Report_Drug situation in Estonia 2006 - Digar

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2006 NATIONAL REPORT (2005 data) to the EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point

ESTONIA New developments, trends and in-depth information on selected issues

REITOX

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REPORT ON THE DRUG SITUATION IN ESTONIA 2006 KAIT OOLE1 AVE TALU1 KAIRE VALS1 MARIANNE PAIMRE2 ANDRI AHVEN3 ANU NEUMAN4 GLEB DENISSOV5 KATRI ABEL1 1

National Institute for Health Development/Research Centre, Estonian Drug Monitoring Centre/Estonian National Focal Point 2 Institute of Law, University of Tartu 3 Ministry of Justice 4 Estonian Forensic Service Centre 5 Statistical Office of Estonia 2006 Copyright © NIHD, Estonian Drug Monitoring Centre/ Estonian National Focal Point National Institute for Health Development 2006 Research Centre, Estonian Drug Monitoring Centre/Estonian NFP Hiiu 42 Tallinn 11619 ESTONIA Phone +3726593997 Fax +372 6593998 e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] website: http://eusk.tai.ee http://www.tai.ee

The content of this report do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Monitoring Centre for Drug and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) The responsibility for Opinions expressed in single chapters rests solely with their authors. This report was co-financed by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (Grant Agreement No CT. 06.RTX.158.10)

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Table of Contents Summary....................................................................................................................................6 Part A: New Developments and Trends ..................................................................................10 1.

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3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

National policies and context ...........................................................................................10 1.1

Legal framework ......................................................................................................10

1.2

Institutional framework, strategies and policies.......................................................11

1.3

Budget and public expenditure ................................................................................12

1.4

Social and cultural context.......................................................................................17

Drug Use in the Population..............................................................................................21 2.1

Drug Use in the general population .........................................................................21

2.2

Drug Use in the school and youth population .........................................................21

2.3

Drug Use among specific groups ............................................................................21

Prevention ........................................................................................................................22 3.1

Universal prevention ................................................................................................22

3.2

Selective prevention.................................................................................................24

Problem Drug Use (PDU) ................................................................................................25 4.1

Prevalence and incidence estimates.......................................................................25

4.2

Profile of clients in treatment ...................................................................................26

4.3

Main characteristics and patterns of use from non-treatment sources...................26

Drug-Related Treatment ..................................................................................................29 5.1

Treatment system ....................................................................................................30

5.2

Drug free treatment..................................................................................................31

5.3

Medically assisted treatment ...................................................................................32

Health Correlates and Consequences ............................................................................33 6.1

Drug-related deaths and mortality of drug users.....................................................33

6.2

Drug-related infectious diseases .............................................................................35

6.3

Psychiatric co-morbidity (dual diagnosis) ................................................................36

6.4

Other drug-related health correlates and consequences........................................37

Responses to Health Correlates and Consequences .....................................................37 7.1

Prevention of drug-related deaths ...........................................................................38

7.2

Prevention and treatment of drug related infectious diseases................................39

7.3

Interventions related to psychiatric co-morbidity .....................................................42

7.4

Interventions related to other health correlates and consequences. ......................42

Social Correlates and Consequences .............................................................................42

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8.1

Social Exclusion.......................................................................................................42

8.2

Drug related crime ...................................................................................................44

8.3

Drug Use in Prison...................................................................................................46

8.4

Social Costs .............................................................................................................48

9.

Responses to Social Correlates and Consequences......................................................48

10.

Drug Markets................................................................................................................49

10.1

Availability and supply .............................................................................................49

10.2

Seizures ...................................................................................................................51

10.3

Price/Purity...............................................................................................................55

Part B – Selected Issues .........................................................................................................58 11.

Drug Use and Related Problems among Very Young People ....................................58

11.1

Drug use and problematic drug use among very young people (