Karin Tertinegg QUING Junior Researcher
„Eine glückliche Familiengesellschaft – oder: Schöne Erwartungen. Das Hochzeitsbuch – eine Sammlung schöner Erwartungen der Sozialministerin an heiratswillige ÖsterreicherInnen“, mit Marianne Schulze, in: juridikum 2/2006, Juni 2006. No. 93
Summer 2006
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PUBLICATIONS | TRAVELS AND TALKS | VARIA |
Barbara Tóth
Travels & Talks
Milena Jesenská Fellow 2003
Ludger Hagedorn
1986. Das Jahr, das Österreich veränderte, Barbara Tóth und Hubertus Czernin (Hg.), Wien: Czernin Verlag, 2006.
Sarah Wildman Milena Jesenská Fellow 2006
“Why is Paris Burning? Two new books fan the flames of the European-Muslim conflict” [book review], in: Democracy: a Journal of Ideas, issue No.1, summer 2006. “Europe rethinks its ‘safe haven’ status,” in: Christian Science Monitor, May 23, 2006.
Marcin Zaremba Andrew W. Mellon Fellow 2005
Wizyta Jana Pawla II w Polsce 1979. Dokumenty KC PZPR i MSW [Visit of John Paul II in Poland in 1979. Documents of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party and the Ministry of Interior], Warsaw: Biblioteka Wiezi, 2005.
Thomas Szanto Junior Visiting Fellow
„Brauchen wir eine Naturwissenschaft des Bewusstseins?“, in: science.ORF.at, 24. Mai 2006. science.orf.at/news/144640
IWM Research Associate
Vortrag: „Verzeihen und Versprechen als Mächte politischen Handelns?“, Kolloquium Hannah Arendt – Denkerin des Zwischen, Guardini-Stiftung, Berlin (13. Mai 2006).
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Interview: „Ein Blick in die Seele Europas“, in: Kurier (Ausgabe vom 3. Juni 2006).
Tymofyi Havryliv
Klaus Nellen
Visiting Fellow
Permanent Fellow
Vortrag: „Die Geburt einer Literaturgeschichte aus dem bruchstückhaften Geist der Postmoderne“, Tagung Literaturgeschichten der ehemaligen Franz-Werfel-StipendiatInnen, Institut für Germanistik der Universität Wien (27.-28. Mai 2006).
On 12-14 May, Klaus Nellen took part in an editorial board meeting of the netmagazine Eurozine (www.eurozine.com)
Cornelia Klinger Permanent Fellow
Vortrag: „Erkenntnis und Veränderung in den Perspektiven der Geschlechterforschung“, Kongress Revisionen der Zukunft: Perspektiven der Geschlechterforschung, TU Braunschweig (4.-6. Mai 2006). Vortrag: „Möglichkeit, Wünschbarkeit und Wirklichkeit der Trennung von Öffentlichem und Privatem in der zweiten Moderne“, Tagung Rethinking the Ambivalences of Privacy, ZiF Bielefeld (11.-13. Mai 2006). Beteiligung am ExpertInnenworkshop Mögliche Formen und Organisationsstrukturen interdisziplinärer Forschung, Universität Graz (12. Juni 2006).
Claus Leggewie Körber Visiting Fellow
Vortrag: „Leitkultur-Vorbild USA?”, Tagung Leitkultur. Vom Schlagwort zur Sache,
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Wissenschaftliches Symposion in der Reihe Zeit-Fragen, Stiftung Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Bonn (3. Mai 2006).
Mieke Verloo Non-Resident Permanent Fellow
Lecture: “Multiple Inequalities, Intersectionality and the European Union,” Department of Political Sciences, University of Adelaide (May 8, 2006). Organization of training sessions on gender mainstreaming for European Parliament Committees [together with Sylvia Walby from Lancaster Universtity], Brussels (June 7-8 and 28-29, 2006).
