Regional Distribution of G

This article was downloaded by: [117.176.12.193] On: 25 March 2014, At: 06:14 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tcwr20

Hydrogeological Mapping: Regional Distribution of Groundwater Resources E. Zaltsberg Published online: 23 Jan 2013.

To cite this article: E. Zaltsberg (1986) Hydrogeological Mapping: Regional Distribution of Groundwater Resources , Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques, 11:2, 33-40, DOI: 10.4296/cwrj1102033 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.4296/cwrj1102033

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/termsand-conditions

Hydrogeological Mapping: Regional Distribution of Grou ndwater Resourcesl E. Zaltsberg2

Downloaded by [117.176.12.193] at 06:14 25 March 2014

Abstract: Reliable information on groundwaler in large territories could be generalized and visualized in the form ol a hydrogeologlcal map.The proposed mapping can be carried out in any canadian province or for the country as a whole. The hydrogeologic map will be in fact a set of maps, consisting of: i . Bedrock Hydrogeology; 2. euaternary Hydrogeology; 3. Groundwater Regime; 4. Groundwater Resources; 5. Hydrochemistry of Main Aquifers. Primarily these maps will be of interest to those contemplating groundwater planning and management on the provincial or federal levels. At the same time, many other problems such as water supply, irrigation, drainage, land reclamation, underground conservation of energy, groundwater protection, etc., could be solved, or at least partially solved, using various kinds of information f rom one or more proposeo maps. Resum6:

Une carte hydrog6ologique fournit des renseignements fiables sur tes nappes d'eau souterraines de grands territoires car, en fait, il est possible d'6tablir la carte d'une des provinces canadiennes ou celle de l'ensemble du oavs. La carte hvdrog6ologique est en r6alit6 une stirie de cartes qui couvrent: 1) l hydrogeologie de la roche en place; 2) l'hydrog6ologie du quaternaire; 3) le 169ime des cours d'eau souterrains; 4) les ressources des cours d'eau souterrains; 5) l'hydrochimie des principales formations aquifdres. Ces cartes int6ressent tout particulidrement les fonctionnaires des gouvernements f6d6ral et provinciaux qui s'occupent de planif ication et de la gestion des eaux souterraines. Les renseignements qu'elles fournissent permettent 6galement de r6soudre certains probldmes en totalit6 ou en oartie, entre autres I'alimentation en eau, l'irrigation, le drainage, la mise en valeur des tenes, la conservation de l'6nergie et la protection des eaux soulerraines.

lntroduction

percent ol utilized fresh water in cities and

the towns and 95 percent in rural areas (Zektser most 983). From 975 to 980 total groundwater of our fresh surface water bodies such as withdrawals in this country increased by 7 rivers,lakes,andreservoirs. lnsoiteofvarious oercent (Sollev et al 1983). Withdrawal of costly eff orts to red uce the negative inf luence groundwater in 980 amounied to 20 percent of this pollution of surface water, it is con- of the total withdrawal of fresh and saline tinuous and apparently will remain con- walerfromallsourcesintheUnitedStatesthat tinuous in the future. As a result, the role of year(Cohen l985). groundwater as relatively more protected Overa ive-year period, from 976 to 980, source of water supply has dramatically in- groundwater use in the USSR increased by creased over the last few decades. For exam- approximately45 percent(Kulikovetal.l 985). ple, in the USA groundwater accounts for 48 At present, municipal water supply in the One product of our high technology era is pollution to a greater or lesser degree of

1

1

1

1

1

f

1

lThis paper was presented at the Canadian Waters: The State of the Resource, A National Symposium held at the Royal York Hotel, Toronto, Ontario,May 26-29,1 985 and spohsored by The Rawson Academy ol Aquatic Science. 2Hydrogeologist, 25 Hotspur Rd., Apt. 5, Toronto, Ontario.

Revue Canadienne des Fessources en Eau / Vol.

11

. N o. 2.

