Remediation of Brine Contaminated Soils Using ...

Download PDF
1 downloads 0 Views 123KB Size Report
Comment
Texas A & M University-Corpus Christi. 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412. Steven S. Barnes and David A. Jensen. National Spill Control School.
#273, 1999 International Oil Spill Conference

REMEDIATION OF BRINE CONTAMINATED SOIL USING ATRIPLEX SPP. (CHENOPODIACEAE) Kendal L. Keyes and Joanna B. Mott Department of Physical and Life Sciences Texas A & M University-Corpus Christi 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412 Steven S. Barnes and David A. Jensen National Spill Control School Texas A & M University-Corpus Christi 6300 Ocean Drive, NRC #1100, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412

ABSTRACT The ability of some halophytes to accumulate salts may make them helpful in remediating soil contaminated with produced water and drilling mud from oil and gas exploration and production. Three inland halophytes, $WULSOH[DFDQWKRFDUSD(two accessions) and $ FDQHVFHQV, were grown in pot culture in salt-contaminated soil, soil contaminated with salt and hydrocarbons, and uncontaminated soil collected from a Webb Co., TX gas production site. Electrical conductivity and soluble sodium of the soil extract were determined prior to planting and reanalyzed following harvest. Total sodium content in mature leaves was determined following harvest. Mature plant survival for all species in all soils ranged from 90–100%. In the salt-contaminated soil, post-harvest electrical conductivity and soluble sodium were significantly lower in the planted soils than in the unplanted soil. For each accession, biomass and plant mortality were greatest in the salt-contaminated soil. In both contaminated soils, the local ecotype of $ DFDQWKRFDUSD had the highest concentration of tissue sodium and produced the greatest decrease in both electrical conductivity and soluble sodium. Field studies are necessary to determine the effectiveness of in situ application. Introduction +DORSK\WHVVXUYLYHLQVDOLQHVRLOVE\HPSOR\LQJRQHRUD FRPELQDWLRQRIWKUHHSRVVLEOHPHWKRGV   

DFFXPXODWLRQDQGFRPSDUWPHQWDOL]DWLRQRIWKHVDOWVLQ VSHFLDOL]HGVWUXFWXUHV WROHUDQFH RI WKH VDOWV E\ LQFUHDVHG SODQW JURZWK VXFFXOHQFHRUH[FOXVLRQE\WKHURRW DFWLYH H[FUHWLRQ RI WKH VDOWV WKURXJK VSHFLDOL]HG VWUXFWXUHV

0DQ\Atriplex VSS.DUHFODVVLILHGDV³VDOWDFFXPXODWRUV´ DFWLYHO\ XSWDNLQJ VRGLXP FDWLRQV LQ WKH UKL]RVSKHUH DQG WUDQVSRUWLQJ WKHP WR VSHFLDOL]HG YHVLFXODU KDLUV FDOOHG WULFKRPHV DWWDFKHG WR WKH VXUIDFH RI WKH OHDI &DOGZHOO

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triplexVSSEXVKHVDUH JHQHUDOO\ KLJKHU WKDQ VXUURXQGLQJ VRLO VRGLXP GXH WR WKH XSWDNH RI VROXEOH VDOWV LQ WKH UKL]RVSKHUH DQG VXEVHTXHQW H[FUHWLRQRIVDOWV 2VPRQGHWDO  7KH DELOLW\ RI VRPH Atriplex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⋅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triplex acanthocarpa 7RUU  :DWV@ DQG RQH DFFHVVLRQ RI IRXUZLQJ VDOWEXVK >Atriplex canescens 3XUVK 1XWW@JURZQLQSRWFXOWXUHWRUHPHGLDWHVDOLQLW\RI VRLO FRQWDPLQDWHG ZLWK SURGXFHG ZDWHU DQG VRLO FRQWDPLQDWHGZLWKERWKSURGXFHGZDWHUDQGGULOOLQJPXG

