Reinforcing sound management through trade: shea tree products in ...

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the protection of productive individual. Reinforcing sound management through trade: shea tree products in Africa. '.T. Masters, ,.A. ;idana and P.0. .ovett.


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4WTCNOGPCPFYQOGPQHVGPQEEWR[EQO RNGOGPVCT[KHPQVEQPƀKEVKPITQNGUKPOCP CIGOGPVQHYQQFNCPFU9JGTGCUYQOGPCTG QHVGPEJCTIGFYKVJEQNNGEVKQPCPFRTQEGUUKPI QHPQPYQQFHQTGUVRTQFWEVUHQTJQWUGJQNF WUG OGP CTG OQTG QHVGP EQPEGTPGF YKVJ KPEQOGIGPGTCVKPICEVKXKVKGU6TCFKVKQPCNN[ RTQEGUUKPI QH UJGC DWVVGT KU QHVGP ECTTKGF QWVD[KPHQTOCNITQWRUQHYQOGPYJQRQQN VJGKTNCDQWT6JWUKPGXGT[RTQFWEGTEQWP VT[TWTCNYQOGPŏUITQWRUCPFOCTMGVKPI CUUQEKCVKQPUJCXGCPKORQTVCPVTQNGKPVJG

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