Convenor and chair of a special session, “Critical Frame Analysis: Gender, Theory and Policy,” at the 20th IPSA Eurozine staff and editorial board members: (International Carl Henrik Fredriksson, Märt Väljataga, Political Science Simon Garnett, Antonio S. Ribeiro, Klaus Nellen, Association) Michaela Adelberger, Anna Wolf, Gabi Zipfel World Conference Is Democracy Worin Gstadt, Germany. This king?, Fukuoka, Japan time, discussions focused on (July 9-13, 2006). new journals in the network, future conferences, including the upcoming 19th European Meeting of Cultural Journals in October in London, and possible cooperation partners. As editor of the IWM’s jourIm Juli wurde IWM-Rektor nal Transit, a founding partKrzysztof Michalski – auf ner magazine in the Eurozine Vorschlag der Beigeordneten network, Klaus Nellen has Ministerin für europäische served on the editorial board Angelegenheiten beim Außensince 2000. minister – durch den französischen Präsidenten Jacques Chirac zum Offizier des Ingvild Torsen Ordre Nationale du Mérite Junior Visiting Fellow ernannt. Als Rektor des IWM habe Krzysztof Michalski Teilnahme am zweiten Trefeinen besonderen Beitrag fen der Martin Heideggergeleistet, sowohl zur EntwickForschungsgruppe Heidegger lung der österreichisch-franzöund die Dichtung, sischen Beziehungen, als auch Meßkirch, Deutschland für die Europäische Union. (24.-28. Mai 2006).
Varia
| OBITUARY
A Brave Skeptic: Márton Tardos (1928-2006) In June, Márton Tardos, former member of the IWM’s Academic Advisory Board, head of the comparative research program “Plan and/or Market” (1987-1991), co-editor of the IWM volume “Reform and Transformation” (Routledge, 1992), and a friend of the Institute, died in Budapest.
In Dubrovnik he walked into the sea; it was May 1989, the water was chilly, and he disappeared among the waves. An hour elapsed, but I could not imagine that the experienced swimmer (rower, skier) would be prevented by the Adriatic from fulfilling the dream of his life, to make a new revolution after the one crushed in 1956. Indeed, he stepped out from the sea as others from the bath tub, mentioning en passant that he got a cramp in his leg a mile from the shore. He was similarly – and unpretentiously – brave in matters of economics and politics. I never saw him frightened to death, a rarity in his generation. He was born into a rich Jewish family, became a Communist after the war, studied central planning in Leningrad, and said good-bye to Stalinism on his way back to Budapest in 1952. In 1956, he was among the intellectual leaders of the revolution; he did not join the party afterwards and had to wait for years to be established as a researcher. Tardos became a prominent reformer, a radical “market socialist” who in an unprecedented way was able to work together with the Politbureau member Rezsö Nyers, the father of the New Economic Mechanism, and, simultaneously, with the leader of the liberal opposition János Kis without losing his face. He was envied for his modesty and sovereignty and for his ability to combine Western theory with local experience, but also criticized because while publishing a number of influential articles, he postponed completion of his opus magnum on the history of Eastern European economic reforms.
He sacrificed most of his academic work to engage in “social engineering” after 1989 when he became a leading member (for a while, head of the parliamentary faction) of the Hungarian liberal party, the Alliance of Free Democrats. He did not cease to
scatter his scientific ideas all over the world without regard for scholarly titles and awards. As a politician, Tardos managed to put his theory of privatization (dating back as far as 1972!) into practice, a rare achievement in the life of an academic economist, and to develop it further. Nevertheless, as the post-communist transformation progressed, he lost his professional optimism step by step. The cleavages within the revolutionary elites in East-Central Europe, Russia’s Putinization, authoritarian liberalization in China, etc. all made him think twice about the original program of decommunization. “I have two different opinions but do not agree with any of them” was his favorite saying – ironic in the beginning, rather sad but definitely brave in the end. Out of politics and academia, he died in deep skepsis but moral integrity. János Mátyás Kovács Permanent Fellow, IWM
John Paul II greeting Márton Tardos at the IWM’s second Castellgandolfo Conference, “On the Crisis,” in 1985. Tardos’ paper “Die Ökonomie und die Gefahr der Krise” was published in: Krzysztof Michalski (ed.), Über die Krise. Castellgandolfo-Gespräche 1985, Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1986.