Study site &RQWDPLQDWHG DQG FRQWURO VRLOV ZHUH FROOHFWHG IURP D SURGXFHGZDWHU DQG GULOOLQJ PXG GLVSRVDO VLWH ORFDWHG DGMDFHQW WR WKH (G 5DFKDO /HZLV 3HWUR 3URSHUWLHV  JDV SURGXFWLRQ ZHOO RQ WKH *DOYDQ 5DQFK LQ :HEE &RXQW\ 7H[DV ° 1 ° :  DSSUR[LPDWHO\  PLOHV QRUWKQRUWKZHVW RI /DUHGR 7H[DV 0HDQ ZLQWHU DQG VXPPHU WHPSHUDWXUHV IRU :HEE &RXQW\ DUH °& °) DQG °& °)  UHVSHFWLYHO\ ([WUHPHV UDQJH IURP °& °)  UHFRUGHG LQ 0D\  WR °& °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

:HEE&RXQW\LVDQLPSRUWDQWJDVSURGXFWLRQDUHDKDYLQJ SURGXFHGPRUHJDVWKDQDQ\FRXQW\LQ7H[DV  WKRXVDQG FXELF IHHW  DV RI  5DPRV   6RLO LQ :HEE &RXQW\ LV JHQHUDOO\ FRQVLGHUHG XQVXLWDEOH IRU WUDGLWLRQDO FURS SURGXFWLRQ /RZ SUHFLSLWDWLRQ UDWH KLJK VRLO VDOLQLW\ DQG WKH FOD\H\ QDWXUH RI WKH VRLO W\SLFDOO\ GR QRW DOORZ HIILFLHQW SURGXFWLRQ RI WUDGLWLRQDO FURSV 7KHUHIRUH ODQG LV PRVW RIWHQ XVHG DV UDQJHODQG 6DQGHUV DQG *DEULHO  15&6   $QRWKHU LPSRUWDQW IXQFWLRQRIODQGLQWKLVDUHDLVWKDWRISURYLGLQJKDELWDWIRU ZLOGOLIH 0DQ\ RI WKH UDQFKHV LQ :HEE &RXQW\ GHULYH D ODUJH SRUWLRQ RI WKHLU \HDUO\ LQFRPH IURP KXQWLQJ OHDVHV 6DQGHUVDQG*DEULHO15&6 DQGGHSHQGXSRQ WKHTXDOLW\ RI WKH ODQG WR VXSSRUW JDPH ,PSRUWDQW VSHFLHV LQ WKLV DUHD DUH ZKLWHWDLOHG GHHU MDYHOLQD EREZKLWH DQG VFDOHGTXDLODQGERWKZKLWHZLQJDQGPRXUQLQJGRYH7KH FDUU\LQJ FDSDFLW\ RI DQ DUHD LV GLUHFWO\ GHSHQGHQW XSRQ PDQ\IDFWRUVLQFOXGLQJWKHYHJHWDWLRQZKLFKLVDYDLODEOHWR WKH ZLOGOLIH IRU IRRG DQG FRYHU 6DQGHUV DQG *DEULHO   $ PRGHUDWH FDQRS\ RI Prosopis glandulosa KRQH\ PHVTXLWH  DQG Acacia VSS JXDMLOOR KXLVDFKH FDWFODZ EODFNEUXVK DFDFLD DQG RWKHUV  H[LVWV DW WKH VLWH LQWHUVSHUVHG ZLWK Isocoma drummondii JROGHQZHHG  7H[DVSULFNO\SHDU Opuntia lindheimeri)DQGWKLQVWDQGVRI Hilaria belangeri FRPPRQ FXUO\ PHVTXLWH  ,Q WKLV DUHD VHYHUHO\ GLVWXUEHG VRLO LV RIWHQ ILUVW FRORQL]HG E\ Atriplex acanthocarpa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