1

986

USSR is mainly based on groundwater sources. About 62 percent of Soviet cities are sup-

plied by groundwater, 20 percent by both groundwater and surface water, and 1B percent by surface water. In Canada groundwater is the source of

1 966). The main quantitative characteristicsaverage annual and minimal groundwater drscharge values in litre per second per square kilometre-were determined and map-

water supply for over 25 percent of the population (Currents of Change 1 985). From 1975 to

ped forthe entire USSR. Lateron detailed and large scale hydrogeological maps were compiled in most of the European and Asian parts of the USSR. During the '60s and '70s generalized and

1980 groundwater withdrawal in Canada increased by 16 percent and reached 2.9.1 0em3 in 1980 (Magrat 1985). Some specialists and planners predict a further steady increase of groundwater abstraction within Canada in the near future.

ln view of such increases, the lack of knowledge of groundwater potentials in


intensive studies on regional estimation of groundwater resources in the 1 960s (Kudelin

Canada and the necessrty of extensive hydrogeolog ical investigations were stressed in the recent Inquiry on Federal Water Policy. In one of the Inquiry's documents entitled "Water is a Mainstream lssue" (1 984) the state-of-the-art of Canadian groundwater resources was expressed in the following statement: "Groundwater. . . is an important storage element, bul less wellexplored and documented in Canada

than in many other countries

. . . The nalure and extent of Canada's groundwater resources are not well defined." As il this were not a strong enough and clear enough statement, the Inquiry reiterated its positron in the final document, "Currents of Change" (1 985) by

saying: "We remain ignorant about some aspects oi our water resources. For example,

the quantity and quality of groundwater is

detailed hydrogeological maps were compiled for all of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, France, West Germany, and some other European countries. Moreover, the hy-

drogeological map of the whole of Europe has been finished recently. Regional hydrogeological mapping has also been developing in the USA. For example, a complete set of hydrogeological maps

of Minnesota was compiled in 1979 (Kanivetsky 1979). The Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) program was started in 1978 to develoo ouantitative assessment of the major groundwater systems in the USA. The RASA program is a systematic effortto studya number of the most important aquifers which represent signif icant components oJ the total water supply. As the first step of this program, the regional aquifer system analysis of the High Plaines with a total area of 450,000km'? was conducted by the US Geological Survey

(Gutentag et al. 1984). This analysis com-

bined with extensive cartographical repre-

unknown throughout mosl of this country."

sentation covered in part Colorado, Kansas,

ln fact. it is impossible to plan rational groundwater use, to substantiale optimal

Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South

groundwater oollution and deoletion control without systematic observations of groundwater regimes in a network 01 observation wells. This information combined with basic geological and hydrological data, has to be collected, analyzed, and generalized. One means of accomplishing such a generalization would be to draw up a hydrogeological map of the terrilory under investigation. Although water supply can be considered as one of the main purposes of hydrogeological mapping, groundwater is also a suff iciently important subject for detailed investigatron in many fields of human and engineering activity. Some such activities would be irrigation, drainage, land reclamatron, dewatering of mines, pits and deep excavations, underground storage of energy, etc. As a response to the growing groundwater demand, Soviet hydrogeologists carried out reg i mes of grou ndwater development,

34

Dakota. Texas, and Wyoming.

Not much regional hydrogeological map-

ping and groundwaler resources evaluation has been done to date in Canada. To the best of the author's knowledge only one Canadian province has been entirely mapped, The hy-

drogeological reconnaissance mapping program of Alberta was initiated by Dr. J. Toth, then of Alberta Research Council, in 1968 (Toth 1977). As a result, 47 maps for difierent administrative areas in lhe province were produced. Each map contains valuable information on groundwater conditions and their controlling factors and provides an overview of these conditions in each area. However, no generalized hydrogeological map of Alberta capable of giving a complete evaluation of the groundwater potential in the province was oroduced. In the 1 9T0s,theSaskatchewan Research Council undertook to map out, over a period of several years, the bedrock surface, shallow

Canadian Water Resources Journal / Vol.

11

, No.