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GASTBEITRAG |
Die Zukunft der sozialen Sicherheit Die Reform unserer Sozialsysteme beschäftigt Politiker, Experten und Öffentlichkeit in allen europäischen Ländern. Im Mai widmete sich eine internationale Konferenz des IWM – unter Einbeziehung der US-Perspektive – diesem Thema [ein Bericht dazu ist auf S. 1-3 der IWM Post zu finden]. Der deutsche Wissenschaftler und Politiker Kurt Biedenkopf sprach dort im Rahmen einer öffentlichen Debatte wichtige Aspekte und Fragen an. Wir sprechen heute über verschiedene Formen, Strukturen und Ziele, die alle mit sozialer Sicherheit und mit sozialen Modellen zu tun haben. Es geht um die Frage, wie unsere Gesellschaft, wie unsere Länder – zusammengefasst: die Europäische Union auf der einen Seite und die Vereinigten Staaten auf der anderen Seite – diese Ziele zu verwirklichen suchen. In der ganzen westlichen Welt, zumindest in Amerika und in Europa, gibt es einen Grundkonsens: Demnach ist es nicht nur eine Aufgabe des Staates, sondern vielmehr eine Aufgabe der Gemeinschaft – wie immer diese Aufgabe gelöst wird – dafür zu sorgen, dass niemand ohne jede Hilfe ist; dass niemand alleine gelassen wird, ohne medizinische Versorgung bleibt, dass niemand hungern muss oder kein Dach über dem Kopf hat. Dies gilt gerade für Gesellschaften, die sich so hoch entwickelt haben wie die unseren in der westlichen Welt. Auch wenn zwischen unseren Ländern große Unterschiede zu finden sind: aus der Sicht des Restes der Welt, der immerhin fünf Sechstel der Menschheit ausmacht, wird das, was sich in Europa und Amerika entwickelt hat, insgesamt als Reichtum wahrgenommen. Die Menschen, die in Deutschland eine Grundsicherung erhalten, weil sie arbeitslos sind, haben ein Einkommen, das mehr als der Hälfte der Menschheit nicht zur Verfügung steht. Ich führe diesen Aspekt deshalb ein, weil diese Dimension – d.h. das Verhältnis der westlichen Welt zum Rest der Welt – häufig zu wenig beachtet wird. Die Aufgabe, dass niemand ohne Hilfe
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Politicians, experts and the public in all European countries are engaged with the reform of our social systems. In May, an international IWM conference which also included the US perspective was dedicated to this issue [please find a report on p. 1-3 of this issue of the IWM Post ]. At the meeting, German scholar and politician Kurt Biedenkopf addressed important aspects and questions during a public debate.
bleiben soll, wird auf unterschiedliche Weise umgesetzt. In Europa, insbesondere in Kontinentaleuropa, finden sich erste Weichenstellungen bereits im 19. Jahrhundert – und damit sehr viel früher als in den USA, wo sich erst in den 1930er Jahren ein entsprechendes Bewusstsein für staatlich organisierte Sozialsysteme entwickelte. Damals sind in Europa eine Reihe von Entscheidungen getroffen worden, die bis heute fortdauern; insbesondere die Entscheidung, den wesentlichen Teil der Kosten sozialer Systeme über die Löhne zu finanzieren. Dies wird heute zunehmend in Frage gestellt. Dies deshalb, weil mit dem Anstieg der Kosten der sozialen Systeme auf der einen Seite und dem Rückgang der sozialversicherungspflichtigen Arbeitsstunden, die die Bevölkerung pro Jahr leistet, eine immer größere Kluft zwischen Ausgaben und Einahmen entsteht. Die Ansprüche des Systems wachsen und die Basis schrumpft. Aus diesem Grund hat sich die Wirklichkeit heute schon weit von dem ursprünglichen Prinzip entfernt. Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland beispielsweise setzt mehr als die Hälfte des Bundesetats für die Finanzierung sozialer Transfers ein. Das ist eine sehr problematische Entwicklung. Denn der finanzielle Raum, in dem die Bundesrepublik Deutschland „von Staats wegen“ innovativ sein kann, verringert sich damit. Beim Vergleich bestehender sozialer Systeme sind wir immer auf die bisherigen Erfahrungen mit diesen angewiesen. In unsere Erfahrungen sind jedoch drei Veränderungen nicht eingegangen, welche die Zukunft dominieren werden:
Kurt Biedenkopf ist Ombudsmann der Deutschen Bundesregierung für die Arbeitsmarktreform sowie ehemaliger Ministerpräsident des Freistaats Sachsen (1990-2002). Als Mitglied des Kuratoriums ist er dem IWM seit langen Jahren eng verbunden. Er gilt als Experte für Themen der transatlantischen Beziehungen und die Auswirkungen der Globalisierung. Ausgewählte Publikationen: Die Ausbeutung der Enkel. Plädoyer für die Rückkehr zur Vernunft, Berlin: Propyläen (2006); 1989 – 1990. Ein deutsches Tagebuch, Berlin: Siedler (2000); Einheit und Erneuerung. Deutschland nach dem Umbruch in Europa, Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt (1994).