6$5 1D > &D 0J @ ò

Methods Plant propagation and growth. 7KHUHVHDUFKREMHFWLYHV ZHUH PHW WKURXJK WKH XVH RI D SRW VWXG\ XWLOL]LQJ FRQWDPLQDWHG VRLO IURP WKH VWXG\ VLWH DQG KDORSK\WHV FKRVHQ RQ WKH EDVLV RI KDUGLQHVV DQG VDOW DFFXPXODWLQJ DELOLW\$SRWVWXG\HOLPLQDWHGWKHQHHGIRUH[WHQVLYHWUDYHO WRWKHVWXG\VLWHDQGUHGXFHGLQWHUIHUHQFHIURPRWKHUIDFWRUV VXFK DV ZHDWKHU ZDWHU DYDLODELOLW\ VHFXULW\ DQG LQWHUIHUHQFH IURP ZLOGOLIH 7ZR DFFHVVLRQV RI DUPHG VDOWEXVK >Atriplex acanthocarpa 7RUU  :DWV@ DQG RQH DFFHVVLRQRIIRXUZLQJVDOWEXVK>Atriplex canescens 3XUVK 1XWW@ ZHUH FKRVHQ DV SRWHQWLDO SK\WRUHPHGLDQWV A. acanthocarpa UDQJHVIURP7H[DVWR$UL]RQD,WJURZVZHOO LQWKHQDWXUDOO\VDOLQHVRLOVLQWKHYLFLQLW\RIWKHVWXG\VLWH A. canescens KDV EHHQ WKRURXJKO\ UHVHDUFKHG GXH WR LWV JUHDWHUJHRJUDSKLFGLVWULEXWLRQLPSRUWDQWIRUDJHYDOXHDQG KDUGLQHVV ,W UDQJHV IURP 7H[DV WR &DOLIRUQLD DQG IURP &DQDGDWR0H[LFR -RQHV  3ODQWVZHUHSURSDJDWHGIURPFXWWLQJVWDNHQIURPSODQWVDW WKH 86'$ .LND 'H /D *DU]D 3ODQW 0DWHULDO &HQWHU LQ .LQJVYLOOH 7; DQG IURP SODQWV JURZLQJ DGMDFHQW WR WKH FRQWDPLQDWLRQVLWH&XWWLQJVRIVHYHQWRFPZHUHFOLSSHG

ZHUHDQDO\]HGDWWKH7H[DV$JULFXOWXUH([WHQVLRQ6HUYLFH 6RLO7HVWLQJ/DERUDWRU\ )ROORZLQJ HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI D VXIILFLHQW URRW V\VWHP DW DSSUR[LPDWHO\PRQWKVRIJURZWKSODQWVZHUHWUDQVIHUUHG LQWROLWHUSRWVFRQWDLQLQJRQHRIWKUHHVRLOFRQWDPLQDWLRQ W\SHV   

6RLOZLWKPRGHUDWH(&DQG6$5IURPSURGXFHGZDWHU GLVSRVDO²GHVLJQDWHGVRLOW\SH6 6RLO ZLWK PRGHUDWH (& DQG 6$5 DQG PRGHUDWH 73+ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ IURP SURGXFHG ZDWHU DQG GULOOLQJ PXG GLVSRVDO²GHVLJQDWHGVRLOW\SH+6 8QFRQWDPLQDWHGVRLO FRQWURO ZLWKORZ(&DQG6$5 DQGQRGHWHFWDEOH73+²GHVLJQDWHGVRLOW\SH&

3ODQWVZHUHPDLQWDLQHGIRUGD\VLQDFRYHUHGRSHQ DLUJUHHQKRXVHRQWKHFDPSXVRI7H[DV$ 08QLYHUVLW\ &RUSXV&KULVWL$FOHDUSODVWLFURRISUHYHQWHGUDLQIDOOIURP HQWHULQJ WKH SRWV DOORZLQJ FRQWURO RI WKH ZDWHULQJ UHJLPH DQGSUHYHQWLQJOHDFKLQJRIVDOWVIURPWKHVRLO$VKDGH FORWKZDVHPSOR\HGWRUHGXFHVRODUJDLQ

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± Plant harvest. $IWHUWKHVL[PRQWKJURZWKSHULRGSODQWV ZHUH KDUYHVWHG  FP DERYH WKH VRLO VXUIDFH 7RWDO ZHW ZHLJKW ZDV UHFRUGHG SODQWV ZHUH EULHIO\ ULQVHG LQ GHLRQL]HG ZDWHU DOORZHG WR DLU GU\ IRU DSSUR[LPDWHO\  KRXUDQGVHSDUDWHGLQWRPDWXUHOHDYHVVHQHVFHQWOHDYHVDOO RWKHUOHDYHVVWHPVURRWVIORZHUVDQGVHHGDVGHVFULEHGE\ 5LFKDUGV  :HWZHLJKW RI WKH LQGLYLGXDO WLVVXHV ZDV UHFRUGHG PDWHULDO ZDV RYHQ GULHG DW °& WR D FRQVWDQW ZHLJKW DQG ZHLJKW ZDV UHFRUGHG 7KH VRLO IURP HDFK SRW ZDVUHPRYHGDQGWKHURRWPDVVZDVVHSDUDWHGUHPRYLQJDV PXFK VRLO DV SRVVLEOH EHIRUH EULHIO\ ULQVLQJ DQG RYHQ GU\LQJDW°&WRDFRQVWDQWZHLJKW Post harvest soil and leaf analyses. 6RLOZDVDLUGULHGWR D FRQVWDQW ZHLJKW JURXQG WR SDVV D PP VLHYH DQG D VDPSOH ZDV WDNHQ IRU DQDO\VLV 6RLO VDOLQLW\ DQG VROXEOH VRGLXP LQ VRLOV ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG DV GHVFULEHG DERYH 0DWXUH SODQW OHDYHV ZHUH JURXQG WR SDVV  PP DQG ZHUH