2, 1 986

bedrock aquifers, and major buried valley aquifers throughout most of southern Saskatchewan. What has resulted is a series of maps of scale 1 :250,000 entitled "Geology and Groundwater Resources." The last map was completed in 1980 (Christiansen 1980). Each map of this series contains valuable geological information which is useful for solvrng many hydrogeological problems. However, specific hydrogeological informatron on groundwater quality and quantity is grven in a very generalized form and mostly in marginal notes and comments. Yet there is no

generalized hydrogeological map of Saskatchewan which could provide a general overview of aquifer systems in this territory


including the quantitative evaluation of available grou ndwater resources.

hydrogeology; groundwater regime; groundwater resources; hydrochemistry of bedrock and Quaternary aquifers. These maps combined with the explanatory text and appendices will permit any hydrogeologist or, more widely speaking, any decision-making spe-

cialist to get the basrc information for the general solutron of various hydrogeological proDlems,

It should be noted that these maps will primarily be of rnterest to those contemplating regional groundwater planning and management projects. At the same time many local

geohydrological problems at certain sites under study could be solved or at least partially solved using various rnformation from one or more proposed maps,

Since comprehensive hydrogeological

In Manitoba regional hydrogeological

data cou ld be obtained f rom these maps, spe-

mapping has not yet been started. In Ontario, the most populated Canadran province, only a few tiny southwestern counties have been mapped (Hickinbotham 1 979),

cial drilling and testing programs would be mrnimized to various degrees for many prolects, lt is also quite possible that these programs would be unnecessary for preliminary or beginning stages of many low cost and routine projects. However, the application of

As can be seen from this brief review, Canada Iags behind many industrialized countries in the development and implementation of programs related to regional hydrogeological mapping. The increasing demands on our groundwater resources and escalating pollution of surface water necessitate the development of such comprehensive mapping programs in Canada now.

Objectives and Scope The main objective of the proposed mapping program is to give a general account of hydrogeological conditions in a large territory under investigation, such as a province ora country as a whole. These conditions which def ine the groundwater f low in terms of quantity as well as quality are as follows: occurrence and spa-

tial distribution of main aquifers in consolidated bedrock formations and Quaternary deposits; hydrogeological parameters of main aquifers; spatial distribution of groundwater table and piezometric head elevations; char

acteristic features of groundwater regimes;

estimation of groundwater resources; groundwater hydrochemistry and groundwater quality evaluation.

This comprehensive complex of hydrogeological conditions and parameters can not be portrayed on one map. In fact the hydrogeology map will consist of a set of maps depicting different aspects of the hydrogeology in the territory under investigation. This set will consist of the following separate

maps: bedrock hydrogeology; Quaternary

maps would not exclude the necessity of drilling and testing programs for certain projects particularly those which are specif ic and costly,

But even in these cases the total volume of

hydrogeological investigations, especially for the preliminary stages, would be significantly reduced. Th is, in turn,would red uce the total cost of many projects related to various

hydrogeological problems such as water supply, irrigation, drainage, underground energy conservation, potential hazard of landill sites, etc.

f

Methodology Bedrock

H

yd rogeology M ap

The bedrock hydrogeology map usually is derived from the geologic map of the same scale, On the bedrock geological map rock units or formation are defined and classified

according to geologic age, mode of origin, structural continuity, and composition, On the bedrock hydrogeology map the same u n its or formations are grouped into aquifers according to water-bearing capacities and hydraulic and spatial continuity. Aquifers consist of one or more geologic formations that form a hydraulically continuous unit, more or less isolated f rom overlying and underlying formations by confining beds or zones of rock that do not transmit water readily. Confining beds are not shown on the map separately from the aquifers for which they form a cap, but they are shown on

Revue Canadienne des Bessources en Eau / Vol.

1

1, No. 2, 1 986

35

the cross sections. Some deeo aouifers which will not be shown on the map will be depicted on the same cross sections. The following characteristic features

o1

aquifers are usually shown on the bedrock hydrogeology map: boundaries of the main aquifers; their geological and malerial classifications; aquifer's yield capacity. Some additional features of geolog ical lormations which can influence groundwaterf low, can be shown on the map. These features are as follows: the approximate trace of bedrock valleys, fauits, l.^t^+ ndtJt

^f^^^ dtudJ.

^+^ Etu.


lf reliable pumping test data is available, the basic waterbearing characteristics of main aquifers such as specific capacity of wells, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, and storage coefficient or specific yield will be calculated and mapped. In case of shortage of test data the same aquifer's parameters will be calculated and shown on the

be shown on this map: boundaries of geologic units, their material and geologic classification, sustained yield rating, boundaries of yield areas not coincident with boundaries of

geologic units, boundaries of buried out-

wasn, etc.

