Rehabilitation of Ancient Masonry Forts in the Middle East

Euro-Asia Economic Forum - 2015

Rehabilitation of Ancient Masonry Forts in the Middle East Luis Ribeiro e Sousa Sichuan University, China University of Porto, Portugal

Karim Karam Sarooj Construction Company, Oman Masdar Institute of Science & Technology, UAE

Xian, September, 2015

Outline • • • • •

Introduction Methodologies in Rehabilitation of Forts Protection of Jalali Fort, Muscat Rehabilitation of Mirani Fort, Muscat Conclusions

Forts in the Middle East


Introduction


Forts with Portuguese Legacy in the Middle East


Forts in Oman


Forts in other Countries

IRAK

Forts along Oman Sea: Muscat, Oman


Forts along Oman Sea: Qurayat, Oman


Forts along Oman Sea: Muttrah, Oman


Forts along Oman Sea: Seeb, Oman


Forts along Oman Sea: Barka, Oman


Forts along Oman Sea: Sohar, Oman


Forts along Oman Sea: Kalba, UAE


Forts along Oman Sea: Khorfakan, UAE


Forts along Oman Sea: Al-Bidya, UAE


Forts along Oman Sea: Madha, Oman


Forts along Oman Sea: Dibba, Oman


Forts along Oman Sea: Hormuz, Iran



























Methodologies in Rehabilitation of Forts


Studies and Investigations on Ancient Forts • The ancient patrimonial structures for defense purposes are in general well funded in spite the limitations and difficulties at ancient times. • The foundations of forts were built in general in high regions in sound rock masses. Time proved the wise options of the builders and the structures were able to remain stable through the centuries. • However the weathering effects and manmade actions created pathologies that in same cases could affect the stability of the structures of the forts. • The analysis of historical masonry constructions is a complex task. The forts and castles are among these monuments that present high complexity due to high nature of the forts. • In the Sultanate of Oman there are several forts with Portuguese legacy around Muscat (Jalali, Mariani and Mutrah). • The works performed for the protection of Jalali fort are described in detail, as well the works planned for Mirani Fort


Studies and Investigations on Ancient Forts Flowchart of the activities

The strategy followed is necessary multidisciplinary and comprises the main phases:

• Knowledge phase • Analysis phase • Rehabilitation phase

Studies and Investigations on Ancient Forts


Rock Mass in the Vicinity of Fort Jalali


Site Exploration: Decision (Cost-Benefit) Analysis Optimal Location

Example m1 , s1 d

(i, j)

One Borehole ms*s, ss*s

Exploration Model Benefit Model Cost Model

Three Boreholes Forts in the Middle East

Modelling: Caminha Tower


Studies on a Tower

a) Image of the tower b) Laserscanning

c) points for vibration tests d) colocation of accelerometers

e) hammer



Protection of Jalali Fort, Muscat


Rock Mass Foundation of Fort Jalali


Tropical Storm Gonu: Strongest on Record


Design: Hydrologic Parameters Shoaled Wave (Hs) at – 9 m CD Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

A

B

C

Approach Slope adjacent to structure

1 in 13

1 in 10

1 in 7

Base Case Cyclone Gonu

6.6

7.2

7

Location

Shoaled Wave (Hs) at -4.5 m CD at Toe Location

A

B

C

Approach Slope adjacent to structure

1 in 13

1 in 10

1 in 7

Base Case Cyclone Gonu

7.6

8.45

9.1

Design loading is worst case during Gonu!! 9.1m Wave Height!! Return Period > 100 Years Forts in the Middle East

Design: Hydrologic Model (Swann)


Design: Structural Design


Design: Structural Design


Design: Physical Model Test


Design: Soil Investigation SITE INVESTIGATION Onshore and Offshore

IMPORTED FILL

SAND Results of Soil Investigation • Showed that the Jalali area is an old beach • This is similar of the beach on the North of the revetment • Material was imported mostly gravel (reclaimed land) • Toe is on sand, so no problems.


Materials: Quantity

Item

Quantity

100-500kg Bedding Rock

20,000 m3

2.4-4.8T Underlayer Rock

25,000 m3

5-7T Scour Rock

10,500 m3

Total Rock

58,750 m3

Crown Wall Concrete

4,250 m3

Accropodes (901 x 16m3)

14,400 m3

Total Concrete

18,650 m3

Geotextile

7,750 m2


Materials: Rock Production and Transport

• Rock production and sorting at Quarry (Dolomite) • Transport to site (equipment depends on size) Forts in the Middle East

Materials: Accropode Production (Precast)

• Accropode production (precast to ensure quality) • Transported to site (one per trailer 40T each) Forts in the Middle East

Construction: Dredging

• GPS guided excavation • Dredger (5m3 bucket) Forts in the Middle East

Construction: Photos












Contructed Revetment Today



Rehabilitation of Mirani Fort, Muscat


Fort Mirani


Fort at Entrance of Bay


Opposite of Fort Mirani at Bay


Rock Mass: Grouting to Fill Cavities and Voids


Rock Mass: Grouting to Fill Cavities and Voids


Degradation and Deterioration


Degradation and Deterioration


Rehabilitation: Methodology Stages 1 & 2

Stage 5

Stages 3 & 4

Stages 6 & 7


Rehabilitation: Methodology


Rehabilitation: Methodology


Rehabilitated Fort


Rehabilitated Fort


Thank you for your kind attention