DQDO\]HG IRU VRGLXP FRQWHQW E\ GU\DVKLQJ *UHZOLQJ   IROORZHG E\ IODPH HPLVVLRQ VSHFWURPHWU\ DV GHVFULEHG E\ 5LFKDUGV   6SHFWURSKRWRPHWULF GHWHUPLQDWLRQV ZHUH PDGH XVLQJ D 3HUNLQ(OPHU 0RGHO  DWRPLF DEVRUSWLRQ VSHFWURPHWHU 1,67 WRPDWR OHDYHV 650D ZHUHXVHGDVVWDQGDUGUHIHUHQFHPDWHULDO Statistical analyses. .H\ UHVSRQVHV WKDW ZHUH DQDO\]HG ZHUH  SRVWKDUYHVWVROXEOHVDOWVLQVRLO  SRVWKDUYHVW VROXEOH VRGLXP LQ VRLO   SRVWKDUYHVW WRWDO ELRPDVV DQG   SRVWKDUYHVW PDWXUH OHDI VRGLXP )RU HDFK RI WKHVH UHVSRQVHV D RQHZD\ $129$ ZDV FRQGXFWHG S  WR HYDOXDWHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWUHDWPHQWJURXSVXVLQJ6366 YHUVLRQ  VWDWLVWLFDO DQDO\VLV VRIWZDUH 0HDQV ZHUH VHSDUDWHG ZKHUH DSSURSULDWH XVLQJ WKH /6' PHWKRG 3HDUVRQV¶ FRUUHODWLRQ FRHIILFLHQWV ZHUH XVHG WR LGHQWLI\ FRUUHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ FKDQJHV LQ VRLO VDOLQLW\ DQG VRLO VROXEOHVRGLXPOHDIVRGLXPDQGOHDIELRPDVV

Results Initial soil analyses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

Table 1. Results of initial analyses of soil collected from the Galvan Ranch, Webb, Co., Texas (C-control soil (uncontaminated), HS-hydrocarbon and salt contamination, and S-salt contamination).

3DUDPHWHU (& G6P 6$5 6ROXEOH1D  PJNJ S+ 73+ PJNJ 1 PJNJ 3 PJNJ $O PJNJ %D PJNJ 6H PJNJ =Q PJNJ 3E PJNJ &U PJNJ 6RLOWH[WXUH  

H



&              VDQG FOD\ VLOW

+6              VDQG FOD\ VLOW

6              VDQG FOD\ VLOW

Post-harvest soil salinity and soluble sodium. 2QHZD\ $129$ LQGLFDWHG D VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WUHDWPHQWV LQ SRVWKDUYHVW VRLO VDOLQLW\ DQG SRVW KDUYHVW VROXEOH VRGLXP 7DEOH   %RWK DFFHVVLRQV RI A. acanthocarpa SURGXFHG VLJQLILFDQW UHGXFWLRQV LQ HOHFWULFDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ DQG VROXEOH VRGLXP LQ DOO VRLO FRQWDPLQDWLRQ W\SHV 7UHDWPHQW RI  6 VRLO ZLWK A. acanthocarpa ORFDO HFRW\SH  SURGXFHG WKH JUHDWHVW GHFUHDVH LQ VRLO HOHFWULFDO

FRQGXFWLYLW\IURPG6PLQFRQWUROSRWV QRSODQW WR  G6P D UHGXFWLRQ RI  )LJXUH   6ROXEOH VRGLXP LQ WKH VDPH WUHDWPHQW JURXS ZDV UHGXFHG IURP PJNJWRPJNJ   )LJXUH A. canescens VLJQLILFDQWO\UHGXFHGVDOLQLW\ LQ 6 DQG & VRLOV ,Q +6 VRLO WUHDWPHQWXVLQJA. canescens GLGQRWSURGXFHDVWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQWUHGXFWLRQ

Table 2. Post harvest soil electrical conductivity, soil soluble sodium, and plant tissue total sodium for each soil contamination type (C=control soil (uncontaminated), HS=hydrocarbon and salt contamination, and S=salt contamination)a.