Both the bedrock hydrogeological map and the Quaternary hydrogeology map can be used for the following purposes: L selecting suitable locations for hazardous and radioactive waste disposal sites; 2. selecting

an aquifer for water withdrawal; 3. planning groundwater withdrawal which satisfies domestic, municipal, agricultural, and industrial

demands; 4, receiving daily information on available groundwaler for private citizens, municipalities, and industry; 5. monitoring network design for the study of regional regu-

larities of groundwater regime and balance, groundwaterquality assessment, and groundwater protection.

as well as regional

table or in the apoendix.

Usually the wide range of variability

in

Groundwater Begime Map

most parameters for most aquifers has been found, lt indicates that there is considerable regional and/or local variation in hydro-

The main purpose of the groundwater regime map is to delineate the boundaries of the areas with s im ilar water table f lu ctuations. The term groundwater regime implies knowledge of the following groundwater flow features: dates of the occurrences of seasonal extremes, amplitudes of seasonal and long-term water

aou ifer.

table lluctuations, groundwater temperalure, and groundwater hydrochemistry. Since the last one will be shown on special maps (or map) it is nol considered in this section. Natural water table fluctuations are complex processes and depend upon many factors. The main factors are: climatic cond itions; geomorpholog ical situations; geological structures; hydrogeological conditions, i.e., the litholog ical contents of water-beari ng deposits and the unsaturated zone and their oroperties (hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, specific yield); the locations of the recharge and

geological characteristics of the aquifers, Where the data is suff icient, a modal value will be g iven f or eac h parameter as a n approximation of the value most probably typical of the

The parameter's values, especially its modal values, are needed for preliminary calculations of the groundwater resources and flow in the bedrock aquifers. However, quantitative evaluations based on this data must be regarded as more or less close aoproximations, Q u

ate

rn

ary

H yd

rogeology

M

ap

The Quaternary hydrogeology map will be similarto the bedrock hydrogeology map. The main Quaternary unconfined and conlined aquifers will be depicted on the map. Spatial distribrutions of groundwater table and piezometric head elevations, which indicate the groundwater movement drrections as well as recharge and discharge area locations, will be shown on lhe proposed map. lf pumping, slug, or any other test data are available, the groundwater parameters such as specific capacily of wells, hydraulic conductivity, transm iss ivity, and storage coeff icient/specif ic

yield will be calculated and then mapped or tabu lated.

The following features of Quaternary geol-

ogy and hydrogeology that could influence groundwater flow in Quaternary deposits will 36

!i^ ^h^.^^ ^.^^^ rdr gv dr vdo. ur)vr The simultaneousness and similarity in the water table regime is observed at a maximum rate inside similar units of regionalization. The

correlation radius (distance between two com-

parable observation wells, when correlation

coefficient between the water table fluctuations in these wells is not less than 0.750.80)forthe plain territory is about 1 50-200km (Zaltsberg 1 982). In otherwords, it means that the forecast of water table fluctuations, calculated for one well, can be extrapolated within the similar unit of regionalization at a distance of 150-200km. Consequently, the groundwater regime map can be used for

Canadian Water Resources Journal /Yol.11, No. 2, 1 986

extrapolating water table forecasts in the territory as well as for determining characteristics of groundwater fluctuations inside

As a f irst step in the available groundwater evaluation, the groundwater resources will be calculated and mapped during this study. There are two main approaches to the ground-

certain area under investigation.

water resources estimation: 1) streamflow r Resources

record analysis, or streamflow hydrograph separation, and 2) groundwater hydrograph

ap Both the bedrock and Quaternary hydrogeol-

G

rou ndwate

M


ogy maps contain general information

1) Q:

analysis.

on

aquifer locations and their hydraulic properties. H owever, f urther q uantitative estimations of groundwater resources are needed to establish priority areas for ground- and surfacewater research, lor development of management practices, and for rational use and protection of these resources. The primary purpose of the groundwater resources map with accompanying studyand calculations is to make preliminaryestimation of groundwater resources. This map is considered as the key map in the proposed set of maps. Total avaiiable groundwater may be expressed by the following equation:

