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AUTHOR'S PROOF!
Metadata of the article that will be visualized in OnlineFirst
AUTHOR'S PROOF! Graphical A bs tract 1
Article Title
Optimized efficiency of mapping a site contaminated with dioxins by immunoassay compared to gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry
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Article Sub- Title
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Article Copyright Year
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 (This will be the copyright line in the final PDF)
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Journal Name
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
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Family Name
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Particle
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Given Name
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Suffix
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Organization
Ryerson University
Division
Environmental Applied Science and Management
Address
350 Victoria Street, Toronto M5B 2K3, Ontario
Organization
Ryerson University
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Division
Department of Civil Engineering
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Address
350 Victoria Street, Toronto M5B 2K3, Ontario
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Organization
Laboratory Services Branch
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Division
Ontario Ministry of the Environment
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Address
125 Resources Road, Etobicoke M9P 3V6, Ontario
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e-mail
[email protected]
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Family Name
Buan
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Particle
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Given Name
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Corresponding Author
Author
Lo Ching
Eric
Suffix Organization
Ryerson University
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Division
Environmental Applied Science and Management
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Address
350 Victoria Street, Toronto M5B 2K3, Ontario
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e-mail
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Family Name
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Particle
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Given Name
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Suffix
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Li James
Organization
Ryerson University
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Division
Department of Civil Engineering
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Address
350 Victoria Street, Toronto M5B 2K3, Ontario
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Organization
Ryerson University
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Division
Environmental Applied Science and Management
Author
AUTHOR'S PROOF! 36
Address
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e-mail
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Family Name
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Particle
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Given Name
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Author
350 Victoria Street, Toronto M5B 2K3, Ontario Zhang Wei
Suffix Organization
Ryerson University
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Division
Environmental Applied Science and Management
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Address
350 Victoria Street, Toronto M5B 2K3, Ontario
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e-mail
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Received
8 September 2015
Revised
23 October 2015
Accepted
19 November 2015
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Schedule
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Abstract
The use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to screen for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) has shown promise as a complementary tool to gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). This is especially true due to its low cost, ease of sample preparation and fast sample turnaround time. One problem that was unaddressed by other research is how to increase the efficiency of ELISA to a point that makes it practical for the analysis of large groups of samples that can have a wide range of unknown PCDD/F concentrations; one ELISA test is unable to screen for PCDD/F concentrations that can range anywhere from background levels to upwards of 10,000 picograms toxic equivalents per gram of soil (pgTEQ g−1). This paper resolves this problem by introducing a sample algorithm which enables the correct amount of dioxin to enter an ELISA tube from a sample (whose unknown PCDD/F concentration can range between 30 and 10,500 pgTEQ g−1) in only two ELISA runs. In doing so, the time and cost benefits of ELISA are preserved. ELISA results for soils and sediment samples processed using the algorithm were then plotted on two site maps alongside their GC-HRMS counterparts. A comparison of both analytical methods showed that areas of high and low PCDD/F concentrations were equally identifiable with either analytical tool; 29 of 32 sample locations on the site maps were placed into the same of three possible screening levels. Therefore, processing ELISA samples through the sample algorithm achieves the necessary level of efficiency while producing virtually equal screening results in comparison to GC-HRMS but at a fraction of the cost. The agreement between GC-HRMS and ELISA was 94 % (R2 = 0.99, n = 53). GC-HRMS and ELISA results were significantly correlated (Wilcoxon signed rank test p