Zum einen ist dies die dramatische Veränderung der Bevölkerung, in Europa und auf der Welt. Während die Bevölkerung in Europa (wegen geringerer Geburtenquoten und einer Verlängerung der Lebenserwartung um sieben Wochen pro Jahr) altert und langsam zurückgeht, explodiert die Weltbevölkerung innerhalb der nächsten 45 Jahre um weitere rund zwei bis 2,5 Milliarden. Das zahlenmäßige Verhältnis zwischen den Räumen, die wir hier studieren – Europa und Amerika, und der gesamten Weltbevölkerung verändert sich damit zu Lasten der westlichen Welt. Unsere Minderheitsposition wird immer deutlicher und damit auch wirksamer. Auf der anderen Seite haben wir uns daran gewöhnt, etwa 70% der Weltressourcen für unsere Lebensweise in Anspruch zu neh-
| GASTBEITRAG
IMPRINT Responsible for the contents of the IWM Post:
men. Dieser Anspruch wird sich in Zukunft nicht aufrecht halten lassen. Damit stellt sich eine neue soziale Frage – nicht nur innerhalb der westlichen Welt, sondern global. Es wird nicht nur eine Globalisierung der Märkte geben, sondern zunehmend eine globale soziale Frage. Sie lässt sich, wenn auch nicht den Dimensionen nach, durchaus mit der großen sozialen Frage des 19. Jahrhunderts in Europa vergleichen – ausgelöst durch die schnelle und umfassende Industrialisierung und die damit verbundene Umwälzung der bisherigen Ordnungen; dies führte zu großen sozialen Spannungen und Konflikten. Die zweite Veränderung betrifft unsere Vorstellungen von Wirtschaftswachstum. Wenn es um die Überwindung der Arbeitslosigkeit und die Sicherung der Sozialsysteme geht, vertrauen wir allgemein auf die wohltätigen und soziale Konflikte verhindernden Wirkungen des Wirtschaftswachstums. Tatsächlich wird angemessenes und nachhaltiges Wachstums von den Industriegesellschaften als Grundlage der Bewältigung ihrer wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Aufgaben angesehen. Ich habe allerdings große Zweifel, ob wir klug beraten sind, wenn wir die Stabilität unserer sozialen Systeme auf der Annahme aufbauen, dass wir ein dauerhaftes, d.h. ein beständiges Wachstum des Bruttoinlandprodukts in Europa haben werden. Vielmehr sprechen nach meiner Überzeugung wesentliche Gründe dagegen. Wir messen unser Wachstum in von Hundert des jeweils erreichten BIP und folglich mit relativen Maßstäben. Der Prozess, den wir damit beschreiben, ist vergleichbar dem Verlauf der Vermehrung eines Vermögens nach der Zinseszinsrechnung: Je höher unser Lebensstandard, umso größer muss der absolute Zuwachs des BIP ausfallen, umso schneller müssen wir also wachsen, um einen konstanten Zuwachs gemessen in von Hundert des BIP zu erreichen. Mit anderen Worten: Wir gehen von einem exponentiellen Wachstum aus. Sie brauchen sich nur einmal das Vergnügen zu machen, mit der Zinseszinsrechnung auszurechnen, wie hoch das Bruttoinlandprodukt in 30 Jahren ist, wenn wir es mit 3% wachsen lassen – oder auch mit 2%, was allgemein für notwendig gehalten wird. Die Annahme, Europa oder die USA könnten ein derartiges Wachstum über längere Zeit aufrecht erhalten, ist vor dem Hintergrund der Verknappung der Weltressourcen, des Eintretens von Indien und China als Nachfrager nach Metallen, nach Kohle, nach Energie, nach Gas und Öl zumindest außerordentlich mutig. Ich habe diesen Mut nicht. Die dritte Veränderung ist jene unglaubliche technische Explosion, die wir derzeit erleben. In Deutschland lag die durchschnittliche Arbeitszeit in den 1950er Jahren bei 3.000 Stunden; jetzt beträgt sie 1.400 – und sie wird sich weiter reduzieren. Wir lernen mit großer Geschwindigkeit, Kapi-