Q.'a Qrs

where Q is total available groundwater, 106 cubic metres per year; Qr. is groundwater resources, 106 cubic metres per year; Q, is groundwater reseryes, 106 cubic metres per year; a is coefficient of utilization of groundwater reserves, which usually ranges from 0.3 to 0.5; t is time of withdrawal of groundwater reserves, years. In the contextof equatton 1) total available groundwater can be considered as safe yield which is, according to Todd (1 959), the amount

of water which can be withdrawn from

a

groundwater basin annually without producing an undesirable result Groundwater reserves Q.u are the quantity of water stored in the rock in excess of the water resources, which are added by seasonal infiltration. Groundwater reserves are a function of the areal extent, thickness, and hydrogeologic parameters of the aquifers and confining beds. These reserves can be more or less than the groundwater resources Qr.. The latter is the portion of groundwater which is formed annually by means of infiltration ol precipitation. Long term average annual infiltration ol precipitation to the groundwater system or long term average annual recharge rate is a reliable measure of the groundwater resources. Eventually, the percolating water reaches streamflows and provides the base flow component of the stream discharge.

Streamf low

H

yd rog rap

h

S ep

arat i on

The streamflow is commonly derived from three main sources: surface, or direct runoff: interflow, or throughflow in the unsaturated zone; and groundwater, or base flow from the saturated zone and capillary f ringe. There are several methods of streamflow hydrograph

separation such as: hydrochemical, hydrodynamic, correlation of groundwater tables in wells with streamf low records, construction of

the groundwater deplition curve, evaluation of 30-day low-flow characteristics of streams. Theoretical substantiations of these methods and their practical applications are given in various articles and textbooks (Handbook on the Principles of Hydrology 1 970; Pinder and Jones 1969; Rasmussen and Andreasen 1 959; Voronkov 1 963; and others). Depending on available hydrological and hydrogeological data in the territory under investigation any of the above mentioned methods or their combination can be successfully used for groundwater resources

evaluation.

To estimate groundwater resources from

streamflow separation data, the base flow values will be multiplied by area of watershed above the gauging stations. Derived groundwater resources values are assumed to be average for the whole watershed. G ro u n

dwate r

H yd

rog rap h Analy si s

Seasonal and annual groundwater balances can be calculated using the lollowing equation (Lebedev 1976; Zaltsberg 1983):

2)

ESyAH

L,]1 : >-tr

LJ2

At + >wAt

*

EeAt

where AH is the change of groundwatertable (m) lor the period At (days); Su is specific yield in the zone of water table fluituations (dimen-

sionless); Qr and Q2 are the groundwater inf low and outf low through the boundaries of the element of flow (m3/day); F is the area of the groundwater flow (m'?), depending on the

distance between observation wells;

w

is

infiltration intensity to groundwater surface (+w, m/day), or evaporation intensity from

Revue Canadienne des,9essources en Eau / Vol.

11

, No. 2,

1

986

37

groundwater surface (-w m/day) for the period At; e is the intensity of the downward water movementfrom the groundwaterto the underlying aquifer (-e, miday), or upward water

movement in the opposite direction (*e, m/ day) for the period At,

The value of the groundwater recharge can be derived from equation 2) as follows:

Qz-Qr

3) xwAt:> F

at+>SyaH-EeAt

where all notations are given above. It should be noted, that the general equation 3) has numerous modif ications depending on concrete geological and hydrogeological

conditions and the number of observation wells which are suitable for groundwater balance calculatrons.

Generally this technique can

be


successfully used if several lines of observation wells are located along the groundwater tlow

movement in the watershed under study. Extensive knowledge of hydrogeologic properties of the main aquifer (or aquifers) is needed for accurate groundwater balance

calcu lations. lf the watertable observation network consists ol single wells a more simplilied technique

can be used, lt is based on the assumption that the water table rise due to precipitation and snowmelt is a reasonable measure of annual groundwater recharge rate. The last one can be calculated lrom the following equation (Bindeman 1963; Zaltsberg 1983).