7UHDWPHQW

(&  

3DUDPHWHU +6 1D  

 

 

 

 

 

 

&RQWURO

(&  

& 1D  

1D 

A. acanthocarpa ORFDOHFRW\SH

 

 

A. acanthocarpa &DPHURQ&R

 

A. canescens 6DQWD5LWD

 

E

F









G

1D 

(&  

6 1D  

1D 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

















YDOXHVDUHPHDQVIURPLQGLYLGXDOUHSOLFDWHVIROORZHGE\VWDQGDUGHUURULQSDUHQWKHVLV HOHFWULFDOFRQGXFWLYLW\ G6P VROXEOHVRGLXP PJNJ WRWDOVRGLXPLQSODQWWLVVXH  VWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHIURPFRQWURO S

D

E F G

        

   

(& G6P

            

          

       

   

   

   

   

    

    

   

    

F $ D  OH $ D  $ F 

   &

+6 6 R LOF R QWD P LQD WLR QW\S H

6

Figure 1. Post harvest electrical conductivity (EC) of soil.contamination types, C=control soil (uncontaminated), HS=hydrocarbon and salt contamination, and S=salt contamination, with different treatments, A.a. (le)=A. acanthocarpa (local ecotype), A.a.=A. acanthocarpa (Cameron Co. accession), A.c.=A. canescens (Santa Rita), and c=control treatment (no plant). Values are means from 6 individual replicates.



VROXEOHVRGLXP PJNJ



 

   

 



 

  

 



 

 

F $D OH $D $F

 

 

 

 

 

 

&

+6

6

6RLOFRQWDPLQDWLRQW\SH

Figure 2. Post harvest soluble sodium of soil contamination types, C=control soil (uncontaminated), HS=hydrocarbon and salt contamination, and S=salt contamination, with different treatments, A.a. (le)=A. acanthocarpa (local ecotype), A.a.=A. acanthocarpa (Cameron Co. accession), A.c.=A. canescens (Santa Rita), and c=control treatment (no plant). Values are means from six individual replicates. Leaf sodium analysis. 3HDUVRQV¶ FRUUHODWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW ZDV XVHG WR LGHQWLI\ D VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ PDWXUH OHDI VRGLXP DQG UHGXFWLRQ LQ VRLO VDOLQLW\ DQG VRLO VROXEOH VRGLXP 7DEOH   )LJXUH   7KH KLJKHVW

FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI VRGLXP LQ PDWXUH OHDYHV RFFXUUHG LQ A. acanthocarpa ORFDO HFRW\SH  SODQWHG LQ 6 VRLO WKH WUHDWPHQW JURXS ZKLFK H[SHULHQFHG WKH JUHDWHVW UHGXFWLRQ LQVRLOVDOLQLW\DQGVROXEOHVRGLXP

    

    

    P X L G R V O D W R W

     

 

 

 

$  D   OH

  

$ D    

$ F 

 

    

  

  

 

  &

+ 6

6

6 R LO  F R Q W D P LQ D W LR Q  W \ S H

Figure 3. Post harvest total sodium (%) in plant tissue grown in soil contamination types, C=control soil (uncontaminated), HS=hydrocarbon and salt contamination, and S=salt contamination, with different treatments, A.a. (le)=A. acanthocarpa (local ecotype), A.a.=A. acanthocarpa (Cameron Co. accession), and A.c.=A. canescens (Santa Rita). Biomass. $OO SODQWV VXUYLYHG WKH LQLWLDO  ZHHNV IROORZLQJ WUDQVSODQW LQWR FRQWDPLQDWHG VRLO 6XUYLYDO UDWHV IRU WKH GXUDWLRQ RI WKH VWXG\ IRU DOO WUHDWPHQWV ZHUH YHU\ KLJK UDQJLQJ IURP  IRU A. acanthocarpa ORFDO HFRW\SH DQG A. acanthocarpa &DPHURQ&R SODQWHGLQ6 VRLO WR  IRU WKH VDPH DFFHVVLRQV SODQWHG LQ & VRLO 6XUYLYDOUDWHIRUA. canescens 6DQWD5LWD ZDVLQ6

