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Sleep in high performance team sport: the knowledge and practices of coaches and sports science support staff Kathleen Miles, Brad Clark, Peter Fowler, Jo Miller, Kate Pumpa @kathleenmiles | PhD student, UCRISE |29 March 2018
Athlete sleep Sleep disturbances: •
Habitual
•
Situational challenges •
Training
•
Competition
•
Travel
(Fullagar et al., 2015; Gupta et al., 2017)
Athlete sleep behaviour Sleep hygiene strategies: •
Behaviours
•
Environmental conditions
•
Other sleep-related factors
(Halson, 2014; Nédélec et al., 2015; Juliff et al., 2015; Tuomilehto et al., 2016; Knufinke et al., 2017; O’Donnell & Driller, 2017)
What do we know about those who provide this sleep support to athletes?
(Horn, 2002; Fallon, 2007; Samuels, 2008)
Aims Within high performance team sport coaches and sports science support staff: •
Assess sleep hygiene knowledge
•
Assess the sleep practices implemented with athletes, and the barriers to more frequent use of these practices
•
Compare sleep knowledge and practices between staff of male and female team sports, and those in full-time or part-time employment
Participants •
86 Australian coaches and staff
• •
39 in male sport 47 in female sport
• •
44 full-time 42 part-time
Procedures – questionnaire • Sleep Beliefs Scale (SBS) • What sleep monitoring and sleep hygiene practices are implemented? • What are the barriers to implementation of these sleep practices? • What are the common situations affecting athlete sleep? (Adan et al., 2006)
Results – sleep hygiene knowledge Table 1 Sleep Beliefs Scale (SBS) overall (n = 86) (mean ± SD) Total score (0-20)
15.3 ± 2.9
Sleep-incompatible behaviours score (0-8)
6.7 ± 1.2
Sleep-wake cycle behaviours (0-7)
4.9 ± 1.6
Thoughts and attitudes about sleep (0-5)
3.6 ± 1.0
Results – sleep monitoring Table 2 Those who stated “Yes” they monitor athlete sleep Gender working with
Employment status
Overall (%)
Male (%)
Female Chi pFull(%) square value time (%)
Parttime (%)
Chi psquare value
56
67
47
40
7.83
3.41
0.065 70
0.005
Results – sleep hygiene Table 3 Those who stated “Yes” they administer sleep hygiene Gender working with
Employment status
Overall Male (%) (%)
Female Chi pFull(%) square value time (%)
Parttime (%)
Chi psquare value
43
40
36
1.79
46
0.28
0.593 50
• ‘Players don’t like it’, (female 19%, male 3%; p = 0.019)
0.181
Results – situations affecting sleep Night competition (p = 0.031) Domestic travel (p = 0.025)
Morning training (p = 0.001)
Discussion and conclusion •
Most don’t implement sleep strategies
•
Lack of resources and knowledge
•
Additional barriers with female athletes
•
Influence of training schedules on sleep
•
Situational challenges for female athletes
(Adan & Natale, 2002; Sargent et al., 2014)
Practical applications •
Inform NSOs of barriers
•
Possible barriers for staff in specific roles
•
Educate on poorly understood concepts
•
Increase confidence in application
Thanks
[email protected] | @kathleenmiles
References • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Adan A, Fabbri M, Natale V, et al. Sleep Beliefs Scale (SBS) and circadian typology. J Sleep Res. 2006;15(2):125-132. Adan A, Natale V. Gender differences in morningness – eveningness preference. Chronobiol Int. 2002;19:709-720. Fallon KE. Blood tests in tired elite athletes: expectations of athletes, coaches and sport science/sports medicine staff. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(1):41-44. Fullagar HHK, Duffield R, Skorski S, et al. Sleep and recovery in team sport: Current sleep-related issues facing professional team-sport athletes. Int J Sport Phys Perf. 2015;10(8):950-957. Gupta L, Morgan K, Gilchrist S. Does elite sport degrade sleep quality? A systematic review. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1317-1333. Halson SL. Sleep in elite athletes and nutritional interventions to enhance sleep. Sports Med. 2014;44(S1):13-23. Horn TS. Coaching effectiveness in the sport domain. In: Horn TS, editor. Advances in sport psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2002. pp. 309-354. Juliff LE, Halson SL, Peiffer JJ. Understanding sleep disturbance in athletes prior to important competitions. J Sci Med Sport. 2015;18(1):13-18. Knufinke M, Nieuwenhuys A, Geurts SAE., et al. . Self-reported sleep quantity, quality and sleep hygiene in elite athletes. J Sleep Res. 2017;52:29-9. Nédélec M., Halson SL, Delecroix, B, et al. Sleep hygiene and recovery strategies in elite soccer players. Sports Med. 2015;45(11): 1547-1559. O’Donnell S, & Driller MW. Sleep-hygiene education improves sleep indices in elite female athletes. Int J Ex Sci. 2017;10(4):522-530. Samuels C. Sleep, recovery, and performance: The new frontier in high-performance athletics. Neurologic Clinics. 2008;26(1):169-180. Sargent C, Lastella M, Halson SL, et al. The impact of training schedules on the sleep and fatigue of elite athletes. Chronobiol Int. 2014;31(10):1160-1168. Tuomilehto H, Vuorinen VP, Penttilä E, et al. Sleep of professional athletes: Underexploited potential to improve health and performance. J Sports Sci. 2016;35(7):704-710.
Sleep hygiene strategies Behaviours • Have a regular bedtime/wake time • Nap briefly (< 30 min) and appropriately (close to the early afternoon) Environmental conditions • Create a low-light and cool (18–19 °C) sleep environment Other sleep-related factors • Avoid electronic stimulants (i.e., TV, mobile phones) 1 h before bedtime
Example questions SBS • Please answer based upon the effects you think these behaviours have on sleep in general for your athletes, not your own sleep. – e.g. Sleeping in a quiet and dark room (Negative, neither or positive effect) Do you monitor the sleep of your team-sport athletes? • If yes, how do you monitor the sleep of your team-sport athletes? Please select all answers that apply. – Self-reported sleep diaries – Activity wrist monitors (actigraphy) – Sleep questionnaires (e.g. PSQI) – Testing for 'morning larks' or 'night owls' (i.e. chronotype) – Other (please describe)
SBS factor scores •
•
•
Sleep-incompatible behaviours (0-8) – grouped beliefs about substances, night activity and bed activity Sleep-wake cycle behaviours (0-7) – grouped beliefs about sleep schedules, lost sleep, napping, exercise before bedtime, and environmental conditions Thoughts and attitudes about sleep (0-5) – grouped beliefs about sleep worries, relaxing before bedtime, sleeping without sleep sensation, and getting up when it is difficult to fall asleep