4l

XwAt: >S, (AH + Az)

As an example of the proposed

map,

regional distribution of groundwater resources in Minnesota, USA, isshown in Fig. 1 (after Kanivetsky 1 979). Regional estimates of groundwater resources can be used for solving the following problems: 1. long-term management of groundwater use ior water supply in large territories; 2.evaluation of groundwater recharge for regional safe yield estimation;3. evaluation of groundwater discharge to the river systems; 4. predrction of the streamflow decrease caused by intensive groundwater withdrawal; 5, compilalion of general schemes for the rational use and protection of water resources. Maps of Hydrochemistry of Bedrock and Q uater nary Aq u ife rs The obiective of these maos is to del ineate the water q uality of most important aqu ifers using groundwater sample analysis. The main classes and types of groundwaterwill be described and shown on the maps, as well as groundwater chemistry translormations due to varying geological and hydrogeological conditions. The areas of groundwater contaminations caused by pointed and scattered sources such as urban territories, big landfill sites, industry, ground fertilizers, acid rain, etc., will be pornted out on the maps rf related data is available.

Conclusions

where AH is rise of the groundwater table after snowmelt or precipitation, (m); Az is projected

groundwater decline during the period of groundwater rise (m); other notations are given above. The value of Az can be determined from the groundwater hydrograph by extending the line of groundwaterdeclinetothe pointol the conesponding maximum rise of water table. In turn, the value of the specif ic yield Su in equations 2l-41can be calculated f rom purhp-

ing test data, or from empirical equations.

l1

this data is unavailable, the specif ic yield can

be derived from the statistically confirmed relationshio between the water table rise in a

single observation well and the amount of precipitation which has produced this rise. Using equations 3)-4), the average annual recharge rate will be determined. Groundwater resources will be obtarned bv means ol

38

multiplying this rate by the area of water table aquifers within the watershed.

The proposed complex regional hydrogeologic mapping could be carried out in any Canadian province or the country as a whole. The real benefit of this mapping in terms of economic effectiveness, practical and scientific applicability, and efficiency, is evident. The set of proposed maps will generalize and represent in visual and handy form our up-todate knowledge of hydrogeology in the large territory under investigation. In this capacity these maps can be used for solving of a wide spectrum of geohydrological, hydrological, environmental, and other problems. In addition, the hydrogeological maps will be the reliable basis and starting point for new

scientific ideas and development primarily in the field of regional geohydrology and in the related areas.

Acknowledgements The authorwould like to thank ProfessorJ. Toth of the Universityof Alberta, Mr. B. Schreinerof


11,

No. 2, 1 986

FIGURE

1: Distribution of Groundwater Resources in Minnesota (after R. Kanivetsky, 1979).

a-g-groundwater discharge in litre per second per square kilometre. 1-38-river and lake basins: 1)Two Rivers, 2) Middle River, 3) Red l-ake, 4) Lake of the Woods, 5) Big Fork River, 6) Little Fork River, 7) Rainy Lake,

8) Lake Superior, 9)Wild Rice River, 1O) Mississippi Headwaters, 11)St.

Louis River, 1 2) Buffalo River, 13) Otter Tail River, 14) Crow Wing River, 15) Mississippi-Sauk Rivers, 16) Snake River, 17) Kettle River, 18) Mustinka-

Bois de Sioux Rivers, 19)Pomme de Terre River,20)Big Stone Lake, 21) Chippewa River, 22) Crow River, 23) Rum River,24) LowerSt. Croix River,


25) Metropolitan Area, 26) Lac Qui Parle River,271 Minnesota RiverHawk Creek, 28) Lower Minnesota River, 29) Cannon River, 30) Yellow Medicine River, 31)Redwood River, 32)Cottonwood River, 33) Des Moines River, 34) Blue Earth River, 35) Zumbro River, 36) Rock River, 37) Cedar River, 38) Root River.

n

o

o E

o

z

oo5 -o.l 5

c

o.r5

:

o

-

o.?5

Q25-O.sO

3

q50 - t.o0

d

o

r.oo-2.oo

.2po-300

o

Revue Canadienne des Ressources en Eau / Vol.