VRLODQGLQ+6DQG&VRLOV$OOPDWXUHSODQWPRUWDOLW\ RFFXUUHGLQ6VRLO 2QHZD\ $129$ EHWZHHQ WRWDO ELRPDVV DQG VRLO FRQWDPLQDWLRQ VKRZHG D VLJQLILFDQW HIIHFW RI VRLO FRQWDPLQDWLRQ W\SH EHWZHHQ WUHDWPHQW JURXSV 7DEOH   )RU HDFK DFFHVVLRQ OHDI DQG URRW ELRPDVV ZDV JUHDWHVW LQ WKH6VRLO3DUDGR[LFDOO\6VRLOSURGXFHGWKHJUHDWHVWWRWDO

ELRPDVV DV ZHOO DV WKH JUHDWHVW SODQW PRUWDOLW\ )RU HDFK DFFHVVLRQELRPDVVDFFXPXODWLRQZDVORZHVWLQWKH+6VRLO 'LIIHUHQFHVLQELRPDVV DFFXPXODWLRQLQ +6 VRLO FRPSDUHG WR6DQG&VRLOUDQJHGIURP±UHVSHFWLYHO\IRU A. acanthocarpa ORFDO HFRW\SH  DQG ± UHVSHFWLYHO\ IRU A. acanthocarpa &DPHURQ &R  A.

acanthocarpa ORFDO HFRW\SH  DFFXPXODWHG WKH JUHDWHVW PHDQ WRWDO ELRPDVV LQ HDFK VRLO FRQWDPLQDWLRQ W\SH 3HDUVRQV¶ FRUUHODWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW LQGLFDWHG D VLJQLILFDQW FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ DERYH JURXQG ELRPDVV DQG FKDQJH LQ VRLOVDOLQLW\DQGVROXEOHVRGLXPLQDOOWUHDWPHQWJURXSV

Table 3. Dry matter production (g/plant) of A. acanthocarpa (local ecotype), A. acanthocarpa (Cameron Co.), and A. canescens (Santa Rita), grown in contaminated soil (C=control soil (uncontaminated), HS=hydrocarbon and salt contamination, and S=salt contamination)a.

D

A. acanthocarpa ORFDOHFRW\SH

'U\PDWWHU DERYHJURXQG URRWEHORZ total

&     22.49 (0.59)

+6     20.73 (3.14)

6     33.88 (3.51)

A. acanthocarpa &DPHURQ&R

DERYHJURXQG URRWEHORZ total

    17.57 (1.43)

    11.58 (0.99)

    21.16 (1.97)

A. canescens 6DQWD5LWD

DERYHJURXQG URRWEHORZ total

    16.53 (1.20)

    14.99 (1.16)

    22.74 (1.16)

YDOXHVDUHPHDQVIURPLQGLYLGXDOUHSOLFDWHVIROORZHGE\WKHVWDQGDUGHUURULQSDUHQWKHVLV

1R VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFH ZDV IRXQG EHWZHHQ DOORFDWLRQ RI WLVVXHV WR VKRRW RU URRW SURGXFWLRQ DQG VRLO FRQWDPLQDWLRQ W\SH 7DEOH   +RZHYHU WKHUH ZDV D VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFH LQ URRW GHYHORSPHQW EHWZHHQDFFHVVLRQVLQDOOVRLOW\SHV%HORZJURXQGJURZWK RI A. canescens DYHUDJHG  RI WRWDO GU\ ELRPDVV FRPSDUHGWRDQGIRUA. acanthocarpa ORFDO HFRW\SH DQGA. acanthocarpa &DPHURQ&R UHVSHFWLYHO\ $OO WKUHH DFFHVVLRQV GHYHORS D WDS URRW LQ RUGHU WR UHDFK GHHS ZDWHU WDEOHV LQ DULG HQYLURQPHQWV A. canescens KRZHYHUSURGXFHGDPXFKORQJHUPRUHEUDQFKHGURRWWKDQ WKHA. acanthocarpa DFFHVVLRQV Stem cutting propagation success. %RWK DFFHVVLRQV RI A. acanthocarpa KDG KLJK VWHP FXWWLQJ SURSDJDWLRQ VXFFHVV $IWHU  ZHHNV RI JURZWK  RI A. acanthocarpa ORFDO HFRW\SH  VXUYLYHG DQG  RI A. acanthocarpa &DPHURQ &R  VXUYLYHG A. canescens FXWWLQJVKDGDUHODWLYHO\ORZVXUYLYDOUDWH