tal und Wissen zu verbinden. Damit erschließen wir uns neben der menschlichen Arbeit eine weitere, immer bedeutsamere Quelle der Wertschöpfung. Das wiederum bedeutet zwei Dinge: Die Ausbildungs- und Qualitätsansprüche an die in der Wertschöpfung engagierte Bevölkerung steigen. Und damit steigt auch die Zahl derer, die diesen Ansprüchen nicht genügen. Aus ihnen rekrutiert sich ein wesentlicher Teil der Arbeitslosen und die überwiegende Mehrheit der Langzeitarbeitslosen. Denn jene Menschen, die über eine ausreichende Qualifikation verfügen, sind überwiegend nur kurzfristig arbeitslos. Diesen Aspekt können wir wirklich ausklammern. Die Arbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland in diesem Bereich – also Menschen betreffend, die eine ausreichende Qualifikation haben, macht von den gut 10% Gesamtarbeitslosigkeit etwa 4% aus. Es handelt sich um die – normale – Arbeitslosigkeit in einer sich schnell verändernden Wirtschaft. Die größere Hälfte – rund 7 der 10% - entfällt auf die Arbeitslosigkeit der so genannten Langzeitarbeitslosen. Das entspricht etwa einem Fünftel der insgesamt rund 34 Millionen sozialversicherungspflichtigen Arbeitnehmer in Deutschland. Dieses Fünftel findet kaum Arbeit im klassischen Arbeitsmarkt einer hoch entwickelten Wirtschaft. Die Arbeitsplätze im Dienstleistungsbereich, vor allem für einfache Dienstleistungen, sind entweder durch Eigenarbeit ersetzt worden oder in die Schattenwirtschaft abgewandert. Solange wir aber die gegenwärtige Finanzierung der Arbeits- und der Sozialkosten über die Arbeitseinkommen beibehalten, werden wir diese Menschen nicht wieder in Arbeit bringen. Das bedeutet, dass wir die Finanzierungsstruktur der Sozialsysteme verändern müssen. Dies wiederum ist ein ungewöhnlich schwieriger Prozess. Setzt man nicht auf quantitatives Wachstum, weil man überzeugt ist, dass sich die sozialen Probleme auch ohne dauerhaftes und – im Blick auf die Ansprüche – angemessenes Wachstum lösen lassen, muss man sich allerdings darüber im Klaren sein, was in Europa wachsen muss: Wachsen muss in erster Linie die Intelligenz der Gesellschaft, die Intelligenz, mit der wir unser Land organisieren, seine Aufgaben bewältigen und neue angehen. Wachsen muss unsere Fähigkeit, mit den gleichen Rohstoffen und Ressourcen immer mehr zu leisten – oder das, was wir heute haben, mit immer weniger Ressourcen, mit einer immer geringeren Inanspruchnahme unserer und der Welt-Ressourcen zu sichern. Vor allem deshalb müssen die Ausbildung und Bildung der Menschen, Lehre und Forschung an den Hochschulen und die ständige Weiterbildung der Bevölkerung im Zentrum aller unserer Bemühungen stehen. Nur dann lassen sich die Aufgaben bewältigen, vor die uns das 21. Jahrhundert in Europa wie in den USA stellt. Kurt Biedenkopf
Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen (IWM) Spittelauer Lände 3 1090 Wien AUSTRIA Phone (+43 1) 313 58 0 Fax (+43 1) 313 58 30
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© IWM 2006 An online archive of the IWM Post is available at the Institutes website, www.iwm.at; all newsletters, dating back to No. 57 (summer 1997), can be downloaded in pdf format.