3.0O:,r.OO

11

, N o. 2,

1

986

39

the Saskatchewan Research Council, Mr. Stein of the Alberta Research Council, and Mr. N. McLeod of the Nova Scotia Departmentof the Environmentwho provided up-todate information on hydrogeological mapping R.

in Canada necessary for the preparation of this Daoer. Bindeman, N.N. 1963. Evaluatron of Ground-

water Resources. Geo/techDdaf. Moscow. 203 p. (in Russian). Currents of Change. Final Report. Inquiry on FederalWater Policy. Cat. no. En 37-71 /1 985-

E.223

(72 N) Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan

Re-


search Council, Geology Division. Cohen, P. 1985. Groundwater Development in the USA. ln: Hydrogeology in the Service of Man. Memoies of the 18th Congress of the lAH, Part 1 , Cambridge, 1985. pp. 1 7-30. Gutentag, E.D., F.J. Heimes, N.C. Krothe, R.R. Luckey and J.B. Weeks. 1984. Geohydrology of the High PlainsAqurferin Partsof Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1400-B. p.

Handbook on the Principles of Hydrology. 1970. Canadian National Committee for the nternational Hydrological Decade. I

Hickinbotham, A. 1979. Groundwater Probability Map of the Region of Peel. Ontario inistry of the Environment, Water Resources Branch.

M

Kanivetsky, R. 1979. Regional Approach to Estimating the Groundwater Besources in innesota.Universityof Minnesota, Reportof Investigations, no. 20. 23 p.

M

Kudelin, B.l. 1966. Groundwater Flow in the USS,9. Moscow University, Moscow.334 p. (in Russian),

Kulikov, G.V., V.V. Kurennoi and L.S. Yazvin. 983. Legal and Economic Aspects of Ground Water Use. ln: Ground Water in Water Resour ces Planning. Proceedings of an International Symposium in Koblenz, FRG, 28 August-3 September, 1983. UNESCO-IAH-IAHS. pp. 1

Hydrogeology in the Service olMan. Memoires 1 8th Congress of the lAH, Part 1, Cambridge, 1 985. pp. 270-301.

Pinder, G.F. and J.E. Jones. 1 969. Determination of the Groundwater Component of Peak Discharge lrom Chemistry of Total Runoff. Water Resources Research, Vol. 5. pp. 438445. Rasmussen, W.C. and G.E. Andreasen. 1959.

o.

Christiansen, E.A. 1 980, Geology and Groundwater Resources Map of the Kindersley Area

63

Magrat, J. 1985. Groundwater Conservation

and Protection in Develooed Countries. ln: of the

References

1

Lebedev, A.V. 1 976. Methods of Groundwater Balance Study. "Nedra", Moscow. 223 p. (in Russian).

Hydrologic Budget of the Beaverdam Creek Basin, Maryland. US Geological Survey, Water Supply Paper no. 1472.106 p. Solley,W.B., E.B. Chase and W.B. Mann.1 983. Estrmated Use of Water in the USA in 1980. US Geological Survey Circular no. 1001 . 56 p,

Todd, D.K, 1959. Groundwater Hydrology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 336 p. Toth, J. 1977.fhe Hydrogeological Reconnaissance Maps of Alberta.Alberta Research Council, Bulletin no. 35, pp. 1-1 1 .

Voronkov, P.P. 1 963. Hydrochemical Basis for Segregating Local Runoff and a Nilethod of

Separating rts Discharge Hydrograph. Sovlef Hydrology, no. 4. pp. 409-41 1 .

a Mainstream lssue. Inquiry on Federal Water Policy. Cat. no. En 37-68/1984.

Water is 24 p.

Zaltsberg, E. 1982. Methods of Forecasting and Mapping of Groundwater Tables in the USSR. Ground Water,Vol.20, no.6. pp.675679.

Zaltsberg, E. 1983. Groundwaler Balance in

the Wet Zone ot the USSR. Canadian Geotechnical Journal. Vol, 20. pp. 563-569. Zektser, LS. 1983. Studying the Contribution ol Groundwater to the Total Water Resources and the Water Balance of Major Regions. In: Ground Water in Water Resources Planning. Proceedings of an International Symposium in Koblenz, FRG, 28 August-3 September. 1 983. UN ESCO-IAH-IAHS. pp. 529-539.

257-264.

40


11

, No. 2,

1

986