Discussion and conclusions A. acanthocarpa ORFDO HFRW\SH  DQG A. acanthocarpa &DPHURQ &R  KDYH JUHDW SRWHQWLDO IRU UHPHGLDWLRQ RI VROXEOH VDOWV LQ VRLO %RWK DFFHVVLRQV VLJQLILFDQWO\ UHGXFHG VRLOVDOLQLW\DQGVROXEOHVRGLXPLQHDFKFRQWDPLQDWLRQW\SH ZLWK KLJK ELRPDVV DFFXPXODWLRQ DQG HOHYDWHG OHDI WLVVXH VRGLXP FRQFHQWUDWLRQ ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH\ DUH KDUG\ SODQWV QDWLYHWRWKHVWXG\DUHDDQGFDQEHHDVLO\SURSDJDWHGIURP FXWWLQJVRUIURPVHHGA. canescens GRHVQRWDSSHDUWRKDYH WKHVDPHDELOLW\WRDFFXPXODWHVRGLXPDVA. acanthocarpa. $OWKRXJKVRLOVDOLQLW\DQGVROXEOHVRGLXPZHUHUHGXFHGLQ SRWVSODQWHGZLWKA. canescens, UHGXFWLRQVZHUHPXFKOHVV WKDQWKRVHZKLFKRFFXUUHGZKHQXVLQJA. acanthocarpa. ,Q

DGGLWLRQ WKH SURSDJDWLRQ VXFFHVV ZLWK WKLV DFFHVVLRQ ZDV PXFKORZHUWKDQZLWKERWKDFFHVVLRQVRIA. acanthocarpa. /HDI VRGLXP OHYHOV LQ A. canescens WLVVXH LQ DOO VRLOV   ZDV PXFK ORZHU   WKDQ WKDW RI A. acanthocarpa   *DU]D DQG )XOEULJKW   QRWHG VLPLODUGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHLUFRPSDULVRQRIA. acanthocarpa DQG A. canescens 7KH\ UHSRUWHG PHDQ OHDI VRGLXP FRQFHQWUDWLRQRIIRUA. acanthocarpaDQGIRU A. canescens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triplex *UHHQZD\ DQG 2VPRQG  &DOGZHOO  .HLQNRSI HW DO   *URZWK RI A. acanthocarpa DQG A. canescens PD\ KDYH EHHQ HQKDQFHG E\ WKH KLJKHU VDOW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI WKH 6 VRLO ,W LV DOVR SRVVLEOH WKDW WKH SUHVHQFHRIK\GURFDUERQV PJNJ LQWKH+6VRLOPD\ KDYH DGYHUVHO\ HIIHFWHG SODQW JURZWK LQ WKH +6 WUHDWPHQW JURXSV/RZELRPDVVDFFXPXODWLRQFRXOGDOVREHDQHIIHFW RI RWKHU VRLO FRPSRQHQWV $O DQG %D FRQFHQWUDWLRQV ZHUH KLJK DQG FRXOG SRVVLEO\ KDYH H[HUWHG QHJDWLYH HIIHFWV RQ SODQW JURZWK %RURQ ZDV QRW DQDO\]HG VLQFH SUHYLRXV