No. 93
Summer 2006
31
IWM EVENTS |
Upcoming Events Tuesday Lecture
Tuesday Lecture
Tuesday Lecture
Dienstag, 19. September, 18:00 Uhr
Dienstag, 10. Oktober, 18:00 Uhr
Dienstag, 31. Oktober, 18:00 Uhr
Anna Bergmann
Série: L’apport de la France à la construction européenne, d’un point de vue historique et actuel
Hans (J.G.A.) van Mierlo
Privatdozentin für Kulturwissenschaften, Europa-Universität Viadrina, Frankfurt/Oder; IWM Visiting Fellow
Hirntod - Herztod: Die kulturelle Bedeutung von Todeszeremonien im Zeitalter der Transplantationsmedizin
Pierre Lévy Directeur du CAP (Centre d’Analyse et de Prévision), Ministère des Affaires Etrangères
La politique européenne de sécurité et les relations extracommunautaires
Professor of Public Finance and Director of the Fiscal Economics Programme, University of Maastricht
Who is the Owner of the Public Services? Quality Improvement and Client Empowerment in an Era of Transition In cooperation with the Royal Netherlands Embassy
En cooperation avec
Tuesday Lecture
Tuesday Lecture
Tuesday Lecture
Dienstag, 26. September, 18:00 Uhr
Dienstag, 17. Oktober, 18:00 Uhr
Dienstag, 7. November, 18:00 Uhr
Ulrich Herbert
Peter Demetz
Ton Nijhuis
Professor für Geschichte, Historisches Seminar der Universität Freiburg i.Br.
Sterling Professor em. of German and Comparative Literature, Yale University, New Haven
Wissenschaftlicher Direktor, Deutschland Institut Amsterdam, Universität Amsterdam
Europa in der Hochmoderne. Überlegungen zu einer Theorie des 20. Jahrhunderts
Protectorate Prague 1939-1945: Cultural Life in an Occupied City
In Zusammenarbeit mit
Zivilcourage, Multikulturalismus und politische Kultur. Deutschland, die Niederlande und Österreich im Vergleich In cooperation with the Royal Netherlands Embassy
Tuesday Lecture
Tuesday Lecture
Tuesday Lecture
Dienstag, 3. Oktober, 18:00 Uhr
Dienstag, 24. Oktober, 18:00 Uhr
Dienstag, 14. November, 18:00 Uhr
Series: Faultlines of Inequality
Série: L’apport de la France à la construction européenne, d’un point de vue historique et actuel
Série: L’apport de la France à la construction européenne, d’un point de vue historique et actuel
Robert Castel
Geneviève Fraisse
Directeur d’études à l’EHESS (Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales); directeur du Centre d’Etude des Mouvements Sociaux, Paris
Philosophe, directrice de recherche au CNRS, Paris, et députée du parlement européen
Aristide Zolberg Walter A. Eberstadt Professor of Political Science, Graduate Faculty of New School University, New York, and Director of its International Center for Migration, Ethnicity and Citizenship
International Migration in the 21st Century In cooperation with
Y a-t-il un modèle social français? Eléments pour la construction d’une Europe sociale
L’héritage des Lumières et de la Révolution En cooperation avec
En cooperation avec
Alle Veranstaltungen finden in der Bibliothek des IWM statt • All events take place in the IWM Library Um Anmeldung wird gebeten: 313 58-0 oder
[email protected] • To register for participation, please call 313 58-0 or write to
[email protected] Informationen zu allen Veranstaltungen unter www.iwm.at/events.htm • For Information on upcoming events please see www.iwm.at/events.htm
INSTITUT FÜR DIE WISSENSCHAFTEN VOM MENSCHEN, Spittelauer Lände 3, 1090 Wien, AUSTRIA
32
No. 92
Spring 2006
GZ: 05Z036175 M – P.b.b. Verlagspostamt 1090 Wien