UHVHDUFKLQGLFDWHVWKDWLWLVPXFKOHVVWR[LFWRAtriplexVSS WKDQ PRVW DJURQRPLF VSHFLHV +LJK ERURQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQV KDYH EHHQ WROHUDWHG E\ Atriplex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patulaJURZQ LQDFXOWXUHVROXWLRQFRQWDLQLQJOHVVWKDQSSPDYDLODEOH QLWURJHQH[SHULHQFHGDUHGXFWLRQLQOHDI1VROXEOHSURWHLQ DQGSKRWRV\QWKHVLV%LPRQWKO\SODQWJURZWKGDWDLQGLFDWHG D VOLJKW LQFUHDVH LQ JURZWK UDWH RI SODQWV LQ +6 VRLO IROORZLQJ WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI IHUWLOL]HU LQ ZHHN  IXUWKHU VXJJHVWLQJWKDWORZVRLO1ZDVDJURZWKOLPLWLQJIDFWRULQ WKH +6 VRLO 3RVVLEO\ WKH SUHVHQFH RI K\GURFDUERQV DQG UHVXOWDQW PLFURELDO SRSXODWLRQ FRQWULEXWHG WR WKH UDSLG GHSOHWLRQRIVRLO1LQWKH+6VRLO ,WLVSRVVLEOHWRKDUYHVWA. acanthocarpa SODQWV IROORZLQJ D SHULRG RI JURZWK DQG VRGLXP DFFXPXODWLRQ EHIRUH OHDI PRUWDOLW\ EHFRPHV KLJK VXFFHVVIXOO\ WUDQVORFDWLQJ WKH VRGLXP IURP WKH VRLO WR KDUYHVWDEOH SODQW WLVVXH ZKLFK FRXOG WKHQ EH GLVSRVHG RI LQ D QXPEHU RI ZD\V %RWK A. acanthocarpa DQG A. canescens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triplex VSS DQG KDORSK\WLF JUDVVHV VXFK DV Sporobolus wrightii RU S. aeroides ZKLFK KDYH D ILQHU URRW VWUXFWXUH ZRXOGOLNHO\LPSURYHVRLOTXDOLW\DQGFUHDWHDPRUHGLYHUVH PLFURELDO SRSXODWLRQ HQKDQFLQJ QDWXUDO ELRUHPHGLDWLRQ SURFHVVHV )LHOG VWXGLHV DUH QHFHVVDU\ WR GHWHUPLQH WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVVRILQVLWXDSSOLFDWLRQ

Biography .HQGDO .H\HV LV D JUDGXDWH VWXGHQW DW 7H[DV $ 0 8QLYHUVLW\&RUSXV &KULVWL DQG D UHVHDUFK DVVLVWDQW DW WKH 86'$.LND'H/D*DU]D3ODQW0DWHULDOV&HQWHU+HUPDLQ LQWHUHVWLVFRDVWDOHFRORJ\DQGVKHLVFXUUHQWO\ ZRUNLQJRQ SURSDJDWLRQ DQG SODQWLQJ WHFKQLTXHV IRU YHJHWDWLRQ RI VDOLQH DQG IUHVKZDWHU FRQVWUXFWHG ZHWODQGV DQG FRDVWDO VKRUHOLQHVWDELOL]DWLRQ

References 

$OGRQ ()  0HWKRGV IRU HVWDEOLVKLQJ IRXUZLQJ VDOWEXVK Atriplex canescens >3XUVK@ 1XWW  RQ GLVWXUEHG VLWHV LQ WKH VRXWKZHVW S  In $5 7LHGHPDQQ ( 0F$UWKXU ( 'XUDQ +& 6WXW] 5 6WHYHQV ./ -RKQVRQ FRPSLOHUV  Proceedings: Symposium on the Biology of $WULSOH[ and Related Chenopods. 3URYR 87 ± 0D\  *HQHUDO 7HFKQLFDO 5HSRUW ,17 ,QWHUPRXQWDLQ )RUHVW DQG 5DQJH([S6WQ86'$)RUHVW6HUYLFH2JGHQ87 2. $OOHQ 50 DQG . 5REHUWVRQ  (QYLURQPHQWDO $VSHFWV RI SURGXFHG ZDWHU GLVSRVDO 6RFLHW\ RI 3HWUROHXP (QJLQHHUV  6RFLHW\ RI 3HWUROHXP (QJLQHHUV5LFKDUGVRQ7;  $PHULFDQ 3HWUROHXP ,QVWLWXWH $3,   6XPPDU\ DQG DQDO\VLV RI $3, RQVKRUH GULOOLQJ PXG DQG SURGXFHGZDWHUHQYLURQPHQWDOVWXGLHV$3,%8/' VWHG$3,:DVKLQJWRQ'&  $WODV 50 DQG 5 %DUWKD  0LFURELDO (FRORJ\ )XQGDPHQWDOV DQG $SSOLFDWLRQ UG HG %HQMDPLQ&XPPLQJV3XEO1HZ